662:
single and double sentence spacing. The authors stated that "the 'double space group' consistently took longer time to finish than the 'single space' group" but concluded that "there was not enough evidence to suggest that a significant difference exists". The 2003 study analyzed on-screen single, double, and triple spacing. In both cases, the authors stated that there was insufficient evidence to draw a conclusion. Ni, Branch, Chen, and
Clinton conducted a similar study in 2009 using identical spacing variables. The authors concluded that the "results provided insufficient evidence that time and comprehension differ significantly among different conditions of spacing between sentences". A 2018 study of 60 students found that those who used two word spaces between sentences read the same text 3 percent faster than with a
306:
2777:. pp. 62, 64–65, 70, 74–75. The sentences averaged 25.4 words each. Hartley does not identify which font type and sentence spacing method was used in his study. The author notes other studies, three of which found a positive correlation between segmenting parts of sentences and reading efficacy, three that noted no significance, and one that indicated a negative effect. The additional studies noted were: "Coleman and Kim, 1961; Epstein, 1967; and Murray, 1976 (with positive results); those of Nahinsky, 1956; Hartley and Burnhill, 1971; and Burnhill et al., 1975 (with non-significant results); and that of Klare et al., 1957 (a negative result)" (64).
624:
remained for decades after its invention. When the typewriter was first introduced, typists were most commonly taught to use three spaces between sentences. This gradually shifted to two spaces, while the print industry remained unchanged in its wide em-spaced sentences. Some sources now state it is acceptable for monospaced fonts to be single-spaced today, although other references continue to specify double spacing for monospaced fonts. The double-space typewriter convention has been taught in schools in typing classes and remains the practice in many cases. Some voice concern that students will later be forced to relearn how to type.
123:
103:
690:
1679:. p. 61. "2.12 A single character space, not two spaces, should be left after periods at the ends of sentences (both in manuscript and in final, published form)." p. 243. "6.11 In typeset matter, one space, not two (in other words, a regular word space), follows any mark of punctuation that ends a sentence, whether a period, a colon, a question mark, an exclamation point, or closing quotation marks." p. 243. "6.13 A period marks the end of a declarative or an imperative sentence. It is followed by a single space."
161:
limitations did not allow variable spacing—typists could only choose the number of times they pressed the space bar. Typists in some
English-speaking countries initially learned to insert three spaces between sentences to approximate the wider sentence spacing used in traditional printing, but later settled on two spaces, a practice that continued throughout the 20th century. This became known as English spacing and marked a divergence from French typists, who continued to use French spacing.
717:
spacing between segments. The study concluded that there was no significant difference in efficacy, but that a wider study was needed. Numerous other similar studies in 1951–1991 resulted in disparate and inconclusive findings. Finally, although various studies have been conducted on the readability of proportional vs. monospaced fonts, the studies typically did not decrease sentence spacing when using proportional fonts, or did not specify whether sentence spacing was changed.
6779:
144:-spaced, and that words should be 1/3 or 1/2 em-spaced. The relative size of the sentence spacing would vary depending on the size of the word spaces and the justification needs. For most countries, this remained the standard for published work until the 20th century. Yet, even in this period, there were publishing houses that used a standard word space between sentences.
1077:. p. 101. Variable-spaced text (professionally typeset) is unlikely to result in a sentence space exactly twice the size of a word space (which can be seen with a typewriter or monospaced font). Variables such as whether a 1/3 or 1/2-word space is used, and whether the text is justified or unjustified, will vary the difference between a sentence space and word space.
1021:. "During times when many disciplines that recommend the APA's Publication Manual are advocating evidence-based decisions, it's noteworthy, we think, that these discussions of the rationale for using two spaces at the end of sentences (and after colons) do not appear to be based on scientific examination of the hypothesis that two spaces makes manuscripts more readable."
620:, 12-point font, although some works on screenwriting indicate that Courier is merely preferred—proportional fonts may be used. Some reliable sources state simply that writers should follow their particular style guide, but proponents of double spacing caution that publishers' guidance takes precedence, including those that ask for double-sentence-spaced manuscripts.
1167:. p. 24. Adams, Faux, and Rieber say, "For most composition, the em quad is used to indent the first line of a paragraph, the en quad is used to separate sentences, and the 3-em space is placed between words." An en is half an em and a 3-em space is a third of an em, so the space between sentences would be 1.5 times the space between words.
359:(2010) in the United States, provide standards for a wide variety of writing and design topics, including sentence spacing. The majority of style guides now prescribe the use of a single space after terminal punctuation in final written works and publications. A few style guides allow double sentence spacing for draft work, and the
1831:. p. 30. Bringhurst implies that additional spacing after terminal punctuation is redundant when combined with a period, question mark, or exclamation point. Other sources indicate that the function of terminal punctuation is to mark the end of a sentence and additional measures to perform the same measures are unnecessary.
70:
alphabet as a language base now prescribe or recommend the use of a single space after the concluding punctuation of a sentence. However, some sources still state that additional spacing is correct or acceptable. Some people preferred double sentence spacing because that was how they were taught to type. The few direct
921:. pp. 13–14. This refers to professionally published works, as it is possible for individual authors to publish works through desktop publishing systems. Williams states, "I guarantee this: never in your life have you read professionally set text printed since 1942 that used two spaces after each
584:
uses two spaces to mark the end of a sentence. This allows the typesetter to distinguish sentence endings from abbreviations and to typeset them differently. Early versions of Troff, which only typeset in fixed-width fonts, would automatically add a second space between sentences, which were detected
289:
them, which, when added to the adjacent standard word spaces, combines to create a visually larger space. Some argue that the "additional" space after a comma and full point serves as a "pause signal" for the reader. But this is unnecessary (and visually disruptive) since the pause signal is provided
284:
Word spaces, preceding or following punctuation, should be optically adjusted to appear to be of the same value as a standard word space. If a standard word space is inserted after a full point or a comma, then, optically, this produces a space of up to 50% wider than that of other word spaces within
196:
had on the typewriter, reducing the severity of its mechanical limitations. However, this innovation did not spread throughout the typewriter industry; the majority of mechanical typewriters, including all of the widely distributed models, remained monospaced, while a small minority of special models
652:
However, typographic opinions are typically anecdotal with no basis in evidence. "Opinions are not always safe guides to legibility of print", and when direct studies are conducted, anecdotal opinions—even those of experts—can turn out to be false. Text that seems legible (visually pleasing at first
615:
Many people are opposed to single sentence spacing for various reasons. Some state that the habit of double spacing is too deeply ingrained to change. Others claim that additional space between sentences improves the aesthetics or readability of text. Proponents of double sentence spacing also state
2793:
in the spaces between phrases, visually interrupting the "river" effect. This study also analyzed various spacing techniques. It did not vary spacing between sentences or identify font type used, and concluded that "isolating major phrases within extra spaces facilitates reading." The article lists
65:
in the late 19th century, typists used two spaces between sentences to mimic the style used by traditional typesetters. While wide sentence spacing was phased out in the printing industry in the mid-20th century, the practice continued on typewriters and later on computers. Perhaps because of this,
2880:
This article originally appeared on
Inkspot. Editor of editor of Writing-World.com, the author has written more than 300 published articles. Her books on writing include "Starting Your Career as a Freelance Writer (2003, 2005 reprint)", "The Writer's Guide to Queries, Pitches and Proposals (2001)"
678:
There are other studies that could be relevant to sentence spacing, such as the familiarity of typographic conventions on readability. Some studies indicate that "tradition" can increase the readability of text, and that reading is disrupted when conventional printing arrangements are disrupted or
711:
emphasis, that is, an up & down movement, induced by the relative isolation of the words & consequent insistence of the ascending and descending letters. This movement is further emphasized by those "rivers" of white which are the inseparable & ugly accompaniment of all carelessly set
661:
Direct studies on sentence spacing include those by Loh, Branch, Shewanown, and Ali (2002); and
Clinton, Branch, Holschuh, and Shewanown (2003); with results favoring neither single, double, nor triple spacing. The 2002 study tested participants' reading speed for passages of on-screen text with
627:
Most style guides indicate that single sentence spacing is proper for final or published work today, and most publishers require manuscripts to be submitted as they will appear in publication—with single sentence spacing. Writing sources typically recommend that prospective authors remove extra
716:
Some studies suggest that readability can be improved by breaking sentences into separate units of thought—or varying the internal spacing of sentences. Mid-20th century research on this topic resulted in inconclusive findings. A 1980 study split sentences into 1–5 word phrases with additional
623:
One of the most popular arguments against wider sentence spacing is that it was created for monospaced fonts of the typewriter and is no longer needed with modern proportional fonts. However, proportional fonts existed together with wide sentence spacing for centuries before the typewriter and
395:
Government
Printing Office of Australia, stipulates that only one space is used after "sentence-closing punctuation" and that "Programs for word processing and desktop publishing offer more sophisticated, variable spacing, so this practice of double spacing is now avoided because it can create
160:
machines, allowed for some variable sentence spacing similar to hand composition. Just as these machines revolutionized the mass production of text, the advent of the typewriter around the same time revolutionized the creation of personal and business documents. But the typewriters' mechanical
707:
separated words. The normal, easy, left-to-right movement of the eye is slowed down simply because of this separation; further, the short letters and serifs are unable to discharge an important function – that of keeping the eye on "the line". The eye also tends to be confused by a feeling of
706:
A carefully composed text page appears as an orderly series of strips of black separated by horizontal channels of white space. Conversely, in a slovenly setting the tendency is for the page to appear as a grey and muddled pattern of isolated spats, this effect being caused by the over-widely
697:
A widespread observation is that increased sentence spacing creates "rivers" or "holes" within text, making it visually unattractive, distracting, and difficult to locate the end of sentences. Comprehensive works on typography describe the negative effect on readability caused by inconsistent
644:
of the single and double sentence spacing methods—by proponents on both sides. Supporters of single spacing assert that familiarity with the current standard in books, magazines, and the Web enhances readability, that double spacing looks strange in text using proportional fonts, and that the
548:
In the computer era, spacing between sentences is handled in several different ways by various software packages. Some systems accept whatever the user types, while others attempt to alter the spacing or use the user input as a method of detecting sentences. Computer-based word processors and
69:
The desired or correct sentence spacing is often debated, but most sources now state that an additional space is not necessary or desirable. From around 1950, single sentence spacing became standard in books, magazines, and newspapers, and the majority of style guides that use a Latin-derived
363:
makes room for double and single sentence spacing based on author preferences. Web design guides do not usually provide guidance on this topic, as "HTML refuses to recognize double spaces altogether". These works themselves follow the current publication standard of single sentence spacing.
1722:"Assicurarsi ad esempio che tra la fine e l'inizio di due periodi separati da un punto venga usato un unico spazio prima della frase successiva, invece dei due spazi del testo americano ... A differenza di altre lingue, non va inserito nessuno spazio prima dei segni di punteggiatura."
346:
Modern style guides provide standards and guidance for the written language. These works are important to writers, since "virtually all professional editors work closely with one of them in editing a manuscript for publication". Late editions of comprehensive style guides, such as the
4231:
The
American Printer: A Manual of Typography, Containing Practical Directions for Managing all Departments of a Printing Office, As Well as Complete Instructions for Apprentices: With Several Useful Tables, Numerous Schemes for Imposing Forms in Every Variety, Hints to Authors,
568:
by default uses a double space following a period to identify the end of sentences unambiguously; the double-space convention prevents confusion with periods within sentences that signify abbreviations. How Emacs recognizes the end of a sentence is controlled by the settings
334:
became commonplace, typewritten manuscripts became less relevant and most style guides stopped making distinctions between manuscripts and final typeset products. In the same period, style guides began changing their guidance on sentence spacing. The 1969 edition of the
1725:(Translation: "Make sure that between two sentences separated by a period a single space is used before the second sentence, instead of the double spacing used in the United States ... Contrary to other languages, no space is to be added before punctuation marks.")
264:
More recent works on typography weigh in strongly. Ilene
Strizver, founder of the Type Studio, says: "Forget about tolerating differences of opinion: typographically speaking, typing two spaces before the start of a new sentence is absolutely, unequivocally wrong." The
54:
Until the 20th century, publishing houses and printers in many countries used additional space between sentences. There were exceptions to this traditional spacing method—some printers used spacing between sentences that was no wider than word spacing. This was
702:(CRT) displays concluded that "more densely packed text is read more efficiently … than is more loosely packed text." This statement is supported in other works as well. Canadian typographer Geoffrey Dowding suggests possible explanations of this phenomenon:
343:(1983) had shifted to single sentence spacing. Other style guides followed suit in the 1990s. Soon after the beginning of the 21st century, the majority of style guides had changed to indicate that only one word space was proper between sentences.
471:
for French speakers worldwide. The 1992 edition does not provide guidance on sentence spacing, but is single-sentence-spaced throughout—consistent with historical French spacing. The
Spanish language is similar. The most important body within the
649:" and "holes" caused by double spacing impair readability. Proponents of double sentence spacing state that the extra space between sentences enhances readability by providing clearer breaks between sentences and making text appear more legible.
3407:
The
Practice of Typography: Correct Composition: A Treatise on Spelling Abbreviations, the Compounding and Division of Words, the Proper Use of Figures and Numerals, Italic and Capital Letters, Notes, Etc., With Observations on Punctuation and
325:
for typesetting used a wider space between sentences than between words—"traditional spacing", as shown in the illustration to the right. During the 20th century, style guides commonly mandated two spaces between sentences for typewritten
1384:
For example, the 15th
Edition of the Chicago Manual of Style states that "A single character space, not two spaces, should be left after periods at the ends of sentences (both in manuscript and in final, published form) and after colons.
1694:"Prefazione: Il manuale intende fornire una serie di indicazioni utili per la stesura di testi di carattere non inventive, quali per esempio manuali, saggi, monografie, relazioni professionali, tesi di laurea, articoli per riviste, ecc."
530:(2004) states that "The modern system of English punctuation is by no means simple. A book that covers all the bases would need to be of considerable breadth and weight and anyone interested in such a resource is advised to consult the
140:) specified spacing standards that were all essentially identical from the 18th century onwards. These guides—e.g., Jacobi in the UK (1890) and MacKellar, Harpel, and De Vinne (1866–1901) in the U.S.—indicated that sentences should be
612:, says that the topic of sentence spacing is "the debate that refuses to die ... In all my years of writing about type, it's still the question I hear most often, and a search of the web will find threads galore on the subject."
3872:
Harpel's Typograph, or Book of Specimens Containing Useful Information, Suggestions and a Collection of Examples of Letterpress Job Printing Arranged for the Assistance of Master Printers, Amateurs, Apprentices, and
595:
Multiple spaces are eliminated by default in most World Wide Web content, whether or not they are associated with sentences. There are options for preserving spacing, such as the CSS white-space property, and the
2566:, Library Association, 1969, that he identifies on pages 51 and 247. In Jury's endnote on page 247, he points to "research done before, and at approximately the same time as, this 1969 report: G.W. Ovink,
176:
Magazines, newspapers, and books began to adopt the single-space convention in the United States in the 1940s and in the United Kingdom in the 1950s. Typists did not move to single spacing simultaneously.
269:(2003) states that "The typewriter tradition of separating sentences with two-word spaces after a period has no place in typesetting" and that the single space is "standard typographic practice". The
488:, which is viewed as prescriptive for the Spanish language worldwide. The 2001 edition does not provide sentence-spacing guidance, but is itself single-sentence-spaced. The German language manual
616:
that some publishers may still require double-spaced manuscript submissions from authors. A key example noted is the screenwriting industry's monospaced standard for screenplay manuscripts,
2456:. pp. 383, 387, 390. This study "explored the effects of spacing after the period on on-screen reading tasks through two dependent variables, reading time and reading comprehension".
775:
Languages with Sanscrit, Cyrillic, cuneiform, hieroglyphics, Chinese, and Japanese characters, among others, are not covered in the scope of this article. Handwriting is also not covered.
483:
976:
512:
and the proper construction of sentences—but not the spacing between sentences. Moreover, many modern grammar guides are designed for quick reference and refer users to comprehensive
1604:. p. 22. (1st edition published in 1982.) "Note in particular that ... stops (. ? ! : ;) are always followed by only a single (not a double) space."
496:("Recommendations of the Council for German Orthography"; 2006) does not address sentence spacing. The manual itself uses one space after terminal punctuation. Additionally, the
339:
used em spaces between sentences in its text; by the 2003 edition it had changed to single sentence spacing for both manuscript and print. By the 1980s, the United Kingdom's
2377:
font, an ubiquitous font that is considered to be visually pleasing in the construction and viewing of its characters, but has been found to impair reading effectiveness (
4147:
Loh, Christian Sebastian; Branch, Robert Maribe; Shewanown, Saun; Ali, Radwan (2002). "The Effect of Text Spacing After the Period on Time for On-Screen Reading Tasks".
4062:
1664:. p. 293. "17.07 French Typographical Rules—Punctuation: Adopt the following rules for spacing with punctuation marks. Mark: Period, before: none, after: 1 space."
4765:
2265:
that numerous page designers have contacted her, stating that the presence of two spaces between sentences requires them to edit the pages to remove the extra spaces
273:(2004) advocates a single space between sentences, noting that "your typing as well as your typesetting will benefit from unlearning this quaint Victorian habit".
5263:
Manual of Style: A Compilation of Typographical Rules Governing the Publications of the University of Chicago, with Specimens of Types Used at the University Press
784:
In the 1990s, some print and Web sources began referring to double sentence spacing as "French spacing", leading to some ambiguity with the term. See for example,
5715:
4847:
3569:
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spacing, which is supported in a 1981 study which found that "comprehension was significantly less accurate with the river condition." Another 1981 study on
508:
A few reference grammars address sentence spacing, as increased spacing between words is punctuation in itself. Most do not. Grammar guides typically cover
435:(2010), the official guide for Microsoft translation, tells users to use single sentence spacing "instead of the double spacing used in the United States".
253:
requires only one space after periods, question marks, exclamation points, and colons" and identified single sentence spacing as a typographic convention.
6364:
132:
Shortly after the invention of movable type, highly variable spacing was created, which could create spaces of any size and allowed for perfectly even
4468:. Public Works and Government Services of Canada, The Translation Bureau, The Government of Canada's terminology and linguistic data bank TERMIUM-Plus
2794:
similar studies. The research in 14 studies in 1951–1986 correlated with the findings in the article, and six studies in 1957–1984 were inconclusive.
2472:
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spaces before submitting manuscripts, although other sources state that publishers will use software to remove the spaces before final publication.
5553:
2035:
5445:
5418:
4281:
3121:
Bever, Thomas G.; Jandreau, Steven; Burwell, Rebecca; et al. (1991). "Spacing Printed Text to Isolate Major Phrases Improves Readability".
4611:
3261:
1621:
5589:
3197:
234:(the "arrangement and appearance of text") supported traditional spacing techniques in English publications. In 1954, Geoffrey Dowding's book
6738:
1584:. (1st edition published in 1997.) This manual is "obligatory" for all those in the EU who are involved in preparing EU documents and works (
300:
1707:. (Translation: "The only real Italian style guide, a must-have for any writer".) The 2009 edition is itself uses single sentence spacing.
466:
2117:
Moira Anderson Allen suggests that publishers are more interested in readable fonts as opposed to maintaining a fixed-width font standard.
1743:
3239:
Campbell, A.J.; Marchetti, F.M.; Mewhort, D.J.K. (1981). "Reading Speed and Text Production: A Note on Right-Justification Techniques".
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2911:
2562:
The bracketed words in the text are Jury's. For the rest of the quoted passage, Jury appears to have drawn on a report by Alison Shaw,
376:
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notes, "Changes in spacing either between letters and words, or between the words only ... do not appear to affect legibility. "
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473:
57:
5670:
5646:
403:
typically have multiple style guides, only some of which may discuss sentence spacing. This is the case in the United Kingdom. The
4431:
3849:
3019:
Corrections to the First Printing of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Sixth Edition (July 2009)
4945:
4465:
408:
4927:
The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation: An Easy-to-Use Guide with Clear Rules, Real-World Examples, and Reproducible Quizzes
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shows em spacing after sentences in the manuscript example (page 41), but single spacing in the typset example (p. 73).
5808:
3973:
Kolers, Paul A.; Duchinsky, Robert; Ferguson, Dennis C. (1981). "Eye Movement Measurement of Readability of CRT Displays".
1089:. Felici illustrates that there are other examples of standard single word spaces used for sentence spacing in this period.
443:
Some languages, such as French and Spanish, have academies that set language rules. Their publications typically address
4116:
2444:
The study did not find "statistically significant differences between reading time of single and double space passages".
491:
4855:
3828:
Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers: Which are to be Observed in All Cases Where No Special Instructions are Given
2857:
415:(2002) state that only single spacing should be used. In Canada, both the English- and French-language sections of the
5728:
4241:
Linotype Keyboard Operation: Methods of Study and Procedures for Setting Various Kinds of Composition on the Linotype
3418:
From Gutenberg to Open Type: An Illustrated History of Type from the Earliest Letterforms to the Latest Digital Fonts
3034:
2555:
2113:, p. 17. The authors state that "Courier 12-point is preferred, although New York, Bookman, and Times will do".
1982:
1800:
543:
305:
5741:
4512:
500:, the German-language dictionary most commonly used in Germany, indicates that double sentence spacing is an error.
5225:
4548:
1737:. French is spoken in 57 countries and territories throughout the world, including Europe, North America, and
1697:(Translation: "tyle manual for academic papers, monographs, professional correspondence, theses, articles, etc.".)
5454:
3576:
5509:
5332:
61:—a term synonymous with single-space sentence spacing until the late 20th century. With the introduction of the
4908:
The Pocket Idiot's Guide to Grammar and Punctuation: A Handy Reference to Resolve All Your Grammatical Problems
5103:
Tinker, Miles A. (Summer 1966). "Experimental Studies on the Legibility of Print: An Annotated Bibliography".
3454:
Dundurn Press in Co-operation with Public Works and the Government Services Canada Translation Bureau (1997).
3321:
Columbia Law Review; Harvard Law Review; University of Pennsylvania Law Review; Yale Law review, eds. (2005).
679:
violated. The standard for the Web and published books, magazines, and newspapers is single sentence spacing.
6733:
5377:
The Elephants of Style: A Trunkload of Tips on the Big Issues and Gray Areas of Contemporary American English
2285:
instructs editors to remove extra spaces between sentences when preparing a manuscript for publication; also
238:
underscored the widespread shift from a single enlarged em space to a standard word space between sentences.
5758:
375:(2008) indicates that single sentence spacing is to be used in all European Union publications—encompassing
6618:
6580:
4325:
185:
4356:
Ni, Xiaopeng; Branch, Robert Maribe; Chen, Kuan-Chung; Clinton, Gregory (2009). Sleeman, Phillip J (ed.).
4077:
Il Nuovo Manuale di Stile: Guida alla Redazione di Documenti, Relazioni, Articoli, Manuali, Tesi di Laurea
2682:. p. 4. Other studies show that "irregular and uneven spacing" disrupts the text and may slow the reader;
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87:
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2972:"Corrections to the First Printing of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association"
2774:
2758:
4451:
Payne, Donald R. (1967). "Readability of Typewritten Material; Proportional Versus Standard Spacing".
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3011:
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1229:
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4289:
4262:
4234:(Fifteenth – Revised and Enlarged ed.). Philadelphia: MacKellar, Smiths & Jordan. 390 pages.
3269:
3183:
Black, Allison; Watts, Darren (1993). "Proofreading Monospaced and Proportionally-spaced Typefaces".
3175:
The Practical Printer: A Book of Instruction for Beginners; a Book of Reference for the More Advanced
392:
280:(2004)—published in Switzerland—clarifies the contemporary typographic position on sentence spacing:
261:(2006) both indicate that uniform spacing should be used between words, including between sentences.
5600:
4376:
North, A. J.; Jenkins, L. B. (1951). "Reading Speed and Comprehension as a Function of Typography".
3405:
477:
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6236:
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3201:
2467:"Are two spaces better than one? The effect of spacing following periods and commas during reading"
5621:
The Mac is Not a Typewriter: A Style Manual for Creating Professional-level Type on Your Macintosh
4799:. New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore, Weinheim: John Wiley & Sons. 592 pages.
2590:, Lund Humphries, 1968. The ATypI Legibility Research Committee initial report (no named author),
653:
glance) may be shown to actually impair reading effectiveness when subjected to scientific study.
637:
122:
5775:
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2789:. pp. 78–80, 83–87. The text materials used in the research inserted various characters, such as
1617:
1408:, and titled thus in recent editions (first edition published in 1906)). The 1969 edition of the
592:
started highlighting two spaces after a period as an error and offers a correction of one space.
458:
452:
213: 2.1 standard officially added an option that can preserve additional spaces. In the 1980s,
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allow users to arrange text in a manner previously only available to professional typesetters.
419:(1997), prescribe single sentence spacing. In the United States, many style guides—such as the
210:
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1747:
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5896:
5428:"24.4 Character Entity References for Markup-Significant and Internationalization characters"
4852:
Executive Resumes and Career Transition Strategies: Reflections of an Executive Resume Writer
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5562:
5157:
5149:
5015:
4989:
4742:
4715:
3762:
3692:
3650:
3287:
3286:
3081:
2930:
2888:
1371:; "So I ask you : space twice after every period", Nina K. Hoffman, "Typesetters Blues", in
66:
many modern sources now incorrectly claim that wide spacing was created for the typewriter.
43:
printing in Europe, various sentence spacing conventions have been used in languages with a
6805:
6460:
6101:
5955:
1988:
522:
509:
5486:
Type and Layout: How Typography and Design Can Get your Message Across – Or Get in the Way
5127:
The Screenwriter's Bible: A Complete Guide to Writing, Formatting, and Selling Your Script
4628:
3553:(2nd ed.). Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. 574 pages.
173:") to separate sentences. This standard continued in use, to some extent, into the 1990s.
169:
In the early 20th century, some printers began using one and a half interword spaces (an "
8:
6815:
6810:
6782:
6743:
6656:
6550:
6405:
6383:
6373:
6241:
5848:
5838:
5794:
4435:
3853:
3832:
3173:
2686:. p. 270. The context of the "irregular and uneven spacing" is concerning justified text.
447:
and grammar as opposed to matters of typography. Style guides are less relevant for such
380:
25:
5686:
5662:
5261:
4326:"How many spaces should I leave after a period or other concluding mark of punctuation?"
3570:"English Style Guide: A Handbook for Authors and Translators in the European Commission"
2950:
2868:
1992:
348:
6706:
6633:
6613:
6603:
6575:
6545:
6505:
6132:
5995:
5980:
5921:
5911:
5547:
5312:
5125:
5112:
4990:
4605:
4257:
4166:
4025:
The Savvy Screenwriter: How to Sell Your Screenplay (and Yourself) Without Selling Out!
3998:
3784:
Haber, Ralph Norman; Haber, Lyn R. (1981). "Visual Components of the Reading Process".
3763:
3740:
3651:
3481:
Eckersley, Richard; Ellertson, Charles M.; Angstaldt, Richard; Hendel, Richard (1994).
3456:
3360:
2889:
2846:
1738:
1244:
646:
617:
331:
136:. Early American, English, and other European typesetters' style guides (also known as
102:
74:
conducted since 2002 have produced inconclusive results as to which convention is more
6628:
5016:
4482:
4063:"The Effects of Computer-based Text Spacing on Reading Comprehension and Reading Rate"
1589:
1585:
977:"The Effects of Computer-based Text Spacing on Reading Comprehension and Reading Rate"
6651:
6570:
6525:
6455:
5926:
5678:
5654:
5624:
5574:
5563:
5533:
5494:
5469:
5439:
5412:
5385:
5360:
5357:
The Chicago Manual of Style: The Essential Guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers
5318:
5314:
The Chicago Manual of Style: The Essential Guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers
5291:
5285:
5267:
5189:
5179:
5161:
5131:
5089:
5067:
5048:
5023:
4997:
4974:
4930:
4911:
4892:
4873:
4867:
4832:
4800:
4750:
4743:
4727:
4716:
4700:
4693:
4677:
4658:
4591:
4533:
4393:
4342:
4310:
4244:
4215:
4196:
4177:
4133:
4101:
4047:
4028:
3990:
3939:
3899:
3870:
3770:
3747:
3704:
3693:
3677:
3658:
3632:
3600:
3554:
3528:
3507:
3488:
3467:
3440:
3421:
3390:
3371:
3298:
3225:
3217:
3107:
3088:
3065:
3046:
2956:
2920:
2896:
2853:
2830:
2551:
2017:
1819:. The current version of the Duden reflects the most recent opinions of this council.
962:
732:
689:
448:
36:
5237:
5150:
4953:
4002:
3806:
3522:
3039:
1217:. p. 165. HTML normally ignores all additional horizontal spacing between text.
423:(2003)—allow only single sentence spacing. The most important style guide in Italy,
188:, a typewriter capable of proportional spacing, which had been used in professional
51:(as between the words in a sentence), a single enlarged space, and two full spaces.
6537:
6490:
6329:
6276:
5947:
4863:
4385:
4148:
3982:
3551:
The Copyeditor's Handbook: A Guide for Book Publishing and Corporate Communications
3339:
3248:
1644:
in 1971.) "In text, use only a single word space after all sentence punctuation.";
1249:
pre-wrap: This value prevents user agents from collapsing sequences of white space.
699:
198:
153:
32:
3954:
1245:"Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS 2.1) Specification"
6673:
6560:
6555:
6475:
6443:
6334:
6071:
5873:
2036:"Microsoft Word now flags double spaces as errors, ending the great space debate"
1704:"L'unico vero manuale di stile italiano, di cui nessun redattore può fare a meno"
663:
193:
157:
152:
Mechanical type systems introduced near the end of the 19th century, such as the
141:
111:
5040:
Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers
2910:
American Political Science Association Committee on Publications (August 2006).
1799:. The Duden was the primary orthography and language guide in Germany until the
6678:
6623:
6500:
6303:
6127:
6081:
6015:
5985:
5853:
5011:
4150:
IVLA Book of Selected Readings: Selected Readings of the IVLA Annual Conference
3986:
3927:
Some Notes on Books and Printing; a Guide for Authors, Publishers, & Others
3646:
1490:
Horace Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford
589:
526:
for consistency in formatting work and for all other "editorial concerns". The
368:
202:
5427:
5400:
4027:(Revised & Expanded ed.). New York: St. Martin's Griffin. 288 pages.
3316:. 2003 AECT Leadership & Technology International Convention, Anaheim, Ca.
3314:
Online Reading Performance Time as a Function of Text Layout: Roundtable Paper
3252:
6799:
6470:
6438:
6428:
6308:
5749:
5682:
5658:
5463:
5175:
4520:
3439:(Revised ed.). Vancouver, BC: Hartley & Marks Publishers. 90 pages.
3312:
Clinton, Gregory; Branch, Robert Maribe; Holschuh, D.; Shewanown, S. (2003).
1812:
330:, which were used prior to professionally typesetting the work. As computer
6728:
6608:
6495:
6480:
6450:
6410:
6393:
6147:
6117:
6091:
6000:
5843:
5825:
5081:
4854:. Creative Keystrokes Executive Resume Service30 March 2010. Archived from
4815:
4397:
4248:
4161:
3894:
Hopper, Vincent F.; Gale, Cedric; Foote, Ronald C.; Griffith, B.W. (2004).
3674:
The Grammar Devotional: Daily Tips for Successful Writing from Grammar Girl
1131:. p. 58. This primarily refers to the United States and Great Britain.
44:
40:
5703:"Space Invaders: Why You Should Never, Ever Use Two Spaces After a Period"
5290:(12th Revised ed.). Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
4952:. International Typeface Organization and Monotype Imaging. Archived from
4432:"Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford"
3994:
3850:"Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford"
3629:
How Not to Write a Screenplay: 101 Common Mistakes Most Screenwriters Make
3224:(3.0 ed.). Washington and Vancouver: Hartley & Marks. 352 pages.
3060:
Association of Legal Writing Directors (ALWD) and Darby Dickerson (2006).
2209:. "Continue the custom only if you use a typewriter or the Courier font."
180:
Technological advances began affecting sentence spacing methods. In 1941,
6723:
6718:
6711:
6701:
6515:
6465:
6420:
6360:
6324:
6295:
6283:
6263:
6086:
6038:
5906:
5178:(2007). Booth, Wayne C.; Colomb, Gregory G.; Williams, Joseph M. (eds.).
4011:
3822:
2378:
1816:
1804:
667:
641:
550:
513:
444:
327:
322:
250:
242:
189:
75:
5229:
5204:
4848:"Don't Date Yourself by Using Two Spaces after a Period in Your Resume!"
4559:
4307:
MHRA Style Guide: A Handbook for Authors, Editors, and Writers of Theses
201:
systems ignored runs of white space in text. This was also true for the
6696:
6510:
6400:
6253:
6246:
6223:
6178:
6142:
6096:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6028:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5817:
5716:"You Can Have My Double Space When You Pry it From My Cold, Dead Hands"
5145:
2790:
1588:). It is intended to encompass 23 languages within the European Union (
231:
62:
48:
5116:
4358:"The Effects of Text Spacing on Screen Reading Time and Comprehension"
3568:
European Commission Directorate-General for Translation (April 2010).
6188:
6183:
5960:
5888:
5766:
5152:
Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation
4389:
3289:
The AP [Associated Press] Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law
3045:(2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Sociological Association.
2374:
2101:, p. 112. Trottier refers to Courier as the industry "standard".
922:
4887:
Squire, Victoria; Willberg, Hans Peter; Forsmann, Friedrich (2006).
4766:"Improving Instructional Materials by Improving Document Formatting"
4282:"Character design standards (5 of 10): Space Characters for Latin 1"
3915:
Lexique des règles typographiques en usage à l'Imprimerie nationale
2881:
and "Writing to Win: The Colossal Guide to Writing Contests (2010)".
285:
a line of type. This is because these punctuation marks carry space
6661:
6520:
6339:
6212:
6198:
6023:
5975:
5702:
3285:
Christian, Darrell; Jacobsen, Sally; Minthorn, David, eds. (2009).
3262:"Il mio scaffale: i libri piĂą utili per lo scrittore professionale"
3135:
2829:(in French) (Neuvième ed.). Paris: Artheme Fayard. 830 pages.
147:
5359:(16th ed.). Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
5317:(15th ed.). Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
5287:
The Chicago Manual of Style: For Authors, Editors, and Copywriters
5181:
A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations
2969:
585:
based on the combination of terminal punctuation and a line feed.
6485:
6271:
6122:
6033:
5965:
5901:
2473:"One Or Two Spaces After A Period? That New Study Can't Tell You"
1808:
726:
217:
provided the average writer with more advanced formatting tools.
170:
29:
4741:
Sambuchino, Chuck; The Editors of Writer's Digest Books (2009).
4496:"Diccionario de la Lengua Española de la Real Academia Española"
4329:
1807:
for German-speaking countries—composed of experts from Germany,
6388:
6005:
2955:(6th ed.). American Psychological Association. 272 pages.
192:
for hundreds of years. This innovation broke the hold that the
4495:
3104:
Essentials of English Grammar: The Quick Guide to Good English
2989:
6231:
5970:
5938:
5786:
5205:"Unicode Standard Annex #14: Unicode Line Breaking Algorithm"
581:
565:
554:
497:
4929:(10th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. 176 pages.
4749:(3rd ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Writer's Digest Books. 324.
4328:. Modern Language Association31 January 2010. Archived from
2952:
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
2844:
Adams, J. Michael; Faux, David D.; Rieber, Lloyd J. (1996).
6587:
6433:
6378:
5729:"How Many Spaces Should There Be at the End of a Sentence?"
4971:
Type Rules: The Designer's Guide to Professional Typography
4950:
U&lc: Upper and Lowercase Magazine Online: Issue 41.1.1
387:(2010) states that sentences are always single-spaced. The
206:
4481:
Publications Office of the European Union (24 July 2008).
4214:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 352 pages.
4132:(2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing. 408 pages.
4046:(Fourth ed.). New York: Aspen Publishers. 144 pages.
2919:. Washington, DC: American Political Science Association.
2895:(10th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 1032.
516:
for additional matters of writing style. For example, the
209:
normally ignores additional spacing, although in 2011 the
4434:(Thirty-ninth ed.). Oxford Editorial. Archived from
3852:(Thirty-ninth ed.). Oxford Editorial. Archived from
3831:(First ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. Archived from
2568:
Legibility, Atmosphere-value, and Forms of Printing Types
558:
181:
5623:(2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: Peachpit Press. 96 pages.
4816:"The Trouble With EM 'n EN (and Other Shady Characters)"
4341:(7th ed.). Modern Language Association of America.
3898:(4th ed.). Barron's Educational Series. 208 pages.
2586:, University of Minnesota Press, 1965. Herbert Spencer,
1387:
University of Chicago Press 2003 Chicago Manual of Style
631:
241:
With the advent of the computer age, typographers began
4464:
Public Works and Government Services of Canada (2010).
3761:
Garner, Bryan A.; Newman, Jeff; Jackson, Tiger (2006).
3622:. Printingforless.com and CreativePro.com31 March 2010.
3064:(3rd ed.). New York: Aspen Publishers. 608 pages.
1602:
European Commission Directorate-General for Translation
802:
800:
798:
5043:(7 ed.). Reston, VA: Council of Science Editors.
3653:
Grammar Girl's Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing
3362:
Designing With Type: The Essential Guide to Typography
2582:, Iowa State University Press, 1965. Miles A. Tinker,
2263:
Grammar Girl's Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing
954:
Grammar Girl's Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing
259:
Designing with Type: The Essential Guide to Typography
4722:(10th Spiral-bound ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
4115:
Lloyd, John Wills; Hallahan, Dan (10 November 2009).
4098:
The McGraw Hill Handbook of English Grammar and Usage
3929:(New & Enlarged ed.). London: C. Wittingham.
3437:
Finer Points in the Spacing & Arrangement of Type
3389:(Third ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
3010:
American Psychological Association (8 October 2009).
2578:, Cambridge University Press, 1959. Miles A. Tinker,
1230:
How many spaces at the end of a sentence? One or two?
5510:"One or two spaces after a period? How about three?"
5457:. American Psychological Association29 January 2010.
4644:
Rusch, Kristine Kathryn; Smith, Dean Wesley (1990).
4258:"Italian Style Guide: Microsoft Language Excellence"
3325:. Massachusetts: The Harvard Law Review Association.
3178:(3rd ed.). Albany: Oneonta, N.Y., H. G. Bishop.
2891:
AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors
2670:. p. 64; The Design and Publishing Center, cited in
795:
4973:(3rd ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
4407:"A Method for Teaching Straight Matter Composition"
3198:"How Many Spaces After a Period? Ending the Debate"
2827:
Dictionnaire de l'Académie française: Tome 1, A–Enz
2064:
1662:
Public Works and Government Services of Canada 2010
817:
815:
429:(2009), does not address sentence spacing, but the
399:National languages not covered by an authoritative
236:
Finer Points in the Spacing and Arrangement of Type
5465:The Iron Whim: A Fragmented History of Typewriting
5266:(Third ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago.
4692:
4579:
4165:
3739:
3458:The Canadian Style: A Guide to Writing and Editing
3455:
3359:
3106:(3rd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. 176 pages.
3080:
3038:
2845:
2570:, Leiden, 1938. Donald Paterson, Miles A. Tinker,
1543:
1519:
1118:One or two spaces after a period? How about three?
693:An example of the "river" effect in justified text
492:Empfehlungen des Rats fĂĽr deutsche Rechtschreibung
245:double spacing, even in monospaced text. In 1989,
197:carried the innovations. By the 1960s, electronic
16:Horizontal space between sentences in typeset text
5532:(6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons Australia.
5130:(4th ed.). Los Angeles: Silman James Press.
4869:Stop Stealing Sheep & Find Out How Type Works
3746:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2373:. pp. 50, 108, 128. A useful example is the
1660:. p. 113. (1st edition published in 1987.);
255:Stop Stealing Sheep & Find Out How Type Works
6797:
5302:Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 6-40582
4243:. Brooklyn, N.Y: Mergenthaler Linotype Company.
4061:Leonard, Kristi; et al. (10 October 2009).
2970:American Psychological Association (July 2009).
1002:
1000:
998:
812:
520:(2005) points users to style guides such as the
148:Mechanical type and the advent of the typewriter
5530:Style Manual: For Authors, Editors and Printers
5468:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
4946:"Double Spaces Between Sentences ... Not!"
4891:. London: Laurence King Publishing. 176 pages.
4532:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1033 pages.
4324:Modern Language Association (15 January 2009).
4305:Modern Humanities Research Association (2002).
3881:Hartley, James (1980). "Spatial Cues in Text".
3691:Fondiller, Shirley; Nerone, Barbara J. (2007).
2678:. (1995). Mosby Publishing, St Louis. Cited in
2574:, Harper & Brothers, 1949. Sir Cyril Birt,
975:Kristi Leonard; et al. (1 February 2003).
518:Pocket Idiot's Guide to Grammar and Punctuation
389:Style Manual: For Authors, Editors and Printers
164:
5569:(1st ed.). Berkeley, CA: Peachpit Press.
5339:. University of Chicago Press. 2007. 984 pages
5226:"U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual"
5223:
3920:(3ème édition ed.). Imprimerie nationale.
1582:Publications Office of the European Union 2008
1445:
1443:
1441:
974:
860:
417:Canadian Style, A Guide to Writing and Editing
6739:Intellectual property protection of typefaces
5802:
4117:"Where's the Evidence to Justify Two Spaces?"
3420:. Vancouver: Hartley & Marks. 192 pages.
3411:(Second ed.). New York: Century Company.
3041:American Sociological Association Style Guide
1720:
1702:
1692:
995:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
481:
430:
424:
301:Sentence spacing in language and style guides
6281:
5552:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4653:Russin, Robin U.; Downs, William M. (2003).
4365:International Journal of Instructional Media
4130:Webster's New World English Grammar Handbook
3936:About Face: Reviving the Rules of Typography
3293:(44th ed.). Philadelphia: Basic Books.
2548:About Face: Reviving the Rules of Typography
489:
464:
456:
294:
278:About Face: Reviving the Rules of Typography
5444:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5417:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5022:(50th Anniversary ed.). Longman. 128.
4646:Science Fiction Writers of America Handbook
4339:MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers
4172:. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.
3599:. Berkeley, CA: Peachpit Press. 384 pages.
3012:"Errors in APA Style Rules, Clarifications"
2949:American Psychological Association (2010).
2251:Modern Humanities Research Association 2002
1803:created a multinational council for German
1646:Modern Humanities Research Association 2002
1438:
309:Traditional spacing examples from the 1911
5809:
5795:
5528:Wiley, John, & Sons Australia (2007).
4988:Strumpf, Michael; Douglas, Auriel (2004).
4610:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3366:(5th ed.). New York: Watson-Guptill.
3323:The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation
2694:
2692:
2564:Print for Partial Sight: A Research Report
2550:. Switzerland: Rotovision SA. p. 52.
1620:is an organization of 54 English-speaking
1158:
839:
92:
6765:Punctuation and other typographic symbols
5756:
5064:My Grammar and I: Or Should that be "Me"?
4745:Formatting and Submitting your Manuscript
4549:"Words and Images in Print and on Screen"
4309:. Leeds, UK: Maney Publishing. 92 pages.
4210:Lynch, Patrick J.; Horton, Sarah (2008).
4195:. Cincinnati, OH: Writer's Digest Books.
4193:The Writing Digest Grammar Desk Reference
3938:. Switzerland: Rotovision SA. 159 pages.
3725:. Free Software Foundation. 12 April 2010
3631:. New York: Crown Publishing. 240 pages.
3358:Craig, James; Scala, Irene Korol (2006).
2011:
2009:
1494:Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors
1225:
1223:
1195:
1193:
474:Association of Spanish Language Academies
4648:(1990 ed.). Writers Notebook Press.
3616:"To Double-Space or Not to Double-Space"
3087:(43rd ed.). New York: Basic Books.
1980:
1210:
1208:
1113:
1111:
688:
304:
5773:
5713:
4699:(6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
4083:(in Italian) (2.0 ed.). Zanichelli
2689:
739:
391:(2007), first published in 1966 by the
6798:
5742:"One Versus Two Spaces After a Period"
5739:
5726:
5700:
4586:(1st ed.). New Castle, Delaware.
4556:SET: Research Information for Teachers
4513:"One Versus Two Spaces After a Period"
4267:(in Italian) (1.0 ed.). Microsoft
4239:Mergenthaler Linotype Company (1940).
4128:Loberger, Gordon; Shoup, Kate (2009).
3462:. Toronto and Oxford: J. Kirk Howard.
3151:Bibliographisches Institut AG (2010).
3134:Bibliographisches Institut AG (2010).
2281:, p. 83; The 16th edition of the
2033:
2006:
1640:. p. 51. (First published as the
1239:
1237:
1220:
1190:
409:Modern Humanities Research Association
5790:
5088:. Iowa: Iowa State University Press.
4827:Shushan, Ronnie; Wright, Don (1989).
4814:Sheerin, Peter K. (19 October 2001).
4191:Lutz, Gary; Stevenson, Diane (2005).
4065:. AECT1 February 2010. Archived from
3769:(2nd ed.). Thompson West. 1008.
3575:. European Commission. Archived from
3524:TeX by Topic, A TeXnician's Reference
2887:American Medical Association (2007).
2715:Campbell, Marchetti, and Mewhort 1981
2261:, p. 81; Fogarty also stated in
1205:
1108:
957:. New York: Holt Paperbacks. p.
632:Effects on readability and legibility
5588:Williams, Robin (July–August 1995).
5224:United States. (16 September 2008).
4337:Modern Language Association (2009).
4100:. New York: McGraw Hill. 304 pages.
4096:Lester, Mark; Beason, Larry (2005).
3805:. WebMediaBrands Inc. Archived from
3765:The Redbook: A Manual on Legal Style
3506:. London: Profile Books. 256 pages.
3021:. American Psychological Association
2997:. American Psychological Association
2990:American Psychological Association.
2977:. American Psychological Association
2869:"A Quick Guide to Manuscript Format"
2731:Kolers, Duchinsky, and Ferguson 1981
2684:John Wiley & Sons Australia 2007
2545:
1614:John Wiley & Sons Australia 2007
1568:. (1st edition published in 1960.);
1564:. (1st edition published in 1918.);
467:Dictionnaire de l'Académie française
220:
110:↓ (1909) sentences with at least an
4822:. A List Apart Magazine17 May 2010.
4453:The Journal of Typographic Research
2852:(4th ed.). Delmar Publishers.
2576:A Psychological Study of Typography
2357:. pp. 88, 108, 127, 128, 153;
1773:Council for German Orthography 2010
1691:. (1st edition published in 1986.)
1234:
827:
13:
5714:McArdle, Megan (14 January 2011).
5701:Manjoo, Farhad (13 January 2011).
5639:
5455:"On Two Spaces Following a Period"
5453:Weiderkehr, Sarah (30 July 2009).
5156:. New York: Gotham Books. p.
4996:. New York: Holt Paperbacks. 512.
4872:. Mountain View, CA: Adobe Press.
4018:. IT and Communication17 May 2010.
3657:. New York: Holt Paperbacks. 240.
2913:Style Manual for Political Science
2470:
2015:
1797:Bibliographisches Institut AG 2010
1785:Bibliographisches Institut AG 2010
1572:. (1st edition published in 1962.)
753:University of Chicago Press 2003,
673:
438:
28:are inserted between sentences in
14:
6827:
5774:Barrett, Mark (19 January 2011).
5694:
4773:ASEE Southeast Section Conference
4657:. Silman-James Press. 483 pages.
4511:Rhodes, John S. (13 April 1999).
3896:A Pocket Guide to Correct Grammar
3699:. New York: Springer Publishing.
3695:Health Professionals Style Manual
3597:The Complete Manual of Typography
3222:The Elements of Typographic Style
3035:American Sociological Association
1801:German orthography reform of 1996
1674:University of Chicago Press 2003
1570:American Medical Association 2007
1498:Authors' and Printers' Dictionary
1433:American Sociological Association
1399:University of Chicago Press 1969
1273:American Medical Association 2007
544:Sentence spacing in digital media
503:
484:Diccionario de la lengua española
353:(2003) in the United Kingdom and
35:and is a matter of typographical
6778:
6777:
5727:Okrent, Arika (2 October 2013).
4831:. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press.
4483:"Interinstitutional Style Guide"
4430:Oxford University Press (1983).
3614:Felici, James (24 August 2009).
3330:Council for German Orthography.
2797:
2780:
2768:
2748:
2736:
2724:
2708:
2661:
2629:
2597:
2539:
2527:
2515:
2503:
2491:
2279:University of Chicago Press 2010
2239:Modern Language Association 2009
2231:University of Chicago Press 2010
2207:Garner, Newman, and Jackson 2006
1965:Modern Language Association 2009
1744:"Qu'est-ce que la Francophonie?"
1353:University of Chicago Press 1911
1181:University of Chicago Press 2009
564:The text-editing environment in
379:. For the English language, the
121:
101:
5740:Rhodes, John S. (13 May 1999).
5462:Wershler-Henry, Darren (2005).
5037:Style Manual Committee (2006).
4655:Screenplay, Writing the Picture
4494:Real Academia Española (2001).
4012:"Guide to the Unicode Standard"
3925:Jacobi, Charles Thomas (1890).
3797:Haley, Allan (June–July 2006).
3527:(PDF). Lulu. pp. 185–188.
3487:. University of Chicago Press.
3404:De Vinne, Theodore Low (1901).
3196:Bricker, Dave (27 March 2013).
2817:
2592:Journal of Typographic Research
2459:
2447:
2435:
2423:
2411:
2400:
2388:
2364:
2348:
2336:
2324:
2308:
2292:
2272:
2244:
2224:
2212:
2200:
2188:
2140:
2120:
2104:
2092:
2076:
2053:
2027:
1974:
1961:Garner, Newman and Jackson 2006
1938:
1926:
1914:
1898:
1878:
1834:
1822:
1790:
1778:
1766:
1754:
1728:
1710:
1682:
1667:
1651:
1627:
1607:
1595:
1575:
1566:Council of Science Editors 2006
1555:
1531:
1503:
1471:
1459:
1426:
1415:
1392:
1378:
1369:Garner, Newman and Jackson 2006
1362:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1302:
1290:
1278:
1266:
1254:
1170:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1092:
1080:
1068:
1048:
1036:
1024:
1012:
944:
912:
537:
316:
290:by the punctuation mark itself.
5816:
5759:"Double-spacing After Periods"
5489:. Berkeley: Strathmoor Press.
5432:HTML 4.01 Coding Specification
5405:HTML 4.01 Coding Specification
5337:Chicago Manual of Style Online
4582:The Typographic Desk Reference
3742:Garner's Modern American Usage
3083:The Associated Press Stylebook
3079:Associated Press, ed. (2004).
2867:Allen, Moira Anderson (2001).
2674:; Garzia, R.P, and R. London.
880:
778:
769:
746:
603:
373:Interinstitutional Style Guide
1:
6734:History of Western typography
4846:Smith, Laurie (8 July 2009).
4378:Journal of Applied Psychology
4010:Korpela, Jukka (3 May 2005).
3913:Imprimerie nationale (1993).
3676:. New York: Holt Paperbacks.
3484:Glossary of Typesetting Terms
3387:Oxford Guide to Plain English
3334:[German Orthography]
2034:Warren, Tom (24 April 2020).
1586:"Welcome to the style guide!"
1404:(commonly referred to as the
1075:Chicago University Press 1911
610:Complete Manual of Typography
396:distracting gaps on a page."
271:Elements of Typographic Style
267:Complete Manual on Typography
225:
6581:traditional point-size names
4829:Desktop Publishing by Design
4619:Rosendorf, Theodore (2010).
4578:Rosendorf, Theodore (2009).
4489:. European Union12 May 2010.
4123:. Wordpress.com4 April 2010.
4044:Guide to Legal Writing Style
3960:. Rotovision. pp. 28–87
3627:Flinn, Denny Martin (1999).
3268:(in Italian). Archived from
1987:. Free Software Foundation.
1510:University of Chicago Press
636:Claims abound regarding the
608:James Felici, author of the
580:The Unix typesetter program
247:Desktop Publishing by Design
165:Transition to single spacing
71:
39:. Since the introduction of
7:
5834:Canons of page construction
5776:"Two Spaces After a Period"
5671:"Writing Tips: Spacing (2)"
5647:"Writing Tips: Spacing (1)"
5587:
5353:University of Chicago Press
5309:University of Chicago Press
5282:University of Chicago Press
5258:University of Chicago Press
5186:University of Chicago Press
4797:Dynamics in Document Design
4795:Schriver, Karen A. (1997).
4528:Ritter, R. M., ed. (2003).
4466:"The Canadian Style Online"
4288:. Microsoft. Archived from
3338:(in German). Archived from
3172:Bishop, Henry Gold (1895).
3155:(in German). Archived from
2825:Académie française (1992).
2584:Bases for effective reading
2082:
2018:"Nroff/Troff User's Manual"
1761:Real Academia Española 2001
1746:(in French). Archived from
1313:Spiekermann and Ginger 1993
720:
356:the Chicago Manual of Style
215:desktop publishing software
88:History of sentence spacing
10:
6832:
5765:. Punchcut. Archived from
5618:
5565:The PC is Not a Typewriter
5560:
5527:
5507:
5482:
5461:
5452:
5425:
5398:
5373:
5351:
5331:
5307:
5280:
5256:
5202:
5174:
5144:
5123:
5105:Reading Research Quarterly
5102:
5080:
5062:Taggart, Caroline (2009).
5061:
5036:
5010:
4987:
4968:
4943:
4924:
4910:. Alpha Books. 208 pages.
4905:
4889:Getting it Right with Type
4886:
4862:
4845:
4826:
4813:
4794:
4763:
4740:
4718:The Gregg Reference Manual
4713:
4695:The Gregg Reference Manual
4690:
4671:
4652:
4618:
4577:
4546:
4527:
4510:
4493:
4480:
4463:
4450:
4429:
4404:
4375:
4355:
4336:
4323:
4304:
4279:
4255:
4238:
4229:MacKellar, Thomas (1885).
4228:
4209:
4190:
4160:
4146:
4127:
4114:
4095:
4073:
4060:
4041:
4022:
4009:
3987:10.1177/001872088102300502
3972:
3952:
3933:
3924:
3912:
3893:
3880:
3868:
3847:
3821:
3796:
3783:
3760:
3737:
3719:"5.2 Commenting Your Work"
3717:
3690:
3671:
3645:
3626:
3613:
3594:
3567:
3548:
3520:
3501:
3480:
3453:
3435:Dowding, Geoffrey (1995).
3434:
3415:
3403:
3384:
3357:
3332:"Deutsche Rechtschreibung"
3329:
3320:
3311:
3284:
3259:
3238:
3216:
3195:
3182:
3171:
3153:"Duden – Deutsche Sprache"
3150:
3133:
3120:
3101:
3078:
3059:
3033:
3009:
2948:
2886:
2866:
2843:
2824:
2640:John Wiley & Sons 2007
2453:
2441:
2429:
2417:
2406:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2358:
2354:
2342:
2330:
2318:
2314:
2302:
2298:
2286:
2278:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2218:
2206:
2194:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2114:
2110:
2098:
2086:
2070:
2059:
1981:Stallman, Richard (1987).
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1932:
1920:
1908:
1904:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1828:
1796:
1784:
1772:
1760:
1734:
1716:
1698:
1688:
1673:
1661:
1657:
1645:
1633:
1613:
1601:
1581:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1549:
1537:
1525:
1509:
1480:. The 2003 edition of the
1477:
1465:
1453:
1449:
1432:
1421:
1398:
1386:
1368:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1336:
1324:
1312:
1308:
1296:
1284:
1272:
1260:
1214:
1199:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1164:
1152:
1140:
1128:
1117:
1103:Mergenthaler Linotype 1940
1102:
1098:
1086:
1074:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1042:
1030:
1018:
1006:
950:
938:
934:
930:
926:
918:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
874:
870:
866:
854:
833:
821:
806:
789:
785:
763:
759:
752:
656:
588:In the April 2020 update,
541:
298:
85:
81:
6773:
6757:
6689:
6642:
6596:
6536:
6419:
6359:
6317:
6294:
6262:
6222:
6211:
6156:
6110:
6062:
6014:
5991:Subscript and superscript
5946:
5937:
5887:
5824:
5590:"Thirteen Telltale Signs"
5380:. New York: McGraw Hill.
5209:Unicode Technical Reports
5184:(7th ed.). Chicago:
4764:Scales, Alice Y. (2002).
4643:
4621:"The Double Space Debate"
4405:Osgood, Harry W. (1919).
4263:Microsoft Language Portal
3738:Garner, Bryan A. (2009).
3521:Eijkhout, Victor (2008).
3504:The Economist Style Guide
3253:10.1080/00140138108924885
2992:"Corrected Sample Papers"
2572:How to Make Type Readable
1957:Fondiller and Nerone 2007
1923:. pp. xvi, 123.
1372:
1141:Imprimerie nationale 1993
571:sentence-end-double-space
451:, as their academies set
426:Il Nuovo Manuale di Stile
295:Style and language guides
47:. These include a normal
6749:Vox-ATypI classification
5879:Intentionally blank page
5619:Williams, Robin (2003).
5561:Williams, Robin (1995).
5483:Wheildon, Colin (1995).
5426:W3C (24 December 1999).
5399:W3C (24 December 1999).
5124:Trottier, David (2005).
4969:Strizver, Ilene (2010).
4517:Webword.com21 March 2010
4498:. Real Academia Española
4411:Industrial-arts Magazine
4074:Lesina, Roberto (2009).
4042:LeClercq, Terri (2007).
4023:Kouguell, Susan (2006).
4016:Characters and Encodings
3672:Fogarty, Mignon (2009).
1496:(first published as the
951:Fogarty, Mignon (2008).
5677:. NIVA Inc. June 2009.
5599:. Adobe. Archived from
5238:"U.S. Navy Style Guide
4906:Stevenson, Jay (2005).
4866:; Ginger, E.M. (1993).
4714:Sabin, William (2005).
4691:Sabin, William (1985).
4676:. London: Bodley Head.
4674:The Case for Legibility
4547:Rollo, Lindsay (1993).
3266:Il Mestiere di Scrivere
3260:Carrada, Luisa (2010).
2283:Chicago Manual of Style
2219:Lloyd and Hallahan 2009
2163:Shushan and Wright 1989
1735:Académie française 1992
1676:Chicago Manual of Style
1512:Chicago Manual of Style
1466:Lutz and Stevenson 2005
1406:Chicago Manual of Style
1297:Shushan and Wright 1989
1019:Lloyd and Hallahan 2009
764:Shushan and Wright 1989
755:Chicago Manual of Style
532:Chicago Manual of Style
432:Guida di Stile Italiano
421:Chicago Manual of Style
337:Chicago Manual of Style
311:Chicago Manual of Style
93:Traditional typesetting
6282:
5653:. NIVA Inc. May 2009.
5014:; White, E.B. (2008).
4265:– Style Guide Download
3869:Harpel, Oscar (1870).
3595:Felici, James (2003).
3385:Cutts, Martin (2009).
3102:Baugh, L. Sue (2005).
2759:North and Jenkins 1951
2361:. pp. 8, 35.
1721:
1703:
1693:
979:. IVLA. Archived from
714:
694:
490:
482:
465:
457:
431:
425:
361:Gregg Reference Manual
313:
292:
5018:The Elements of Style
4925:Straus, Jane (2009).
3955:"What is Typography?"
3848:Hart, Horace (1983).
3799:"Typographic Details"
3549:Einsohn, Amy (2006).
2111:Russin and Downs 2003
1562:Strunk and White 1999
1486:Oxford Guide to Style
1247:. 7 June 2011. 16.6.
786:Eckersley et al. 1994
704:
692:
478:Royal Spanish Academy
308:
282:
108:↑ (1874) typeset text
6619:Typographic features
5769:on 10 December 2007.
5508:Wide Spacer (2014).
5374:Walsh, Bill (2004).
5244:. United States Navy
5066:. London: JA Wines.
4672:Ryder, John (1979).
4286:Microsoft Typography
3953:Jury, David (2009).
3934:Jury, David (2004).
3723:GNU Coding Standards
3416:Dodd, Robin (2006).
3062:ALWD Citation Manual
2808:Black and Watts 1993
2668:Craig and Scala 2006
2546:Jury, David (2004).
2522:Haber and Haber 1981
2465:Johnson et al 2018,
2418:Leonard, et al. 2009
1984:The GNU Emacs Manual
1488:(first published as
1454:Leonard, et al. 2009
1373:Rusch and Smith 1990
740:Notes and references
510:terminal punctuation
6744:Technical lettering
6643:Typography in other
6384:Hanging punctuation
5689:on 16 October 2007.
5665:on 16 October 2007.
5333:"One Space or Two?"
5086:Legibility of Print
4631:on 11 February 2010
4530:Oxford Style Manual
4438:on 30 November 2010
4332:on 12 October 2006.
3876:. Cincinnati Press.
3856:on 30 November 2010
3272:on 14 February 2010
2848:Printing Technology
2761:. p. 68., cited in
2580:Legibility of Print
2524:. pp. 147–148, 152.
1993:1987gem..book.....S
1636:Oxford Style Manual
1616:. p. 153. The
1482:Oxford Style Manual
1202:. pp. 254–255.
1200:Wershler-Henry 2005
684:What is Typography?
455:. For example, the
405:Oxford Style Manual
385:English Style Guide
381:European Commission
350:Oxford Style Manual
230:Early positions on
114:-space between them
6707:Handwriting script
6634:Desktop publishing
6604:Character encoding
6597:Digital typography
6111:Horizontal aspects
6064:Visual distinction
5922:Widows and orphans
5757:Typophile (2011).
5606:on 3 December 2010
5232:on 31 August 2008.
4256:Microsoft (2010).
4168:Thinking with Type
3582:on 5 December 2010
3502:Economist (2005).
3345:on 25 January 2012
3218:Bringhurst, Robert
2676:Vision and Reading
1739:Francophone Africa
1658:Dundurn Press 1997
1165:Adams, et al. 1996
788:. p. 46, and
695:
682:David Jury's book
459:Académie française
453:prescriptive rules
332:desktop publishing
314:
276:David Jury's book
6791:
6790:
6538:Typographic units
6456:For position only
6355:
6354:
6207:
6206:
5630:978-0-201-78263-9
5580:978-0-938151-49-4
5539:978-0-7016-3648-7
5500:978-0-9624891-5-0
5475:978-0-8014-4586-6
5434:. W3C17 May 2010.
5407:. W3C17 May 2010.
5401:"9.1 White Space"
5391:978-0-07-142268-0
5366:978-0-226-10420-1
5324:978-0-226-10403-4
5297:978-0-226-77008-6
5273:978-1-145-26446-5
5195:978-0-226-82337-9
5176:Turabian, Kate L.
5167:978-1-59240-087-4
5137:978-1-879505-84-1
5095:978-0-8138-2450-5
5073:978-1-60652-026-0
5054:978-0-9779665-0-9
5029:978-0-205-63264-0
5003:978-0-8050-7560-1
4992:The Grammar Bible
4980:978-0-470-54251-4
4944:Strizver, Ilene.
4936:978-0-470-22268-3
4917:978-1-59257-393-6
4898:978-1-85669-474-2
4879:978-0-672-48543-5
4864:Spiekermann, Erik
4838:978-1-55615-134-7
4806:978-0-471-30636-8
4756:978-1-58297-571-9
4733:978-0-07-293653-7
4706:978-0-07-054399-7
4683:978-0-370-30158-7
4664:978-1-879505-70-4
4597:978-1-58456-231-3
4539:978-0-19-860564-5
4348:978-1-60329-024-1
4316:978-0-947623-62-3
4221:978-0-300-13737-8
4202:978-1-58297-335-7
4183:978-1-56898-448-3
4139:978-0-470-41080-6
4107:978-0-07-144133-9
4053:978-0-7355-6837-2
4034:978-0-312-35575-3
3945:978-2-88046-798-2
3905:978-0-7641-2690-1
3776:978-0-314-16891-7
3753:978-0-19-538275-4
3710:978-0-8261-0207-2
3683:978-0-8050-9165-6
3664:978-0-8050-8831-1
3638:978-1-58065-015-1
3606:978-0-321-12730-3
3560:978-0-520-24688-1
3534:978-0-201-56882-0
3513:978-1-86197-916-2
3494:978-0-226-18371-8
3473:978-1-55002-276-6
3446:978-0-88179-119-8
3427:978-0-88179-210-2
3396:978-0-19-955850-6
3377:978-0-8230-1413-2
3304:978-0-465-01262-6
3231:978-0-88179-206-5
3159:on 8 January 2010
3113:978-0-07-145708-8
3094:978-0-465-01262-6
3071:978-0-7355-5571-6
3052:978-0-912764-29-0
2962:978-1-4338-0561-5
2936:on 21 August 2010
2926:978-1-878147-33-2
2902:978-0-19-517633-9
2836:978-2-7433-0407-2
2241:, pp. 77–78.
1719:. p. 4.1.8.
1500:in 1905) Preface.
1492:in 1893) and the
1327:. pp. 80–81.
968:978-0-8050-8831-1
909:. pp. 13–14.
733:Scriptio continua
553:software such as
221:Modern literature
6823:
6781:
6780:
6758:Related template
6690:Related articles
6491:Phototypesetting
6345:reverse-contrast
6330:Display typeface
6287:
6264:Blackletter type
6220:
6219:
6157:Vertical aspects
6138:Sentence spacing
5948:Typeface anatomy
5944:
5943:
5811:
5804:
5797:
5788:
5787:
5783:
5770:
5753:
5752:on 9 March 2010.
5748:. Archived from
5736:
5723:
5710:
5690:
5685:. Archived from
5666:
5661:. Archived from
5634:
5615:
5613:
5611:
5605:
5594:
5584:
5568:
5557:
5551:
5543:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5514:Wide Spacer blog
5504:
5479:
5458:
5449:
5443:
5435:
5422:
5416:
5408:
5395:
5370:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5328:
5304:
5277:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5233:
5228:. Archived from
5220:
5218:
5216:
5203:Unicode (2009).
5199:
5171:
5155:
5141:
5120:
5099:
5082:Tinker, Miles A.
5077:
5058:
5033:
5021:
5007:
4995:
4984:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4956:on 10 March 2010
4940:
4921:
4902:
4883:
4859:
4858:on 10 July 2011.
4842:
4823:
4810:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4781:
4775:. Archived from
4770:
4760:
4748:
4737:
4721:
4710:
4698:
4687:
4668:
4649:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4627:. Archived from
4615:
4609:
4601:
4585:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4564:
4558:. Archived from
4553:
4543:
4524:
4523:on 9 March 2010.
4519:. Archived from
4507:
4505:
4503:
4490:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4460:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4401:
4390:10.1037/h0063094
4372:
4362:
4352:
4333:
4320:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4252:
4235:
4225:
4206:
4187:
4171:
4157:
4155:
4143:
4124:
4111:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4082:
4070:
4069:on 17 July 2011.
4057:
4038:
4019:
4006:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3959:
3949:
3930:
3921:
3909:
3890:
3883:Visible Language
3877:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3803:Dynamic Graphics
3793:
3786:Visible Language
3780:
3768:
3757:
3745:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3714:
3698:
3687:
3668:
3656:
3642:
3623:
3610:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3574:
3564:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3517:
3498:
3477:
3461:
3450:
3431:
3412:
3400:
3381:
3365:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3344:
3337:
3326:
3317:
3308:
3292:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3256:
3235:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3204:on 17 April 2020
3200:. Archived from
3192:
3185:Visible Language
3179:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3130:
3123:Visible Language
3117:
3098:
3086:
3075:
3056:
3044:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3016:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2996:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2976:
2966:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2935:
2929:. Archived from
2918:
2906:
2894:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2863:
2851:
2840:
2811:
2801:
2795:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2712:
2706:
2696:
2687:
2665:
2659:
2633:
2627:
2601:
2595:
2588:The Visible Word
2561:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2430:Loh et al., 2002
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2395:Loh et al., 2002
2392:
2386:
2368:
2362:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2312:
2306:
2296:
2290:
2276:
2270:
2248:
2242:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2144:
2138:
2124:
2118:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2016:Ossana, Joseph.
2013:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1978:
1972:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1902:
1896:
1882:
1876:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1750:on 23 June 2011.
1732:
1726:
1724:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1696:
1686:
1680:
1671:
1665:
1655:
1649:
1631:
1625:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1579:
1573:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1507:
1501:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1447:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1396:
1390:
1382:
1376:
1366:
1360:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1241:
1232:
1227:
1218:
1212:
1203:
1197:
1188:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1115:
1106:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
993:
992:
990:
988:
972:
948:
942:
916:
910:
884:
878:
864:
858:
852:
837:
831:
825:
819:
810:
804:
793:
782:
776:
773:
767:
750:
700:Cathode Ray Tube
599:
523:MLA Style Manual
495:
487:
480:, publishes the
470:
462:
434:
428:
413:MHRA Style Guide
401:language academy
199:phototypesetting
125:
105:
22:Sentence spacing
6831:
6830:
6826:
6825:
6824:
6822:
6821:
6820:
6796:
6795:
6792:
6787:
6769:
6753:
6685:
6645:writing systems
6644:
6638:
6592:
6532:
6476:Microtypography
6415:
6351:
6313:
6290:
6258:
6215:classifications
6214:
6203:
6152:
6106:
6072:Blackboard bold
6058:
6010:
5933:
5883:
5874:Recto and verso
5820:
5815:
5697:
5669:
5645:
5642:
5640:Further reading
5637:
5631:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5592:
5581:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5518:
5516:
5501:
5476:
5437:
5436:
5410:
5409:
5392:
5367:
5342:
5340:
5325:
5298:
5274:
5247:
5245:
5236:
5214:
5212:
5196:
5168:
5138:
5096:
5074:
5055:
5030:
5012:Strunk, William
5004:
4981:
4959:
4957:
4937:
4918:
4899:
4880:
4839:
4807:
4785:
4783:
4782:on 1 March 2012
4779:
4768:
4757:
4734:
4707:
4684:
4665:
4634:
4632:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4551:
4540:
4501:
4499:
4471:
4469:
4441:
4439:
4420:
4418:
4360:
4349:
4317:
4295:
4293:
4270:
4268:
4222:
4212:Web Style Guide
4203:
4184:
4153:
4140:
4108:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4054:
4035:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3946:
3906:
3859:
3857:
3838:
3836:
3812:
3810:
3809:on 13 June 2006
3777:
3754:
3728:
3726:
3711:
3684:
3665:
3647:Fogarty, Mignon
3639:
3620:CreativePro.com
3607:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3561:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3514:
3495:
3474:
3447:
3428:
3397:
3378:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3305:
3275:
3273:
3232:
3207:
3205:
3162:
3160:
3141:
3139:
3114:
3095:
3072:
3053:
3024:
3022:
3014:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2963:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2916:
2903:
2873:
2871:
2860:
2837:
2820:
2815:
2814:
2806:. pp. 125–136;
2802:
2798:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2753:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2729:
2725:
2713:
2709:
2697:
2690:
2666:
2662:
2634:
2630:
2602:
2598:
2558:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2481:
2479:
2464:
2460:
2452:
2448:
2440:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2369:
2365:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2313:
2309:
2297:
2293:
2287:Weiderkehr 2009
2277:
2273:
2249:
2245:
2237:, p. 200;
2229:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2173:, p. 52;
2165:, p. 34;
2161:, p. 56;
2157:, p. 85;
2153:, p. 80;
2149:, p. 28;
2147:Bringhurst 2004
2145:
2141:
2135:Sambuchino 2009
2133:, p. 123;
2129:, p. 158;
2125:
2121:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2089:. pp. 5–6.
2081:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2014:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1979:
1975:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1903:
1899:
1887:. p. 200;
1883:
1879:
1871:. p. 408;
1863:. p. 123;
1859:. p. 158;
1851:. p. 935;
1843:. p. 200;
1839:
1835:
1829:Bringhurst 2004
1827:
1823:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1742:
1733:
1729:
1715:
1711:
1687:
1683:
1672:
1668:
1656:
1652:
1642:MHRA Style Book
1632:
1628:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1580:
1576:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1540:. pp. 5–6.
1536:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1508:
1504:
1476:
1472:
1468:. p. viii.
1464:
1460:
1448:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1416:
1410:Manual of Style
1401:Manual of Style
1397:
1393:
1383:
1379:
1367:
1363:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1213:
1206:
1198:
1191:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1005:
996:
986:
984:
983:on 5 March 2012
969:
949:
945:
935:Weiderkehr 2009
917:
913:
885:
881:
865:
861:
853:
840:
832:
828:
820:
813:
807:Bringhurst 2004
805:
796:
783:
779:
774:
770:
762:. p. 113;
758:. p. 243;
751:
747:
742:
723:
676:
674:Related studies
664:monospaced font
659:
634:
606:
597:
546:
540:
506:
441:
439:Language guides
407:(2003) and the
319:
303:
297:
228:
223:
194:monospaced font
184:introduced the
167:
150:
138:printers' rules
130:
129:
128:
127:
126:
117:
116:
115:
109:
106:
95:
90:
84:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6829:
6819:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6785:
6774:
6771:
6770:
6768:
6767:
6761:
6759:
6755:
6754:
6752:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6693:
6691:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6683:
6682:
6681:
6679:National Fonts
6671:
6666:
6665:
6664:
6654:
6648:
6646:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6624:Web typography
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6600:
6598:
6594:
6593:
6591:
6590:
6585:
6584:
6583:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6542:
6540:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6529:
6528:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6501:Reversing type
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6447:
6446:
6441:
6431:
6425:
6423:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6370:
6368:
6357:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6349:
6348:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6327:
6321:
6319:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6311:
6306:
6300:
6298:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6288:
6279:
6274:
6268:
6266:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6256:
6251:
6250:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6228:
6226:
6217:
6209:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6160:
6158:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6128:Letter-spacing
6125:
6120:
6114:
6112:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6082:Color printing
6079:
6074:
6068:
6066:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6020:
6018:
6016:Capitalization
6012:
6011:
6009:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5952:
5950:
5941:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5893:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5854:Page numbering
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5830:
5828:
5822:
5821:
5814:
5813:
5806:
5799:
5791:
5785:
5784:
5771:
5754:
5737:
5724:
5711:
5696:
5695:External links
5693:
5692:
5691:
5675:Writer's Block
5667:
5651:Writer's Block
5641:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5629:
5616:
5597:Adobe Magazine
5585:
5579:
5558:
5538:
5525:
5505:
5499:
5480:
5474:
5459:
5450:
5423:
5396:
5390:
5371:
5365:
5349:
5329:
5323:
5305:
5296:
5278:
5272:
5254:
5234:
5221:
5200:
5194:
5172:
5166:
5142:
5136:
5121:
5100:
5094:
5078:
5072:
5059:
5053:
5034:
5028:
5008:
5002:
4985:
4979:
4966:
4941:
4935:
4922:
4916:
4903:
4897:
4884:
4878:
4860:
4843:
4837:
4824:
4811:
4805:
4792:
4761:
4755:
4738:
4732:
4711:
4705:
4688:
4682:
4669:
4663:
4650:
4641:
4616:
4596:
4575:
4565:on 22 May 2010
4544:
4538:
4525:
4508:
4491:
4478:
4461:
4448:
4427:
4402:
4373:
4353:
4347:
4334:
4321:
4315:
4302:
4277:
4253:
4236:
4226:
4220:
4207:
4201:
4188:
4182:
4158:
4144:
4138:
4125:
4112:
4106:
4093:
4071:
4058:
4052:
4039:
4033:
4020:
4007:
3981:(5): 517–527.
3970:
3950:
3944:
3931:
3922:
3910:
3904:
3891:
3878:
3866:
3845:
3819:
3794:
3781:
3775:
3758:
3752:
3735:
3715:
3709:
3688:
3682:
3669:
3663:
3643:
3637:
3624:
3611:
3605:
3592:
3565:
3559:
3546:
3533:
3518:
3512:
3499:
3493:
3478:
3472:
3451:
3445:
3432:
3426:
3413:
3401:
3395:
3382:
3376:
3355:
3327:
3318:
3309:
3303:
3282:
3257:
3247:(8): 633–640.
3236:
3230:
3214:
3193:
3180:
3169:
3148:
3131:
3118:
3112:
3099:
3093:
3076:
3070:
3057:
3051:
3031:
3007:
2987:
2967:
2961:
2946:
2925:
2907:
2901:
2884:
2864:
2859:978-0827369078
2858:
2841:
2835:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2796:
2779:
2767:
2747:
2745:. pp. 5–6, 29.
2735:
2723:
2707:
2688:
2660:
2628:
2596:
2556:
2538:
2526:
2514:
2502:
2490:
2471:Haelle, Tara.
2458:
2454:Ni et al. 2009
2446:
2434:
2422:
2410:
2399:
2387:
2363:
2347:
2335:
2323:
2307:
2291:
2271:
2243:
2233:, p. 60;
2223:
2211:
2199:
2187:
2181:, p. 3;
2139:
2131:Stevenson 2005
2119:
2103:
2091:
2075:
2063:
2052:
2026:
2005:
1973:
1955:. p. 78;
1951:. p. 85;
1937:
1935:. p. 408.
1925:
1921:Stevenson 2005
1913:
1911:. p. 158.
1907:. p. 85;
1897:
1895:. p. 123.
1893:Stevenson 2005
1877:
1867:. p. 52;
1861:Stevenson 2005
1847:. p. 79;
1833:
1821:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1753:
1727:
1717:Microsoft 2010
1709:
1681:
1666:
1650:
1626:
1606:
1594:
1574:
1554:
1552:. p. 165.
1542:
1530:
1518:
1502:
1470:
1458:
1452:. p. 85;
1437:
1425:
1414:
1391:
1377:
1375:, p. 113.
1361:
1341:
1329:
1317:
1315:, p. 123.
1311:. p. 90;
1301:
1289:
1277:
1275:. p. 917.
1265:
1253:
1233:
1219:
1204:
1189:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1121:
1107:
1101:. p. 73;
1091:
1079:
1067:
1061:. p. 19;
1055:MacKellar 1885
1047:
1035:
1033:. p. 142.
1023:
1011:
994:
967:
943:
929:, p. 81;
911:
897:. p. 56;
893:. p. 85;
889:. p. 80;
879:
873:. p. 13;
869:. p. 57;
859:
838:
826:
811:
794:
777:
768:
744:
743:
741:
738:
737:
736:
729:
722:
719:
675:
672:
658:
655:
633:
630:
605:
602:
590:Microsoft Word
542:Main article:
539:
536:
505:
504:Grammar guides
502:
463:publishes the
440:
437:
369:European Union
318:
315:
299:Main article:
296:
293:
227:
224:
222:
219:
203:World Wide Web
166:
163:
149:
146:
120:
119:
118:
107:
100:
99:
98:
97:
96:
94:
91:
86:Main article:
83:
80:
58:French spacing
45:Latin alphabet
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6828:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
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6763:
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6756:
6750:
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6708:
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6703:
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6688:
6680:
6677:
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6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
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6660:
6659:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6641:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6629:BĂ©zier curves
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6614:Rasterization
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6601:
6599:
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6589:
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6579:
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6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6471:Microprinting
6469:
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6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6429:Etaoin shrdlu
6427:
6426:
6424:
6422:
6418:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6395:
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6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
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6326:
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6320:
6316:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6297:
6293:
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6280:
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6238:
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6234:
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6230:
6229:
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6225:
6221:
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6216:
6210:
6200:
6197:
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6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6155:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
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6121:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6109:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
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6070:
6069:
6067:
6065:
6061:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6017:
6013:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5949:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5936:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5886:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5812:
5807:
5805:
5800:
5798:
5793:
5792:
5789:
5781:
5777:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5699:
5698:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5643:
5632:
5626:
5622:
5617:
5602:
5598:
5591:
5586:
5582:
5576:
5572:
5567:
5566:
5559:
5555:
5549:
5541:
5535:
5531:
5526:
5515:
5511:
5506:
5502:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5487:
5481:
5477:
5471:
5467:
5466:
5460:
5456:
5451:
5447:
5441:
5433:
5429:
5424:
5420:
5414:
5406:
5402:
5397:
5393:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5378:
5372:
5368:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5306:
5303:
5299:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5269:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5255:
5243:
5241:
5240:"Punctuation"
5235:
5231:
5227:
5222:
5210:
5206:
5201:
5197:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5163:
5159:
5154:
5153:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5133:
5129:
5128:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5111:(4): 67–118.
5110:
5106:
5101:
5097:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5069:
5065:
5060:
5056:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5041:
5035:
5031:
5025:
5020:
5019:
5013:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4994:
4993:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4972:
4967:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4942:
4938:
4932:
4928:
4923:
4919:
4913:
4909:
4904:
4900:
4894:
4890:
4885:
4881:
4875:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4830:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4812:
4808:
4802:
4798:
4793:
4778:
4774:
4767:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4747:
4746:
4739:
4735:
4729:
4725:
4720:
4719:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4697:
4696:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4675:
4670:
4666:
4660:
4656:
4651:
4647:
4642:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4617:
4613:
4607:
4599:
4593:
4589:
4584:
4583:
4576:
4561:
4557:
4550:
4545:
4541:
4535:
4531:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4509:
4497:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4467:
4462:
4459:(2): 125–136.
4458:
4454:
4449:
4437:
4433:
4428:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4359:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4340:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4308:
4303:
4292:on 3 May 2010
4291:
4287:
4283:
4278:
4266:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4223:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4198:
4194:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4175:
4170:
4169:
4163:
4162:Lupton, Ellen
4159:
4152:
4151:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4099:
4094:
4079:
4078:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3975:Human Factors
3971:
3956:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3937:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3867:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3835:on 3 May 2003
3834:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3820:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3792:(2): 147–182.
3791:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3767:
3766:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3744:
3743:
3736:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3696:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3655:
3654:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3598:
3593:
3578:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3536:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3465:
3460:
3459:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3408:Proof-Reading
3402:
3398:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3363:
3356:
3341:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3290:
3283:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3191:(3): 364–377.
3190:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3170:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3036:
3032:
3020:
3013:
3008:
2993:
2988:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2947:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2915:
2914:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2885:
2882:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2822:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2776:
2771:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2744:
2739:
2732:
2727:
2720:
2719:Schriver 1997
2716:
2711:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2657:
2656:Williams 2003
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2616:Schriver 1997
2613:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2557:2-88046-798-5
2553:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2534:Williams 2003
2530:
2523:
2518:
2511:
2506:
2499:
2494:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2455:
2450:
2443:
2442:Clinton 2003.
2438:
2431:
2426:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2407:Clinton 2003.
2403:
2396:
2391:
2385:. p. 36.
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2360:
2359:Wheildon 1995
2356:
2351:
2345:. p. 50.
2344:
2339:
2333:. p. 13.
2332:
2331:Wheildon 1995
2327:
2320:
2319:Williams 1995
2316:
2311:
2304:
2300:
2299:Williams 2003
2295:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2269:, p. 85.
2268:
2264:
2260:
2257:, p. 5;
2256:
2253:, p. 6;
2252:
2247:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2220:
2215:
2208:
2203:
2196:
2191:
2185:, p. 13.
2184:
2183:Williams 2003
2180:
2176:
2175:Strizver 2010
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2137:, p. 10.
2136:
2132:
2128:
2127:Loberger 2009
2123:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2100:
2095:
2088:
2085:, p. 1;
2084:
2079:
2073:, p. 13.
2072:
2071:Williams 2003
2067:
2061:
2056:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2019:
2012:
2010:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1977:
1971:. p. 52.
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1934:
1929:
1922:
1917:
1910:
1909:Loberger 2009
1906:
1901:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1857:Loberger 2009
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1830:
1825:
1818:
1814:
1813:Liechtenstein
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1786:
1781:
1774:
1769:
1762:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1603:
1598:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1551:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1528:. p. 85.
1527:
1522:
1515:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1484:combined the
1483:
1479:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1418:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1389:. p. 61.
1388:
1381:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1349:De Vinne 1901
1345:
1339:. p. 92.
1338:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1299:. p. 34.
1298:
1293:
1286:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1263:. p. 57.
1262:
1257:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1238:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1187:. p. 14.
1186:
1185:Williams 2003
1182:
1178:
1173:
1166:
1161:
1154:
1149:
1142:
1137:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1088:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1065:. p. 78.
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1044:
1039:
1032:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1007:Strizver 2010
1003:
1001:
999:
982:
978:
970:
964:
960:
956:
955:
947:
940:
939:Williams 1995
936:
932:
931:Strizver 2010
928:
925:." See also,
924:
920:
919:Williams 2003
915:
908:
907:Williams 2003
905:. p. 3;
904:
900:
899:Strizver 2010
896:
892:
888:
883:
877:. p. 85.
876:
872:
871:Williams 2003
868:
863:
856:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
836:. p. 58.
835:
830:
824:. p. 80.
823:
818:
816:
809:. p. 28.
808:
803:
801:
799:
791:
787:
781:
772:
766:. p. 34.
765:
761:
757:
756:
749:
745:
735:
734:
730:
728:
725:
724:
718:
713:
710:
703:
701:
691:
687:
685:
680:
671:
669:
665:
654:
650:
648:
643:
639:
629:
625:
621:
619:
613:
611:
601:
593:
591:
586:
583:
578:
576:
572:
567:
562:
560:
556:
552:
545:
535:
533:
529:
528:Grammar Bible
525:
524:
519:
515:
511:
501:
499:
494:
493:
486:
485:
479:
475:
469:
468:
461:
460:
454:
450:
446:
436:
433:
427:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
362:
358:
357:
352:
351:
344:
342:
338:
333:
329:
324:
312:
307:
302:
291:
288:
281:
279:
274:
272:
268:
262:
260:
256:
252:
249:stated that "
248:
244:
239:
237:
233:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
191:
187:
183:
178:
174:
172:
162:
159:
155:
145:
143:
139:
135:
134:justification
124:
113:
104:
89:
79:
77:
73:
67:
64:
60:
59:
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
31:
27:
24:concerns how
23:
19:
6793:
6729:Type foundry
6566:Metric units
6496:Punchcutting
6481:Movable type
6451:Font catalog
6411:Vertical bar
6148:Word spacing
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2510:Tinker 1963
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2355:Tinker 1963
2343:Tinker 1963
2259:Felici 2003
2171:Straus 2009
2151:Felici 2003
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1998:25 November
1969:Straus 2009
1945:Felici 2003
1889:Hopper 2004
1865:Straus 2009
1853:Lester 2005
1849:Garner 2009
1817:Switzerland
1805:orthography
1689:Lesina 2009
1550:Lupton 2004
1478:Ritter 2003
1325:Felici 2003
1215:Lupton 2004
1177:Felici 2009
1153:Osgood 1919
1087:Felici 2009
1059:Harpel 1870
1043:Jacobi 1890
927:Felici 2003
887:Felici 2003
855:Felici 2009
822:Felici 2003
668:Courier New
642:readability
604:Controversy
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551:typesetting
445:orthography
328:manuscripts
257:(1993) and
251:typesetting
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190:typesetting
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6697:Penmanship
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5859:Paper size
5818:Typography
5343:8 February
5248:17 January
4417:(2): 47–48
4121:Spacewaste
3349:19 January
3241:Ergonomics
3163:19 January
3142:19 January
3001:31 January
2981:1 February
2874:22 October
2804:Payne 1967
2787:Bever 1991
2652:Rollo 1993
2642:. p. 153;
2620:Smith 2009
2303:Smith 2009
2255:Sabin 2005
2195:Sabin 2005
2179:Walsh 2004
2167:Smith 2009
2115:Allen 2001
2087:Sabin 2005
1885:Baugh 2005
1845:Cutts 2009
1841:Baugh 2005
1624:worldwide.
1590:"Foreword"
1538:Sabin 2005
1309:Craig 2006
987:1 February
903:Walsh 2004
790:Haley 2006
638:legibility
232:typography
226:Typography
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6189:Mean line
6184:Descender
6097:Underline
5939:Character
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5763:Typophile
5683:1488-4801
5659:1488-4801
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5382:238 pages
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5045:658 pages
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4606:cite book
4588:152 pages
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2315:Jury 2004
2235:Lutz 2005
2159:Jury 2009
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1422:Hart 1983
1357:Hart 1893
1337:Jury 2004
1261:Jury 2009
1129:Jury 2009
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895:Jury 2009
867:Jury 2009
834:Jury 2009
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