Pain - Knowledge

637: 276:". Traditionally, the distinction between acute and chronic pain has relied upon an arbitrary interval of time between onset and resolution; the two most commonly used markers being 3 months and 6 months since the onset of pain, though some theorists and researchers have placed the transition from acute to chronic pain at 12 months. Others apply "acute" to pain that lasts less than 30 days, "chronic" to pain of more than six months' duration, and "subacute" to pain that lasts from one to six months. A popular alternative definition of "chronic pain", involving no arbitrarily fixed duration, is "pain that extends beyond the expected period of healing". Chronic pain may be classified as " 600: 620:

independent of touch and other senses". Another theory that came to prominence in the 18th and 19th centuries was intensive theory, which conceived of pain not as a unique sensory modality, but an emotional state produced by stronger than normal stimuli such as intense light, pressure or temperature. By the mid-1890s, specificity was backed mostly by physiologists and physicians, and the intensive theory was mostly backed by psychologists. However, after a series of clinical observations by

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though the number of patients enrolled in the studies was low, raising issues related to the statistical power to detect group differences, and most lacked credible controls for placebo or expectation. The authors concluded that "although the findings provide support for the general applicability of hypnosis in the treatment of chronic pain, considerably more research will be needed to fully determine the effects of hypnosis for different chronic-pain conditions."

9522: 1079: 8330: 8324: 1235:, is pain caused, increased or prolonged by mental, emotional or behavioral factors. Headaches, back pain and stomach pain are sometimes diagnosed as psychogenic. Those affected are often stigmatized, because both medical professionals and the general public tend to think that pain from a psychological source is not "real". However, specialists consider that it is no less actual or hurtful than pain from any other source. 801:

activities may affect both sensory and affective experience or they may modify primarily the affective-motivational dimension. Thus, excitement in games or war appears to block both the sensory-discriminative and affective-motivational dimensions of pain, while suggestion and placebos may modulate only the affective-motivational dimension and leave the sensory-discriminative dimension relatively undisturbed. (p. 432)

9534: 45: 9080: 1702:, the principal author of two U.S. federal laws regulating pain relief for animals, wrote that researchers remained unsure into the 1980s as to whether animals experience pain, and that veterinarians trained in the U.S. before 1989 were simply taught to ignore animal pain. The ability of invertebrate species of animals, such as insects, to feel pain and suffering is unclear. 446:. Such patients report that they have pain but are not bothered by it; they recognize the sensation of pain but suffer little, or not at all. Indifference to pain can also rarely be present from birth; these people have normal nerves on medical investigations, and find pain unpleasant, but do not avoid repetition of the pain stimulus. 934:

intermediate descriptors as to avoid marking of scores around a preferred numeric value. When applied as a pain descriptor, these anchors are often 'no pain' and 'worst imaginable pain". Cut-offs for pain classification have been recommended as no pain (0–4mm), mild pain (5–44mm), moderate pain (45–74mm) and severe pain (75–100mm).

1713:, as living beings, can perceive and communicate physical stimuli and damage, they do not feel pain simply because of the lack of any pain receptors, nerves, or a brain, and, by extension, a lack of consciousness. Many plants are known to perceive and respond to mechanical stimuli at a cellular level, and some plants such as the 413: 1721:, are known for their "obvious sensory abilities". Nevertheless, no member of the plant kingdom does feel pain notwithstanding their abilities to respond to sunlight, gravity, wind, and any external stimuli such as insect bites since they lack any nervous system. The primary reason for this is that, unlike the members of the 412: 417: 416: 411: 840:

be the one whose pains are well balanced. Those pains which mean certain death when ignored will become the most powerfully felt. The relative intensities of pain, then, may resemble the relative importance of that risk to our ancestors. This resemblance will not be perfect, however, because natural selection can be a

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experience several bouts of pain per day, or it may reoccur less often. It is often described as shooting, crushing, burning or cramping. If the pain is continuous for a long period, parts of the intact body may become sensitized, so that touching them evokes pain in the phantom limb. Phantom limb pain may accompany

557:. Across studies, participants that were subjected to acute physical pain in the laboratory subsequently reported feeling better than those in non-painful control conditions, a finding which was also reflected in physiological parameters. A potential mechanism to explain this effect is provided by the 1504:

effect is more pronounced in people who are prone to anxiety, and so anxiety reduction may account for some of the effect, but it does not account for all of it. Placebos are more effective for intense pain than mild pain; and they produce progressively weaker effects with repeated administration. It

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can be the result of social and cultural expectations, with women expected to be more emotional and show pain, and men more stoic. As a result, female pain is often stigmatized, leading to less urgent treatment of women based on social expectations of their ability to accurately report it. This leads

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Cultural barriers may also affect the likelihood of reporting pain. Patients may feel that certain treatments go against their religious beliefs. They may not report pain because they feel it is a sign that death is near. Many people fear the stigma of addiction, and avoid pain treatment so as not to

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addresses the question of why pain should have the quality of being painful. He describes the alternative as a mental raising of a "red flag". To argue why that red flag might be insufficient, Dawkins argues that drives must compete with one another within living beings. The most "fit" creature would

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of phantom pain in upper limb amputees is nearly 82%, and in lower limb amputees is 54%. One study found that eight days after amputation, 72% of patients had phantom limb pain, and six months later, 67% reported it. Some amputees experience continuous pain that varies in intensity or quality; others

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Hawker GA, Mian S, Kendzerska T, French M (November 2011). "Measures of adult pain: Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS Pain), Numeric Rating Scale for Pain (NRS Pain), McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), Chronic Pain Grade Scale (CPGS), Short Form-36 Bodily

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in 1968: "Pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever he says it does". To assess intensity, the patient may be asked to locate their pain on a scale of 0 to 10, with 0 being no pain at all, and 10 the worst pain they have ever felt. Quality can be established by

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is used as retribution for an offence, for the purpose of disciplining or reforming a wrongdoer, or to deter attitudes or behaviour deemed unacceptable. In Western societies, the intentional infliction of severe pain (torture) was principally used to extract confession prior to its abolition in the

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Beliefs about pain play an important role in sporting cultures. Pain may be viewed positively, exemplified by the 'no pain, no gain' attitude, with pain seen as an essential part of training. Sporting culture tends to normalise experiences of pain and injury and celebrate athletes who 'play hurt'.

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to be effective in controlling pain associated with diagnostic and surgical procedures in both adults and children, as well as pain associated with cancer and childbirth. A 2007 review of 13 studies found evidence for the efficacy of hypnosis in the reduction of chronic pain under some conditions,

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are also potential pain indicators. In patients who possess language but are incapable of expressing themselves effectively, such as those with dementia, an increase in confusion or display of aggressive behaviors or agitation may signal that discomfort exists, and further assessment is necessary.

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Pain, however, does not only wave a "red flag" within living beings but may also act as a warning sign and a call for help to other living beings. Especially in humans who readily helped each other in case of sickness or injury throughout their evolutionary history, pain might be shaped by natural

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evoked by a filling bladder or bowel, or, in five to ten percent of paraplegics, phantom body pain in areas of complete sensory loss. This phantom body pain is initially described as burning or tingling but may evolve into severe crushing or pinching pain, or the sensation of fire running down the

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Specialists believe that all vertebrates can feel pain, and that certain invertebrates, like the octopus, may also. The presence of pain in animals is unknown, but can be inferred through physical and behavioral reactions, such as paw withdrawal from various noxious mechanical stimuli in rodents.

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They theorized that pain intensity (the sensory discriminative dimension) and unpleasantness (the affective-motivational dimension) are not simply determined by the magnitude of the painful stimulus, but "higher" cognitive activities can influence perceived intensity and unpleasantness. Cognitive

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theorized that pain was a disturbance that passed along nerve fibers until the disturbance reached the brain. Descartes' work, along with Avicenna's, prefigured the 19th-century development of specificity theory. Specificity theory saw pain as "a specific sensation, with its own sensory apparatus

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saline into the soft tissue between vertebrae produces local pain that radiates into the phantom limb for ten minutes or so and may be followed by hours, weeks, or even longer of partial or total relief from phantom pain. Vigorous vibration or electrical stimulation of the stump, or current from

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A survey of 6,636 children (0–18 years of age) found that, of the 5,424 respondents, 54% had experienced pain in the preceding three months. A quarter reported having experienced recurrent or continuous pain for three months or more, and a third of these reported frequent and intense pain. The

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Pain is a symptom of many medical conditions. Knowing the time of onset, location, intensity, pattern of occurrence (continuous, intermittent, etc.), exacerbating and relieving factors, and quality (burning, sharp, etc.) of the pain will help the examining physician to accurately diagnose the

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The way in which one experiences and responds to pain is related to sociocultural characteristics, such as gender, ethnicity, and age. An aging adult may not respond to pain in the same way that a younger person might. Their ability to recognize pain may be blunted by illness or the use of

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With a non-communicative person, observation becomes critical, and specific behaviors can be monitored as pain indicators. Behaviors such as facial grimacing and guarding (trying to protect part of the body from being bumped or touched) indicate pain, as well as an increase or decrease in

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The visual analogue scale is a common, reproducible tool in the assessment of pain and pain relief. The scale is a continuous line anchored by verbal descriptors, one for each extreme of pain where a higher score indicates greater pain intensity. It is usually 10 cm in length with no

711:. The paleospinothalamic tract carries the slow, dull, C-fiber pain signal. Some of the paleospinothalamic fibers peel off in the brain stem, connecting with the reticular formation or midbrain periaqueductal gray, and the remainder terminate in the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus. 419: 2814:

Caraceni A, Hanks G, Kaasa S, Bennett MI, Brunelli C, Cherny N, Dale O, De Conno F, Fallon M, Hanna M, Haugen DF, Juhl G, King S, Klepstad P, Laugsand EA, Maltoni M, Mercadante S, Nabal M, Pigni A, Radbruch L, Reid C, Sjogren P, Stone PC, Tassinari D, Zeppetella G (February 2012).

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studies have reported widely varying prevalence rates for chronic pain, ranging from 12 to 80% of the population. It becomes more common as people approach death. A study of 4,703 patients found that 26% had pain in the last two years of life, increasing to 46% in the last month.

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be prescribed potentially addicting drugs. Many Asians do not want to lose respect in society by admitting they are in pain and need help, believing the pain should be borne in silence, while other cultures feel they should report pain immediately to receive immediate relief.

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A person's self-report is the most reliable measure of pain. Some health care professionals may underestimate pain severity. A definition of pain widely employed in nursing, emphasizing its subjective nature and the importance of believing patient reports, was introduced by

675:) than the unmyelinated C fiber (0.5–2 m/s). Pain evoked by the A-delta fibers is described as sharp and is felt first. This is followed by a duller pain, often described as burning, carried by the C fibers. These A-delta and C fibers enter the spinal cord via 473:

in countries where that disease is prevalent. These individuals are at risk of tissue damage and infection due to undiscovered injuries. People with diabetes-related nerve damage, for instance, sustain poorly-healing foot ulcers as a result of decreased sensation.

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The paper ends with a call to action: "Pain can be treated not only by trying to cut down the sensory input by anesthetic block, surgical intervention and the like, but also by influencing the motivational-affective and cognitive factors as well." (p. 435)

372:. It is common in cancer patients who often have background pain that is generally well-controlled by medications, but who also sometimes experience bouts of severe pain that from time to time "breaks through" the medication. The characteristics of breakthrough 7366:

Given that plants do not have pain receptors, nerves, or a brain, they do not feel pain as we members of the animal kingdom understand it. Uprooting a carrot or trimming a hedge is not a form of botanical torture, and you can bite into that apple without

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may also indicate the older adult is experiencing pain. They may be reluctant to report pain because they do not want to be perceived as weak, or may feel it is impolite or shameful to complain, or they may feel the pain is a form of deserved punishment.

481:". Children with this condition incur carelessly-repeated damage to their tongues, eyes, joints, skin, and muscles. Some die before adulthood, and others have a reduced life expectancy. Most people with congenital insensitivity to pain have one of five 1141:

pain is initiated by activation of nociceptors in the skin or other superficial tissue, and is sharp, well-defined and clearly located. Examples of injuries that produce superficial somatic pain include minor wounds and minor (first degree) burns.

994:, but lack the language needed to report it, and so communicate distress by crying. A non-verbal pain assessment should be conducted involving the parents, who will notice changes in the infant which may not be obvious to the health care provider. 817:

retraction from the painful stimulus, and tendencies to protect the affected body part while it heals, and avoid that harmful situation in the future. It is an important part of animal life, vital to healthy survival. People with

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article "Pain Mechanisms: A New Theory". The authors proposed that the thin C and A-delta (pain) and large diameter A-beta (touch, pressure, vibration) nerve fibers carry information from the site of injury to two destinations in the

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in the brains of newborns one second after the heel lance procedure. Sweet liquid by mouth moderately reduces the rate and duration of crying caused by immunization injection in children between one and twelve months of age.

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and other interventions. Spinal manipulation produces the same outcome as other treatments, such as general practitioner care, pain-relief drugs, physical therapy, and exercise, for acute (short-term) lower back pain.

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Treede RD, Jensen TS, Campbell JN, Cruccu G, Dostrovsky JO, Griffin JW, Hansson P, Hughes R, Nurmikko T, Serra J (April 2008). "Neuropathic pain: redefinition and a grading system for clinical and research purposes".

414: 7529: 7514: 7490: 2979: 1094:), and may be classified according to the mode of noxious stimulation. The most common categories are "thermal" (e.g. heat or cold), "mechanical" (e.g. crushing, tearing, shearing, etc.) and "chemical" (e.g. 148:

is removed and the body has healed, but it may persist despite removal of the stimulus and apparent healing of the body. Sometimes pain arises in the absence of any detectable stimulus, damage or disease.

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Chang SC, Hsu CH, Hsu CK, Yang SS, Chang SJ (February 2017). "The efficacy of acupuncture in managing patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A systemic review and meta-analysis".

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The administration of torture on bodies othered by the cultural narrative, those observed as not 'full members of society' met a resurgence in the 20th century, possibly due to the heightened warfare.

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Idiopathic pain (pain that persists after the trauma or pathology has healed, or that arises without any apparent cause) may be an exception to the idea that pain is helpful to survival, although some

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Jensen TS, Krebs B, Nielsen J, Rasmussen P (March 1985). "Immediate and long-term phantom limb pain in amputees: incidence, clinical characteristics and relationship to pre-amputation limb pain".

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If I have matters right, the consequences of pain will include direct physical distress, unemployment, financial difficulties, marital disharmony, and difficulties in concentration and attention…

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may occur under special circumstances, such as in the excitement of sport or war: a soldier on the battlefield may feel no pain for many hours from a traumatic amputation or other severe injury.

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injections into the nerves or sensitive areas of the stump may relieve pain for days, weeks, or sometimes permanently, despite the drug wearing off in a matter of hours; and small injections of

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is pain experienced in response to a normally painless stimulus. It has no biological function and is classified by characteristics of the stimuli as cold, heat, touch, pressure or a pinprick.

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The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) says that due to a lack of evidence from high quality research, it does not endorse the general use of cannabinoids to treat pain.

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Perquin CW, Hazebroek-Kampschreur AA, Hunfeld JA, Bohnen AM, van Suijlekom-Smit LW, Passchier J, van der Wouden JC (July 2000). "Pain in children and adolescents: a common experience".

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along the nerve fiber to the spinal cord. The "specificity" (whether it responds to thermal, chemical or mechanical features of its environment) of a nociceptor is determined by which

1258:"). Some investigators have argued that it is this neuroticism that causes acute pain to turn chronic, but clinical evidence points in the other direction, to chronic pain causing 3798: 5693: 1646:

Many cultures use painful ritual practices as a catalyst for psychological transformation. The use of pain to transition to a 'cleansed and purified' state is seen in religious

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Physical pain is a universal experience, and a strong motivator of human and animal behavior. As such, physical pain is used politically in relation to various issues such as

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people cannot use words to tell others that they are experiencing pain. However, they may be able to communicate through other means, such as blinking, pointing, or nodding.

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legs or of a knife twisting in the flesh. Onset may be immediate or may not occur until years after the disabling injury. Surgical treatment rarely provides lasting relief.

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it expresses at its peripheral end. Dozens of different types of nociceptor ion channels have so far been identified, and their exact functions are still being determined.

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Green CR, Anderson KO, Baker TA, Campbell LC, Decker S, Fillingim RB, Kalauokalani DA, Kaloukalani DA, Lasch KE, Myers C, Tait RC, Todd KH, Vallerand AH (September 2003).

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Pain is the most common reason for physician consultation in most developed countries. It is a major symptom in many medical conditions, and can interfere with a person's

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and their role in pain, various different body functions were proposed to account for pain. There were several competing early theories of pain among the ancient Greeks:

5897:"Does Opioid Tapering in Chronic Pain Patients Result in Improved Pain or Same Pain vs Increased Pain at Taper Completion? A Structured Evidence-Based Systematic Review" 4535: 2590:

Jensen TS, Krebs B, Nielsen J, Rasmussen P (November 1983). "Phantom limb, phantom pain and stump pain in amputees during the first 6 months following limb amputation".

2204: 1525:, published in January 2009, concluded there was little difference in the effect of real, fake and no acupuncture. However, more recent reviews have found some benefit. 628:, the psychologists migrated to specificity almost en masse, and by century's end, most textbooks on physiology and psychology were presenting pain specificity as fact. 4565: 2993: 252:

Pain is usually transitory, lasting only until the noxious stimulus is removed or the underlying damage or pathology has healed. But some painful conditions, such as

4966: 4504: 9775: 5614: 648:, respond only to noxious, high intensity stimuli. At the peripheral end of the nociceptor, noxious stimuli generate currents that, above a given threshold, send 4755: 1623:, a concept that encompasses the "set of mechanisms through which the basic biological features of the human species became the object of a political strategy". 983:

and decreased nutritional intake. A change in condition that deviates from baseline, such as moaning with movement or when manipulating a body part, and limited

883:" is the point at which the subject begins to feel pain, and the "pain threshold intensity" is the stimulus intensity at which the stimulus begins to hurt. The " 144:

to withdraw from damaging situations, to protect a damaged body part while it heals, and to avoid similar experiences in the future. Most pain resolves once the

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Prkachin KM, Solomon PE, Ross J (June 2007). "Underestimation of pain by health-care providers: towards a model of the process of inferring pain in others".

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Another approach, when pain is suspected, is to give the person treatment for pain, and then watch to see whether the suspected indicators of pain subside.

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of the spinal cord, and that A-beta fiber signals acting on inhibitory cells in the dorsal horn can reduce the intensity of pain signals sent to the brain.

726:(thought to embody, among other things, the affective/motivational element, the unpleasantness of pain), and pain that is distinctly located also activates 7250:

Abbott FV, Franklin KB, Westbrook FR (January 1995). "The formalin test: scoring properties of the first and second phases of the pain response in rats".

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Urch CE, Suzuki R (26 September 2008). "Pathophysiology of somatic, visceral, and neuropathic cancer pain". In Sykes N, Bennett MI & Yuan C-S (ed.).

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to a distant, usually superficial, structure. It may be accompanied by nausea and vomiting and may be described as sickening, deep, squeezing, and dull.

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is possible for many with chronic pain to become so absorbed in an activity or entertainment that the pain is no longer felt, or is greatly diminished.

745:, respond to A-delta and C fibers, but also to the much larger, more heavily myelinated A-beta fibers that carry touch, pressure and vibration signals. 438:

definition of pain, it is possible in some patients to induce a state known as pain asymbolia, described as intense pain devoid of unpleasantness, with

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are more likely than others to suffer unnecessarily while in the care of a physician; and women's pain is more likely to be undertreated than men's.

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Panju AA, Hemmelgarn BR, Guyatt GH, Simel DL (October 1998). "The rational clinical examination. Is this patient having a myocardial infarction?".

536: 490: 6173:"Acupuncture treatment for pain: systematic review of randomised clinical trials with acupuncture, placebo acupuncture, and no acupuncture groups" 6364:

Gagnier JJ, Oltean H, van Tulder MW, Berman BM, Bombardier C, Robbins CB (January 2016). "Herbal Medicine for Low Back Pain: A Cochrane Review".

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Nociceptive pain may also be classed according to the site of origin and divided into "visceral", "deep somatic" and "superficial somatic" pain.

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More recently, McCaffery defined pain as "whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever the experiencing person says it does."

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For example, lack of food, extreme cold, or serious injuries are felt as exceptionally painful, whereas minor damage is felt as mere discomfort.

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Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage

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Spinal cord fibers dedicated to carrying A-delta fiber pain signals, and others that carry both A-delta and C fiber pain signals to the

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Cordell WH, Keene KK, Giles BK, Jones JB, Jones JH, Brizendine EJ (May 2002). "The high prevalence of pain in emergency medical care".

4659:"Towards a physiology-based measure of pain: patterns of human brain activity distinguish painful from non-painful thermal stimulation" 5856:"Evidence of opioid-induced hyperalgesia in clinical populations after chronic opioid exposure: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 7618: 2448:

Jensen TS, Finnerup NB (September 2014). "Allodynia and hyperalgesia in neuropathic pain: clinical manifestations and mechanisms".

1376:. It is a specialty only in China and Australia at this time. Elsewhere, pain medicine is a subspecialty under disciplines such as 5173:

Jacobson PL, Mann JD (January 2003). "Evolving role of the neurologist in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic noncancer pain".

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Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Deery HG, Embil JM, Joseph WS, Karchmer AW, LeFrock JL, Lew DP, Mader JT, Norden C, Tan JS (October 2004).

527:, problem solving, and information processing speed. Pain is also associated with increased depression, anxiety, fear, and anger. 5561: 5504: 2282: 1725:

whose evolutionary successes and failures are shaped by suffering, the evolution of plants are simply shaped by life and death.

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vocalizations, changes in routine behavior patterns and mental status changes. Patients experiencing pain may exhibit withdrawn

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psychologists argue that such pain is psychogenic, enlisted as a protective distraction to keep dangerous emotions unconscious.

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Hart RP, Wade JB, Martelli MF (April 2003). "Cognitive impairment in patients with chronic pain: the significance of stress".

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intensity of chronic pain was higher for girls, and girls' reports of chronic pain increased markedly between ages 12 and 14.

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fibers. Because the A-delta fiber is thicker than the C fiber, and is thinly sheathed in an electrically insulating material (

493:). These conditions feature decreased sensitivity to pain together with other neurological abnormalities, particularly of the 164:, problem solving and information processing speed, and are more likely to experience irritability, depression, and anxiety. 4557: 3009: 1056: 814: 6821:

Atkinson M, Young K (2001). "Flesh journeys: neo primitives and the contemporary rediscovery of radical body modification".

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neuropathic pain is often described as "burning", "tingling", "electrical", "stabbing", or "pins and needles". Bumping the "

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The ability to experience pain is essential for protection from injury, and recognition of the presence of injury. Episodic

5815:"A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Ketamine as an Alternative to Opioids for Acute Pain in the Emergency Department" 5376:"Race, ethnicity, and pain treatment: striving to understand the causes and solutions to the disparities in pain treatment" 4496: 11250: 8655: 8559: 7466: 4254:"The minimum clinically significant difference in visual analogue scale pain score does not differ with severity of pain" 1117:, but relatively insensitive to other stimuli that normally evoke pain in other structures, such as burning and cutting. 519:

Experimental subjects challenged by acute pain and patients in chronic pain experience impairments in attention control,

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Pain can be treated through a variety of methods. The most appropriate method depends upon the situation. Management of

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Melzack R, Katz J (2004). "The Gate Control Theory: Reaching for the Brain". In Craig KD, Hadjistavropoulos T (eds.).

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alerted that tens of millions of people worldwide are still denied access to inexpensive medications for severe pain.

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A much smaller number of people are insensitive to pain due to an inborn abnormality of the nervous system, known as "

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Turk DC, Okifuji A (2001). "Pain terms and taxonomies of pain". In Bonica JJ, Loeser JD, Chapman CR, Turk DC (eds.).

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argued that animals lack consciousness and therefore do not experience pain and suffering in the way that humans do.

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Encandela JA (1997). "Social Construction of pain and aging: Individual artfulness within interpretive structures".

1743:, the tendency to quickly return to a relatively stable level of happiness despite major positive or negative events 10668: 9765: 9725: 8571: 1031:

to extended emergency room wait times for women and frequent dismissal of their ability to accurately report pain.

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In pain science, thresholds are measured by gradually increasing the intensity of a stimulus in a procedure called

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vary from person to person and according to the cause. Management of breakthrough pain can entail intensive use of

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therapy produces the illusion of movement and touch in a phantom limb which in turn may cause a reduction in pain.

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The Social Outcast: Ostracism, Social Exclusion, Rejection, & Bullying (Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology)

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can be used instead of opioids for short-term pain. Pain medications can cause paradoxical side effects, such as

707:. The neospinothalamic tract carries the fast, sharp A-delta signal to the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the 3315:"Pain-related effects of trait anger expression: neural substrates and the role of endogenous opioid mechanisms" 2909: 2029:

Breivik H, Borchgrevink PC, Allen SM, Rosseland LA, Romundstad L, Hals EK, Kvarstein G, Stubhaug A (July 2008).

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Smith AK, Cenzer IS, Knight SJ, Puntillo KA, Widera E, Williams BA, Boscardin WJ, Covinsky KE (November 2010).

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which summarized and evaluated numerous studies from various psychological disciplines, found a reduction in

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Encandela JA (March 1993). "Social science and the study of pain since Zborowski: a need for a new agenda".

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Marchand S (2010). "Applied pain neurophysiology". In Beaulieu P, Lussier D, Porreca F, Dickenson A (eds.).

1102:). Some nociceptors respond to more than one of these modalities and are consequently designated polymodal. 796:"cognitive-evaluative" (cognitions such as appraisal, cultural values, distraction and hypnotic suggestion). 497:. A very rare syndrome with isolated congenital insensitivity to pain has been linked with mutations in the 351:, the loss of sensation and voluntary motor control after serious spinal cord damage, may be accompanied by 11184: 11050: 10961: 9658: 9417: 9238: 8836: 7611: 4747: 2712:

Ramachandran VS, Rogers-Ramachandran D (April 1996). "Synaesthesia in phantom limbs induced with mirrors".

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Breakthrough pain is transitory pain that comes on suddenly and is not alleviated by the patient's regular

172: 6040:"Efficacy of sweet solutions for analgesia in infants between 1 and 12 months of age: a systematic review" 5562:

Delegates to the International Pain Summit of the International Association for the Study of Pain (2010).

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experience less cancer pain, take less pain medication, report less labor pain and are less likely to use

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Pain has psychological, social, and physical dimensions, and is greatly influenced by cultural factors.

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meaning "punishment, penalty" (also meaning "torment, hardship, suffering" in Late Latin) and that from

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The neurobiology of pain: Symposium of the Northern Neurobiology Group, held at Leeds on 18 April 1983

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Changes in behavior may be noticed by caregivers who are familiar with the person's normal behavior.

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experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage."

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can significantly affect pain intensity. About 35% of people report marked relief after receiving a

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state of a person with chronic pain. Combining the MPI characterization of the person with their

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Some sensory fibers do not differentiate between noxious and non-noxious stimuli, while others,

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Pain Scale (SF-36 BPS), and Measure of Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain (ICOAP)".

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Although pain is considered to be aversive and unpleasant and is therefore usually avoided, a

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pain is initiated by stimulation of nociceptors in ligaments, tendons, bones, blood vessels,

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theorized that there were a number of feeling senses including touch, pain and titillation.

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brain scanning has been used to measure pain, and correlates well with self-reported pain.

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electrodes surgically implanted onto the spinal cord, all produce relief in some patients.

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has been reserved for offences posing a severe threat to the social fabric (for example,

1627: 1536: 1389: 1319: 1184: 852:

selection to be a credible and convincing signal of the need for relief, help, and care.

756: 719: 688: 676: 466: 167:

Simple pain medications are useful in 20% to 70% of cases. Psychological factors such as

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Raja SN, Carr DB, Cohen M, Finnerup NB, Flor H, Gibson S, et al. (September 2020).

312:, or from which the brain no longer receives signals. It is a type of neuropathic pain. 11449: 10876: 10828: 10782: 10721: 10706: 10260: 10127: 10036: 9635: 9565: 9477: 9371: 9311: 9034: 9014: 8712: 8692: 8677: 8667: 8608: 8588: 8549: 8544: 8509: 8494: 8454: 8414: 8286: 8025: 8015: 7663: 7405: 7380: 7350: 7321: 7294: 7275: 7171: 7128: 7081: 7039: 6968: 6943: 6899: 6882: 6838: 6803: 6762: 6754: 6695: 6647: 6622: 6576: 6476: 6428: 6403: 6341: 6314: 6295: 6251: 6197: 6172: 6148: 6123: 6104: 6020: 5972: 5947: 5790: 5765: 5741: 5716: 5640: 5532: 5520: 5406: 5394: 5234: 5209: 5009: 4932: 4907: 4839: 4819: 4717: 4693: 4658: 4278: 4253: 4095: 4070: 3794: 3737: 3604: 3474: 3419: 3394: 3364: 3339: 3314: 3295: 3247: 3222: 3203: 3055: 2959: 2874: 2791: 2764: 2745: 2658: 2615: 2572: 2517: 2492: 2473: 2380: 2180: 2155: 2096: 2071: 1837: 1810: 1752: 1740: 1397: 1323: 1027: 980: 752: 718:(thought to embody, among other things, the feeling that distinguishes pain from other 608: 458: 98: 76: 20: 6683: 6564: 6008: 5124: 5089: 3043: 2835: 2560: 2545:"Phantom pain and phantom sensations in upper limb amputees: an epidemiological study" 2461: 2003: 1976: 11332: 11301: 11078: 11025: 10956: 10797: 10787: 10543: 10533: 10502: 10406: 10308: 10224: 10147: 10086: 10066: 10046: 9960: 9940: 9833: 9396: 9331: 9306: 9158: 9118: 8697: 8524: 8499: 8476: 8449: 8264: 8254: 8111: 8101: 7968: 7895: 7828: 7798: 7555: 7432: 7410: 7326: 7267: 7263: 7163: 7031: 6973: 6925: 6904: 6861: 6842: 6750: 6687: 6652: 6603: 6568: 6533: 6468: 6433: 6402:

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in more than 50% of cases, and is present in 30% of family practice visits. Several

942:

The Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI) is a questionnaire designed to assess the

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Romanelli P, Esposito V (July 2004). "The functional anatomy of neuropathic pain".

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Cousins and Bridenbaugh's Neural Blockade in Clinical Anesthesia and Pain Medicine

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Fundamentals of nursing : the art and science of person-centered nursing care

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System whose dysfunction may be causing the pain (e.g., nervous, gastrointestinal)

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Kooijman CM, Dijkstra PU, Geertzen JH, Elzinga A, van der Schans CP (July 2000).

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Rupp T, Delaney KA (April 2004). "Inadequate analgesia in emergency medicine".

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Thienhaus O, Cole BE (2002). "The classification of pain". In Weiner RS (ed.).

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Cleeland CS (June 1998). "Undertreatment of cancer pain in elderly patients".

5054: 3768: 3283: 2508: 2243: 1368:, that chronic pain should be considered a disease in its own right, and that 11429: 11423: 11373: 11368: 11322: 11260: 11245: 11141: 10863: 10807: 10622: 10589: 10573: 10492: 10436: 10396: 10345: 10336: 10293: 9843: 9808: 9760: 9720: 9558: 9386: 9381: 9346: 9243: 9233: 9193: 9039: 8974: 8969: 8849: 8534: 8218: 8084: 7936: 7905: 7833: 7738: 7014:

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problem. For example, chest pain described as extreme heaviness may indicate

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Moore RA, Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Maguire T, Roy YM, Tyrrell L (November 2015).

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Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the College de France, 1977–78

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and general functioning. People in pain experience impaired concentration,

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Thienhaus O, Cole BE (2002). "Classification of pain". In Weiner R (ed.).

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frequently display psychological disturbance, with elevated scores on the

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Neuropathic pain is caused by damage or disease affecting any part of the

1133:

and muscles, and is dull, aching, poorly-localized pain. Examples include

125:

is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli. The

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Medical-surgical nursing: Assessment and management of clinical problems

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Some manifestations of neuropathic pain include: traumatic neuropathy,

1173: 1091: 998:

are more sensitive to painful stimuli than those carried to full term.

879:, or chemical stimuli applied to the subject to evoke a response. The " 645: 621: 348: 342: 325: 316: 265: 188: 109: 53: 19:

This article is about physical pain. For mental or emotional pain, see

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Origins of neuroscience: a history of explorations into brain function

1626:

In various contexts, the deliberate infliction of pain in the form of

1528:

Additionally, there is tentative evidence for a few herbal medicines.

1329:

Inadequate treatment of pain is widespread throughout surgical wards,

11020: 10966: 10833: 10363: 10353: 10298: 10288: 10165: 9950: 9919: 9909: 9803: 9730: 9710: 9702: 9674: 9625: 9612: 9447: 9138: 8376: 8351: 8338: 8281: 8227: 8121: 8096: 8065: 7973: 7930: 7910: 7860: 7855: 7793: 7788: 7763: 7703: 7683: 7668: 7658: 6735:"The Fall and Rise of Torture: A Comparative and Historical Analysis" 5946:

Stevens B, Yamada J, Ohlsson A, Haliburton S, Shorkey A (July 2016).

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An analysis of the 13 highest quality studies of pain treatment with

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that respond to stimuli approaching or exceeding harmful intensity (

659:

The pain signal travels from the periphery to the spinal cord along

268:

pain, may persist for years. Pain that lasts a long time is called "

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Wark DM (July 2008). "What we can do with hypnosis: a brief note".

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latter part of the 19th century. Torture as a means to punish the

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The Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs

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recommends using specific features to describe a patient's pain:

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The Unheeded Cry: Animal Consciousness, Animal Pain, and Science

3444:

Linton. Models of Pain Perception. Elsevier Health, 2005. Print.

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Insensitivity to pain may also result from abnormalities in the

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The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis

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Fillingim RB, Loeser JD, Baron R, Edwards RR (September 2016).

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Dallenbach KM (July 1939). "Pain: History and present status".

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Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems

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Draguhn, Andreas; Mallatt, Jon M.; Robinson, David G. (2021).

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Brown JE, Chatterjee N, Younger J, Mackey S (September 2011).

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can be difficult and may require the coordinated efforts of a

950:

is recommended for deriving the most useful case description.

887:

threshold" is reached when the subject acts to stop the pain.

423:

A patient and doctor discuss congenital insensitivity to pain.

10843: 10645: 10558: 10553: 10327: 10237: 10212: 8313: 8239: 8133: 8106: 7985: 7920: 7915: 7885: 7823: 7693: 7688: 6363: 4346:(10th ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier. p. 126. 1781:

Rollin drafted the 1985 Health Research Extension Act and an

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Deandrea S, Montanari M, Moja L, Apolone G (December 2008).

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Bonica JJ (1990). "History of pain concepts and therapies".

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Mishra S, Bhatnagar S, Chaudhary P, Rana SP (January 2009).

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advocates that the relief of pain should be recognized as a

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Working party of the Nuffield Council on Bioethics (2005).

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The gift of pain: why we hurt & what we can do about it

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Horlocker TT, Cousins MJ, Bridenbaugh PO, Carr DL (2008).

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Understanding Pain : Exploring the Perception of Pain

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Le Journal Medical Libanais. The Lebanese Medical Journal

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There has been some interest in the relationship between

1462: 1026:

Gender can also be a perceived factor in reporting pain.

786:

described chronic pain in terms of its three dimensions:

741:

have been identified. Other spinal cord fibers, known as

9776:

congenital insensitivity to pain with partial anhidrosis

7429:

Chasing Pain: The Search for a Neurobiological Mechanism

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on 28 July 2011 – via Online Etymology Dictionary.

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Madsen MV, Gøtzsche PC, Hróbjartsson A (January 2009).

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Acute pain is usually managed with medications such as

813:

Pain is part of the body's defense system, producing a

683:. These spinal cord fibers then cross the cord via the 225:

Region of the body involved (e.g. abdomen, lower limbs)

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Ji M, Wang X, Chen M, Shen Y, Zhang X, Yang J (2015).

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East Sussex: Psychology Press. p. 210. 511:) necessary in conducting pain nerve stimuli. 387: 10197: 9997: 9566: 8908: 7612: 7145: 7007: 6820: 6663: 6587: 6544: 6219: 6072: 5854:Higgins C, Smith BH, Matthews K (June 2019). 5715:Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA (December 2014). 5006: 4987: 4905: 4375: 4373: 4371: 3938:. New York: The Guilford Press. p. 191. 3452: 3450: 2998:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 2411: 2407: 2405: 2313: 2024: 2022: 1799: 1737:, a perceptual state of conscious experience. 1176:" elicits acute peripheral neuropathic pain. 1086:Nociceptive pain is caused by stimulation of 483:hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies 10211: 9443:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring 8386: 8225: 8216: 7983: 7344: 7342: 7340: 7243: 7013: 5496: 5172: 4382:Physical examination & health assessment 4186: 4064: 4062: 3923: 3864: 3552:. US: Oxford University Press. p. 149. 3372:. American Psychological Association (APA). 3306: 3214: 3091: 3016: 2888:(2nd ed.). London: Penguin. p. 7. 2533: 2234:. Pain Management in the Peripartum Period. 2228:"Multimodal Postcesarean Delivery Analgesia" 2225: 1051: 844:. This may have maladaptive results such as 588:believed that it was due to an imbalance in 183:First attested in English in 1297, the word 8885:indicate emotion names in foreign languages 7949: 7348: 7003:. US: Oxford University Press. p. 150. 6915: 6408:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6115: 5952:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5770:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5721:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5145: 5110: 4615: 4580: 4120:Health & physical assessment in nursing 3964: 3789: 3783: 3643: 3620: 3618: 3494: 3485: 3221:Raouf R, Quick K, Wood JN (November 2010). 3177: 3072: 2883: 2705: 2686: 2626: 2583: 2349: 2076:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1974: 1244:Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 1004: 773: 671:), it carries its signal faster (5–30 81:Unpleasant sensory and emotional sensations 10204: 10190: 10004: 9990: 9573: 9559: 8915: 8901: 7619: 7605: 6984: 6614: 6518:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 5764:Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA (July 2015). 5297: 4779: 4558:"Stories of Misunderstanding Women's Pain" 4368: 4172:. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. p. 1716. 3878:. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas. 3860: 3858: 3705: 3680: 3649: 3518: 3516: 3456: 3447: 3173: 3171: 3066: 2402: 2377: 2019: 1121:is diffuse, difficult to locate and often 580:Before the relatively recent discovery of 43: 7404: 7337: 7320: 7310: 6967: 6898: 6797: 6646: 6427: 6340: 6330: 6237: 6220:Chiu HY, Hsieh YJ, Tsai PS (March 2017). 6196: 6147: 6081:The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 6055: 5971: 5871: 5830: 5789: 5740: 5687: 5669: 5509:The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 5459: 5383:The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 5274: 5233: 4931: 4850: 4692: 4682: 4452: 4404: 4277: 4094: 4059: 4021: 4003: 3997: 3590: 3440: 3438: 3418: 3338: 3246: 3115: 2985: 2790: 2780: 2691:(2nd ed.). New York: Penguin Books. 2516: 2179: 2095: 2046: 2002: 1992: 1951: 1927: 1836: 1826: 7110: 6712: 6444: 5895:Fishbain DA, Pulikal A (November 2019). 5338: 5304:Textbook of pediatric emergency medicine 4195:The Canadian Journal of Nursing Research 3882: 3624: 3615: 3263: 2272: 1785:amendment to the 1985 Food Security Act. 1574:Pain is the main reason for visiting an 1077: 922: 635: 598: 503:gene, which codes for a sodium channel ( 408: 355:at the level of the spinal cord damage, 7059: 6998: 6880: 6779: 6639:10.7326/0003-4819-153-9-201011020-00005 4715: 4525: 4494: 3970: 3855: 3572: 3513: 3361: 3168: 2902: 2871: 1886: 1859: 1559:for such a relationship, other than in 1555:and pain, but the evidence so far from 1516: 1424:, may provide some additional benefit. 1420:when added to pain medications such as 241: 11422: 6990: 6941: 6732: 5645:"Tens of Millions Face Death in Agony" 5615:"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation" 5373: 4906:Campbell JN, Meyer RA (October 2006). 4798: 4728:from the original on 25 September 2017 4379: 4142: 3726:10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131022 3547: 3541: 3522: 3435: 3319:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 3139:Raina*, Triveni; Dash, Bhagya Ranjan. 3138: 3077:. Grand Rapids, Mich: Zondervan Publ. 2991: 2933: 2381:"General considerations of acute pain" 2202: 1590: 1445:undergoing some medical procedures (a 1098:in a cut or chemicals released during 10422:Somatosensory system (sense of touch) 10185: 10011: 9985: 9554: 8896: 7600: 7431:. New York: Oxford University Press. 7426: 7225:"A Question of Pain in Invertebrates" 7222: 5651:from the original on 1 September 2013 4856: 4782:Clinical pain management: Cancer pain 4748:"Feeling pain? The computer can tell" 4337: 4335: 4333: 4251: 4170:Taber's cyclopedic medical dictionary 4167: 4117: 4036: 3757:Neurosurgery Clinics of North America 3711: 3368:. In Weisberg JN, Gatchel RJ (eds.). 3227:The Journal of Clinical Investigation 2443: 2441: 1895:"Taxonomy and classification of pain" 1508:A number of meta-analyses have found 1057:Functional magnetic resonance imaging 514: 10407:Vestibular system (sense of balance) 9533: 7239:from the original on 8 October 2011. 6078: 5927:from the original on 18 January 2021 5543:from the original on 1 November 2019 4773: 4497:"When Doctors Don't Listen to Women" 4443:. 1969, San Francisco, CA:Josey-Bass 3888: 3393:Bresin K, Kling L, Verona E (2018). 2880:. New York: Oxford University Press. 2388:. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. 2122:Eisenberger NI, Lieberman M (2005). 1759: 7626: 7467:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4223:. Los Angeles: UCLA Students Store. 2876:Measurement of subjective responses 1892: 1457:). Sugar does not remove pain from 947: 13: 10402:Auditory system (sense of hearing) 6900:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000370157.33223.6d 5521:10.1111/j.1748-720X.2001.tb00037.x 5484:from the original on 30 March 2021 5395:10.1111/j.1748-720X.2001.tb00039.x 4866:The Journal of Supportive Oncology 4820:10.1212/01.wnl.0000282763.29778.59 4568:from the original on 15 April 2019 4330: 3952:from the original on 30 March 2021 3932:"The neuroevolution of motivation" 3911:from the original on 30 March 2021 2438: 2420:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2384:. 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Chichester, UK: Wiley. p. 3272:Current Pain and Headache Reports 2769:Indian Journal of Palliative Care 1650:practices (particularly those of 1372:should have the full status of a 1290:Pain management during childbirth 1160:involved in bodily feelings (the 1034: 212: 10669:Infrared sensing in vampire bats 9766:Congenital insensitivity to pain 9726:Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder 9532: 9521: 9520: 9078: 8922: 8328: 8322: 7372: 7286: 7216: 7182: 7139: 7104: 6935: 6849: 6751:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00300.x 6717:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 1. 6706: 6509: 6487: 6357: 6306: 6262: 6213: 6164: 6044:Archives of Disease in Childhood 6031: 5988: 5888: 5847: 5806: 5757: 5708: 5696:from the original on 5 June 2018 5633: 5607: 5555: 5503:Hoffmann DE, Tarzian AJ (2001). 5461:10.1046/j.1526-4637.2003.03034.x 4908:"Mechanisms of neuropathic pain" 4624:The American Journal of Medicine 4480:Lawhorne L, Passerini J (1999). 4122:. Boston: Pearson. p. 173. 3497:Pain: psychological perspectives 2714:Proceedings. Biological Sciences 1981:Arthritis Research & Therapy 1899:In: The Handbook of Chronic Pain 1775: 1469: 915:having the patient complete the 820:congenital insensitivity to pain 809:Evolutionary and behavioral role 479:congenital insensitivity to pain 453:. This is usually the result of 398:Congenital insensitivity to pain 10397:Visual system (sense of vision) 6887:The American Journal of Nursing 6226:European Journal of Cancer Care 5432: 5367: 5332: 5291: 5250: 5201: 5166: 5139: 5104: 5069: 5034: 4981: 4899: 4740: 4716:Paddock C (15 September 2011). 4709: 4650: 4550: 4519: 4507:from the original on 9 May 2019 4488: 4473: 4446: 4433: 4398: 4294: 4245: 4213: 4161: 4136: 4111: 3799:"Pain mechanisms: a new theory" 3566: 3386: 3331:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.12.003 3132: 2865: 2807: 2756: 2289: 2266: 2219: 2196: 2172:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.4917 1828:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001939 1766: 1569: 1302:team, which typically includes 954:Assessment in non-verbal people 948:IASP five-category pain profile 938:Multidimensional pain inventory 871:which involves such stimuli as 363: 129:defines pain as "an unpleasant 6799:10.1525/eth.1985.13.2.02a00040 6420:10.1002/14651858.CD008880.pub2 6093:10.1080/00029157.2008.10401640 5964:10.1002/14651858.CD001069.pub5 5860:British Journal of Anaesthesia 5782:10.1002/14651858.CD011509.pub2 5733:10.1002/14651858.CD009281.pub3 5007:Main CJ, Spanswick CC (2000). 4227:Pasero C, McCaffery M (1999). 3936:Handbook of Motivation Science 3573:Woolf CJ, Ma Q (August 2007). 3459:American Journal of Psychology 2995:Feeling pain and being in pain 2317:Classification of Chronic Pain 2088:10.1002/14651858.CD010794.pub2 2063: 2035:British Journal of Anaesthesia 1853: 1496:injection they believed to be 1484:coronary artery bypass surgery 1441:) when taken by mouth reduces 1266:fall, often to normal levels. 1227:Psychogenic pain, also called 1216: 1194: 1145: 1067: 732:secondary somatosensory cortex 545:On subsequent negative emotion 457:damage to the nerves, such as 89:Typically depends on the cause 1: 10539:Auditory perception (hearing) 9264:Social cognitive neuroscience 7349:Petruzzello, Melissa (2016). 7190:"Do Invertebrates Feel Pain?" 6684:10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00269-4 6565:10.1016/S1090-3801(02)00025-3 6009:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61358-X 5676:Journal of Paramedic Practice 5090:10.1016/S0899-5885(18)30046-7 4526:Fasslet J (15 October 2015). 4407:Social Science & Medicine 4304:Arthritis Care & Research 3714:Annual Review of Neuroscience 3044:10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00482-7 2836:10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70040-2 2561:10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00264-5 2462:10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70102-4 1792: 1676: 1664:neo-primitive body suspension 1403: 1273: 1082:Mechanism of nociceptive pain 1062: 890: 862: 722:such as itch and nausea) and 569: 11185:Olfactory reference syndrome 10962:Alice in Wonderland syndrome 9239:Molecular cellular cognition 8837:Social emotional development 7264:10.1016/0304-3959(94)00095-V 7060:Sherwin CM (February 2001). 6378:10.1097/BRS.0000000000001310 6272:Neurourology and Urodynamics 5113:Annals of Emergency Medicine 4924:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.09.021 4684:10.1371/journal.pone.0024124 4636:10.1016/0002-9343(76)90496-4 4419:10.1016/0277-9536(93)90039-7 3826:10.1126/science.150.3699.971 3592:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.07.016 3104:Clinical Infectious Diseases 2982:. 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Churchill Livingstone. 4004:Steinkopf L (June 2016). 3769:10.1016/j.nec.2004.02.010 3284:10.1007/s11916-003-0021-5 3223:"Pain as a channelopathy" 2509:10.1007/s00424-014-1532-0 2244:10.1016/j.clp.2013.05.008 1901:. Nova Biomedical Books. 1700:Colorado State University 1052:Physiological measurement 917:McGill Pain Questionnaire 881:pain perception threshold 724:anterior cingulate cortex 685:anterior white commissure 631: 564: 404:Painless (disambiguation) 108: 93: 85: 75: 59: 51: 42: 37: 11094:Music-specific disorders 10450:Vestibulocochlear (VIII) 9580: 9418:Brain–computer interface 9367:Neuromorphic engineering 9292:Educational neuroscience 9199:Nutritional neuroscience 9104:Clinical neurophysiology 9000:Integrative neuroscience 8770:in virtual communication 7391:(2). Springer: 239–248. 7113:The Florida Entomologist 6960:10.1038/sj.embor.7400996 6553:European Journal of Pain 5353:10.1001/jama.279.23.1914 5300:"Sedation and analgesia" 4601:10.1001/jama.280.14.1256 4467:10.1525/si.1997.20.3.251 4045:. New York: ReganBooks. 4023:10.1177/1474704916653964 2126:. In Williams KD (ed.). 1541:clinically insignificant 1531:For chronic (long-term) 1455:intramuscular injections 1306:, clinical pharmacists, 1005:Other reporting barriers 774:Three dimensions of pain 705:paleospinothalamic tract 495:autonomic nervous system 11074:Auditory verbal agnosia 10928:Juxtacapillary receptor 10138:Intrafusal muscle fiber 9887:Posteromarginal nucleus 9822:Measurement and testing 9229:Behavioral neuroscience 7355:Encyclopedia Britannica 6942:Rollin BE (June 2007). 6530:10.1053/ajem.2002.32643 6057:10.1136/adc.2009.174227 5175:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 4010:Evolutionary Psychology 3979:. Free Press. pp. 3891:"Cutaneous nociceptors" 2782:10.4103/0973-1075.53506 2279:A Greek-English Lexicon 2232:Clinics in Perinatology 1316:occupational therapists 592:. In the 11th century, 559:opponent-process theory 521:working memory capacity 11069:Auditory hallucination 10679:Surface wave detection 10284:Multimodal integration 9224:Affective neuroscience 9005:Molecular neuroscience 8960:Behavioral epigenetics 8387: 8226: 8217: 8208: 7984: 7950: 7351:"Do Plants Feel Pain?" 3681:Skevington SM (1995). 3525:The management of pain 3156:Cite journal requires 2734:10.1098/rspb.1996.0058 2493:"Mechanical allodynia" 2160:JAMA Internal Medicine 1474:Individuals with more 1443:pain in newborn babies 1308:clinical psychologists 1189:postherpetic neuralgia 1083: 697:neospinothalamic tract 641: 612: 576:History of pain theory 542: 424: 23:. For other uses, see 11328:Phantom limb syndrome 11276:Tactile hallucination 10465:Glossopharyngeal (IX) 10266:Active sensory system 9971:Drug-seeking behavior 9859:Visual analogue scale 9287:Cultural neuroscience 9282:Consumer neuroscience 9124:Neurogastroenterology 8980:Cellular neuroscience 5670:Mallinson TE (2017). 5226:10.1093/annonc/mdn419 4754:. 13 September 2011. 4252:Kelly AM (May 2001). 4229:Pain: clinical manual 4219:McCaffery M. (1968). 3650:Skevington S (1995). 3192:10.1055/s-2004-817722 3180:Seminars in Neurology 3012:on 27 September 2008. 2886:The challenge of pain 2689:The challenge of pain 2450:The Lancet. Neurology 2273:Liddell HG, Scott R. 1953:10.7556/jaoa.2013.023 1687:Pain in invertebrates 1335:emergency departments 1304:medical practitioners 1284:Further information: 1081: 1042:myocardial infarction 929:Visual analogue scale 923:Visual analogue scale 639: 602: 529: 487:familial dysautonomia 422: 258:peripheral neuropathy 25:Pain (disambiguation) 11137:Labyrinthine fistula 11104:Spatial hearing loss 10803:Campaniform sensilla 10518:Somatosensory cortex 9882:Anterolateral system 9259:Sensory neuroscience 9099:Behavioral neurology 9070:Systems neuroscience 8807:Group affective tone 7198:Parliament of Canada 7148:Theoretical Medicine 4455:Symbolic Interaction 4270:10.1136/emj.18.3.205 4231:. St. Louis: Mosby. 3627:Pharmacology of pain 2824:The Lancet. Oncology 2031:"Assessment of pain" 1576:emergency department 1517:Alternative medicine 1349:elderly. In the US, 1331:intensive care units 1320:physician assistants 1211:somatosensory system 1162:somatosensory system 1088:sensory nerve fibers 992:Infants do feel pain 720:homeostatic emotions 254:rheumatoid arthritis 242:Chronic versus acute 10923:Nociceptin receptor 10793:Merkel nerve ending 10778:Mechanotransduction 10143:Nuclear chain fiber 10057:Merkel nerve ending 9402:Social neuroscience 9302:Global neurosurgery 9179:Neurorehabilitation 9149:Neuro-ophthalmology 9134:Neurointensive care 8965:Behavioral genetics 8860:constructed emotion 8530:functional accounts 7312:10.7554/eLife.57258 6713:Foucault M (2007). 6332:10.1155/2015/192808 6003:(9748): 1201–1203. 4675:2011PLoSO...624124B 4081:(9 Suppl): T10–20. 4075:The Journal of Pain 3818:1965Sci...150..971M 2872:Beecher HK (1959). 2726:1996RSPSB.263..377R 2203:Lewis CT, Short C. 1628:corporal punishment 1591:Society and culture 1563:, is inconclusive. 1537:spinal manipulation 1480:epidural anesthesia 1463:electrical activity 1390:palliative medicine 1333:, and accident and 1324:nurse practitioners 1185:diabetic neuropathy 1139:Superficial somatic 1107:Visceral structures 846:supernormal stimuli 757:gate control theory 689:spinothalamic tract 624:and experiments by 467:diabetic neuropathy 52:An illustration of 11455:Symptoms and signs 11285:Nociception (pain) 10877:Olfactory receptor 10829:Photoreceptor cell 10783:Lamellar corpuscle 10707:Photomorphogenesis 10569:nociception (pain) 10261:Sensory processing 10037:Lamellar corpuscle 9961:Philosophy of pain 9636:Respiratory system 9478:Neuroimmune system 9372:Neurophenomenology 9312:Neural engineering 9035:Neuroendocrinology 9015:Neural engineering 8760:in decision-making 8001:(sense of purpose) 7571:External resources 7160:10.1007/BF00489606 6999:Carbone L (2004). 6780:Morinis A (1985). 5832:10.1111/acem.13502 5641:Human Rights Watch 5374:Bonham VL (2001). 5214:Annals of Oncology 4959:"Psychogenic Pain" 4722:Medical News Today 4501:The New York Times 3971:Dawkins R (2009). 3843:on 14 January 2012 3684:Psychology of pain 3653:Psychology of pain 3411:10.1037/per0000248 3362:Merskey H (2000). 2916:on 13 January 2015 2853:on 19 October 2014 2209:A Latin Dictionary 2048:10.1093/bja/aen103 1860:Cervero F (2012). 1753:Pain and suffering 1741:Hedonic adaptation 1398:Human Rights Watch 1355:Hispanic Americans 1137:and broken bones. 1084: 1028:Gender differences 981:decreased appetite 687:and ascend in the 642: 613: 609:Jan Baptist Weenix 525:mental flexibility 515:Functional effects 459:spinal cord injury 425: 162:mental flexibility 21:Psychological pain 11417: 11416: 11402:Biases and errors 11397: 11396: 11333:Somatoparaphrenia 11302:Pain dissociation 11147:Ménière's disease 11079:Cortical deafness 10957:Visual impairment 10936: 10935: 10798:Bulbous corpuscle 10788:Tactile corpuscle 10756:sensory receptors 10748: 10747: 10631: 10630: 10584: 10583: 10549:Olfaction (smell) 10503:Vestibular cortex 10485:Cerebral cortices 10322: 10321: 10309:Motion perception 10179: 10178: 10148:Nuclear bag fiber 10087:Free nerve ending 10067:Bulbous corpuscle 10047:Tactile corpuscle 10013:Sensory receptors 9979: 9978: 9834:Cold pressor test 9817: 9816: 9548: 9547: 9397:Paleoneurobiology 9332:Neuroepistemology 9307:Neuroanthropology 9273:Interdisciplinary 9159:Neuropharmacology 9119:Neuroepidemiology 8890: 8889: 8477:Appeal to emotion 8255:Social connection 7594: 7593: 7223:Smith JA (1991). 7204:on 6 January 2010 6991:Rollin B (1989). 6733:Einolf C (2007). 6284:10.1002/nau.22958 6239:10.1111/ecc.12457 6189:10.1136/bmj.a3115 5913:10.1093/pm/pny231 5907:(11): 2179–2197. 5825:(10): 1086–1097. 5347:(23): 1914–1915. 5220:(12): 1985–1991. 4887:on 7 January 2010 4857:Paice JA (2003). 4814:(18): 1630–1635. 4595:(14): 1256–1263. 4564:. 15 March 2016. 4380:Jarvis C (2007). 4316:10.1002/acr.20543 4310:(S11): S240–252. 4143:Taylor C (2015). 4037:Sarno JE (2006). 3812:(3699): 971–979. 3797:(November 1965). 3548:Finger S (2001). 3233:(11): 3745–3752. 2992:Grahek N (2007). 2720:(1369): 377–386. 1760:Explanatory notes 1747:Pain (philosophy) 1648:self-flagellation 1557:controlled trials 1510:clinical hypnosis 1374:medical specialty 1250:, depression and 1046:aortic dissection 960:Pain and dementia 755:introduced their 463:diabetes mellitus 420: 120: 119: 32:Medical condition 11462: 11064:Auditory agnosia 10996:Optic neuropathy 10945: 10944: 10813:Stretch receptor 10761: 10760: 10659:Magnetoreception 10654:Electroreception 10642: 10641: 10564:mechanoreception 10513:Gustatory cortex 10508:Olfactory cortex 10342: 10341: 10333: 10332: 10251:Sensory receptor 10234: 10233: 10206: 10199: 10192: 10183: 10182: 10006: 9999: 9992: 9983: 9982: 9934:Related concepts 9925:Pain eradication 9683: 9670: 9621: 9593: 9592: 9589:By region/system 9575: 9568: 9561: 9552: 9551: 9536: 9535: 9524: 9523: 9438:Detection theory 9322:Neurocriminology 9249:Neurolinguistics 9164:Neuroprosthetics 9082: 9045:Neuroinformatics 8995:Imaging genetics 8917: 8910: 8903: 8894: 8893: 8865:discrete emotion 8765:in the workplace 8661:Empathy quotient 8392: 8332: 8326: 8231: 8222: 8213: 8088: 7989: 7955: 7621: 7614: 7607: 7598: 7597: 7474: 7473: 7442: 7427:Casey K (2019). 7419: 7418: 7408: 7376: 7370: 7369: 7363: 7361: 7346: 7335: 7334: 7324: 7314: 7290: 7284: 7283: 7247: 7241: 7240: 7220: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7209: 7200:. Archived from 7186: 7180: 7179: 7143: 7137: 7136: 7108: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7097: 7057: 7048: 7047: 7016:Animal Cognition 7011: 7005: 7004: 6996: 6988: 6982: 6981: 6971: 6939: 6933: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6902: 6878: 6872: 6871: 6853: 6847: 6846: 6823:Deviant Behavior 6818: 6812: 6811: 6801: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6730: 6719: 6718: 6710: 6704: 6703: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6650: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6591: 6585: 6584: 6548: 6542: 6541: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6491: 6485: 6484: 6448: 6442: 6441: 6431: 6399: 6390: 6389: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6344: 6334: 6310: 6304: 6303: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6241: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6200: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6151: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6059: 6035: 6029: 6028: 5992: 5986: 5985: 5975: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5875: 5866:(6): e114–e126. 5851: 5845: 5844: 5834: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5793: 5761: 5755: 5754: 5744: 5727:(12): CD009281. 5712: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5691: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5637: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5617:. Archived from 5611: 5605: 5604: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5566:. Archived from 5559: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5463: 5445: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5419: 5413:. Archived from 5380: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5278: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5237: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5154:(8): 1207–1214. 5143: 5137: 5136: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5038: 5032: 5029: 5014: 5003: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4963:Cleveland Clinic 4955: 4946: 4945: 4935: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4886: 4880:. Archived from 4863: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4763: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4696: 4686: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4450: 4444: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4377: 4366: 4365: 4339: 4328: 4327: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4281: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4168:Venes D (2013). 4165: 4159: 4158: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4118:Amico D (2016). 4115: 4109: 4108: 4098: 4066: 4057: 4056: 4044: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3978: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3862: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3842: 3836:. Archived from 3803: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3622: 3613: 3612: 3594: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3520: 3511: 3510: 3492: 3483: 3482: 3454: 3445: 3442: 3433: 3432: 3422: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3367: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3342: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3250: 3239:10.1172/JCI43158 3218: 3212: 3211: 3175: 3166: 3165: 3159: 3154: 3152: 3144: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3119: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3027: 3014: 3013: 3008:. Archived from 2989: 2983: 2977: 2968: 2967: 2928: 2923: 2921: 2912:. Archived from 2906: 2900: 2899: 2881: 2879: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2852: 2846:. Archived from 2821: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2794: 2784: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2684: 2667: 2666: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2540: 2531: 2530: 2520: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2445: 2436: 2435: 2419: 2409: 2400: 2399: 2383: 2375: 2366: 2365: 2347: 2336: 2335: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2299:. Archived from 2293: 2287: 2286: 2281:. Archived from 2270: 2264: 2263: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2211:. Archived from 2200: 2194: 2193: 2183: 2151: 2142: 2141: 2119: 2110: 2109: 2099: 2082:(11): CD010794. 2067: 2061: 2060: 2050: 2026: 2017: 2016: 2006: 1996: 1972: 1966: 1965: 1955: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1890: 1884: 1883: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1840: 1830: 1821:(9): 1976–1982. 1806: 1786: 1779: 1773: 1770: 1343:end of life care 1339:general practice 1312:physiotherapists 1223:Psychogenic pain 1201:Nociplastic pain 1152:Neuropathic pain 873:electric current 677:Lissauer's tract 540: 485:(which includes 421: 332:Local anesthetic 146:noxious stimulus 47: 35: 34: 11470: 11469: 11465: 11464: 11463: 11461: 11460: 11459: 11445:Sensory systems 11420: 11419: 11418: 11413: 11393: 11342: 11311: 11280: 11232: 11199: 11151: 11113: 11045: 11036:Stereoblindness 10977:Color blindness 10932: 10909: 10886: 10858: 10817: 10765:Mechanoreceptor 10754: 10744: 10740:Machine hearing 10735:Computer vision 10730:Robotic sensing 10716: 10693: 10627: 10580: 10522: 10498:Auditory cortex 10479: 10426: 10389:Sensory systems 10383: 10318: 10270: 10228: 10226: 10219: 10210: 10180: 10175: 10154: 10114: 10110:Thermoreceptors 10096: 10073: 10029:Mechanoreceptor 10015: 10010: 9980: 9975: 9929: 9896: 9869:Pathophysiology 9863: 9854:Tail flick test 9813: 9782: 9697: 9681: 9668: 9659:Musculoskeletal 9653: 9630: 9619: 9584: 9579: 9549: 9544: 9512: 9498:Neurotechnology 9493:Neuroplasticity 9488:Neuromodulation 9483:Neuromanagement 9406: 9377:Neurophilosophy 9274: 9268: 9254:Neuropsychology 9215: 9208: 9169:Neuropsychiatry 9129:Neuroimmunology 9114:Neurocardiology 9090: 9083: 9074: 9065:Neurophysiology 9055:Neuromorphology 9010:Neural decoding 8951: 8944: 8926: 8921: 8891: 8886: 8876: 8817:Jealousy in art 8560:in conversation 8482:Amygdala hijack 8395: 8333: 8327: 8318: 8307:sense of wonder 7635: 7625: 7595: 7590: 7589: 7566: 7565: 7485: 7449: 7439: 7423: 7422: 7377: 7373: 7359: 7357: 7347: 7338: 7291: 7287: 7248: 7244: 7221: 7217: 7207: 7205: 7188: 7187: 7183: 7144: 7140: 7125:10.2307/3495093 7109: 7105: 7095: 7093: 7058: 7051: 7012: 7008: 6989: 6985: 6940: 6936: 6920: 6916: 6879: 6875: 6868: 6854: 6850: 6819: 6815: 6778: 6774: 6731: 6722: 6711: 6707: 6668: 6664: 6619: 6615: 6592: 6588: 6549: 6545: 6514: 6510: 6500: 6498: 6493: 6492: 6488: 6449: 6445: 6414:(9): CD008880. 6400: 6393: 6362: 6358: 6311: 6307: 6267: 6263: 6218: 6214: 6169: 6165: 6120: 6116: 6077: 6073: 6036: 6032: 5993: 5989: 5958:(2): CD001069. 5944: 5940: 5930: 5928: 5893: 5889: 5852: 5848: 5811: 5807: 5776:(7): CD011509. 5762: 5758: 5713: 5709: 5699: 5697: 5682:(12): 522–526. 5668: 5664: 5654: 5652: 5638: 5634: 5624: 5622: 5613: 5612: 5608: 5601: 5587: 5583: 5573: 5571: 5560: 5556: 5546: 5544: 5501: 5497: 5487: 5485: 5443: 5437: 5433: 5423: 5421: 5420:on 19 July 2011 5417: 5378: 5372: 5368: 5337: 5333: 5323: 5321: 5314: 5296: 5292: 5255: 5251: 5206: 5202: 5187:10.4065/78.1.80 5171: 5167: 5144: 5140: 5109: 5105: 5074: 5070: 5039: 5035: 5023: 5000: 4986: 4982: 4972: 4970: 4957: 4956: 4949: 4904: 4900: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4861: 4855: 4851: 4803: 4799: 4792: 4778: 4774: 4761: 4759: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4731: 4729: 4714: 4710: 4655: 4651: 4620: 4616: 4585: 4581: 4571: 4569: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4541: 4539: 4524: 4520: 4510: 4508: 4493: 4489: 4478: 4474: 4451: 4447: 4438: 4434: 4403: 4399: 4392: 4378: 4369: 4354: 4340: 4331: 4299: 4295: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4224: 4218: 4214: 4191: 4187: 4180: 4166: 4162: 4155: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4116: 4112: 4067: 4060: 4053: 4035: 4031: 4002: 3998: 3991: 3969: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3946: 3928: 3924: 3914: 3912: 3905: 3889:Lynn B (1984). 3887: 3883: 3875:The Skin Senses 3866:Melzack, Ronald 3863: 3856: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3801: 3788: 3784: 3753: 3749: 3710: 3706: 3699: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3648: 3644: 3637: 3623: 3616: 3571: 3567: 3560: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3521: 3514: 3507: 3493: 3486: 3471:10.2307/1416740 3455: 3448: 3443: 3436: 3391: 3387: 3380: 3360: 3356: 3311: 3307: 3268: 3264: 3219: 3215: 3176: 3169: 3157: 3155: 3146: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3096: 3092: 3085: 3071: 3067: 3028: 3017: 3006: 2990: 2986: 2978: 2971: 2919: 2917: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2870: 2866: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2819: 2812: 2808: 2761: 2757: 2710: 2706: 2699: 2685: 2670: 2631: 2627: 2588: 2584: 2541: 2534: 2497:Pflügers Archiv 2489: 2485: 2446: 2439: 2432: 2410: 2403: 2396: 2376: 2369: 2362: 2348: 2339: 2332: 2312: 2308: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2271: 2267: 2224: 2220: 2201: 2197: 2152: 2145: 2138: 2120: 2113: 2068: 2064: 2027: 2020: 1973: 1969: 1932: 1928: 1918: 1916: 1909: 1893:Raj PP (2007). 1891: 1887: 1872: 1858: 1854: 1807: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1789: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1731: 1689: 1683:Pain in animals 1681:Main articles: 1679: 1658:), or personal 1617:pain compliance 1597:pain management 1593: 1580:epidemiological 1572: 1539:produces tiny, 1533:lower back pain 1519: 1472: 1406: 1347:medically frail 1300:pain management 1292: 1282: 1280:Pain management 1276: 1252:hypochondriasis 1233:somatoform pain 1225: 1219: 1203: 1197: 1154: 1148: 1076: 1070: 1065: 1054: 1037: 1007: 996:Pre-term babies 985:range of motion 977:social behavior 966: 956: 940: 931: 925: 912:Margo McCaffery 907: 897:Pain assessment 893: 865: 837:Richard Dawkins 824:life expectancy 811: 776: 634: 578: 572: 567: 555:negative affect 547: 541: 535: 517: 508: 409: 407: 400: 392:Main articles: 390: 370:pain management 366: 303: 297: 286: 280:" or "benign." 250: 244: 215: 194:, in turn from 187:comes from the 181: 154:quality of life 140:Pain motivates 68: 33: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11468: 11458: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11415: 11414: 11412: 11411: 11405: 11403: 11399: 11398: 11395: 11394: 11392: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11350: 11348: 11344: 11343: 11341: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11319: 11317: 11316:Proprioception 11313: 11312: 11310: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11288: 11286: 11282: 11281: 11279: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11242: 11240: 11234: 11233: 11231: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11209: 11207: 11201: 11200: 11198: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11161: 11159: 11153: 11152: 11150: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11123: 11121: 11115: 11114: 11112: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11055: 11053: 11047: 11046: 11044: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10953: 10951: 10942: 10938: 10937: 10934: 10933: 10931: 10930: 10925: 10919: 10917: 10911: 10910: 10908: 10907: 10902: 10896: 10894: 10892:Thermoreceptor 10888: 10887: 10885: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10872:Taste receptor 10868: 10866: 10860: 10859: 10857: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10825: 10823: 10819: 10818: 10816: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10769: 10767: 10758: 10750: 10749: 10746: 10745: 10743: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10726: 10724: 10718: 10717: 10715: 10714: 10709: 10703: 10701: 10695: 10694: 10692: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10650: 10648: 10639: 10633: 10632: 10629: 10628: 10626: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10598:Proprioception 10594: 10592: 10586: 10585: 10582: 10581: 10579: 10578: 10577: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10530: 10528: 10524: 10523: 10521: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10489: 10487: 10481: 10480: 10478: 10477: 10472: 10470:Trigeminal (V) 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10441: 10439: 10428: 10427: 10425: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10393: 10391: 10385: 10384: 10382: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10350: 10348: 10346:Sensory organs 10339: 10330: 10324: 10323: 10320: 10319: 10317: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10280: 10278: 10272: 10271: 10269: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10242: 10240: 10231: 10221: 10220: 10209: 10208: 10201: 10194: 10186: 10177: 10176: 10174: 10173: 10168: 10162: 10160: 10156: 10155: 10153: 10152: 10151: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10133:Muscle spindle 10130: 10124: 10122: 10120:Proprioception 10116: 10115: 10113: 10112: 10106: 10104: 10098: 10097: 10095: 10094: 10089: 10083: 10081: 10075: 10074: 10072: 10071: 10070: 10069: 10061: 10060: 10059: 10051: 10050: 10049: 10041: 10040: 10039: 10031: 10025: 10023: 10017: 10016: 10009: 10008: 10001: 9994: 9986: 9977: 9976: 9974: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9946:Pain tolerance 9943: 9941:Pain threshold 9937: 9935: 9931: 9930: 9928: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9906: 9904: 9898: 9897: 9895: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9873: 9871: 9865: 9864: 9862: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9849:Hot plate test 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9825: 9823: 9819: 9818: 9815: 9814: 9812: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9790: 9788: 9784: 9783: 9781: 9780: 9779: 9778: 9773: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9716:Pain asymbolia 9713: 9707: 9705: 9699: 9698: 9696: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9677: 9672: 9663: 9661: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9651: 9646: 9640: 9638: 9632: 9631: 9629: 9628: 9623: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9599: 9597: 9590: 9586: 9585: 9578: 9577: 9570: 9563: 9555: 9546: 9545: 9543: 9542: 9530: 9517: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9510: 9508:Self-awareness 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9463:Neurodiversity 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9414: 9412: 9408: 9407: 9405: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9362:Neuromarketing 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9337:Neuroesthetics 9334: 9329: 9327:Neuroeconomics 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9278: 9276: 9270: 9269: 9267: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9220: 9218: 9210: 9209: 9207: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9174:Neuroradiology 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9154:Neuropathology 9151: 9146: 9144:Neuro-oncology 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9095: 9093: 9085: 9084: 9077: 9075: 9073: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9030:Neurochemistry 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8956: 8954: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8942: 8937: 8931: 8928: 8927: 8920: 8919: 8912: 8905: 8897: 8888: 8887: 8881: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8874: 8873: 8872: 8870:somatic marker 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8844: 8842:Stoic passions 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8798: 8797: 8792: 8790:social sharing 8787: 8782: 8780:self-conscious 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8744: 8743: 8742: 8732: 8731: 8730: 8725: 8723:thought method 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8688:lateralization 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8664: 8663: 8658: 8648: 8647: 8646: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8583: 8582: 8581: 8576: 8575: 8574: 8564: 8563: 8562: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8515:classification 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8473: 8472: 8467: 8459: 8458: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8429: 8428: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8403: 8401: 8397: 8396: 8394: 8393: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8343: 8341: 8335: 8334: 8321: 8319: 8317: 8316: 8311: 8310: 8309: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8278: 8277: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8235:Sentimentality 8232: 8223: 8214: 8205: 8204: 8203: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8157: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8131: 8126: 8125: 8124: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8080: 8075: 8074: 8073: 8071:at first sight 8068: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7995: 7990: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7947: 7942: 7941: 7940: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7842: 7841: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7809:Disappointment 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7645: 7643: 7637: 7636: 7624: 7623: 7616: 7609: 7601: 7592: 7591: 7588: 7587: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7568: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7552: 7541: 7526: 7511: 7510:(phantom pain) 7486: 7481: 7480: 7478: 7477:Classification 7471: 7470: 7459: 7448: 7447:External links 7445: 7444: 7443: 7438:978-0190880231 7437: 7421: 7420: 7371: 7336: 7285: 7242: 7215: 7181: 7154:(3): 193–211. 7138: 7103: 7072:(1): 103–118. 7066:Animal Welfare 7049: 7006: 6983: 6954:(6): 521–525. 6934: 6930:978-1904384106 6914: 6873: 6867:978-0415357043 6866: 6848: 6829:(2): 117–146. 6813: 6792:(2): 150–174. 6772: 6745:(2): 101–121. 6720: 6705: 6662: 6633:(9): 563–569. 6613: 6586: 6559:(5): 375–385. 6543: 6524:(3): 165–169. 6508: 6486: 6459:(1–2): 10–13. 6443: 6391: 6372:(2): 116–133. 6356: 6305: 6278:(2): 474–481. 6261: 6212: 6163: 6134:(3): 275–287. 6114: 6071: 6050:(6): 406–413. 6030: 5987: 5938: 5887: 5846: 5805: 5756: 5707: 5662: 5632: 5621:on 16 May 2008 5606: 5600:978-0781773881 5599: 5581: 5570:on 13 May 2011 5554: 5495: 5454:(3): 277–294. 5431: 5366: 5331: 5313:978-1605471594 5312: 5290: 5263:Cancer Control 5249: 5200: 5165: 5138: 5119:(4): 494–503. 5103: 5084:(2): 151–166. 5068: 5049:(4): 703–717. 5033: 5031: 5030: 5022:978-0443056833 5021: 4999:978-0849322624 4998: 4980: 4947: 4898: 4872:(2): 107–120. 4849: 4797: 4791:978-0340940075 4790: 4772: 4739: 4708: 4649: 4630:(5): 625–633. 4614: 4579: 4549: 4518: 4487: 4472: 4461:(3): 251–273. 4445: 4441:People in Pain 4432: 4413:(6): 783–791. 4397: 4391:978-1455728107 4390: 4367: 4353:978-0323328524 4352: 4329: 4293: 4264:(3): 205–207. 4244: 4238:978-0815156093 4237: 4212: 4185: 4179:978-0803629776 4178: 4160: 4154:978-1451185614 4153: 4135: 4129:978-0133876406 4128: 4110: 4058: 4052:978-0061174308 4051: 4029: 3996: 3990:978-1416594789 3989: 3963: 3945:978-1593855680 3944: 3922: 3904:978-0719009969 3903: 3881: 3870:Casey, Kenneth 3854: 3782: 3763:(3): 257–268. 3747: 3704: 3698:978-0471957737 3697: 3673: 3667:978-0471957737 3666: 3642: 3636:978-0931092787 3635: 3614: 3585:(3): 353–364. 3565: 3559:978-0195146943 3558: 3540: 3534:978-0812111224 3533: 3512: 3506:978-0415650618 3505: 3484: 3465:(3): 331–347. 3446: 3434: 3405:(3): 273–283. 3385: 3379:978-1557986467 3378: 3354: 3325:(3): 475–491. 3305: 3278:(2): 116–126. 3262: 3213: 3186:(4): 381–390. 3167: 3158:|journal= 3131: 3117:10.1086/424846 3110:(7): 885–910. 3090: 3084:978-0310221449 3083: 3065: 3038:(3): 213–219. 3015: 3005:978-0262517324 3004: 2984: 2969: 2942:(3): 247–248. 2901: 2895:978-0140256703 2894: 2864: 2806: 2755: 2704: 2698:978-0140256703 2697: 2668: 2641:(3): 267–278. 2625: 2598:(3): 243–256. 2582: 2532: 2503:(1): 133–139. 2483: 2456:(9): 924–935. 2437: 2431:978-0849322624 2430: 2401: 2395:978-0443056833 2394: 2367: 2361:978-0781768276 2360: 2337: 2331:978-0931092053 2330: 2306: 2288: 2265: 2238:(3): 443–455. 2218: 2195: 2143: 2136: 2111: 2062: 2018: 1994:10.1186/ar1196 1967: 1926: 1907: 1885: 1870: 1852: 1797: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1783:animal welfare 1774: 1764: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1730: 1727: 1723:animal kingdom 1696:Bernard Rollin 1692:René Descartes 1678: 1675: 1609:animal welfare 1592: 1589: 1571: 1568: 1518: 1515: 1476:social support 1471: 1468: 1405: 1402: 1378:anesthesiology 1278:Main article: 1275: 1272: 1256:neurotic triad 1240:long-term pain 1221:Main article: 1218: 1215: 1199:Main article: 1196: 1193: 1181:tic douloureux 1158:nervous system 1150:Main article: 1147: 1144: 1072:Main article: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1053: 1050: 1036: 1035:Diagnostic aid 1033: 1006: 1003: 964:Pain in babies 955: 952: 939: 936: 927:Main article: 924: 921: 892: 889: 885:pain tolerance 864: 861: 810: 807: 798: 797: 794: 791: 780:Ronald Melzack 775: 772: 749:Ronald Melzack 716:insular cortex 633: 630: 617:René Descartes 605:René Descartes 571: 568: 566: 563: 546: 543: 537:Harold Merskey 533: 516: 513: 506: 451:nervous system 394:Pain asymbolia 389: 386: 365: 362: 299:Main article: 296: 293: 285: 282: 278:cancer-related 246:Main article: 243: 240: 239: 238: 235: 232: 229: 226: 214: 213:Classification 211: 180: 177: 169:social support 158:working memory 118: 117: 112: 106: 105: 95: 91: 90: 87: 83: 82: 79: 73: 72: 63: 57: 56: 49: 48: 40: 39: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11467: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11427: 11425: 11410: 11407: 11406: 11404: 11400: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11374:Hallucination 11372: 11370: 11369:Derealization 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11351: 11349: 11345: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11323:Asomatognosia 11321: 11320: 11318: 11314: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11289: 11287: 11283: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11261:Hyperesthesia 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11246:Astereognosis 11244: 11243: 11241: 11239: 11235: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11210: 11208: 11206: 11202: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11162: 11160: 11158: 11154: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11142:Labyrinthitis 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11124: 11122: 11120: 11116: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11056: 11054: 11052: 11048: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10954: 10952: 10950: 10946: 10943: 10939: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10920: 10918: 10916: 10912: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10897: 10895: 10893: 10889: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10869: 10867: 10865: 10864:Chemoreceptor 10861: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10826: 10824: 10822:Photoreceptor 10820: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10808:Slit sensilla 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10770: 10768: 10766: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10751: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10727: 10725: 10723: 10719: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10704: 10702: 10700: 10696: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10651: 10649: 10647: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10634: 10624: 10623:Visceral pain 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10595: 10593: 10591: 10587: 10575: 10574:thermoception 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10561: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10531: 10529: 10525: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10493:Visual cortex 10491: 10490: 10488: 10486: 10482: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10455:Olfactory (I) 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10442: 10440: 10438: 10437:spinal nerves 10434: 10429: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10394: 10392: 10390: 10386: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10351: 10349: 10347: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10325: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10294:Consciousness 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10281: 10279: 10277: 10273: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10243: 10241: 10239: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10222: 10218: 10214: 10207: 10202: 10200: 10195: 10193: 10188: 10187: 10184: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10163: 10161: 10157: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10135: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10125: 10123: 10121: 10117: 10111: 10108: 10107: 10105: 10103: 10099: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10084: 10082: 10080: 10076: 10068: 10065: 10064: 10062: 10058: 10055: 10054: 10052: 10048: 10045: 10044: 10042: 10038: 10035: 10034: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10026: 10024: 10022: 10018: 10014: 10007: 10002: 10000: 9995: 9993: 9988: 9987: 9984: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9938: 9936: 9932: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9907: 9905: 9903: 9899: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9874: 9872: 9870: 9866: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9844:Grimace scale 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9826: 9824: 9820: 9810: 9809:Low back pain 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9791: 9789: 9785: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9768: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9761:Referred pain 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9721:Pain disorder 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9708: 9706: 9704: 9700: 9694: 9693:Delayed-onset 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9665: 9664: 9662: 9660: 9656: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9641: 9639: 9637: 9633: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9600: 9598: 9596:Head and neck 9594: 9591: 9587: 9583: 9576: 9571: 9569: 9564: 9562: 9557: 9556: 9553: 9541: 9540: 9531: 9529: 9528: 9519: 9518: 9515: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9415: 9413: 9409: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9392:Neurotheology 9390: 9388: 9387:Neurorobotics 9385: 9383: 9382:Neuropolitics 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9347:Neuroethology 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9279: 9277: 9271: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9244:Motor control 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9234:Chronobiology 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9217: 9211: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9194:Neurovirology 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9096: 9094: 9092: 9086: 9081: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9040:Neurogenetics 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8975:Brain-reading 8973: 8971: 8970:Brain mapping 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8957: 8955: 8953: 8947: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8932: 8929: 8925: 8918: 8913: 8911: 8906: 8904: 8899: 8898: 8895: 8884: 8879: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8847: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8745: 8741: 8738: 8737: 8736: 8733: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8653: 8652: 8649: 8645: 8642: 8641: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8624:dysregulation 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8586: 8584: 8580: 8577: 8573: 8572:interpersonal 8570: 8569: 8568: 8565: 8561: 8558: 8557: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8462: 8460: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8432: 8430: 8426: 8425:in psychology 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8410:consciousness 8408: 8407: 8405: 8404: 8402: 8398: 8391: 8390: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8344: 8342: 8340: 8336: 8331: 8325: 8315: 8312: 8308: 8305: 8304: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8276: 8273: 8272: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8230: 8229: 8224: 8221: 8220: 8219:Schadenfreude 8215: 8212: 8211: 8206: 8202: 8199: 8198: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8136: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8087: 8086: 8085:Mono no aware 8081: 8079: 8076: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 8000: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7954: 7953: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7939: 7938: 7937:Joie de vivre 7934: 7933: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7906:Gratification 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7840: 7837: 7836: 7835: 7834:Embarrassment 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7739:Belongingness 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7646: 7644: 7642: 7638: 7633: 7629: 7622: 7617: 7615: 7610: 7608: 7603: 7602: 7599: 7586: 7582: 7581: 7577: 7576: 7573: 7569: 7562: 7558: 7557: 7553: 7551: 7547: 7546: 7542: 7540: 7536: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7525: 7521: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7487: 7484: 7479: 7475: 7469: 7468: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7440: 7434: 7430: 7425: 7424: 7416: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7375: 7368: 7356: 7352: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7332: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7289: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7258:(1): 91–102. 7257: 7253: 7246: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7219: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7185: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7142: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7107: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7056: 7054: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7010: 7002: 6994: 6987: 6979: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6938: 6931: 6927: 6924: 6918: 6910: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6877: 6869: 6863: 6859: 6852: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6817: 6809: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6776: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6739:Social Theory 6736: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6716: 6709: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6666: 6658: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6617: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6590: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6547: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6512: 6496: 6490: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6447: 6439: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6398: 6396: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6360: 6352: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6309: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6265: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6232:(2): e12457. 6231: 6227: 6223: 6216: 6208: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6167: 6159: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6118: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6075: 6067: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6034: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5991: 5983: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5942: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5901:Pain Medicine 5898: 5891: 5883: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5850: 5842: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5809: 5801: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5760: 5752: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5711: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5666: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5636: 5620: 5616: 5610: 5602: 5596: 5592: 5585: 5569: 5565: 5558: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5499: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5470:2027.42/73822 5467: 5462: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5448:Pain Medicine 5442: 5435: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5377: 5370: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5335: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5294: 5286: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5253: 5245: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5204: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5169: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5142: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5107: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5072: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5037: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5013: 5012: 5005: 5004: 5001: 4995: 4991: 4984: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4952: 4943: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4902: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4860: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4801: 4793: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4769: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4669:(9): e24124. 4668: 4664: 4660: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4618: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4583: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4522: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4491: 4483: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4442: 4439:Zborowski M. 4436: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4401: 4393: 4387: 4383: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4349: 4345: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4297: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4240: 4234: 4230: 4222: 4216: 4208: 4204: 4201:(2): 88–106. 4200: 4196: 4189: 4181: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4156: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4131: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4063: 4054: 4048: 4043: 4042: 4033: 4024: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4000: 3992: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3976: 3967: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3926: 3910: 3906: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3885: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3859: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3700: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3677: 3669: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3654: 3646: 3638: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3619: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3561: 3555: 3551: 3544: 3536: 3530: 3526: 3519: 3517: 3508: 3502: 3498: 3491: 3489: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3451: 3441: 3439: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3389: 3381: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3266: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3217: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3172: 3163: 3150: 3142: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3086: 3080: 3076: 3069: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3011: 3007: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2988: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2932:Derived from 2931: 2927: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2897: 2891: 2887: 2878: 2877: 2868: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2830:(2): e58–68. 2829: 2825: 2818: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2759: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2708: 2700: 2694: 2690: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2586: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2539: 2537: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2487: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2444: 2442: 2433: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2417: 2408: 2406: 2397: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2374: 2372: 2363: 2357: 2353: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2333: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2318: 2310: 2302: 2298: 2292: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2269: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2222: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2166:(1): 91–105. 2165: 2161: 2157: 2150: 2148: 2139: 2137:9781841694245 2133: 2129: 2125: 2118: 2116: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2066: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2025: 2023: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1971: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1930: 1914: 1910: 1908:9781600210440 1904: 1900: 1896: 1889: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1871:9780262305433 1867: 1863: 1856: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1805: 1803: 1798: 1784: 1778: 1769: 1765: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1715:venus flytrap 1712: 1707: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1684: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1666:experiences. 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1605:animal rights 1602: 1598: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1514: 1511: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1470:Psychological 1467: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1449:of the heel, 1448: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1370:pain medicine 1367: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1291: 1287: 1281: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1224: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1202: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1153: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1119:Visceral pain 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1080: 1075: 1060: 1058: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1032: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1013: 1002: 999: 997: 993: 989: 986: 982: 978: 972: 970: 965: 961: 951: 949: 945: 935: 930: 920: 918: 913: 906: 902: 898: 888: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 860: 858: 857:psychodynamic 853: 849: 847: 843: 842:poor designer 838: 834: 833: 827: 825: 822:have reduced 821: 816: 806: 802: 795: 792: 789: 788: 787: 785: 784:Kenneth Casey 781: 771: 769: 764: 763: 758: 754: 750: 746: 744: 740: 735: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 712: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 657: 655: 651: 647: 638: 629: 627: 623: 618: 610: 606: 601: 597: 595: 591: 587: 583: 577: 562: 560: 556: 552: 551:meta-analysis 538: 532: 528: 526: 522: 512: 510: 502: 501: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 475: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 447: 445: 444:psychosurgery 442:injection or 441: 437: 432: 430: 405: 399: 395: 385: 383: 379: 375: 371: 361: 358: 357:visceral pain 354: 350: 346: 344: 340: 337: 333: 329: 327: 323: 318: 313: 311: 307: 302: 292: 290: 281: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 249: 236: 233: 230: 227: 224: 223: 222: 220: 210: 208: 204: 200: 197: 193: 190: 186: 176: 174: 170: 165: 163: 159: 155: 150: 147: 143: 138: 136: 132: 128: 124: 116: 113: 111: 107: 104: 100: 99:psychological 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 78: 74: 71: 70:Pain medicine 67: 64: 62: 58: 55: 50: 46: 41: 36: 30: 26: 22: 11307:Phantom pain 11292:Hyperalgesia 11266:Hypoesthesia 11084:Hearing loss 10905:TRP channels 10882:Osmoreceptor 10849:Photopigment 10773:Baroreceptor 10712:Gravitropism 10684:Frog hearing 10664:Echolocation 10460:Facial (VII) 10171:Baroreceptor 10078: 10043:Light touch 9756:Phantom pain 9741:Hyperalgesia 9736:Chronic pain 9620:(swallowing) 9618:Odynophagia 9581: 9537: 9525: 9473:Neuroimaging 9468:Neurogenesis 9352:Neurohistory 9317:Neurobiotics 9216:neuroscience 9184:Neurosurgery 9109:Epileptology 9091:neuroscience 9060:Neurophysics 9050:Neurometrics 9025:Neurobiology 9020:Neuroanatomy 8990:Connectomics 8924:Neuroscience 8882: 8822:Meta-emotion 8735:Emotionality 8708:responsivity 8656:and bullying 8651:intelligence 8461:Affectivity 8445:neuroscience 8415:in education 7998: 7959:Homesickness 7935: 7861:Enthrallment 7846:Emotion work 7709:Anticipation 7678: 7578: 7554: 7543: 7528: 7513: 7489: 7465: 7428: 7388: 7384: 7374: 7365: 7358:. 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