1264:
Findings from clinical trials in humans have shown these antidepressants can help to reduce pain and functional impairment in central and neuropathic pain conditions. This property of SNRIs might be used to reduce doses of other pain relieving medication and lower the frequency of safety, limited efficacy and tolerability issues. Clinical research data have shown in patients with GAD that the SNRI duloxetine is significantly more effective than placebo in reducing pain-related symptoms of GAD, after short-term and long-term treatment. However, findings suggested that such symptoms of physical pain reoccur in relapse situations, which indicates a need for ongoing treatment in patients with GAD and concurrent painful physical symptoms.
1134:
1094:
1848:
tedizolid, methylene blue, procarbazine, amphetamines, clomipramine, and more. Early symptoms of serotonin syndrome may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, agitation, confusion, muscle rigidity, dilated pupils, hyperthermia, rigidity, and goose bumps. More severe symptoms include fever, seizures, irregular heartbeat, delirium, and coma. If signs or symptoms arise, discontinue treatment with serotonergic agents immediately. It is recommended to washout 4 to 5 half-lives of the serotonergic agent before using an MAO inhibitor.
1147:
4645:
518:
661:
849:
474:
1892:
350:
409:
561:
49:
605:
10401:
1159:-methylation of milnacipran in substituent group R and R reduces the norepinephrine and serotonin activity. Researches on different secondary amides in substitution groups R and R showed that π electrons play an important role in the interaction between transporters and ligands. A phenyl group in substituent R showed effect on norepinephrine transporters. Substituent groups in R and R with
1412:, an area of the brain largely lacking in dopamine transporters. This effect of SNRIs results in increased dopamine neurotransmission, in addition to the increases in serotonin and norepinephrine activity. Furthermore, because SNRIs are extremely selective, they have no measurable effects on other, unintended receptors, in contrast to
864:. This interaction seems to be critical for increased availability of norepinephrine in or near the synaptic clefts. Actions of imipramine-like tricyclic antidepressants have complex, secondary adaptions to their initial and sustained actions as inhibitors of norepinephrine transport and variable blockade of serotonin transport.
286:
1371:. Most SNRIs including venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine, and duloxetine, are several fold more selective for serotonin over norepinephrine, while milnacipran is three times more selective for norepinephrine than serotonin. Elevation of norepinephrine levels is thought to be necessary for an antidepressant to be effective against
1795:
of norepinephrine levels can sometimes cause anxiety, mildly elevated pulse, and elevated blood pressure. However, norepinephrine-selective antidepressants, such as reboxetine and desipramine, have successfully treated anxiety disorders. People at risk for hypertension and heart disease should monitor their blood pressure.
3832:
Papakostas GI, Thase ME, Fava M, Nelson JC, Shelton RC (December 2007). "Are antidepressant drugs that combine serotonergic and noradrenergic mechanisms of action more effective than the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treating major depressive disorder? A meta-analysis of studies of newer
2117:
Most antidepressants, including SNRIs, are safe and effective in the geriatric population. Decisions are often based on co-morbid conditions, drug interactions, and patient tolerance. Due to differences in body composition and metabolism, starting doses are often half that of the recommended dose for
1794:
Because the SNRIs and SSRIs act in similar ways to elevate serotonin levels, they share many side effects, though to varying degrees. The most common side effects include nausea/vomiting, sweating, loss of appetite, dizziness, headache, increase in suicidal thoughts, and sexual dysfunction. Elevation
1387:
in addition to their effect on serotonin and norepinephrine levels. As such, it is possible that an additional mechanism of these drugs that acts in combination with the previously understood mechanism exist. The implication behind these findings suggests use of SNRIs as potential anti-inflammatories
1254:
Several studies have shown that antidepressant drugs which have combined serotonergic and noradrenergic activity are generally more effective than SSRIs, which act upon serotonin reuptake by itself. Serotonergic-noradrenergic antidepressant drugs may have a modest efficacy advantage compared to SSRIs
1240:
to give arylthiomethyl morpholine. Some of the arylthiomethyl morpholine derivatives maintain potent levels of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibition. Dual serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibition resides in different enantiomers for arylthiomethyl morpholine scaffold. Possible drug
927:
of these responses may be due to increased exposure to endogenous norepinephrine or from the prolonged occupation of the norepinephrine transport mechanisms (via an allosteric effect). The adaptation allows the presynaptic synthesis and secretion of norepinephrine to return to, or even exceed, normal
809:
of depression. Symptoms may occur because concentrations of neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine and serotonin, are insufficient, leading to downstream changes. Medications for depression affect the transmission of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Older and less selective antidepressants
2078:
Because SNRIs were developed more recently than SSRIs, there are relatively few of them. However, the SNRIs are among the most widely used antidepressants today. In 2009, Cymbalta and
Effexor were the 11th- and 12th-most-prescribed branded drugs in the United States, respectively. This translates to
1847:
A serious, but rare, side effect of SNRIs is serotonin syndrome, which is caused by an excess of serotonin in the body. Serotonin syndrome can be caused by taking multiple serotonergic drugs, such as SSRIs or SNRIs. Other drugs that contribute to serotonin syndrome include MAO inhibitors, linezolid,
1337:
SNRIs are delivered orally, usually in the form of capsules or tablets. It is recommended to take SNRIs in the morning with breakfast, which does not affect drug levels, but may help with certain side effects. Norepinephrine has activating effects in the body and therefore can cause insomnia in some
1117:
provides a more potent inhibitory effect of norepinephrine uptake and improves the selectivity for norepinephrine over the serotonin transporter. Effects of chloro, methoxy and trifluoromethyl substituents in the aromatic ring of cycloalkanol ethylamine scaffold were tested. The results showed that
1263:
Data from clinical trials have indicated that SNRIs might have pain relieving properties. Although the perception and transmission of pain stimuli in the central nervous system have not been fully elucidated, extensive data support a role for serotonin and norepinephrine in the modulation of pain.
1163:
double bond showed significant improved effect on both norepinephrine and serotonin transporters. Studies show that introducing a 2-methyl group in substituent R, the potency at norepinephrine and serotonin transporters are almost abolished. Methyl groups in substituent groups R and R also abolish
1072:
Several reuptake inhibitors contain an aryloxypropanamine scaffold. This structural motif has potential for high affinity binding to biogenic amine transports. Drugs containing an aryloxypropanamine scaffold have selectivity profile for norepinephrine and serotonin transporters that depends on the
1040:
Agents with dual serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibition (SNRIs) are sometimes called non-tricyclic serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Clinical studies suggest that compounds that increase the concentration in the synaptic cleft of both norepinephrine and serotonin are more
856:
TCAs were the first medications that had dual mechanism of action. The mechanism of action of tricyclic secondary amine antidepressants is only partly understood. TCAs have dual inhibition effects on norepinephrine reuptake transporters and serotonin reuptake transporters. Increased norepinephrine
839:
associated particularly with TCAs, and to a lesser extent with SSRIs. Selectivity of antidepressant agents are based on the neurotransmitters that are thought to influence symptoms of depression. Drugs that selectively block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine effectively treat depression
620:
since 1977. The drug is used to treat acute and chronic pain. It has shown effectiveness in the treatment of fibromyalgia, though it is not specifically approved for this purpose. The drug is also under investigation as an antidepressant and for the treatment of neuropathic pain. It is related in
1944:
Due to the extreme changes in noradrenergic activity produced from norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibition, patients that are just starting an SNRI regimen are usually given lower doses than their expected final dosing to allow the body to acclimate to the drug's effects. As the patient
1765:
activity, pre-existing hypertension should be controlled before treatment with SNRIs and blood pressure periodically monitored throughout treatment. Duloxetine has also been associated with cases of liver failure and should not be prescribed to patients with chronic alcohol use or liver disease.
947:
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) selectively inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and are a widely used group of antidepressants. With increased receptor selectivity compared to TCAs, undesired effects such as poor tolerability are avoided. Serotonin is synthesized from an amino acid
672:
in 1994. The reuptake effects of venlafaxine are dose-dependent. At low doses (<150 mg/day), it acts only on serotonergic transmission. At moderate doses (>150 mg/day), it acts on serotonergic and noradrenergic systems, whereas at high doses (>300 mg/day), it also affects
2108:
SSRIs and SNRIs have been shown to be effective in treating major depressive disorder and anxiety in pediatric populations. However, there is a risk of increased suicidality in pediatric populations for treatment of major depressive disorder, especially with venlafaxine. Fluoxetine is the only
1978:
and therefore rapid clearance upon discontinuation. In some cases, switching from venlafaxine to fluoxetine, a long-acting SSRI, and then tapering off fluoxetine, may be recommended to reduce discontinuation symptoms. Signs and symptoms of withdrawal from abrupt cessation of an SNRI include
1354:
of depression, which asserts that decreased concentrations of monoamine neurotransmitters leads to depressive symptoms, the following relations were determined: "Norepinephrine may be related to alertness and energy as well as anxiety, attention, and interest in life; serotonin to anxiety,
1231:
The application of an aryloxypropanamine scaffold has generated a number of potent MAOIs. Before the development of duloxetine, the exploration of aryloxypropanamine structure activity relationships resulted in the identification of fluoxetine and atomoxetine. The same motif can be found in
918:
mechanism through their effects on presynaptic receptors. One probable explanation for the effects on decreased neurotransmitter release is that, as the receptors activate, inhibition of neurotransmitter release occurs (including suppression of voltage-gated Ca currents and activation of G
814:
of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain, which results in higher concentrations of neurotransmitters. Antidepressants that have dual mechanisms of action inhibit the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine and, in some cases, inhibit with weak effect the reuptake of dopamine.
534:(FDA) approved milnacipran for treatment of fibromyalgia in the United States in January 2009, however it is not approved for depression in that country. Milnacipran has been commercially available in Europe and Asia for several years. It was first introduced in France in 1996.
1255:
in treating major depressive disorder (MDD), but are slightly less well tolerated. Further research is needed to examine the possible differences of efficacy in specific MDD sub-populations or for specific MDD symptoms, between these classes of antidepressant drugs.
1923:(brighter presentation of lights or highlighted colors). Evidence shows that 8.9% of those taking SNRIs experienced visual snow, 10.5% experienced palinopsia, 15.3% experienced photophobia, and 17.7% experienced nyctolopia as the result of SNRI prescription intake.
1408:-desmethylvenlafaxine to strongly inhibit serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake in the brain. The evidence also suggests that dopamine and norepinephrine behave in a co-transportational manner, due to the inactivation of dopamine by norepinephrine reuptake in the
1388:
following brain injury or any other disease where swelling of the brain is an issue. However, regardless of the mechanism, the efficacy of these drugs in treating the diseases for which they have been indicated has been proven, both clinically and in practice.
1382:
Recent studies have shown that depression may be linked to increased inflammatory response, thus attempts at finding an additional mechanism for SNRIs have been made. Studies have shown that SNRIs as well as SSRIs have significant anti-inflammatory action on
857:
and serotonin concentrations are obtained by inhibiting both of these transporter proteins. TCAs have substantially more affinity for norepinephrine reuptake proteins than the SSRIs. This is because of a formation of secondary amine TCA metabolites.
357:
The active metabolite of venlafaxine. It is believed to work in a similar manner, though some evidence suggests lower response rates compared to venlafaxine and duloxetine. It was introduced by Wyeth in May 2008 and was then the third approved SNRI.
257:
back into the presynaptic nerve terminal. Dual inhibition of serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake can offer advantages over other antidepressant drugs by treating a wider range of symptoms. They can be especially useful in concomitant chronic or
2197:
2000:
Symptoms of SNRI overdose, whether it be a mixed drug interaction or the drug alone, vary in intensity and incidence based on the amount of medicine taken and the individuals sensitivity to SNRI treatment. Possible symptoms may include:
3572:
Mahaney PE, Vu AT, McComas CC, Zhang P, Nogle LM, Watts WL, et al. (December 2006). "Synthesis and activity of a new class of dual acting norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitors: 3-(1H-indol-1-yl)-3-arylpropan-1-amines".
621:
chemical structure to venlafaxine. Due to being an opioid, there is risk of abuse and addiction, but it does have less abuse potential, respiratory depression, and constipation compared to other opioids (hydrocodone, oxycodone, etc.).
1077:
in 4' position of the aryloxy ring. Atomoxetine, nisoxetine and reboxetine all have a substitution group in the 2' position and are selective NRIs while compounds that have a substitution group in the 4' position (like fluoxetine and
3531:
Boot J, Cases M, Clark BP, Findlay J, Gallagher PT, Hayhurst L, et al. (February 2005). "Discovery and structure-activity relationships of novel selective norepinephrine and dual serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors".
1154:
Milnacipran is structurally different from other SNRIs. The structure activity relationship of milnacipran derivatives at the transporter level is still largely unclear and is based on in vivo efficacy that was reported in 1987.
919:
protein-coupled receptor-operated K currents). Repeated exposure of agents with this type of mechanism leads to inhibition of neurotransmitter release, but repeated administration of TCAs finally leads to decreased responses by α
714:. Researchers noted that patients given iproniazid became cheerful, more optimistic, and more physically active. Soon after its development, iproniazid and related substances were shown to slow enzymatic breakdown of serotonin,
1856:
Some studies suggest there are risks of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, especially venlafaxine, due to impairment of platelet aggregation and depletion of platelet serotonin levels. Similarly to SSRIs, SNRIs may interact with
1130:. Further synthesis and testing identified WAY-256805, a potent norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor that exhibited excellent selectivity and was efficacious in animal models of depression, pain, and thermoregulatory dysfunction.
5313:
Perahia DG, Pritchett YL, Kajdasz DK, Bauer M, Jain R, Russell JM, et al. (January 2008). "A randomized, double-blind comparison of duloxetine and venlafaxine in the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder".
3608:
Mahaney PE, Gavrin LK, Trybulski EJ, Stack GP, Vu TA, Cohn ST, et al. (July 2008). "Structure-activity relationships of the cycloalkanol ethylamine scaffold: discovery of selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors".
5755:
Emslie GJ, Heiligenstein JH, Wagner KD, Hoog SL, Ernest DE, Brown E, et al. (October 2002). "Fluoxetine for acute treatment of depression in children and adolescents: a placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial".
2065:
and temperature control based on the progression of the serotonin toxicity. Patients are often monitored for vitals and airways cleared to ensure that they are receiving adequate levels of oxygen. Another option is to use
1965:
and other symptoms. Therefore, it is recommended that users seeking to discontinue an SNRI slowly taper the dose under the supervision of a professional. Discontinuation syndrome has been reported to be markedly worse for
4858:
Versiani M, Cassano G, Perugi G, Benedetti A, Mastalli L, Nardi A, Savino M (January 2002). "Reboxetine, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for panic disorder".
2126:
A systematic review that looked at the efficacy of antidepressants for pain relief concludes that only 11 of 42 comparisons showed evidence of efficacy. Seven of the eleven comparisons belong to the SNRI drug class.
757:
hypothesis of emotion and its relation to depression was of wide interest and that the decreased levels of certain neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine might play a role in the
7719:
4723:"A meta-analysis of effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on blood pressure in depression treatment: outcomes from placebo and serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor controlled trials"
2477:
Iyengar S, Webster AA, Hemrick-Luecke SK, Xu JY, Simmons RM (November 2004). "Efficacy of duloxetine, a potent and balanced serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor in persistent pain models in rats".
5494:"A review of the suitability of duloxetine and venlafaxine for use in patients with depression in primary care with a focus on cardiovascular safety, suicide and mortality due to antidepressant overdose"
4339:
Tynan RJ, Weidenhofer J, Hinwood M, Cairns MJ, Day TA, Walker FR (March 2012). "A comparative examination of the anti-inflammatory effects of SSRI and SNRI antidepressants on LPS stimulated microglia".
793:
766:, the first SSRI. The improved safety and tolerability profile of the SSRIs in patients with MDD, compared with TCAs and MAOIs, represented yet another important advance in the treatment of depression.
3724:
Vu AT, Cohn ST, Terefenko EA, Moore WJ, Zhang P, Mahaney PE, et al. (May 2009). "3-(Arylamino)-3-phenylpropan-2-olamines as a new series of dual norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitors".
3759:
Boot JR, Brace G, Delatour CL, Dezutter N, Fairhurst J, Findlay J, et al. (November 2004). "Benzothienyloxy phenylpropanamines, novel dual inhibitors of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake".
3794:
Fish PV, Deur C, Gan X, Greene K, Hoople D, Mackenny M, et al. (April 2008). "Design and synthesis of morpholine derivatives. SAR for dual serotonin & noradrenaline reuptake inhibition".
8351:
3355:
Nutt DJ, Forshall S, Bell C, Rich A, Sandford J, Nash J, Argyropoulos S (July 1999). "Mechanisms of action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of psychiatric disorders".
1164:
the potency at norepinephrine and serotonin transporters. Researchers found that replacing one of the ethyl groups of milnacipran with an allyl moiety increases the norepinephrine potency. The
991:. With administration of SNRIs, neuronal activity in locus coeruleus region is induced because of increased concentration of norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft. This results in activation of
421:
in August 2004. Duloxetine is contraindicated in patients with heavy alcohol use or chronic liver disease, as duloxetine can increase the levels of certain liver enzymes that can lead to acute
3689:
Tamiya J, Dyck B, Zhang M, Phan K, Fleck BA, Aparicio A, et al. (June 2008). "Identification of 1S,2R-milnacipran analogs as potent norepinephrine and serotonin transporter inhibitors".
2235:
Cashman JR, Ghirmai S (October 2009). "Inhibition of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake and inhibition of phosphodiesterase by multi-target inhibitors as potential agents for depression".
789:. In contrast with several other antidepressant drugs, venlafaxine can induce a rapid onset of action mainly due to a subsequent norepinephrine reuptake inhibition. See timeline in figure 1.
3207:
Brunello N, Mendlewicz J, Kasper S, Leonard B, Montgomery S, Nelson J, et al. (October 2002). "The role of noradrenaline and selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibition in depression".
1086:
fused at the 2' and 3' positions, therefore it has dual selective norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitory effects and has similar potencies for both transporters. The nature of the
1338:
patients if taken at bedtime. SNRIs can also cause nausea, which is usually mild and goes away within a few weeks of treatment, but taking the medication with food can help alleviate this.
2100:
No antidepressants are FDA approved during pregnancy. Use of antidepressants during pregnancy may result in fetus abnormalities affecting functional development of the brain and behavior.
2994:
Redrobe JP, Bourin M, Colombel MC, Baker GB (July 1998). "Dose-dependent noradrenergic and serotonergic properties of venlafaxine in animal models indicative of antidepressant activity".
3649:
Chen C, Dyck B, Fleck BA, Foster AC, Grey J, Jovic F, et al. (February 2008). "Studies on the SAR and pharmacophore of milnacipran derivatives as monoamine transporter inhibitors".
2612:
1782:
should not be prescribed SNRIs. Duloxetine and milnacipran are also contraindicated in patients with uncontrolled narrow-angle glaucoma, as they have been shown to increase incidence of
5574:
576:
purposes. Sibutramine was the first drug for the treatment of obesity to be approved in 30 years. It has been associated with increased cardiovascular events and strokes and has been
1992:
Overdosing on SNRIs can be caused by either drug combinations or excessive amounts of the drug itself. Venlafaxine is marginally more toxic in overdose than duloxetine or the SSRIs.
7712:
1678:
is about 5 hours, and with once-daily dosing, steady-state concentration is achieved after about 3 days, though its active metabolite desvenlafaxine lasts longer. The half-life of
852:
Inhibiting the reuptake transport protein results in increased concentrations of serotonin and norepinephrine in the synaptic clefts, leading to improvement of depression symptoms.
1041:
successful than single acting agents in the treatment of depression, but the data is not conclusive whether SNRIs are a more effective treatment option over SSRIs for depression.
1839:(Stendra), have sometimes been helpful to decrease the sexual dysfunction, including erectile dysfunction, although they have been shown to be more effective in men than women.
840:
and are better tolerated than TCAs. TCAs have comprehensive effects on various neurotransmitters receptors, which leads to lack of tolerability and increased risk of toxicity.
5439:
Fava GA, Benasi G, Lucente M, Offidani E, Cosci F, Guidi J (2018). "Withdrawal
Symptoms after Serotonin-Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitor Discontinuation: Systematic Review".
3253:
Stahl SM, Grady MM, Moret C, Briley M (September 2005). "SNRIs: their pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and tolerability in comparison with other classes of antidepressants".
2400:
Deecher DC, Beyer CE, Johnston G, Bray J, Shah S, Abou-Gharbia M, Andree TH (August 2006). "Desvenlafaxine succinate: A new serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor".
4383:
928:
levels of norepinephrine in the synaptic clefts. Overall, inhibition of norepinephrine reuptake induced by TCAs leads to decreased rates of neuron firing (mediated through α
1945:
continues along at low doses without any side-effects, the dose is incrementally increased until the patient sees improvement in symptoms without detrimental side-effects.
7705:
2151:
967:. Serotonergic pathways are classified into two main ways in the brain: the ascending projections from the medial and dorsal raphe and the descending projections from the
17:
3080:
Ruelas EG, Diaz-Martinez A, Ruiz RM, Study TV, Group C (1997). "An open assessment of the acceptability, efficacy, and tolerance of venlafaxine in usual care settings".
1706:, which can be life-threatening. Other drugs and substances that should be avoided due to increased risk of serotonin syndrome when combined with an SNRI include: other
2528:
Hunziker ME, Suehs BT, Bettinger TL, Crismon ML (August 2005). "Duloxetine hydrochloride: a new dual-acting medication for the treatment of major depressive disorder".
935:
TCAs do not block dopamine transport directly but might facilitate dopaminergic effects indirectly by inhibiting dopamine transport into noradrenergic terminals of the
486:
isomer of milnacipran. Under development for the treatment of depression in the United States and Canada, it was approved by the FDA for treatment of MDD in July 2013.
10214:
1241:
candidates with dual serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitory activity have also been derived from piperazine, 3-amino-pyrrolidine and benzylamine templates.
10421:
10209:
4040:
Troy SM, Parker VP, Hicks DR, Pollack GM, Chiang ST (October 1997). "Pharmacokinetics and effect of food on the bioavailability of orally administered venlafaxine".
449:. Caution should be taken when taking Duloxetine with other medications that are metabolized by CYP 2D6 as this may precipitate a potential drug-drug interaction.
2446:
Perry R, Cassagnol M (June 2009). "Desvenlafaxine: a new serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor for the treatment of adults with major depressive disorder".
2083:), an SSRI. In some studies, SNRIs demonstrated slightly higher antidepressant efficacy than the SSRIs (response rates 63.6% versus 59.3%). However, in one study
1223:
enzymes is thought to be an attractive feature because many of the central nervous system drugs are highly lipophilic and are mainly eliminated by liver enzymes.
8043:
6131:
5612:"Escitalopram in the treatment of major depressive disorder: clinical efficacy, tolerability and cost-effectiveness vs. venlafaxine extended-release formulation"
1090:
substituent also has a significant influence on the activity and selectivity of the compounds as inhibitors of the serotonin or the norepinephrine transporters.
10269:
8386:
3962:"The short- and long-term effect of duloxetine on painful physical symptoms in patients with generalized anxiety disorder: results from three clinical trials"
1404:
in order to inhibit reuptake of serotonin, norepinepherine, and marginal amounts of dopamine. For example, venlafaxine works alongside its primary metabolite
5098:
Tint A, Haddad PM, Anderson IM (May 2008). "The effect of rate of antidepressant tapering on the incidence of discontinuation symptoms: a randomised study".
3112:
Grandoso L, Pineda J, Ugedo L (May 2004). "Comparative study of the effects of desipramine and reboxetine on locus coeruleus neurons in rat brain slices".
1865:. There is more evidence of SSRIs having higher risk of bleeding than SNRIs. Studies have suggested caution when using SNRIs or SSRIs with high doses of
1815:), which are usually somewhat milder with SNRIs compared to SSRIs. To manage sexual dysfunction, studies have shown that switching to or augmenting with
781:. These substances are unrelated to TCA and other SSRIs. Venlafaxine blocks the neuronal reuptake of serotonin, noradrenaline, and, to a lesser extent,
2313:
Spina E, Santoro V, D'Arrigo C (July 2008). "Clinically relevant pharmacokinetic drug interactions with second-generation antidepressants: an update".
1346:
The condition for which SNRIs are mostly indicated, major depressive disorder, was thought to be mainly caused by decreased levels of serotonin and
6017:
769:
Since the late 1980s, SSRIs have dominated the antidepressant drug market. Today, there is increased interest in antidepressant drugs with broader
425:
or other diseases in certain at risk patients. The risk of liver damage appears to be only for patients already at risk, unlike the antidepressant
6098:
5006:
1754:, autonomic instability with fluctuating vital signs, and mental status changes that include extreme agitation progressing to delirium and coma.
777:, a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Venlafaxine was the first compound described in a new class of antidepressive substances called
3876:
Nemeroff CB, Thase ME (2007). "A double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of venlafaxine and fluoxetine treatment in depressed outpatients".
269:. Since their introduction in the late 1980s, second-generation antidepressants have largely replaced first-generation antidepressants, such as
2619:
1044:
The non-tricyclic SNRIs have several important differences that are based on pharmacokinetics, metabolism to active metabolites, inhibition of
301:
being the latest drug to be developed in 2013. The drugs vary by their other medical uses, chemical structure, adverse effects, and efficacy.
5585:
10331:
9873:
9868:
9149:
9144:
8963:
7390:
7375:
7305:
6913:
6164:
734:(TCA). Imipramine was found to affect numerous neurotransmitter systems and to block the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin from the
8036:
1900:
153:
3041:
2947:"Low-dose estradiol and the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor venlafaxine for vasomotor symptoms: a randomized clinical trial"
1219:
interaction, moderate tissue distribution and a reasonably long elimination half-life. Milnacipran's lack of drug-drug interactions via
1122:-trifluoromethyl analogue exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect of norepinephrine and the most selectivity over serotonin uptake.
9652:
1127:
5195:"Use of SSRI, But Not SNRI, Increased Upper and Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study in Taiwan"
2829:
1416:
inhibition. Pharmaceutical tests have determined that use of both SNRIs or SSRIs can generate significant anti-inflammatory action on
1355:
obsessions, and compulsions; and dopamine to attention, motivation, pleasure, and reward, as well as interest in life." SNRIs work by
1073:
substitution pattern of the aryloxy ring. Selective NRIs contain a substituent in 2' position of the aryloxy ring but SSRIs contain a
10249:
9990:
8381:
8376:
5915:
939:. Because they affect so many different receptors, TCAs have adverse effects, poor tolerability, and an increased risk of toxicity.
10374:
4594:"A review of the abuse potential assessment of atomoxetine: a nonstimulant medication for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder"
195:
4132:
1774:
should caution the use of SNRIs. Furthermore, due to some SNRIs' actions on obesity, patients with major eating disorders such as
7360:
5959:
1803:
SNRIs, similarly to SSRIs, can cause several types of sexual dysfunction, such as erectile dysfunction, decreased libido, sexual
693:
4517:
4482:
4447:
2644:
2586:
8371:
8029:
2146:
231:
4959:"Sexual dysfunction in selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and potential solutions: A narrative literature review"
7663:
7026:
6970:
445:. Duloxetine also undergoes hepatic metabolism and has been shown to cause inhibition of the hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme
10358:
6197:
2061:
Overdose is usually treated symptomatically, especially in the case of serotonin syndrome, which requires treatment with
1866:
738:, therefore increasing the levels of these neurotransmitters. Use of MAOIs and TCAs gave major advances in treatment of
8724:
6065:
3508:
1007:
773:
that may offer improvements in efficacy and tolerability. In 1993, a new drug was introduced to the US market called
235:
199:
10173:
7680:
6987:
5708:"The Impact of Antidepressant Dose and Class on Treatment Response in Pediatric Anxiety Disorders: A Meta-Analysis"
266:
2771:
2270:
Wright ME, Rizzolo D (March 2017). "An update on the pharmacologic management and treatment of neuropathic pain".
2198:"SNRIs: The Pharmacology, Clinical Efficacy, and Tolerability in Comparison with Other Classes of Antidepressants"
2673:
Frampton JE, Plosker GL (2007). "Duloxetine: a review of its use in the treatment of major depressive disorder".
483:
429:, which, though rare, can spontaneously cause liver failure in healthy patients. Duloxetine is also approved for
4334:
4332:
277:(MAOIs), as the drugs of choice for the treatment of MDD due to their improved tolerability and safety profile.
10378:
7100:
726:, or MAOIs. During this time development of distinctively different antidepressant agents was also researched.
2772:"Meridia (sibutramine hydrochloride monohydrate) Capsules C-IV. Full Prescribing Information (archived label)"
9434:
7796:
5908:
4329:
1958:
1811:. The two common sexual side effects are diminished interest in sex (libido) and difficulty reaching climax (
1300:
1282:
673:
dopaminergic neurotransmission. At small doses, venlafaxine has also been shown to be effective in treating
10354:
8071:
8052:
7435:
1974:
is related to venlafaxine, the same conditions apply. This is likely due to venlafaxine's relatively short
1288:
531:
434:
207:
5850:"Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of antidepressants for pain in adults: overview of systematic reviews"
5848:
Ferreira GE, Abdel-Shaheed C, Underwood M, Finnerup NB, Day RO, McLachlan A, et al. (February 2023).
9718:
8994:
7420:
6570:
6503:
5400:"Withdrawal Symptoms after Serotonin-Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitor Discontinuation: Systematic Review"
1699:
1018:
1011:
992:
723:
678:
274:
3449:"The role of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in preventing relapse of major depressive disorder"
2613:"Yentreve (duloxetine hydrochloride) Hard Gastro-Resistant Capsules. Summary of Product Characteristics"
10391:
8713:
8225:
6333:
6241:
4656:. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health
1747:
1350:
in the synaptic cleft, causing erratic signaling. This theory, however, has been refuted. Based on the
924:
250:
112:
7697:
4548:"Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and the influence of binding affinity (Ki) on analgesia"
568:
An SNRI, which, instead of being developed for the treatment of depression, was widely marketed as an
7877:
7770:
7405:
7019:
6345:
4927:
Clayton AH, Montejo AL (2006). "Major depressive disorder, antidepressants, and sexual dysfunction".
2141:
1979:
dizziness, anxiety, insomnia, nausea, sweating, and flu-like symptoms, such as lethargy and malaise.
1376:
1276:
430:
270:
246:
175:
1682:
is about 11 hours, and steady-state concentrations are achieved after 4 to 5 days. The half-life of
7954:
5901:
731:
527:
124:
4223:
Nutt DJ (2008). "Relationship of neurotransmitters to the symptoms of major depressive disorder".
2793:
Luque CA, Rey JA (April 2002). "The discovery and status of sibutramine as an anti-obesity drug".
1690:
has a half-life of about 6 to 8 hours, and steady-state levels are reached within 36 to 48 hours.
10191:
7668:
6975:
4592:
Upadhyaya HP, Desaiah D, Schuh KJ, Bymaster FP, Kallman MJ, Clarke DO, et al. (March 2013).
3157:"Cardiovascular side effects of new antidepressants and antipsychotics: new drugs, old concerns?"
2834:
2136:
1771:
1294:
964:
867:
Norepinephrine interacts with postsynaptic α and β adrenergic receptor subtypes and presynaptic α
577:
1823:
have decreased symptoms of sexual dysfunction. Studies have shown that PDE5 Inhibitors, such as
10370:
10366:
9773:
9049:
8479:
8432:
6810:
6281:
5291:
4518:"Savella- milnacipran hydrochloride tablet, film coated Savella- milnacipran hydrochloride kit"
880:
786:
2172:
1113:
contain a cycloalkanol ethylamine scaffold. Increasing the electron-withdrawing nature of the
9491:
9423:
8897:
8199:
6251:
3056:
1401:
1025:
242:
187:
108:
4264:
4247:
2839:
1055:
Combination of mechanisms of action in a single active agent is an important development in
517:
10362:
10234:
9763:
9307:
9039:
8469:
8448:
8060:
7332:
7012:
6930:
6845:
1908:
1896:
1886:
1816:
1767:
1739:
1735:
1351:
1049:
888:
861:
770:
569:
230:
are thought to play an important role in mood regulation. SNRIs can be contrasted with the
4785:
Mladěnka P, Applová L, Patočka J, Costa VM, Remiao F, Pourová J, et al. (July 2018).
4156:
Moncrieff J, Cooper RE, Stockmann T, Amendola S, Hengartner MP, Horowitz MA (2022-07-20).
2350:"A brief history of the development of antidepressant drugs: from monoamines to glutamate"
473:
8:
10048:
9893:
9758:
9486:
9343:
9169:
9034:
8689:
8464:
7820:
7735:
6756:
6696:
4397:
Lambert O, Bourin M (November 2002). "SNRIs: mechanism of action and clinical features".
2945:
Joffe H, Guthrie KA, LaCroix AZ, Reed SD, Ensrud KE, Manson JE, et al. (July 2014).
1397:
397:
385:
4192:
4157:
4001:"SNRIs pharmacological alternatives for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder?"
2719:
Morishita S, Arita S (February 2003). "The clinical use of milnacipran for depression".
1686:
is about 12 hours (range: 8–17 hours), and steady-state is achieved after about 3 days.
1171:
The conformation of milnacipran is an important part of its pharmacophore. Changing its
10133:
8159:
5947:
5943:
5874:
5849:
5825:
5800:
5781:
5732:
5707:
5680:
5655:
5518:
5493:
5474:
5375:
5350:
5268:
5243:
5219:
5194:
5170:
5145:
5123:
5051:
5034:
4983:
4958:
4811:
4786:
4749:
4722:
4703:
4618:
4593:
4422:
4365:
4313:
4304:
4288:
4205:
4109:
4084:
4065:
4053:
4017:
4000:
3937:
3912:
3858:
3473:
3448:
3424:
3399:
3380:
3278:
3232:
3181:
3156:
3137:
3019:
2971:
2946:
2886:
2744:
2698:
2503:
2425:
2374:
2349:
2295:
2283:
2025:
2015:
1703:
1356:
1236:
ring system. Some studies have been made where the oxygen in reboxetine is replaced by
1056:
983:
Noradrenergic neurons are located in two major regions in the brain. These regions are
674:
211:
3368:
3220:
3093:
2920:
2806:
2732:
2326:
1133:
580:
from the market in several countries and regions including the United States in 2010.
10124:
8862:
8569:
8144:
7926:
7916:
7174:
6947:
6849:
6368:
5879:
5830:
5773:
5769:
5737:
5685:
5633:
5628:
5611:
5550:
5523:
5466:
5421:
5380:
5331:
5327:
5273:
5224:
5175:
5127:
5115:
5056:
4988:
4936:
4876:
4816:
4754:
4695:
4623:
4569:
4414:
4357:
4318:
4269:
4228:
4209:
4197:
4179:
4114:
4057:
4022:
3981:
3942:
3893:
3889:
3850:
3811:
3776:
3741:
3706:
3666:
3626:
3590:
3549:
3504:
3478:
3429:
3372:
3270:
3224:
3186:
3129:
3125:
3011:
2976:
2924:
2878:
2874:
2810:
2736:
2690:
2686:
2545:
2495:
2459:
2417:
2379:
2330:
2299:
2287:
2252:
2217:
1723:
1413:
1368:
1175:
affects the norepinephrine and serotonin concentration. Milnacipran is marketed as a
988:
915:
778:
739:
719:
703:
103:
80:
5785:
5478:
4707:
4426:
4369:
4069:
3913:"Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors for pain control: premise and promise"
3862:
3384:
3282:
3141:
3023:
2962:
2890:
2702:
2541:
2507:
2455:
2429:
907:
receptors also cause decreased intracellular cyclic AMP expression which results in
815:
Antidepressants affect variable neuronal receptors such as muscarinic cholinergic, α
130:
10229:
10084:
9456:
8852:
8549:
8489:
8306:
8220:
7962:
7862:
7728:
7139:
6920:
6863:
6799:
6646:
5869:
5861:
5820:
5812:
5765:
5727:
5719:
5675:
5667:
5623:
5513:
5505:
5456:
5448:
5411:
5370:
5362:
5323:
5263:
5255:
5214:
5206:
5165:
5157:
5107:
5046:
4978:
4970:
4907:
4868:
4806:
4798:
4744:
4734:
4687:
4613:
4605:
4559:
4406:
4349:
4308:
4300:
4259:
4187:
4169:
4104:
4096:
4049:
4012:
3973:
3932:
3924:
3885:
3846:
3842:
3803:
3768:
3733:
3698:
3658:
3618:
3582:
3541:
3468:
3460:
3419:
3411:
3364:
3262:
3236:
3216:
3176:
3168:
3121:
3089:
3003:
2966:
2958:
2916:
2870:
2802:
2748:
2728:
2682:
2537:
2487:
2451:
2409:
2369:
2361:
2322:
2279:
2244:
2209:
2067:
1775:
1372:
1310:
1208:
1200:
956:
418:
259:
254:
227:
183:
179:
4158:"The serotonin theory of depression: a systematic umbrella review of the evidence"
3977:
1199:)-isomer has negative impact on norepinephrine concentration. Milnacipran has low
10405:
10199:
10074:
10016:
10004:
9672:
9311:
8943:
8877:
8291:
8179:
8154:
7940:
7538:
7530:
7520:
7317:
7048:
6859:
6853:
6666:
6040:
5161:
3305:(6th ed.). USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 547–67, 581–582.
1954:
1779:
1607:
1367:
concentrations of serotonin and norepinephrine and, consequently, an increase in
1363:
of the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine. This results in increased
1220:
1212:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1045:
984:
936:
896:
828:
806:
454:
298:
8021:
7039:
5928:
5210:
2109:
antidepressant that is approved for child/adolescent major depressive disorder.
408:
10028:
10012:
10008:
9934:
9657:
9323:
9315:
8928:
8694:
8417:
8169:
8006:
7828:
7674:
7510:
7352:
7266:
7114:
7088:
6981:
6423:
6132:
6030:
5924:
5816:
5723:
5542:
5259:
5193:
Cheng YL, Hu HY, Lin XH, Luo JC, Peng YL, Hou MC, et al. (November 2015).
4912:
4895:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4174:
3960:
Beesdo K, Hartford J, Russell J, Spann M, Ball S, Wittchen HU (December 2009).
3928:
3807:
3772:
3737:
3702:
3662:
3545:
2907:
Gutierrez MA, Stimmel GL, Aiso JY (August 2003). "Venlafaxine: a 2003 update".
2062:
1820:
1758:
1727:
1711:
1707:
1679:
1521:
1409:
1347:
1305:
1146:
1110:
836:
832:
438:
327:
223:
168:
5074:
4834:
4609:
4353:
4100:
3586:
3400:"Antidepressant efficacy and side-effect burden: a quick guide for clinicians"
3266:
2248:
2213:
1907:
Similarly to other antidepressants, SNRI medications have been found to cause
1093:
253:
that are responsible for the reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline from the
10415:
10284:
10068:
10064:
10034:
10000:
9974:
9964:
9919:
9883:
9743:
9687:
9526:
9466:
9388:
9368:
9351:
9329:
9250:
9245:
9195:
9159:
9019:
8958:
8684:
8204:
8189:
8149:
7992:
7890:
7886:
7848:
7844:
7783:
7779:
7743:
7619:
7504:
7481:
7299:
7261:
7240:
6871:
6818:
6606:
6478:
6453:
6448:
6388:
6363:
5509:
5366:
5111:
4787:"Comprehensive review of cardiovascular toxicity of drugs and related agents"
4448:"Pristiq Extended-Release- desvenlafaxine succinate tablet, extended release"
4410:
4183:
3464:
3172:
2221:
1924:
1858:
1762:
1364:
1204:
1165:
1114:
908:
884:
876:
754:
616:
and SNRI. It was approved by the FDA in 1995, though it has been marketed in
442:
391:
8301:
8296:
5865:
5671:
4974:
4580:
2491:
2413:
1750:. Signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome include: hyperthermia, rigidity,
879:
which limit the neurophysiological activity of noradrenergic neurons in the
437:(GAD), diabetic neuropathy, chronic musculoskeletal pain, including chronic
10219:
10114:
10104:
9929:
9924:
9768:
9738:
9626:
9496:
9374:
9286:
9255:
9210:
9205:
9200:
9044:
9014:
8902:
8811:
8771:
8674:
8594:
8484:
8474:
8286:
8281:
8266:
8261:
8240:
7921:
7732:
7589:
7579:
7569:
7548:
7471:
7414:
7369:
7256:
7078:
6916:
6904:
6814:
6721:
6651:
6641:
6493:
6483:
6383:
6378:
6301:
6296:
6276:
6261:
6215:
5977:
5941:
5883:
5834:
5799:
Mulsant BH, Blumberger DM, Ismail Z, Rabheru K, Rapoport MJ (August 2014).
5777:
5741:
5689:
5656:"Risks of using SSRI / SNRI antidepressants during pregnancy and lactation"
5637:
5554:
5527:
5470:
5425:
5384:
5335:
5277:
5228:
5179:
5119:
5060:
4992:
4940:
4880:
4820:
4758:
4699:
4627:
4573:
4418:
4361:
4322:
4273:
4232:
4201:
4118:
4026:
3985:
3946:
3897:
3854:
3815:
3780:
3745:
3710:
3670:
3630:
3594:
3553:
3482:
3433:
3376:
3274:
3228:
3190:
3133:
2980:
2928:
2882:
2814:
2740:
2694:
2549:
2499:
2463:
2421:
2383:
2334:
2291:
2256:
2084:
2080:
2045:
2040:
1315:
1083:
968:
759:
743:
711:
707:
9579:
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin receptor modulators:
4061:
3911:
Marks DM, Shah MJ, Patkar AA, Masand PS, Park GY, Pae CU (December 2009).
3015:
3007:
10289:
10279:
10224:
10195:
10145:
10089:
10042:
10024:
9959:
9939:
9888:
9878:
9853:
9813:
9808:
9753:
9723:
9702:
9692:
9682:
9642:
9581:
9561:
9551:
9531:
9511:
9471:
9461:
9408:
9337:
9319:
9291:
9276:
9235:
9215:
9164:
9154:
9129:
9089:
9084:
9029:
8999:
8978:
8968:
8953:
8918:
8882:
8847:
8776:
8766:
8756:
8751:
8699:
8679:
8669:
8644:
8624:
8554:
8529:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8459:
8454:
8412:
8407:
8356:
8164:
7976:
7936:
7894:
7856:
7840:
7764:
7599:
7584:
7574:
7552:
7494:
7451:
7429:
7250:
7236:
7184:
7159:
7154:
6834:
6731:
6596:
6531:
6526:
6516:
6473:
6458:
6443:
6433:
6403:
6393:
6266:
6236:
6231:
6177:
6154:
6149:
6121:
6078:
6055:
6045:
5987:
5893:
5801:"A systematic approach to pharmacotherapy for geriatric major depression"
5146:"Bleeding incidence with concomitant use of antidepressants and warfarin"
4872:
4691:
3961:
2035:
2030:
1967:
1920:
1687:
1675:
1585:
1565:
1499:
1106:
1074:
972:
774:
626:
573:
539:
491:
294:
5461:
4739:
1226:
1035:
792:
660:
143:
10338:
10294:
10259:
10186:
10149:
10109:
10079:
10056:
10020:
9969:
9954:
9838:
9823:
9793:
9783:
9778:
9733:
9728:
9667:
9662:
9647:
9621:
9591:
9586:
9571:
9566:
9541:
9536:
9506:
9501:
9481:
9476:
9400:
9379:
9362:
9357:
9240:
9230:
9114:
9099:
9069:
9059:
9054:
9009:
9004:
8938:
8933:
8892:
8872:
8857:
8832:
8816:
8791:
8786:
8664:
8654:
8639:
8584:
8574:
8564:
8544:
8534:
8519:
8514:
8437:
8427:
8422:
8235:
8128:
8123:
8000:
7944:
7900:
7872:
7852:
7836:
7832:
7805:
7760:
7727:
7614:
7542:
7489:
7466:
7461:
7444:
7384:
7342:
7327:
7209:
7164:
7149:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7035:
6952:
6938:
6924:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6776:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6716:
6686:
6676:
6636:
6621:
6601:
6488:
6468:
6438:
6418:
6398:
6358:
6306:
6291:
6286:
6246:
6210:
6182:
6111:
6088:
6083:
6035:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5982:
5972:
5351:"A review of the management of antidepressant discontinuation symptoms"
4771:
McIntyre RS et al. The hepatic safety profile of duloxetine: a review.
4641:
4564:
4547:
3415:
2005:
1928:
1916:
1912:
1891:
1832:
1824:
1812:
1808:
1719:
1683:
1543:
1233:
1079:
960:
949:
892:
811:
763:
727:
699:
677:(hot flashes and night sweats) of menopause and may be as effective as
426:
363:
171:
53:
39:
5847:
5452:
5416:
5399:
5139:
5137:
5028:
5026:
4952:
4950:
4896:"Antidepressants and Sexual Dysfunctions: a Translational Perspective"
4802:
3827:
3825:
3622:
1953:
As with SSRIs, the abrupt discontinuation of an SNRI usually leads to
932:
autoreceptors), metabolic activity, and release of neurotransmitters.
848:
285:
10326:
10274:
10244:
10239:
10159:
10141:
10137:
10094:
10052:
9995:
9944:
9863:
9833:
9697:
9616:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9521:
9516:
9396:
9392:
9281:
9271:
9220:
9139:
9109:
8973:
8923:
8842:
8837:
8806:
8801:
8761:
8659:
8649:
8614:
8539:
8509:
8442:
8402:
8366:
8271:
8256:
8230:
8194:
8184:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
7988:
7984:
7966:
7931:
7866:
7787:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7629:
7609:
7534:
7456:
7399:
7289:
7271:
7246:
7219:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7134:
7068:
7004:
6840:
6726:
6661:
6656:
6631:
6626:
6616:
6611:
6521:
6463:
6428:
6408:
6373:
6329:
6187:
6144:
6116:
6050:
5992:
2365:
2170:
1975:
1870:
1828:
1804:
1783:
1751:
1731:
1715:
1417:
1384:
422:
219:
191:
96:
7391:
7376:
6165:
6018:
3447:
Clevenger SS, Malhotra D, Dang J, Vanle B, IsHak WW (January 2018).
10313:
10264:
10254:
10153:
10099:
10060:
10038:
9828:
9818:
9611:
9404:
9347:
9333:
9104:
9094:
8796:
8781:
8746:
8604:
8599:
8589:
8559:
8361:
8118:
7996:
7980:
7958:
7948:
7809:
7752:
7624:
7604:
7524:
7337:
7281:
7224:
7214:
7179:
7169:
7144:
7073:
6591:
6547:
6271:
6256:
6099:
5398:
Fava GA, Benasi G, Lucente M, Offidani E, Cosci F, Guidi J (2018).
5134:
5023:
4947:
4082:
3822:
3324:
2050:
2020:
1971:
1874:
1862:
1836:
1360:
1123:
1087:
782:
747:
715:
585:
215:
203:
5758:
Journal of the
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
5712:
Journal of the
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
5654:
Dubovicky M, Belovicova K, Csatlosova K, Bogi E (September 2017).
1272:
SNRIs have been tested for treatment of the following conditions:
10119:
9949:
9902:
9898:
9848:
9843:
9798:
9788:
9748:
9677:
9556:
9225:
9178:
9174:
9124:
9119:
9074:
9064:
9024:
8948:
8867:
8629:
8619:
8609:
8579:
8524:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8276:
8174:
8093:
7594:
7231:
7060:
6413:
5653:
4483:"Effexor XR- venlafaxine hydrochloride capsule, extended release"
4083:
Wichniak A, Wierzbicka A, Walęcka M, Jernajczyk W (August 2017).
3327:
2341:
1962:
1321:
1207:. Because of these properties, milnacipran exhibits almost ideal
1160:
735:
617:
549:
349:
92:
84:
67:
4155:
10129:
9858:
9803:
9546:
9384:
9134:
9079:
8887:
8634:
8311:
7972:
7793:
7634:
7361:
6137:
5960:
5144:
Cochran KA, Cavallari LH, Shapiro NL, Bishop JR (August 2011).
3206:
1237:
1216:
978:
900:
613:
530:
effective in the treatment of depression and fibromyalgia. The
446:
5798:
5007:"Serotonin syndrome: Preventing, recognizing, and treating it"
4857:
2476:
2079:
the 2nd- and 3rd-most-common antidepressants, behind
Lexapro (
560:
293:
There are eight FDA approved SNRIs in the United States, with
6328:
5754:
5143:
4721:
Zhong Z, Wang L, Wen X, Liu Y, Fan Y, Liu Z (November 2017).
4591:
4338:
2587:"Cymbalta- duloxetine hydrochloride capsule, delayed release"
2527:
1489:
1475:
1006:
Assays have shown that SNRIs have insignificant penchant for
669:
48:
5312:
4678:
Boyer EW, Shannon M (March 2005). "The serotonin syndrome".
4546:
Raouf M, Glogowski AJ, Bettinger JJ, Fudin J (August 2017).
4545:
3079:
2152:
Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI)
2070:
in the GI tract in order to absorb excess neurotransmitter.
1931:
have also been reported to worsen or cause symptoms of VSS.
668:
The first and most commonly used SNRI. It was introduced by
10203:
6198:
4784:
3607:
2010:
1743:
604:
88:
72:
Selective
Serotonin–noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; SNaRI
8725:
6066:
5241:
3959:
3446:
2993:
2861:
Keating GM (2006). "Tramadol sustained-release capsules".
1770:
three times above their upper normal limit. Patients with
1137:
Cycloalkanol ethylamine scaffold and agents containing it.
942:
7313:
5438:
5397:
4245:
3831:
3758:
2480:
The
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
2402:
The
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
10174:
5491:
4246:
Sindrup SH, Otto M, Finnerup NB, Jensen TS (June 2005).
2399:
2312:
710:
properties while researched as a possible treatment for
5706:
Strawn JR, Mills JA, Sauley BA, Welge JA (April 2018).
3344:(4 ed.). San Francisco: Pearson. pp. 383–384.
3042:"History of the Use of Antidepressants in Primary Care"
2944:
1702:
within the last two weeks due to the increased risk of
722:. For this reason, this class of drugs became known as
9716:
Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors:
8992:
Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors:
7101:
5705:
4248:"Antidepressants in the treatment of neuropathic pain"
4039:
3325:
Brunton, L.L., Lazo, J.S., Parker, K.L., eds. (2006).
3300:
10389:
9435:
7797:
3910:
3571:
3530:
3252:
2195:
1227:
Future development of structure activity relationship
1168:
of milnacipran derivatives is still largely unclear.
1097:
Aryloxypropanamine scaffold and agents containing it.
1036:
Dual serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
8072:
7436:
7396:
Tooltip Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors
7381:
Tooltip Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
6170:
Tooltip Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors
6023:
Tooltip Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
5701:
5699:
5540:
4133:"Helpful for chronic pain in addition to depression"
3723:
3501:
Applied Therapeutics: The Clinical Use of Drugs, 11e
3354:
2906:
2196:
Stahl SM, Grady MM, Moret C, Briley M (2014-11-07).
2171:
Cleveland Clinic medical professional (2023-03-05).
1048:
isoforms, effect of drug-drug interactions, and the
7757:
Tooltip Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
7421:
6504:
6104:
Tooltip Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors
5575:"2009 Top 200 branded drugs by total prescriptions"
4384:"Cambridge University Press - Service Announcement"
4289:"Inflammation in depression: is adiposity a cause?"
3688:
3648:
3397:
3111:
2774:. Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
1101:
8714:
5649:
5647:
5097:
4252:Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology
1660:
1449:
1434:
1062:
718:, and norepinephrine via inhibition of the enzyme
238:(NRIs), which act upon single neurotransmitters.
8051:
7878:
7771:
7406:
6346:
5696:
5035:"Recognition and treatment of serotonin syndrome"
3793:
3339:
3301:Lemke TL, Williams DA, Roche VF, Zito SW (2008).
796:Timeline of development of antidepressant agents.
297:being the first drug to be developed in 1993 and
10413:
6569:
5492:Taylor D, Lenox-Smith A, Bradley A (June 2013).
4956:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4469:
3154:
2668:
2666:
2087:had a superior efficacy profile to venlafaxine.
1766:Studies have found that Duloxetine can increase
1126:, a piperazine-containing derivative, has shown
194:symptoms. Off-label uses include treatments for
7366:Tooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
6906:
5965:Tooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
5644:
5609:
4720:
4541:
4539:
2830:"Abbott Pulls Diet Drug Meridia Off US Shelves"
2672:
2581:
2579:
2347:
2164:
1877:due to an increased risk of upper GI bleeding.
1215:, low inter-subject variability, limited liver
1128:norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibition
4926:
4893:
3998:
2718:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2445:
2395:
2393:
2234:
1911:, a condition characterized by visual static,
1191:and substitution of the phenyl group in the (1
1067:
1000:
835:, leading to decreased cardiac conduction and
762:of depression. This led to the development of
9640:Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors:
9424:
8916:Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors:
8744:Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors:
8037:
8008:
7713:
7020:
5909:
5254:(3). National Institutes of Health: 209–217.
5192:
4673:
4671:
4552:Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics
4512:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4466:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4396:
4286:
3875:
3498:
3494:
3492:
2940:
2938:
2827:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2663:
2637:
2269:
2147:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
1867:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
1698:SNRIs are contraindicated in patients taking
1656:
1444:
1430:
651:Vasomotor symptoms of menopause (hot flashes)
417:Approved for the treatment of depression and
10422:Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
8830:Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors:
8061:
4677:
4536:
4216:
3796:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters
3761:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters
3726:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters
3691:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters
3651:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters
3534:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters
3035:
3033:
2902:
2900:
2714:
2712:
2354:Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology
979:Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
883:. Formation of norepinephrine is reduced by
843:
810:like TCAs and MAOIs inhibit the reuptake or
161:Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
18:Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
7306:
6940:
6757:
6697:
6203:Tooltip Serotonin modulator and stimulators
5348:
4640:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3202:
3200:
3107:
3105:
3103:
2618:. European Medicines Agency. Archived from
2556:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2470:
2390:
1948:
1939:
1901:hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
1895:Image depicting the vision of someone with
154:Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
33:Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
8730:Tooltip Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
8044:
8030:
7720:
7706:
7027:
7013:
6071:Tooltip Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
5923:
5916:
5902:
5616:International Journal of Clinical Practice
5498:Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology
5355:Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology
5248:Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
5235:
4668:
4654:Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP)
4501:
4433:
3489:
3453:Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
2935:
2755:
2228:
1970:when compared to other SNRIs. As such, as
1332:
5873:
5824:
5731:
5679:
5627:
5541:Simon LV, Hashmi MF, Keenaghan M (2019).
5517:
5460:
5415:
5374:
5267:
5218:
5169:
5050:
4982:
4911:
4810:
4748:
4738:
4617:
4563:
4312:
4263:
4191:
4173:
4108:
4016:
3936:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3472:
3423:
3180:
3039:
3030:
2970:
2897:
2828:Rockoff JD, Dooren JC (October 8, 2010).
2709:
2373:
2348:Hillhouse TM, Porter JH (February 2015).
10179:Tooltip Vesicular monoamine transporters
9454:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors:
6798:
3560:
3303:Foye's principles of medicinal chemistry
3296:
3294:
3292:
3248:
3246:
3197:
3100:
3049:Primary Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry
2792:
2514:
1890:
1232:reboxetine where it is constrained in a
1145:
1132:
1092:
847:
791:
742:but their use was limited by unpleasant
284:
196:attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
7049:
4265:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2005.pto_96696601.x
3644:
3642:
3640:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3309:
2860:
2441:
2439:
1179:. Effects of milnacipran reside in the
943:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
694:Development and discovery of SSRI drugs
232:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
14:
10414:
7106:Tooltip positive allosteric modulators
7089:
7034:
5610:Llorca PM, Fernandez JL (April 2007).
4727:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
3677:
3503:. Wolters Kluwer. pp. 1813–1833.
3073:
2090:
2073:
1646:
1461:
800:
265:SNRIs, along with SSRIs and NRIs, are
9440:Tooltip Serotonin reuptake inhibitors
8025:
7802:Tooltip monoamine reuptake inhibitors
7701:
7008:
6893:
6797:
6568:
6327:
5940:
5897:
5032:
4085:"Effects of Antidepressants on Sleep"
3329:(11 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
3289:
3243:
2786:
1842:
1798:
8077:Tooltip Dopamine reuptake inhibitors
7441:Tooltip Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
5584:. www.drugtopics.com. Archived from
4957:Jing E, Straw-Wilson K (July 2016).
4894:Olivier JD, Olivier B (2019-09-01).
4222:
4005:Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience
3999:Sansone RA, Sansone LA (June 2011).
3637:
3575:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry
3517:
3348:
2436:
2237:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry
1693:
1423:
860:In addition, the TCAs interact with
753:Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the
390:Chronic musculoskeletal pain (e.g.,
7426:Tooltip Tetracyclic antidepressants
6509:Tooltip Tetracyclic antidepressants
5349:Wilson E, Lader M (December 2015).
5244:"Visual Snow: Updates on Pathology"
5242:Curr Neurol, Neurosci Rep. (2022).
4680:The New England Journal of Medicine
3398:Santarsieri D, Schwartz TL (2015).
2821:
1669:
1391:
1375:, a property shared with the older
1118:the strongest electron-withdrawing
1082:) are SSRIs. Duloxetine contains a
911:relaxation or decreased secretion.
730:became the first clinically useful
24:
9774:Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)
9050:Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)
8719:Tooltip Norepinephrine transporter
8480:Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)
5582:SDI/Verispan, VONA, full year 2009
4929:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
4861:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
4399:Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics
4293:Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
4225:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
4054:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1997.tb04270.x
3717:
2284:10.1097/01.JAA.0000512228.23432.f7
1880:
1244:
891:, an effect mediated by decreased
659:
603:
559:
516:
472:
407:
348:
236:norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
27:Class of antidepressant medication
25:
10433:
8292:Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine)
7883:Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants
7776:Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants
7411:Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants
6894:
6351:Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants
2645:"Nefazodone hydrochloride tablet"
1961:", which could include states of
1642:
1638:
1457:
1341:
887:through the rate-limiting enzyme
267:second-generation antidepressants
10399:
9764:Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)
9040:Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)
8470:Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)
5770:10.1097/00004583-200210000-00010
5629:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2007.01335.x
5441:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
5404:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
5328:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.01.008
4305:10.31887/DCNS.2011.13.1/rshelton
4042:Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
3890:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.07.009
3357:European Neuropsychopharmacology
3209:European Neuropsychopharmacology
3126:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2003.11.033
2875:10.2165/00003495-200666020-00006
2795:European Journal of Pharmacology
2687:10.2165/00023210-200721070-00004
1757:Due to the effects of increased
1379:(TCAs), but not with the SSRIs.
1102:Cycloalkanol ethylamine scaffold
805:Monoamines are connected to the
47:
10375:Monoamine metabolism modulators
5841:
5792:
5748:
5603:
5567:
5534:
5485:
5432:
5391:
5342:
5316:Journal of Psychiatric Research
5306:
5284:
5186:
5091:
5067:
4999:
4920:
4887:
4851:
4827:
4778:
4765:
4714:
4634:
4604:(2). Springer Nature: 189–200.
4390:
4376:
4280:
4239:
4149:
4125:
4076:
4033:
3992:
3953:
3904:
3878:Journal of Psychiatric Research
3869:
3787:
3752:
3601:
3440:
3391:
3340:Silverthorn, D.U., ed. (2007).
3333:
3155:Pacher P, Kecskemeti V (2004).
3148:
2987:
2963:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.1891
2854:
2605:
2542:10.1016/j.clinthera.2005.08.010
2456:10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.07.012
2142:Serotonin releasing agent (SRA)
1789:
1327:
1063:Structure activity relationship
959:system regulates the uptake of
5292:"Duloxetine: Drug Information"
4773:Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol
4287:Shelton RC, Miller AH (2011).
3847:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.03.027
3611:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
2306:
2263:
2189:
1934:
1761:levels and, therefore, higher
1396:Most SNRIs function alongside
1267:
1141:
875:receptors include presynaptic
706:agent, was discovered to have
280:
13:
1:
10355:Receptor/signaling modulators
9429:Tooltip Serotonin transporter
8053:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
5805:Clinics in Geriatric Medicine
5100:Journal of Psychopharmacology
4900:Current Sexual Health Reports
4342:Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
3978:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.008
3499:Zeind C, Carvalho MG (2018).
3369:10.1016/S0924-977X(99)00030-9
3221:10.1016/s0924-977x(02)00057-3
3161:Current Pharmaceutical Design
3094:10.1016/S0011-393X(97)80088-4
2921:10.1016/s0149-2918(03)80210-2
2807:10.1016/S0014-2999(02)01423-1
2733:10.1016/S0924-9338(02)00003-2
2327:10.1016/S0149-2918(08)80047-1
2157:
2112:
2103:
2056:
1301:Obsessive compulsive disorder
1283:Posttraumatic stress disorder
1249:
208:monoamine reuptake inhibitors
200:obsessive–compulsive disorder
9269:Tetracyclic antidepressants:
8066:Tooltip Dopamine transporter
6571:Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
5660:Interdisciplinary Toxicology
5162:10.1097/FTD.0b013e318224996e
3966:Journal of Anxiety Disorders
3082:Current Therapeutic Research
2095:
1919:(poor vision at night), and
1289:Generalized anxiety disorder
1258:
724:monoamine oxidase inhibitors
639:Generalized anxiety disorder
532:Food and Drug Administration
435:generalized anxiety disorder
382:Generalized anxiety disorder
275:monoamine oxidase inhibitors
7:
9719:3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine
8995:3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine
6765:Tooltip Monoamine oxidase B
6705:Tooltip Monoamine oxidase A
6334:tetracyclic antidepressants
5211:10.1097/MD.0000000000002022
5150:Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
4963:The Mental Health Clinician
2130:
2121:
1995:
1982:
1851:
1068:Aryloxypropanamine scaffold
1052:of the nontricyclic SNRIs.
746:and significant safety and
679:hormone replacement therapy
398:Stress urinary incontinence
289:Timeline of approved SNRIs.
251:membrane transport proteins
10:
10438:
10359:Monoamine releasing agents
9917:Tricyclic antidepressants:
9193:Tricyclic antidepressants:
8262:Benzatropine (benztropine)
6242:Dextromethorphan/bupropion
5817:10.1016/j.cger.2014.05.002
5724:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.01.015
5260:10.1007/s11910-022-01182-x
4913:10.1007/s11930-019-00205-y
4791:Medicinal Research Reviews
4175:10.1038/s41380-022-01661-0
4089:Current Psychiatry Reports
3929:10.2174/157015909790031201
3808:10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.03.050
3773:10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.08.005
3738:10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.03.054
3703:10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.04.025
3663:10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.011
3546:10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.11.025
3055:(S7): 6–10. Archived from
2450:. 31 Pt 1 (1): 1374–1404.
1884:
691:
687:
182:, social phobia, chronic
150:
113:Norepinephrine transporter
10347:
10303:
10172:
9983:
9912:
9711:
9635:
9449:
9422:
9300:
9264:
9188:
8987:
8911:
8825:
8739:
8712:
8395:
8249:
8213:
8137:
8086:
8059:
7955:NMDA receptor antagonists
7909:
7819:
7742:
7658:
7562:
7503:
7480:
7351:
7298:
7280:
7087:
7047:
6965:
6900:
6889:
6806:
6793:
6755:
6695:
6581:
6577:
6564:
6540:
6502:
6344:
6340:
6323:
6224:
6196:
6163:
6130:
6097:
6064:
6016:
5958:
5954:
5936:
5549:. StatPearls Publishing.
5039:Canadian Family Physician
4610:10.1007/s00213-013-2986-z
4354:10.1016/j.bbi.2011.12.011
4101:10.1007/s11920-017-0816-4
3917:Current Neuropharmacology
3587:10.1016/j.bmc.2006.08.039
3267:10.1017/S1092852900019726
2249:10.1016/j.bmc.2009.08.025
2214:10.1017/S1092852900019726
1987:
1724:anti-migraine medications
1628:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1377:tricyclic antidepressants
1277:Major depressive disorder
1150:Structure of milnacipran.
844:Tricyclic antidepressants
636:Major depressive disorder
508:Major depressive disorder
464:Major depressive disorder
431:major depressive disorder
376:Major depressive disorder
340:Major depressive disorder
271:tricyclic antidepressants
247:noradrenaline transporter
176:major depressive disorder
142:
137:
123:
118:
102:
76:
66:
61:
46:
37:
32:
9643:Atomoxetine (tomoxetine)
8919:Atomoxetine (tomoxetine)
6948:Rubidium chloride (RbCl)
5510:10.1177/2045125312472890
5367:10.1177/2045125315612334
5112:10.1177/0269881107081550
4644:, Driscol J (Dec 2012).
4411:10.1586/14737175.2.6.849
3465:10.1177/2045125317737264
3173:10.2174/1381612043383872
1959:discontinuation syndrome
1949:Discontinuation syndrome
1940:Starting an SNRI regimen
1915:(negative after image),
732:tricyclic antidepressant
152:Not to be confused with
56:, an example of an SNRI.
10021:mepyramine (pyrilamine)
7058:Tooltip 5-HT1A receptor
6811:Atypical antipsychotics
5866:10.1136/bmj-2022-072415
5672:10.1515/intox-2017-0004
4975:10.9740/mhc.2016.07.191
2835:The Wall Street Journal
2492:10.1124/jpet.104.070656
2414:10.1124/jpet.106.103382
2137:List of antidepressants
1772:coronary artery disease
1333:Route of administration
1295:Social anxiety disorder
1211:in humans such as high
642:Social anxiety disorder
10295:Vanoxerine (GBR-12909)
10142:pethidine (meperidine)
9397:pethidine (meperidine)
8185:Pethidine (meperidine)
7098:Tooltip GABAA receptor
5075:"SNRI Antidepressants"
4835:"SNRI Antidepressants"
2951:JAMA Internal Medicine
1904:
1151:
1138:
1098:
881:central nervous system
853:
797:
787:central nervous system
664:
648:Chronic pain syndromes
608:
595:Acute and chronic pain
564:
522:
478:
413:
353:
290:
206:prevention. SNRIs are
10379:Monoamine neurotoxins
9945:Dosulepin (dothiepin)
9492:Didesmethylcitalopram
9221:Dosulepin (dothiepin)
8898:Serdexmethylphenidate
8200:Serdexmethylphenidate
5033:Frank C (July 2008).
3835:Biological Psychiatry
3040:Lieberman JA (2003).
3008:10.1007/s002130050638
2909:Clinical Therapeutics
2530:Clinical Therapeutics
2448:Clinical Therapeutics
2315:Clinical Therapeutics
1894:
1402:secondary metabolites
1149:
1136:
1096:
851:
795:
663:
607:
563:
520:
476:
411:
352:
288:
243:serotonin transporter
210:; specifically, they
188:fibromyalgia syndrome
109:Serotonin transporter
10270:Methoxytetrabenazine
10235:Dihydrotetrabenazine
10049:Arylcyclohexylamines
9344:Arylcyclohexylamines
8495:Dizocilpine (MK-801)
8449:Chaenomeles speciosa
8150:Benocyclidine (BTCP)
7821:Ion channel blockers
7333:Gabapentin enacarbil
6932:Hypericum perforatum
6800:Adjunctive therapies
5543:"Serotonin Syndrome"
4873:10.4088/jcp.v63n0107
4775:. 2008;4(3):281–285.
4692:10.1056/NEJMra041867
4227:. 69 Suppl E1: 4–7.
4162:Molecular Psychiatry
3363:(Suppl 3): S81–S86.
1909:visual snow syndrome
1897:visual snow syndrome
1887:Visual snow syndrome
1768:liver function tests
1352:monoamine hypothesis
1322:musculoskeletal pain
997:adrenergic receptors
889:tyrosine hydroxylase
871:autoreceptors. The α
862:adrenergic receptors
827:-histaminergic, and
771:mechanisms of action
570:appetite suppressant
9894:Threohydrobupropion
9759:Desmethylsertraline
9487:Desmethylcitalopram
9170:Threohydrobupropion
9035:Desmethylsertraline
8690:Threohydrobupropion
8465:Desmethylsertraline
5948:receptor modulators
5944:reuptake inhibitors
4740:10.2147/NDT.S141832
2721:European Psychiatry
2593:. 20 September 2021
2091:Special populations
2074:Comparison to SSRIs
1437:
1429:SNRIs at the human
1398:primary metabolites
965:blood–brain barrier
899:-activation of the
801:Mechanism of action
386:Diabetic neuropathy
319:Chemical structure
97:Menopausal symptoms
10134:dextropropoxyphene
8160:Dexmethylphenidate
7685:Never to phase III
6992:Never to phase III
4935:(Suppl 6): 33–37.
4598:Psychopharmacology
4565:10.1111/jcpt.12534
4524:. 23 December 2022
3416:10.7573/dic.212290
2996:Psychopharmacology
2842:on 11 October 2010
2651:. 16 November 2021
2016:Serotonin syndrome
1905:
1843:Serotonin Syndrome
1799:Sexual Dysfunction
1704:serotonin syndrome
1428:
1152:
1139:
1099:
1057:psychopharmacology
854:
798:
675:vasomotor symptoms
665:
609:
565:
523:
479:
414:
354:
291:
10387:
10386:
10382:
10168:
10167:
9443:
9418:
9417:
8863:Levophacetoperane
8733:
8708:
8707:
8570:Levophacetoperane
8145:4-Fluoropethidine
8080:
8019:
8018:
7927:Botulinum toxin A
7917:Alpha lipoic acid
7863:Local anesthetics
7736:pharmacotherapies
7695:
7694:
7267:Ethanol (alcohol)
7175:Ethyl loflazepate
7002:
7001:
6961:
6960:
6934:(St. John's Wort)
6885:
6884:
6850:lithium carbonate
6789:
6788:
6785:
6784:
6560:
6559:
6556:
6555:
6369:Amitriptylinoxide
6319:
6318:
6315:
6314:
5764:(10): 1205–1215.
5718:(4): 235–244.e2.
5453:10.1159/000491524
5417:10.1159/000491524
4803:10.1002/med.21476
4686:(11): 1112–1120.
3841:(11): 1217–1227.
3767:(21): 5395–5399.
3697:(11): 3328–3332.
3623:10.1021/jm8002262
3617:(13): 4038–4049.
3581:(24): 8455–8466.
3167:(20): 2463–2475.
3114:Neuropharmacology
2243:(19): 6890–6897.
1720:antiemetic agents
1694:Contraindications
1674:The half-life of
1667:
1666:
1624:0.55:1 (= 1:1.8)
1602:0.45:1 (= 1:2.2)
1424:Activity profiles
1414:monoamine oxidase
1369:neurotransmission
989:lateral tegmental
952:
916:negative feedback
779:phenylethylamines
720:monoamine oxidase
704:antimycobacterial
685:
684:
441:pain and chronic
228:neurotransmitters
180:anxiety disorders
167:) are a class of
149:
148:
104:Biological target
62:Class identifiers
16:(Redirected from
10429:
10404:
10403:
10402:
10395:
10349:
10336:Antagonist-like:
10230:Deutetrabenazine
10180:
10176:
10120:MIN-117 (WF-516)
10085:Dextromethorphan
9457:6-Nitroquipazine
9447:
9446:
9441:
9437:
9432:
9430:
9426:
8853:Hydroxybupropion
8737:
8736:
8731:
8727:
8722:
8720:
8716:
8610:MIN-117 (WF-516)
8550:Hydroxybupropion
8490:Diphenylpyraline
8221:Diphenylprolinol
8084:
8083:
8078:
8074:
8069:
8067:
8063:
8046:
8039:
8032:
8023:
8022:
8010:
8007:Sodium oxybate (
7963:dextromethorphan
7884:
7880:
7803:
7799:
7777:
7773:
7758:
7754:
7729:Neuropathic pain
7722:
7715:
7708:
7699:
7698:
7531:Alpha-2 agonists
7521:Alpha-1 blockers
7514:
7442:
7438:
7427:
7423:
7412:
7408:
7397:
7393:
7382:
7378:
7367:
7363:
7321:
7315:
7312:
7140:Chlordiazepoxide
7107:
7103:
7099:
7095:
7059:
7055:
7029:
7022:
7015:
7006:
7005:
6942:
6908:
6891:
6890:
6864:triiodothyronine
6860:Thyroid hormones
6795:
6794:
6766:
6762:
6706:
6702:
6647:Phenoxypropazine
6579:
6578:
6566:
6565:
6510:
6506:
6352:
6348:
6342:
6341:
6325:
6324:
6204:
6200:
6171:
6167:
6138:
6134:
6105:
6101:
6072:
6068:
6024:
6020:
5966:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5938:
5937:
5918:
5911:
5904:
5895:
5894:
5888:
5887:
5877:
5845:
5839:
5838:
5828:
5796:
5790:
5789:
5752:
5746:
5745:
5735:
5703:
5694:
5693:
5683:
5651:
5642:
5641:
5631:
5607:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5590:
5579:
5571:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5538:
5532:
5531:
5521:
5489:
5483:
5482:
5464:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5419:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5378:
5346:
5340:
5339:
5310:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5271:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5222:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5173:
5141:
5132:
5131:
5095:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5054:
5030:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4986:
4954:
4945:
4944:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4814:
4797:(4): 1332–1403.
4782:
4776:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4752:
4742:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4675:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4621:
4589:
4578:
4577:
4567:
4543:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4514:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4489:. 29 August 2022
4479:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4444:
4431:
4430:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4336:
4327:
4326:
4316:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4267:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4195:
4177:
4168:(8): 3243–3256.
4153:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4112:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4020:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3972:(8): 1064–1071.
3957:
3951:
3950:
3940:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3884:(3–4): 351–359.
3873:
3867:
3866:
3829:
3820:
3819:
3802:(8): 2562–2566.
3791:
3785:
3784:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3732:(9): 2464–2467.
3721:
3715:
3714:
3686:
3675:
3674:
3657:(4): 1346–1349.
3646:
3635:
3634:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3569:
3558:
3557:
3528:
3515:
3514:
3496:
3487:
3486:
3476:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3427:
3404:Drugs in Context
3395:
3389:
3388:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3342:Human Physiology
3337:
3331:
3330:
3322:
3307:
3306:
3298:
3287:
3286:
3250:
3241:
3240:
3204:
3195:
3194:
3184:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3109:
3098:
3097:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3061:
3046:
3037:
3028:
3027:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2974:
2957:(7): 1058–1066.
2942:
2933:
2932:
2915:(8): 2138–2154.
2904:
2895:
2894:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2838:. Archived from
2825:
2819:
2818:
2801:(2–3): 119–128.
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2768:
2753:
2752:
2716:
2707:
2706:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2624:
2617:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2583:
2554:
2553:
2536:(8): 1126–1143.
2525:
2512:
2511:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2443:
2434:
2433:
2397:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2366:10.1037/a0038550
2345:
2339:
2338:
2321:(7): 1206–1227.
2310:
2304:
2303:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2177:Cleveland Clinic
2168:
2118:younger adults.
2068:activated carbon
1776:anorexia nervosa
1712:anti-convulsants
1708:anti-depressants
1670:Pharmacokinetics
1662:
1658:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1580:0.06:1 (= 1:16)
1494:
1480:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1446:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1392:Pharmacodynamics
1373:neuropathic pain
1311:Neuropathic pain
1209:pharmacokinetics
1201:molecular weight
957:Active transport
950:
914:TCAs activate a
419:neuropathic pain
304:
303:
260:neuropathic pain
184:neuropathic pain
157:
133:
51:
30:
29:
21:
10437:
10436:
10432:
10431:
10430:
10428:
10427:
10426:
10412:
10411:
10410:
10400:
10398:
10390:
10388:
10383:
10343:
10321:DAT modulators:
10299:
10200:methamphetamine
10178:
10164:
10075:Cyclobenzaprine
10017:diphenhydramine
10005:brompheniramine
9979:
9908:
9707:
9673:Levomilnacipran
9631:
9439:
9431:
9428:
9414:
9312:brompheniramine
9296:
9260:
9184:
8983:
8944:Levomilnacipran
8907:
8878:Methylphenidate
8821:
8729:
8721:
8718:
8704:
8391:
8245:
8209:
8180:Methylphenidate
8155:Desoxypipradrol
8133:
8076:
8068:
8065:
8055:
8050:
8020:
8015:
7905:
7882:
7829:Anticonvulsants
7815:
7801:
7775:
7756:
7738:
7726:
7696:
7691:
7690:
7675:Clinical trials
7654:
7558:
7539:dexmedetomidine
7511:Antiadrenergics
7508:
7507:
7499:
7476:
7440:
7425:
7410:
7395:
7380:
7365:
7353:Antidepressants
7347:
7310:
7303:
7302:
7294:
7276:
7115:Benzodiazepines
7105:
7097:
7093:
7083:
7057:
7053:
7043:
7033:
7003:
6998:
6997:
6982:Clinical trials
6957:
6896:
6881:
6877:
6869:
6854:lithium citrate
6802:
6781:
6764:
6761:
6751:
6704:
6701:
6691:
6667:Tranylcypromine
6573:
6552:
6536:
6508:
6498:
6350:
6336:
6311:
6220:
6202:
6192:
6169:
6159:
6136:
6126:
6103:
6093:
6070:
6060:
6041:Levomilnacipran
6022:
6012:
5964:
5950:
5932:
5925:Antidepressants
5922:
5892:
5891:
5846:
5842:
5797:
5793:
5753:
5749:
5704:
5697:
5652:
5645:
5608:
5604:
5594:
5592:
5591:on 14 July 2011
5588:
5577:
5573:
5572:
5568:
5559:
5557:
5539:
5535:
5490:
5486:
5437:
5433:
5396:
5392:
5347:
5343:
5311:
5307:
5297:
5295:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5240:
5236:
5191:
5187:
5142:
5135:
5096:
5092:
5083:
5081:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5031:
5024:
5015:
5013:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4955:
4948:
4925:
4921:
4892:
4888:
4856:
4852:
4843:
4841:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4783:
4779:
4770:
4766:
4719:
4715:
4676:
4669:
4659:
4657:
4649:
4639:
4635:
4590:
4581:
4544:
4537:
4527:
4525:
4516:
4515:
4502:
4492:
4490:
4481:
4480:
4467:
4457:
4455:
4454:. 25 March 2022
4446:
4445:
4434:
4395:
4391:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4337:
4330:
4285:
4281:
4244:
4240:
4221:
4217:
4154:
4150:
4141:
4139:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4081:
4077:
4048:(10): 954–961.
4038:
4034:
3997:
3993:
3958:
3954:
3909:
3905:
3874:
3870:
3830:
3823:
3792:
3788:
3757:
3753:
3722:
3718:
3687:
3678:
3647:
3638:
3606:
3602:
3570:
3561:
3529:
3518:
3511:
3497:
3490:
3445:
3441:
3396:
3392:
3353:
3349:
3338:
3334:
3323:
3310:
3299:
3290:
3251:
3244:
3205:
3198:
3153:
3149:
3110:
3101:
3078:
3074:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3044:
3038:
3031:
2992:
2988:
2943:
2936:
2905:
2898:
2859:
2855:
2845:
2843:
2826:
2822:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2756:
2717:
2710:
2671:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2626:
2625:on 26 June 2016
2622:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2594:
2585:
2584:
2557:
2526:
2515:
2475:
2471:
2444:
2437:
2398:
2391:
2346:
2342:
2311:
2307:
2268:
2264:
2233:
2229:
2194:
2190:
2181:
2179:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2133:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2098:
2093:
2076:
2059:
1998:
1990:
1985:
1951:
1942:
1937:
1889:
1883:
1881:Visual problems
1854:
1845:
1835:(Levitra), and
1801:
1792:
1740:St. John's wort
1696:
1672:
1655:values for the
1654:
1650:
1636:
1632:
1608:Levomilnacipran
1493:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1455:
1426:
1394:
1344:
1335:
1330:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1247:
1245:Clinical trials
1229:
1221:cytochrome P450
1213:bioavailability
1177:racemic mixture
1173:stereochemistry
1144:
1104:
1070:
1065:
1038:
1029:
1024:adrenergic, or
1022:
1015:
999:, as discussed
996:
985:locus coeruleus
981:
945:
937:cerebral cortex
931:
925:desensitization
923:receptors. The
922:
906:
897:phosphorylation
874:
870:
846:
829:sodium channels
826:
822:
818:
807:pathophysiology
803:
696:
690:
499:
497:
477:Levomilnacipran
455:Levomilnacipran
313:FDA Indications
299:levomilnacipran
283:
158:
151:
129:
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10435:
10425:
10424:
10409:
10408:
10385:
10384:
10348:
10345:
10344:
10342:
10341:
10329:
10317:
10316:
10311:DAT enhancers:
10307:
10305:
10301:
10300:
10298:
10297:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10272:
10267:
10262:
10257:
10252:
10247:
10242:
10237:
10232:
10227:
10222:
10217:
10212:
10207:
10189:
10183:
10181:
10170:
10169:
10166:
10165:
10163:
10162:
10157:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10072:
10046:
10035:Antipsychotics
10032:
10029:tripelennamine
10013:dimenhydrinate
10009:chlorphenamine
10001:Antihistamines
9998:
9993:
9984:
9981:
9980:
9978:
9977:
9972:
9967:
9962:
9957:
9952:
9947:
9942:
9937:
9935:Cyanodothiepin
9932:
9927:
9922:
9913:
9910:
9909:
9907:
9906:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9846:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9826:
9821:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9801:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9726:
9721:
9712:
9709:
9708:
9706:
9705:
9700:
9695:
9690:
9685:
9680:
9675:
9670:
9665:
9660:
9658:Desvenlafaxine
9655:
9650:
9645:
9636:
9633:
9632:
9630:
9629:
9624:
9619:
9614:
9609:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9589:
9584:
9575:
9574:
9569:
9564:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9484:
9479:
9474:
9469:
9464:
9459:
9450:
9444:
9420:
9419:
9416:
9415:
9413:
9412:
9382:
9377:
9372:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9341:
9330:Antipsychotics
9327:
9324:tripelennamine
9316:chlorphenamine
9308:Antihistamines
9301:
9298:
9297:
9295:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9274:
9265:
9262:
9261:
9259:
9258:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9233:
9228:
9223:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9189:
9186:
9185:
9183:
9182:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8988:
8985:
8984:
8982:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8929:Desvenlafaxine
8926:
8921:
8912:
8909:
8908:
8906:
8905:
8900:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8826:
8823:
8822:
8820:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8740:
8734:
8710:
8709:
8706:
8705:
8703:
8702:
8697:
8695:Tripelennamine
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8418:Amfonelic acid
8415:
8410:
8405:
8396:
8393:
8392:
8390:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8250:
8247:
8246:
8244:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8214:
8211:
8210:
8208:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8170:Ethylphenidate
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8138:
8135:
8134:
8132:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8087:
8081:
8057:
8056:
8049:
8048:
8041:
8034:
8026:
8017:
8016:
8014:
8013:
8004:
7970:
7952:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7913:
7911:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7903:
7898:
7875:
7870:
7860:
7825:
7823:
7817:
7816:
7814:
7813:
7791:
7768:
7748:
7746:
7744:Monoaminergics
7740:
7739:
7725:
7724:
7717:
7710:
7702:
7693:
7692:
7689:
7688:
7687:
7686:
7683:
7672:
7666:
7660:
7659:
7656:
7655:
7653:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7566:
7564:
7560:
7559:
7557:
7556:
7546:
7528:
7517:
7515:
7505:Sympatholytics
7501:
7500:
7498:
7497:
7492:
7486:
7484:
7482:Antipsychotics
7478:
7477:
7475:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7433:
7418:
7403:
7388:
7373:
7357:
7355:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7324:
7322:
7308:
7300:Gabapentinoids
7296:
7295:
7293:
7292:
7286:
7284:
7278:
7277:
7275:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7244:
7234:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7110:
7108:
7091:
7085:
7084:
7082:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7065:
7063:
7051:
7045:
7044:
7032:
7031:
7024:
7017:
7009:
7000:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6993:
6990:
6979:
6973:
6967:
6966:
6963:
6962:
6959:
6958:
6956:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6936:
6928:
6911:
6905:Ademetionine (
6901:
6898:
6897:
6887:
6886:
6883:
6882:
6880:
6879:
6875:
6867:
6857:
6843:
6838:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6791:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6779:
6770:
6768:
6759:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6710:
6708:
6699:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6680:
6679:
6670:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6585:
6583:
6575:
6574:
6562:
6561:
6558:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6550:
6544:
6542:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6513:
6511:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6424:Imipraminoxide
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6355:
6353:
6338:
6337:
6321:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6228:
6226:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6213:
6207:
6205:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6174:
6172:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6141:
6139:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6108:
6106:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6075:
6073:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6031:Desvenlafaxine
6027:
6025:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5969:
5967:
5952:
5951:
5934:
5933:
5921:
5920:
5913:
5906:
5898:
5890:
5889:
5840:
5811:(3): 517–534.
5791:
5747:
5695:
5643:
5622:(4): 702–710.
5602:
5566:
5533:
5504:(3): 151–161.
5484:
5447:(4): 195–203.
5431:
5410:(4): 195–203.
5390:
5361:(6): 357–368.
5341:
5305:
5283:
5234:
5185:
5156:(4): 433–438.
5133:
5106:(3): 330–332.
5090:
5066:
5045:(7): 988–992.
5022:
5011:www.mdedge.com
4998:
4969:(4): 191–196.
4946:
4919:
4906:(3): 156–166.
4886:
4850:
4826:
4777:
4764:
4713:
4667:
4647:
4633:
4579:
4558:(4): 513–517.
4535:
4500:
4465:
4432:
4405:(6): 849–858.
4389:
4375:
4348:(3): 469–479.
4328:
4279:
4258:(6): 399–409.
4238:
4215:
4148:
4124:
4075:
4032:
3991:
3952:
3923:(4): 331–336.
3903:
3868:
3821:
3786:
3751:
3716:
3676:
3636:
3600:
3559:
3540:(3): 699–703.
3516:
3509:
3488:
3439:
3390:
3347:
3332:
3308:
3288:
3261:(9): 732–747.
3242:
3215:(5): 461–475.
3196:
3147:
3120:(6): 815–823.
3099:
3088:(9): 609–630.
3072:
3029:
2986:
2934:
2896:
2869:(2): 223–230.
2853:
2820:
2785:
2754:
2708:
2681:(7): 581–609.
2662:
2636:
2604:
2555:
2513:
2486:(2): 576–584.
2469:
2435:
2408:(2): 657–665.
2389:
2340:
2305:
2262:
2227:
2208:(9): 732–747.
2188:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2075:
2072:
2063:cyproheptadine
2058:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1950:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1885:Main article:
1882:
1879:
1859:anticoagulants
1853:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1821:PDE5 Inhibitor
1800:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1759:norepinephrine
1728:methylene blue
1695:
1692:
1680:desvenlafaxine
1671:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1652:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1522:Desvenlafaxine
1518:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1425:
1422:
1410:frontal cortex
1393:
1390:
1348:norepinephrine
1343:
1342:Mode of action
1340:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1306:Panic disorder
1303:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1269:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1228:
1225:
1143:
1140:
1111:desvenlafaxine
1103:
1100:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1037:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1013:
994:
980:
977:
944:
941:
929:
920:
904:
872:
868:
845:
842:
837:cardiotoxicity
833:cardiac muscle
824:
823:-adrenergic, H
820:
816:
802:
799:
689:
686:
683:
682:
666:
657:
654:
653:
652:
649:
646:
645:Panic disorder
643:
640:
637:
632:
629:
623:
622:
610:
601:
598:
597:
596:
591:
588:
582:
581:
566:
557:
554:
553:
552:
545:
542:
536:
535:
524:
514:
511:
510:
509:
506:
501:
494:
488:
487:
480:
470:
467:
466:
465:
460:
457:
451:
450:
439:osteoarthritis
415:
405:
402:
401:
400:
395:
388:
383:
380:
377:
372:
366:
360:
359:
355:
346:
343:
342:
341:
336:
334:Khedezla (ER)
330:
328:Desvenlafaxine
324:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
282:
279:
255:synaptic cleft
224:norepinephrine
174:used to treat
169:antidepressant
147:
146:
140:
139:
135:
134:
127:
121:
120:
119:External links
116:
115:
106:
100:
99:
78:
74:
73:
70:
64:
63:
59:
58:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10434:
10423:
10420:
10419:
10417:
10407:
10397:
10396:
10393:
10381:
10380:
10376:
10372:
10371:Serotonergics
10368:
10367:Dopaminergics
10364:
10360:
10356:
10353:
10346:
10340:
10337:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10324:Agonist-like:
10322:
10319:
10318:
10315:
10312:
10309:
10308:
10306:
10302:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10285:Tetrabenazine
10283:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10248:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10231:
10228:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10218:
10216:
10213:
10211:
10208:
10205:
10201:
10197:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10184:
10182:
10177:
10171:
10161:
10158:
10155:
10151:
10147:
10143:
10139:
10135:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10098:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10081:
10078:
10076:
10073:
10070:
10069:phencyclidine
10066:
10065:methoxetamine
10062:
10058:
10054:
10050:
10047:
10044:
10040:
10036:
10033:
10030:
10026:
10022:
10018:
10014:
10010:
10006:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9986:
9985:
9982:
9976:
9975:Protriptyline
9973:
9971:
9968:
9966:
9965:Nortriptyline
9963:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9953:
9951:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9941:
9938:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9928:
9926:
9923:
9921:
9920:Amitriptyline
9918:
9915:
9914:
9911:
9904:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9884:Tedatioxetine
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9832:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9807:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9744:Centanafadine
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9714:
9713:
9710:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9696:
9694:
9691:
9689:
9688:N-Methyl-PPPA
9686:
9684:
9681:
9679:
9676:
9674:
9671:
9669:
9666:
9664:
9661:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9638:
9637:
9634:
9628:
9625:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9615:
9613:
9610:
9608:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9590:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9580:
9577:
9576:
9573:
9570:
9568:
9565:
9563:
9560:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9550:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9527:Norfluoxetine
9525:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9467:Centpropazine
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9452:
9451:
9448:
9445:
9438:
9427:
9421:
9410:
9406:
9402:
9398:
9394:
9390:
9389:desmetramadol
9386:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9370:
9369:Ginkgo biloba
9366:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9353:
9352:phencyclidine
9349:
9345:
9342:
9339:
9335:
9331:
9328:
9325:
9321:
9317:
9313:
9309:
9306:
9303:
9302:
9299:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9270:
9267:
9266:
9263:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9251:Protriptyline
9249:
9247:
9246:Nortriptyline
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9196:Amitriptyline
9194:
9191:
9190:
9187:
9180:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9160:Tedatioxetine
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9020:Centanafadine
9018:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8990:
8989:
8986:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8959:N-Methyl-PPPA
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8914:
8913:
8910:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8828:
8827:
8824:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8742:
8741:
8738:
8735:
8728:
8717:
8711:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8685:Tedatioxetine
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8450:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8398:
8397:
8394:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8307:Ioflupane (I)
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8252:
8251:
8248:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8218:Pyrrolidines:
8216:
8215:
8212:
8206:
8205:Tenocyclidine
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8190:Phencyclidine
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8140:
8139:
8136:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8089:
8088:
8085:
8082:
8075:
8064:
8058:
8054:
8047:
8042:
8040:
8035:
8033:
8028:
8027:
8024:
8012:
8005:
8002:
7998:
7994:
7993:buprenorphine
7990:
7986:
7982:
7978:
7974:
7971:
7968:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7953:
7950:
7946:
7942:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7914:
7912:
7908:
7902:
7899:
7896:
7892:
7891:nortriptyline
7888:
7887:amitriptyline
7881:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7868:
7864:
7861:
7858:
7854:
7850:
7849:oxcarbazepine
7846:
7845:carbamazepine
7842:
7838:
7834:
7830:
7827:
7826:
7824:
7822:
7818:
7811:
7807:
7800:
7795:
7792:
7789:
7785:
7784:nortriptyline
7781:
7780:amitriptyline
7774:
7769:
7766:
7762:
7755:
7750:
7749:
7747:
7745:
7741:
7737:
7734:
7730:
7723:
7718:
7716:
7711:
7709:
7704:
7703:
7700:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7661:
7657:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7620:Phenaglycodol
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7567:
7565:
7561:
7554:
7550:
7549:Beta blockers
7547:
7544:
7540:
7536:
7532:
7529:
7526:
7522:
7519:
7518:
7516:
7512:
7506:
7502:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7487:
7485:
7483:
7479:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7446:
7439:
7434:
7431:
7424:
7419:
7416:
7409:
7404:
7401:
7394:
7389:
7386:
7379:
7374:
7371:
7364:
7359:
7358:
7356:
7354:
7350:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7325:
7323:
7319:
7316:
7301:
7297:
7291:
7288:
7287:
7285:
7283:
7279:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7262:Chlormezanone
7260:
7258:
7255:
7252:
7248:
7245:
7242:
7241:phenobarbital
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7104:
7096:
7086:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7062:
7056:
7046:
7041:
7037:
7030:
7025:
7023:
7018:
7016:
7011:
7010:
7007:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6968:
6964:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6937:
6935:
6933:
6929:
6926:
6922:
6918:
6917:neurosteroids
6915:
6912:
6910:
6903:
6902:
6899:
6895:Miscellaneous
6892:
6888:
6873:
6872:levothyroxine
6865:
6861:
6858:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6819:brexpiprazole
6816:
6812:
6809:
6808:
6805:
6801:
6796:
6792:
6778:
6775:
6774:Irreversible:
6772:
6771:
6769:
6763:
6754:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6703:
6694:
6688:
6685:
6682:
6681:
6678:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6607:Isocarboxazid
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6589:Irreversible:
6587:
6586:
6584:
6582:Non-selective
6580:
6576:
6572:
6567:
6563:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6539:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6507:
6501:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6479:Protriptyline
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6454:Nortriptyline
6452:
6450:
6449:Nitroxazepine
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6389:Demexiptiline
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6364:Amitriptyline
6362:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6349:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6326:
6322:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6223:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6201:
6195:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6168:
6162:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6135:
6129:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6102:
6096:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6069:
6063:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6021:
6015:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5963:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5939:
5935:
5930:
5926:
5919:
5914:
5912:
5907:
5905:
5900:
5899:
5896:
5885:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5844:
5836:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5795:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5751:
5743:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5702:
5700:
5691:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5650:
5648:
5639:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5606:
5587:
5583:
5576:
5570:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5537:
5529:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5488:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5435:
5427:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5394:
5386:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5345:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5309:
5293:
5287:
5279:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5238:
5230:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5205:(46): e2022.
5204:
5200:
5196:
5189:
5181:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5140:
5138:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5094:
5080:
5076:
5070:
5062:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5029:
5027:
5012:
5008:
5002:
4994:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4953:
4951:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4923:
4914:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4890:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4854:
4840:
4836:
4830:
4822:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4768:
4760:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4733:: 2781–2796.
4732:
4728:
4724:
4717:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4674:
4672:
4655:
4651:
4643:
4637:
4629:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4542:
4540:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4453:
4449:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4393:
4385:
4379:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4335:
4333:
4324:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4283:
4275:
4271:
4266:
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4253:
4249:
4242:
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4230:
4226:
4219:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4152:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4079:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4036:
4028:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3995:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3956:
3948:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
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3914:
3907:
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3883:
3879:
3872:
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3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
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3836:
3828:
3826:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3755:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3512:
3510:9781496318299
3506:
3502:
3495:
3493:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3435:
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3426:
3421:
3417:
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3405:
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3378:
3374:
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3362:
3358:
3351:
3343:
3336:
3328:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3304:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3255:CNS Spectrums
3249:
3247:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3201:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3062:on 2014-06-11
3058:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3034:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2939:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2901:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2824:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2713:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2667:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2621:
2614:
2608:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2440:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2394:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2202:CNS Spectrums
2199:
2192:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2128:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2071:
2069:
2064:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1993:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1925:Amitriptyline
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1849:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1763:noradrenergic
1760:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1488:
1482:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1439:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1365:extracellular
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1265:
1256:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1205:lipophilicity
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1166:pharmacophore
1162:
1158:
1148:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1115:aromatic ring
1112:
1108:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1033:
1031:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1004:
1002:
998:
990:
986:
976:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
940:
938:
933:
926:
917:
912:
910:
909:smooth muscle
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
885:autoreceptors
882:
878:
877:autoreceptors
865:
863:
858:
850:
841:
838:
834:
830:
813:
808:
794:
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
767:
765:
761:
756:
755:catecholamine
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
695:
680:
676:
671:
667:
662:
658:
655:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
634:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
619:
615:
611:
606:
602:
599:
594:
593:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
558:
555:
551:
548:
547:
546:
543:
541:
538:
537:
533:
529:
528:significantly
525:
519:
515:
512:
507:
504:
503:
502:
495:
493:
490:
489:
485:
481:
475:
471:
468:
463:
462:
461:
458:
456:
453:
452:
448:
444:
443:low back pain
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
410:
406:
403:
399:
396:
393:
392:low back pain
389:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
374:
373:
371:
367:
365:
362:
361:
356:
351:
347:
344:
339:
338:
337:
335:
331:
329:
326:
325:
321:
318:
316:Approval Year
315:
312:
309:
306:
305:
302:
300:
296:
287:
278:
276:
272:
268:
263:
261:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
170:
166:
162:
155:
145:
141:
136:
132:
128:
126:
122:
117:
114:
110:
107:
105:
101:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
79:
75:
71:
69:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
42:
41:
36:
31:
19:
10351:
10350:
10335:
10323:
10320:
10310:
10220:Bietaserpine
10192:Amphetamines
10115:Mifepristone
10105:Medifoxamine
9987:
9930:Clomipramine
9925:Cianopramine
9916:
9769:Diclofensine
9739:Brasofensine
9715:
9639:
9627:Vortioxetine
9578:
9497:Escitalopram
9453:
9375:Indeloxazine
9367:
9304:
9287:Oxaprotiline
9268:
9256:Trimipramine
9211:Clomipramine
9206:Cianopramine
9201:Butriptyline
9192:
9045:Diclofensine
9015:Brasofensine
8991:
8915:
8903:Solriamfetol
8829:
8812:Teniloxazine
8772:Esreboxetine
8743:
8675:Solriamfetol
8595:Medifoxamine
8485:Dimethocaine
8475:Diclofensine
8447:
8399:
8287:Difluoropine
8282:Dichloropane
8267:Brasofensine
8253:
8241:Pyrovalerone
8217:
8142:Piperidines:
8141:
8091:Piperazines:
8090:
7937:Cannabinoids
7922:Benfotiamine
7751:
7733:fibromyalgia
7590:Lorpiprazole
7580:Fabomotizole
7570:Benzoctamine
7472:Vortioxetine
7448:
7415:clomipramine
7370:escitalopram
7257:Carisoprodol
7237:Barbiturates
7228:
7113:
7079:Tandospirone
6939:Oxitriptan (
6931:
6815:aripiprazole
6773:
6722:Metralindole
6713:
6683:
6673:
6652:Pivhydrazine
6642:Pheniprazine
6588:
6494:Trimipramine
6484:Quinupramine
6384:Clomipramine
6379:Butriptyline
6302:Teniloxazine
6297:Tandospirone
6282:Metryptamine
6277:Medifoxamine
6262:Indeloxazine
6216:Vortioxetine
5978:Escitalopram
5857:
5853:
5843:
5808:
5804:
5794:
5761:
5757:
5750:
5715:
5711:
5666:(1): 30–34.
5663:
5659:
5619:
5615:
5605:
5593:. Retrieved
5586:the original
5581:
5569:
5558:. Retrieved
5546:
5536:
5501:
5497:
5487:
5462:2158/1132671
5444:
5440:
5434:
5407:
5403:
5393:
5358:
5354:
5344:
5322:(1): 22–34.
5319:
5315:
5308:
5296:. Retrieved
5286:
5251:
5247:
5237:
5202:
5198:
5188:
5153:
5149:
5103:
5099:
5093:
5082:. Retrieved
5078:
5069:
5042:
5038:
5014:. Retrieved
5010:
5001:
4966:
4962:
4932:
4928:
4922:
4903:
4899:
4889:
4867:(1): 31–37.
4864:
4860:
4853:
4842:. Retrieved
4838:
4829:
4794:
4790:
4780:
4772:
4767:
4730:
4726:
4716:
4683:
4679:
4658:. Retrieved
4653:
4636:
4601:
4597:
4555:
4551:
4526:. Retrieved
4521:
4491:. Retrieved
4486:
4456:. Retrieved
4451:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4378:
4345:
4341:
4299:(1): 41–53.
4296:
4292:
4282:
4255:
4251:
4241:
4224:
4218:
4165:
4161:
4151:
4140:. Retrieved
4136:
4127:
4092:
4088:
4078:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4011:(6): 10–14.
4008:
4004:
3994:
3969:
3965:
3955:
3920:
3916:
3906:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3838:
3834:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3694:
3690:
3654:
3650:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3578:
3574:
3537:
3533:
3500:
3459:(1): 49–58.
3456:
3452:
3442:
3407:
3403:
3393:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3341:
3335:
3326:
3302:
3258:
3254:
3212:
3208:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3117:
3113:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3064:. Retrieved
3057:the original
3052:
3048:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2954:
2950:
2912:
2908:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2844:. Retrieved
2840:the original
2833:
2823:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2776:. Retrieved
2727:(1): 34–35.
2724:
2720:
2678:
2674:
2653:. Retrieved
2648:
2639:
2627:. Retrieved
2620:the original
2607:
2595:. Retrieved
2590:
2533:
2529:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2447:
2405:
2401:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2278:(3): 13–17.
2275:
2271:
2265:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2180:. Retrieved
2176:
2166:
2125:
2116:
2107:
2099:
2085:escitalopram
2081:escitalopram
2077:
2060:
2046:Hyperthermia
2041:Hypertension
1999:
1991:
1952:
1943:
1906:
1855:
1846:
1819:or adding a
1802:
1793:
1790:Side effects
1756:
1697:
1673:
1629:All of the K
1405:
1395:
1381:
1345:
1336:
1328:Pharmacology
1316:Fibromyalgia
1271:
1262:
1253:
1230:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1182:
1170:
1156:
1153:
1119:
1105:
1084:phenyl group
1071:
1054:
1043:
1039:
1005:
982:
969:caudal raphe
946:
934:
913:
866:
859:
855:
804:
768:
760:pathogenesis
752:
744:side effects
712:tuberculosis
708:psychoactive
697:
612:A dual weak
526:Shown to be
505:Fibromyalgia
484:levorotating
379:Fibromyalgia
369:
333:
292:
264:
240:
234:(SSRIs) and
164:
160:
159:
138:Legal status
38:
10363:Adrenergics
10290:Valbenazine
10280:Rose bengal
10225:Deserpidine
10196:amphetamine
10146:levorphanol
10090:Dextrorphan
10043:ziprasidone
10025:pheniramine
9960:Lofepramine
9940:Desipramine
9889:Tesofensine
9879:Sibutramine
9854:Perafensine
9814:JNJ-7925476
9809:Indatraline
9754:Dasotraline
9724:Amifitadine
9703:Venlafaxine
9683:Milnacipran
9582:Etoperidone
9562:Seproxetine
9552:Pirandamine
9532:Omiloxetine
9512:Fluvoxamine
9472:Cericlamine
9462:Alaproclate
9409:levorphanol
9338:ziprasidone
9320:pheniramine
9292:Setiptiline
9277:Maprotiline
9236:Lofepramine
9216:Desipramine
9165:Tesofensine
9155:Sibutramine
9130:Perafensine
9090:JNJ-7925476
9085:Indatraline
9030:Dasotraline
9000:Amifitadine
8979:Venlafaxine
8954:Milnacipran
8883:Nomifensine
8848:Fencamfamin
8777:Lortalamine
8767:Edivoxetine
8757:Ciclazindol
8752:Alseroxylon
8700:Venlafaxine
8680:Tametraline
8670:Sibutramine
8645:Perafensine
8625:Nomifensine
8555:Indatraline
8530:Fencamfamin
8505:DOV-216,303
8500:DOV-102,677
8460:Dasotraline
8455:Ciclazindol
8413:Armodafinil
8408:Amifitadine
8357:Tesofensine
8165:Difemetorex
7977:hydrocodone
7895:desipramine
7857:lamotrigine
7841:mirogabalin
7765:milnacipran
7671:from market
7600:Mepiprazole
7585:Hydroxyzine
7575:Cycloserine
7553:propranolol
7495:Flupentixol
7452:Agomelatine
7430:mirtazapine
7251:meprobamate
7185:Fludiazepam
7160:Clotiazepam
7155:Clorazepate
7036:Anxiolytics
6978:from market
6921:brexanolone
6835:risperidone
6732:Moclobemide
6714:Reversible:
6674:Reversible:
6597:Iproclozide
6532:Setiptiline
6527:Mirtazapine
6517:Maprotiline
6474:Propizepine
6459:Noxiptiline
6444:Metapramine
6434:Lofepramine
6404:Dimetacrine
6394:Desipramine
6267:Flupentixol
6252:Etryptamine
6237:Amisulpride
6232:Agomelatine
6178:Etoperidone
6155:Setiptiline
6150:Mirtazapine
6122:Nomifensine
6079:Atomoxetine
6056:Venlafaxine
6046:Milnacipran
5988:Fluvoxamine
5860:: e072415.
4528:12 February
4493:12 February
4458:12 February
4137:Mayo Clinic
2778:2 September
2655:12 February
2597:12 February
2360:(1): 1–21.
2036:Hypotension
2031:Tachycardia
1968:venlafaxine
1935:Precautions
1921:photophobia
1688:Milnacipran
1676:venlafaxine
1651:based on IC
1637:values are
1586:Milnacipran
1566:Atomoxetine
1500:Venlafaxine
1420:, as well.
1268:Indications
1142:Milnacipran
1107:Venlafaxine
1075:substituent
973:spinal cord
963:across the
953:-tryptophan
775:venlafaxine
627:Venlafaxine
574:weight loss
540:Sibutramine
521:Milnacipran
492:Milnacipran
295:venlafaxine
281:Medications
273:(TCAs) and
245:(SERT) and
202:(OCD), and
190:(FMS), and
172:medications
144:In Wikidata
10339:SoRI-20041
10332:SoRI-20040
10260:Ketanserin
10187:Amiodarone
10150:tapentadol
10110:Mesembrine
10080:Delucemine
10057:esketamine
9970:Pipofezine
9955:Imipramine
9874:SEP-228432
9869:SEP-228431
9839:Nefazodone
9824:Liafensine
9794:Fezolamine
9784:DOV-216303
9779:DOV-102677
9734:Bicifadine
9729:Ansofaxine
9668:Eclanamine
9663:Duloxetine
9648:Bicifadine
9622:Vilazodone
9592:Lubazodone
9587:Litoxetine
9572:Zimelidine
9567:Sertraline
9542:Paroxetine
9537:Panuramine
9507:Fluoxetine
9502:Femoxetine
9482:Dapoxetine
9477:Citalopram
9401:tapentadol
9380:Nefazodone
9363:Ephenidine
9358:Dopexamine
9241:Melitracen
9231:Imipramine
9150:SEP-228432
9145:SEP-228431
9115:Nefazodone
9100:Liafensine
9070:Fezolamine
9060:DOV-216303
9055:DOV-102677
9010:Bicifadine
9005:Ansofaxine
8964:Nafenodone
8939:Eclanamine
8934:Duloxetine
8893:Radafaxine
8873:Manifaxine
8858:Lefetamine
8833:Amineptine
8817:Viloxazine
8792:Reboxetine
8787:Nisoxetine
8665:Sertraline
8655:Radafaxine
8640:Oroxylin A
8585:Manifaxine
8575:Liafensine
8565:Lefetamine
8545:GYKI-52895
8535:Fezolamine
8520:Esketamine
8515:Ephenidine
8438:BTS 74,398
8428:Ansofaxine
8423:Amineptine
8302:FP-β-CPPIT
8297:FE-β-CPPIT
8236:Prolintane
8129:Vanoxerine
8124:Nefazodone
8001:tapentadol
7945:dronabinol
7901:Ziconotide
7873:Mexiletine
7853:lacosamide
7837:pregabalin
7833:gabapentin
7806:tapentadol
7761:duloxetine
7615:Oxaflozane
7543:guanfacine
7490:Quetiapine
7467:Vilazodone
7462:Tianeptine
7445:phenelzine
7385:duloxetine
7343:Pregabalin
7328:Gabapentin
7247:Carbamates
7210:Nordazepam
7165:Cloxazolam
7150:Clonazepam
7130:Bromazepam
7125:Alprazolam
7120:Adinazolam
6953:Tryptophan
6925:zuranolone
6831:quetiapine
6827:olanzapine
6823:lurasidone
6777:Selegiline
6767:-selective
6747:Toloxatone
6742:Tetrindole
6737:Pirlindole
6717:Eprobemide
6707:-selective
6687:Bifemelane
6677:Caroxazone
6637:Phenelzine
6622:Mebanazine
6602:Iproniazid
6489:Tianeptine
6469:Pipofezine
6439:Melitracen
6419:Imipramine
6399:Dibenzepin
6359:Amineptine
6307:Tianeptine
6292:Pivagabine
6287:Oxaflozane
6247:Esketamine
6211:Vilazodone
6183:Nefazodone
6112:Amineptine
6089:Viloxazine
6084:Reboxetine
6036:Duloxetine
6008:Zimelidine
6003:Sertraline
5998:Paroxetine
5983:Fluoxetine
5973:Citalopram
5560:2019-11-21
5547:StatPearls
5294:. UpToDate
5084:2019-10-23
5079:poison.org
5016:2019-11-21
4844:2019-10-21
4839:poison.org
4142:2019-10-24
3410:: 212290.
3066:2014-03-05
3002:(1): 1–8.
2182:2024-01-09
2158:References
2113:Geriatrics
2104:Pediatrics
2057:Management
2006:Somnolence
1955:withdrawal
1929:citalopram
1917:nyctalopia
1913:palinopsia
1869:, such as
1833:vardenafil
1831:(Cialis),
1827:(Viagra),
1825:sildenafil
1813:anorgasmia
1809:anorgasmia
1716:analgesics
1684:duloxetine
1544:Duloxetine
1357:inhibiting
1250:Depression
1234:morpholine
1080:paroxetine
1001:previously
961:tryptophan
895:-mediated
893:cyclic AMP
812:metabolism
764:fluoxetine
740:depression
728:Imipramine
700:iproniazid
692:See also:
427:nefazodone
412:Duloxetine
364:Duloxetine
310:Brand name
307:Medication
249:(NAT) are
241:The human
192:menopausal
131:D000068760
81:Depression
54:Duloxetine
40:Drug class
10352:See also:
10327:SoRI-9804
10275:Reserpine
10245:GBR-12935
10240:Efavirenz
10160:Roxindole
10138:methadone
10125:N-Me-5-HT
10095:Efavirenz
10053:3-MeO-PCP
9996:Amoxapine
9864:Pridefine
9834:Naphyrone
9698:Tofenacin
9617:Trazodone
9607:SB-649915
9602:Quipazine
9597:LY-393558
9522:Ifoxetine
9517:Indalpine
9393:methadone
9282:Mianserin
9272:Amoxapine
9140:Pridefine
9110:Naphyrone
8974:Tofenacin
8924:CP-39,332
8843:Fencamine
8838:Bupropion
8807:Tandamine
8802:Talsupram
8762:Daledalin
8660:Rimcazole
8650:Pridefine
8615:Modafinil
8540:Fluorenol
8510:Efavirenz
8443:Bupropion
8403:Adrafinil
8367:Tropoxane
8257:Altropane
8254:Tropanes:
8231:Naphyrone
8195:Pipradrol
8114:GBR-13098
8109:GBR-13069
8104:GBR-12935
8099:GBR-12783
7989:methadone
7985:oxycodone
7967:methadone
7932:Bupropion
7867:lidocaine
7788:dosulepin
7681:Phase III
7669:Withdrawn
7650:Validolum
7645:Tofisopam
7640:Tiagabine
7630:Picamilon
7610:Opipramol
7535:clonidine
7457:Bupropion
7400:trazodone
7290:Zopiclone
7282:Hypnotics
7272:Etifoxine
7220:Pinazepam
7205:Medazepam
7200:Lorazepam
7195:Ketazolam
7190:Halazepam
7135:Camazepam
7069:Buspirone
6988:Phase III
6976:Withdrawn
6841:Buspirone
6727:Minaprine
6662:Tedizolid
6657:Safrazine
6632:Octamoxin
6627:Nialamide
6617:Linezolid
6612:Isoniazid
6522:Mianserin
6464:Opipramol
6429:Iprindole
6409:Dosulepin
6374:Amoxapine
6330:Tricyclic
6188:Trazodone
6145:Mianserin
6117:Bupropion
6051:Tofenacin
5993:Indalpine
5942:Specific
5128:145217439
4650:Database"
4210:250646781
4184:1476-5578
4095:(9): 63.
3833:agents".
2846:8 October
2675:CNS Drugs
2629:29 August
2300:205396280
2222:1092-8529
2096:Pregnancy
1976:half-life
1871:ibuprofen
1829:tadalafil
1817:bupropion
1805:anhedonia
1784:mydriasis
1752:myoclonus
1732:linezolid
1418:microglia
1385:microglia
1259:Analgesic
1050:half-life
1030:receptors
971:into the
698:In 1952,
578:withdrawn
423:hepatitis
368:Cymbalta
220:serotonin
10416:Category
10406:Medicine
10314:Luteolin
10265:Lobeline
10255:Ibogaine
10154:tramadol
10100:Hypidone
10061:ketamine
10039:loxapine
9899:Tropanes
9829:Mazindol
9819:JZ-IV-10
9653:CP-39332
9612:TGBA01AD
9405:tramadol
9348:ketamine
9334:loxapine
9175:Tropanes
9105:Mazindol
9095:JZ-IV-10
8797:Talopram
8782:Mazindol
8747:Amedalin
8605:Metaphit
8600:Mesocarb
8590:Mazindol
8560:Ketamine
8362:Troparil
8119:JJC8-088
7997:tramadol
7981:morphine
7959:ketamine
7949:nabilone
7941:cannabis
7810:tramadol
7625:Phenibut
7605:Nicotine
7525:prazosin
7338:Phenibut
7318:blockers
7225:Prazepam
7215:Oxazepam
7180:Etizolam
7170:Diazepam
7145:Clobazam
7074:Gepirone
7061:agonists
6914:GABAkine
6592:Benmoxin
6548:Tiazesim
6272:Ketamine
6257:Gepirone
5884:36725015
5835:25037293
5786:29031880
5778:12364842
5742:29588049
5690:30123033
5638:17394446
5555:29493999
5528:24167687
5479:51677365
5471:30016772
5426:30016772
5385:26834969
5336:17445831
5278:35235167
5229:26579809
5199:Medicine
5180:21743381
5120:18515448
5061:18625822
4993:29955469
4941:16848675
4881:11838623
4821:29315692
4759:29158677
4708:37959124
4700:15784664
4628:23397050
4574:28503727
4522:DailyMed
4487:DailyMed
4452:DailyMed
4427:37792842
4419:19810918
4370:39281923
4362:22251606
4323:21485745
4274:15910402
4233:18494537
4202:35854107
4193:10618090
4119:28791566
4070:33518952
4027:21779536
3986:19643572
3947:20514212
3898:16165158
3863:45621773
3855:17588546
3816:18387300
3781:15454233
3746:19329313
3711:18445525
3671:18207394
3631:18557608
3595:16973367
3554:15664840
3483:29344343
3434:26576188
3385:23634771
3377:10523062
3283:40022100
3275:16142213
3229:12208564
3191:15320756
3142:13228862
3134:15033341
3024:35064471
2981:24861828
2929:14512125
2891:22620947
2883:16451094
2815:12007530
2741:12648895
2703:22242897
2695:17579500
2649:DailyMed
2591:DailyMed
2550:16199241
2508:18022449
2500:15254142
2464:19698900
2430:15063064
2422:16675639
2384:25643025
2335:18691982
2292:28151738
2257:19740668
2131:See also
2122:Research
2051:Vomiting
2021:Seizures
1996:Symptoms
1983:Overdose
1972:tramadol
1875:naproxen
1863:warfarin
1852:Bleeding
1837:avanafil
1649:ratio is
1460: :
1441:Compound
1361:reuptake
1320:Chronic
1203:and low
1189:)-isomer
1124:WY-46824
1088:aromatic
783:dopamine
750:issues.
748:toxicity
716:dopamine
586:Tramadol
500:Impulsor
332:Pristiq
226:. These
216:reuptake
204:migraine
198:(ADHD),
68:Synonyms
10250:GZ-793A
10194:(e.g.,
10132:(e.g.,
10130:Opioids
10051:(e.g.,
10037:(e.g.,
10003:(e.g.,
9991:A-80426
9988:Others:
9950:Doxepin
9903:cocaine
9901:(e.g.,
9849:NS-2359
9844:Nefopam
9799:HDMP-28
9789:EXP-561
9749:Cocaine
9678:McN5652
9557:RTI-353
9387:(e.g.,
9385:Opioids
9346:(e.g.,
9332:(e.g.,
9310:(e.g.,
9305:Others:
9226:Doxepin
9179:cocaine
9177:(e.g.,
9125:NS-2359
9120:Nefopam
9075:HDMP-28
9065:EXP-561
9025:Cocaine
8949:McN5652
8868:LR-5182
8630:NS-2359
8620:Nefopam
8580:LR-5182
8525:EXP-561
8400:Others:
8352:RTI-336
8347:RTI-229
8342:RTI-177
8337:RTI-150
8332:RTI-126
8327:RTI-121
8322:RTI-113
8317:RTI-112
8277:Cocaine
8175:HDMP-28
8094:DBL-583
7975:(e.g.,
7973:Opioids
7957:(e.g.,
7939:(e.g.,
7885:(e.g.,
7865:(e.g.,
7831:(e.g.,
7804:(e.g.,
7778:(e.g.,
7759:(e.g.,
7595:Mebicar
7551:(e.g.,
7533:(e.g.,
7523:(e.g.,
7449:Others:
7443:(e.g.,
7428:(e.g.,
7413:(e.g.,
7398:(e.g.,
7383:(e.g.,
7368:(e.g.,
7249:(e.g.,
7239:(e.g.,
7232:Alpidem
7229:Others:
6846:Lithium
6414:Doxepin
5946:and/or
5875:9887507
5826:4122285
5733:5877120
5681:6096863
5595:6 April
5519:3805457
5376:4722507
5298:28 June
5269:8889058
5220:4652818
5171:3212440
5052:2464814
4984:6007725
4812:6033155
4750:5683798
4646:"PDSP K
4642:Roth BL
4619:3579642
4314:3181969
4110:5548844
4062:9505987
4018:3140892
3938:2811866
3474:5761909
3425:4630974
3237:7989883
3182:2493295
3016:9694520
2972:4179877
2749:5978467
2375:4428540
2173:"SNRIs"
2026:Syncope
1963:anxiety
1861:, like
1780:bulimia
1744:ecstasy
1736:Lithium
1538:11.2:1
1161:allylic
948:called
831:in the
819:- and α
785:in the
736:synapse
688:History
681:(HRT).
631:Effexor
618:Germany
550:Obesity
544:Meridia
498:Savella
459:Fetzima
447:CYP 2D6
433:(MDD),
370:Irenka
212:inhibit
178:(MDD),
93:Obesity
85:Anxiety
10392:Portal
10304:Others
9859:PRC200
9804:HP-505
9547:PIM-35
9135:PRC200
9080:HP-505
8888:O-2172
8635:O-2172
8312:RTI-55
7910:Others
7794:Opioid
7664:WHO-EM
7635:Selank
7563:Others
6971:WHO-EM
6684:Mixed:
6541:Others
6225:Others
6133:NaSSAs
5882:
5872:
5833:
5823:
5784:
5776:
5740:
5730:
5688:
5678:
5636:
5553:
5526:
5516:
5477:
5469:
5424:
5383:
5373:
5334:
5276:
5266:
5227:
5217:
5178:
5168:
5126:
5118:
5059:
5049:
4991:
4981:
4939:
4879:
4819:
4809:
4757:
4747:
4706:
4698:
4660:7 July
4626:
4616:
4572:
4425:
4417:
4368:
4360:
4321:
4311:
4272:
4231:
4208:
4200:
4190:
4182:
4117:
4107:
4068:
4060:
4025:
4015:
3984:
3945:
3935:
3896:
3861:
3853:
3814:
3779:
3744:
3709:
3669:
3629:
3593:
3552:
3507:
3481:
3471:
3432:
3422:
3383:
3375:
3281:
3273:
3235:
3227:
3189:
3179:
3140:
3132:
3022:
3014:
2979:
2969:
2927:
2889:
2881:
2813:
2747:
2739:
2701:
2693:
2548:
2506:
2498:
2462:
2428:
2420:
2382:
2372:
2333:
2298:
2290:
2255:
2220:
1988:Causes
1957:, or "
1927:, and
1807:, and
1746:, and
1641:. The
1633:and IC
1560:5.4:1
1516:9.8:1
1454:~Ratio
1285:(PTSD)
1238:sulfur
1217:enzyme
901:enzyme
614:opioid
590:Ultram
322:Notes
10175:VMATs
8387:WF-33
8382:WF-31
8377:WF-23
8372:WF-11
7753:SNRIs
7437:MAOIs
7422:TeCAs
7392:SARIs
7377:SNRIs
7362:SSRIs
6941:5-HTP
6505:TeCAs
6166:SARIs
6100:NDRIs
6019:SNRIs
5961:SSRIs
5782:S2CID
5589:(PDF)
5578:(PDF)
5475:S2CID
5124:S2CID
4704:S2CID
4423:S2CID
4366:S2CID
4206:S2CID
4066:S2CID
3859:S2CID
3381:S2CID
3279:S2CID
3233:S2CID
3138:S2CID
3060:(PDF)
3045:(PDF)
3020:S2CID
2887:S2CID
2863:Drugs
2745:S2CID
2699:S2CID
2623:(PDF)
2616:(PDF)
2504:S2CID
2426:S2CID
2296:S2CID
2272:JAAPA
1700:MAOIs
1535:531.3
1532:558.4
1510:1,920
1297:(SAD)
1291:(GAD)
1279:(MDD)
702:, an
670:Wyeth
165:SNRIs
10215:AZIK
10204:MDMA
9693:PPPA
9436:SRIs
9425:SERT
8969:PPPA
8726:NRIs
8226:MDPV
8073:DRIs
7879:TCAs
7798:MRIs
7772:TCAs
7731:and
7407:TCAs
7314:VDCC
7102:PAMs
7090:GABA
7050:5-HT
7040:N05B
6907:SAMe
6347:TCAs
6332:and
6067:NRIs
5929:N06A
5880:PMID
5831:PMID
5774:PMID
5738:PMID
5686:PMID
5634:PMID
5597:2011
5551:PMID
5524:PMID
5467:PMID
5422:PMID
5381:PMID
5332:PMID
5300:2012
5274:PMID
5225:PMID
5176:PMID
5116:PMID
5057:PMID
4989:PMID
4937:PMID
4877:PMID
4817:PMID
4755:PMID
4696:PMID
4662:2018
4624:PMID
4570:PMID
4530:2023
4495:2023
4460:2023
4415:PMID
4358:PMID
4319:PMID
4270:PMID
4229:PMID
4198:PMID
4180:ISSN
4115:PMID
4058:PMID
4023:PMID
3982:PMID
3943:PMID
3894:PMID
3851:PMID
3812:PMID
3777:PMID
3742:PMID
3707:PMID
3667:PMID
3627:PMID
3591:PMID
3550:PMID
3505:ISBN
3479:PMID
3430:PMID
3373:PMID
3271:PMID
3225:PMID
3187:PMID
3130:PMID
3012:PMID
2977:PMID
2925:PMID
2879:PMID
2848:2010
2811:PMID
2780:2016
2737:PMID
2691:PMID
2657:2023
2631:2016
2599:2023
2546:PMID
2496:PMID
2460:PMID
2418:PMID
2380:PMID
2331:PMID
2288:PMID
2253:PMID
2218:ISSN
2011:Coma
1659:and
1657:SERT
1643:5-HT
1621:10.5
1618:92.2
1615:19.0
1612:11.2
1590:8.44
1554:1.17
1548:0.07
1529:47.3
1526:40.2
1513:1420
1458:5-HT
1445:SERT
1433:and
1431:SERT
1400:and
1359:the
1109:and
1017:and
1008:mACh
987:and
656:1994
600:1977
572:for
556:1997
513:1996
496:Ixel
482:The
469:2013
404:2004
345:2007
222:and
214:the
125:MeSH
89:Pain
10210:APP
8715:NET
8433:BTQ
8272:CFT
8062:DAT
8009:GHB
7447:);
6870:),
6758:MAO
6698:MAO
6199:SMS
5870:PMC
5862:doi
5858:380
5854:BMJ
5821:PMC
5813:doi
5766:doi
5728:PMC
5720:doi
5676:PMC
5668:doi
5624:doi
5514:PMC
5506:doi
5457:hdl
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