570:
55:
835:
1658:Лавров Л. И. Кавказская Тюмень // Из истории дореволюционного Дагестана. М. 1976, с. 163-165. Lavrov defined Tumen as "an ancient Kumyk possession with seaside town of Tumen, which consisted of a mixed population of Kumyks, Kabardins, Nogais, Astrakhans, Kazan Tatars and Persians". The possession of Tumen was located near Sulak river in Dagestan and refers to the possession of Tumen mentioned by Khalifa ibn Hayyat in the 8th century. As it was reported, warlord Marwan capturing Gumuk and Khunzakh, headed north, towards the possession of Tumen. Bakikhanov links Tumen with 'Tumen-shah' in the eastern sources. (Бейлис В. М. Сообщения Халифы ибн Хаййата ал-Усфури об арабо-хазарских войнах в VII - первой половине VIII в. // Древнейшие государства Восточной Европы. 1998. М.,2000. С.43).
740:
669:(1514–1576). "First of all, in Persia at the time of the great festivities there were made on the right and left side of Shah's throne, the two seats on each side for the four noble defenders of the state against the four strongest powers, namely: for the khan of Kandahar, as a defender against India; for shamkhal, as a defender against Russia; for the king of Georgian, as a defender of the state against the Turks; for the khan who lives on the Arab border". According to A. Kayaev, the influence of Chopan-shamkhal in Caucasus was great so that he "intervened in the affairs of succession of Persion throne in Iran".
673:
41:
1308:Шараф ад-Дин Йазди. Упоминание о походе счастливого Сахибкирана в Симсим и на крепости неверных, бывших там // Зафар-наме (Книга побед Амира Темура (сер. XV в.), в варианте перевода с персидского на староузбекский Муххамадом Али ибн Дарвеш Али Бухари (XVI в.)) / Пер. со староузбек., предисл., коммент., указатели и карта А. Ахмедова. — Академия наук Республики Узбекистан. Институт востоковедения имени Абу Райхана Беруни. — Ташкент: «SAN’AT», 2008. - С.421
827:, Schamkhalate started as an ally of Russia, but in 1725, shamkhal Adil-Girey II, incited by the Ottoman Empire, attacked the Russian fortress of the Holy Cross, was defeated, captured and sent into exile to the north of Russia. Despite fierce resistance, described as such by Russian companions of Peter I, particularly from the Endirey and Utamysh principalities, Shamkhalat was defeated and on paper abolished. In 1734, after
1016:Гусейнов Гарун-Рашид Абдул-Кадырович Тюменское княжество в контексте истории взаимоотношений Астраханского ханства и Кумыкского государства с Русским в XVI в., Институт Истории АН РТ, Казань, 2012 Цитата: И в дальнейшем, о более северных затеречных, включавших и Тюменское княжество, ареальных пределах Кумыкского государства – шамхальства свидетельствуют сведения А.Олеария (1635-1639 гг.)
624:. For the construction of the fortress "came princes Andrew Babichev and Peter Protasiev with many people, guns and musket". In 1567 trying to prevent the Russians to build their stronghold at the mouth of the Sunzha, Budai-shamkhal and his son Surkhay were killed on the battlefield as evidenced by their tombstones at the cemetery of shamkhals in Gazi-Kumukh.
1784:Основное население Шамхальства составляли кумыки. Единственное, что можно сказать, что села Губден и Кадар были даргинскими по этнической принадлежности и это не мешало им сохранять свою культуру, сотрудничать с кумыками, выполняя просьбы иля советы тарковских правителей. Губден и Тарки были тесно связаны еще до распада Казикумухского шамхальства.
1767:Основное население Шамхальства составляли кумыки. Единственное, что можно сказать, что села Губден и Кадар были даргинскими по этнической принадлежности и это не мешало им сохранять свою культуру, сотрудничать с кумыками, выполняя просьбы иля советы тарковских правителей. Губден и Тарки были тесно связаны еще до распада Казикумухского шамхальства.
512:], derived from the Turkic, Tatar spiritual tradition, as a reliance on their genealogical ancestry (nasab), not paying attention to the science or courtesies (edeb). The house of Chinghiz is highly esteemed amongst them (shawkhals), as Quraysh amongst Muslims. They didn't allow someone to stand higher than them or lift heads.
735:
In 1588 the
Georgian ambassadors Kaplan and Hursh reported that shamkhalate was in turmoil and asked the Russian tsar to send troops as a measure of military action against the raids of shamkhal on Georgia. Russians captured Tumen principality in the northern Dagestan. In 1599 Georgian ambassadors in
1287:Магомедов Р.М. Общественно-экономический и политический строй Дагестана в XVIII – начале XIX веков. Махачкала: Дагкнигоиздат, 1957. С. 145. «все основания отнести этот термин к Золотой Орде, нежели арабам. Можно считать, что правитель кумыков в период господства татаро-монгол ими выдвинут в этот сан»
464:
Ottoman traveller Evliya Çelebi called the
Shamkhal "a natural Oghuz". One of the arguments of the Turkic version is that Shamkhals were elected in the way that is traditional for Turkic peoples — tossing a red apple. Ancient pre-Muslim names of the Kumuk inhabitants, as fixed in Khuduk inscription
564:
As some
Persian sources say, this people settled here under the Abumuselim shah, from the Gilan Province and served under the cleric official kazi, under the rule of Shamkhal. Because of that cleric and the people of Kumukh place, who resettled here from Gilan, or, better said, by the mixture with
387:
sources, the
Shamkhalate emerged in the year 734, when Arab conqueror Abu-Muslim appointed one of his generals named "Shakhbal" to rule over the "Kumuh region". This version is based upon "Derbend-name" source, which is by itself not known to have a certain author and has many anonymous undated
1049:
520:, Shamkhalate was dominated by the Turkic Kumyks, and the Lak people hold the honorable title of Gazis (because of the earlier adoption of Islam). Apart from that, the Shamkhalate had a feudal class of Karachi-beks, a title exclusively related to Mongol-Turkic states.
494:
701:, Chopan-shamkhal carried out a visit to Turkey and was met in Eastern Anatolia with honors. Chopan-shamkhal was given many gifts. For his services in the war with the Persians shamkhal was given sanjak Shaburan and his brother Tuchelav sanjaks Akhty and Ikhyr.
565:
the indigenous Kumukh people, who originate from
Dagestan Tatars, the name Kazikumuk emerged. This clerics were the ancestors of Khamutay , who following the example of others claimed in their parts independence and in the present times adopted the Khan title.
1277:
Gulbin-i-Hanan. XVII y. (Ahmet Cevdet. Kirim ve Kafkas
Tarihcesi // Emel, № 221. Temmuz-Agustot. 1997. S. 28) «После поражения Миран-Шаха от Аи Коюнлу кумыки "получили свою независимость, избрала себе хана из роди Чингизхана, которого величали по-своему
465:— Budulay, Ahsuwar, Chupan and others — are of Turkic origin. On the graves of the Shamkhals in Kumukh there are Turkic inscriptions, as noted by professor of Caucasian studies L. Lavrov. The grave itself was called by the locals "Semerdalian" after the
842:
As a result of feudal civil strife and campaigns of
Russian troops against Shamkhalat, at the beginning of the 18th century, only a small possession along the Caspian Sea (with a total area of up to 3 thousand km²) was all that remained from the state.
448:
Russian professor of oriental studies, the Doctor of
Historical Sciences I. Zaytsev, also shared the opinion that the Shamkhalate was a Kumyk state with the capital in the town of Kumuk (written thus in medieval sources). While studying works of the
1473:Повествование об Али-Беке Андийском и его победе над Турулавом б. Али-Ханом Баклулальским как источник по истории Дагестана XVII века// Общественный строй союзов сельских общин Дагестана в XVIII - начале XIX веков. Махачкала, 1981. С. 132
1463:Повествование об Али-Беке Андийском и его победе над Турулавом б. Али-Ханом Баклулальским как источник по истории Дагестана XVII века// Общественный строй союзов сельских общин Дагестана в XVIII - начале XIX веков. Махачкала, 1981. С. 132
743:
The Arabic inscription on the barrel, "Owned by Abā Muslim Khān Shamkhāl," and the very high quality of the workmanship suggest that it belonged to a member of the family of the ruling prince (shāmkhāl)., Metropolitan Museum of Art,
799:, headed by Choban-Murza Ishterek, who did not want to obey the tsarist governors, to live in Shamkhalate. For his return to Russian borders, tsarist troops were sent to Kumykia with their Kabardian allies and Cossacks. In 1651
1595:И. Г. Гербер. Известия о находящихся на западной стороне Каспийского моря между Астраханью и рекою Курою народах и землях и о их состоянии в 1728г. // "Сочинения и переводы, к пользе и увеселению служащие". СПб. 1760, с.36-37.
1492:Шанталь Лемерсье-Келкеже. Социальная, политическая и религиозная структура Северного Кавказа в XVI в. // Восточная Европа средневековья и раннего нового времени глазами французских исследователей. Казань. 2009. С.272-294.
569:
1365:Аликберов А. К. Эпоха классического ислама на Кавказе: Абу Бакр ад-Дарбанди и его суфийская энциклопедия «Райхан ал-хака’ик» (XI—XII вв.) / А. К. Аликберов. Ответственный редактор С. М. Прозоров — М.: Вост. лит., 2003.
54:
1045:
1034:
1138:Большая советская энциклопедия. — М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1969—1978. Цитата: феодальное владение в северо-восточной части Дагестана с центром Тарки. Образовалось в конце 15 в. на территории, населённой кумыками
497:
Tarki, View from the
Caspian Sea, D. Milyutin's sketch, (head of the Principal Headquarters of the Caucasian Army (1856-1860) under the prince A. Baryatinskiy). In the centre the destroyed Shamkhal palace might be
866:
According to
Russian sources of the late 18th century, the Tarki Shamkhalate, together with their vassals Akusha Dargins, had from 36 to 42 thousand households, numbering 98-100 thousand people of both genders.
485:
Ali-Beg, who founded a new ruling dynasty, also had a title of "Shamkhal". According to the local story, starting from Ali-Beg until Khadjik, the rulers of their land spoke in the "language of the plains", i.e.
439:
It was supported by Turkish historian Fahreddin Kirzioglu, the early 20th century historian D. H. Mamaev, Halim Gerey Sultan, Muhammed Efendi, and others. Dagestanian historian R. Magomedov stated that:
1025:Документ из Российского государственного архива древних актов (фонд № 121 «Кумыцкие и тарковские дела»). Документы представляют из себя журнал, фиксирующий даты прибытия шамхальского посольства в Кремль
899:
Adil-Gerey I (1609–1614), distinguished himself in the wars against Russia (especially in the battles near Boynak in 1594 and in the Karaman valley in 1605), adhered to the pro-Iranian political course.
1092:Из истории русско-кавказскои воины: документы и материалы, А. М Ельмесов, Кабардино-Балкарское отд-ние Всероссииского фонда культуры, 1991, 261 pages, стр. 60 Цитата: ...и Крымскому, и к Шевкальскому (
657:
In 1588, the Russian authorities at the mouth of the Terek founded the fortress of Terki, also known as the Terek Fortress. Terki became the main stronghold of the Russian army in northern Dagestan.
534:
The first King of the Western Tatars was Sain. He was strong and mighty. He conquered Russia, Comania, Alania, Lak, Mengiar, Gugia and Khazaria, and before his conquest, they all belonged to Comans.
419:). A. Kandaurov wrote that the Arab version was elaborated by the Shamkhals themselves. Also, the title Shamkhals is not mentioned in the works of the Medieval Arabic historians and geographers.
1781:Историческая география Дагестана XVII — нач. XIX в / А. И. Османов (ответ. редактор), М. М. Гусаев, А. Р. Шихсаидов. — Институт ИАЭ ДНЦ РАН, Издательство типографии ДНЦ РАН, 1999. — С. 218.
1764:Историческая география Дагестана XVII — нач. XIX в / А. И. Османов (ответ. редактор), М. М. Гусаев, А. Р. Шихсаидов. — Институт ИАЭ ДНЦ РАН, Издательство типографии ДНЦ РАН, 1999. — С. 218.
902:
Surkhay III (1641–1667), pursued active foreign policy, won victories over Russian troops in the Battle of Germenchik and near Suyunch-Kala (Sunzha fortress) in 1651 and 1653 respectively.
608:
to help him against the raids of shevkalski tsar (shamkhal), Crimean khan and the Turks. Ivan the Terrible sent his general Cheremisov who took over Tarki but decided not to remain there.
444:
there is all necessary proofs to relate the term to the Golden Horde, but not to the Arabs. We may think that in the period of the Mongol-Tatars they put a Kumyk ruler in that status .
415:
and Sheref ad-din Yezdi) sources. Dagestani historian Shikhsaidov wrote that the version claiming Arab descent was in favor of the dynasty and clerics (the descendants of the Prophet
1568:В. Г. Гаджиев. Сочинение И. Г. Гербера «Описание стран и народов между Астраханью и рекою Курою находящихся» как исторический источник по истории народов Кавказа. – М., Наука, 1979.
600:
a number of rich gifts, one of which was extraordinary: an elephant, not seen up to that time in Moscow. Shamkhal's envoy to Russia had no success as in 1557 prince Temruk Idar of
544:
The original population of the "Kazi-Kumykskiy" possession, as wrote F. Somonovich in 1796, were Dagestan Tatars (Kumyks). After the resettlement of some Lezginian peoples from
724:
At the end of the 16th century shamkhal feuded with krym-shamkhal (which was the title of Shamkhalian successor to the throne) who was supported by part of the "Kumyk land".
552:, under the rule of Shamkhal, the population mixed, and the power of Shamkhal decreased, and the new population formed their own Khanate independent of the Shamkhal dynasty:
370:. Since the 16th century the state was a major figure of Russian politics to the southern borders, as it was the main target and obstacle in conquering the Caucasian region.
760:
By the end of the 16th through the beginning of the 17th centuries Shamkhalat, which was a major political entity in Caucasus, disintegrated into separate Kumyk fiefdoms.
1241:Советская Этнография, Изд-во Академии наук СССР, 1953 Цитата: Отдельные селения аварцев входили в ...кумыкское шамхальство Тарковское, кумыкское ханство Мехтулинское...
800:
705:
reported that the governor of Shirvan Osman Pasha (also of Kumyk descent) married a daughter Tuchelav, a niece of Shamkhal. Chopan Shamkhal pledged to defend Shirvan.
232:
218:
193:
179:
165:
892:
reached the peak of its power, for decades (late 16th – early 17th centuries) successfully repelling numerous attacks of neighbors, and defeating Russians at the
781:
1483:"История Кавказа и селения Карабудахкент" Джамалутдина-Хаджи Карабудахкентского / Под редакцией Г. М.-Р. Оразаева. Махачкала: ООО "Центр-полиграф", 2001. С. 55
517:
863:
It was a multiethnic state. The main population was Kumyk. At various times, it included some areas populated by Dargins, and other peoples of the Caucasus.
834:
736:
Moscow, Saravan and Aram, reported to king Alexander of Kakheti that it was difficult to reach shamkhal as he chose to reside in the mountains at the time:
627:
In 1569 prince Chopan, son of Budai-shamkhal, was elected shamkhal. Territory of Chopan-shamkhal in the north extended beyond Terek river and adjoined the
1677:
1383:Лавров Л.И -Эпиграфические памятники Северного Кавказа на арабском, персидском и турецком языках. Памятники письменности Востока. - Москва: Наука - 1966 -
1259:"История Кавказа и селения Карабудахкент" Джамалутдина-Хаджи Карабудахкентского / Под редакцией Г. М.-Р. Оразаева. Махачкала: ООО "Центр-полиграф", 2001.
893:
646:
In 1570 Chopan-shamkhal jointly with Turks and Crimeans undertook an expedition to capture Astrakhan. The city was not taken and the army retreated to
1299:Сборник материалов, относящихся к истории Золотой Орды, том II. Извлечения из персидских сочинений, собранные В. Г. Тизенгаузеном. М.-Л. АН СССР. 1941
1007:, Изд-во Академии наук СССР, 1953 Цитата: Отдельные селения аварцев входили в ...кумыкское шамхальство Тарковское, кумыкское ханство Мехтулинское...
1066:[The territory and population of Tarkovsky’s Shamkhalate in the works of Russian and Western European authors of the 18th–19th centuries]
556:
The people of this province come from Dagestan Tatars, mixed with the Persian settlers; they follow the same law, and speak Lezginian languages.
1124:
1640:Камиль Алиев, Об исторических связях между Дагестаном и Турцией, начавшихся более 500 лет назад. Газета „Ёлдаш/Времена“ от 16,23,30 марта 2012
469:
city of Semender; the gravestones there are patterned in a Kipchak style. In the "Maza chronicle" Shamkhals are described as "a branch of the
1166:Страница 58, 293 и другие. Белокуров С. А. Сношения России с Кавказом. — Выпуск 1-й. 1578—1613 гг. — М.: Университетская тип., 1889. — 715 с.
885:(1571–1588), actively participated in intra-Iranian internecine affairs, in the last years of his life he was an ally of the Ottoman Empire.
1842:
1521:
785:
435:
Shamkhal wasn't a descendant of Abbas Hamza but a Turk, who came with his companions. After him the Shamkhalate became a hereditary state.
1722:Деяния Петра Великого, мудрого преобразителя России, собранные из достоверных источников. — Изд. 2-е, М.: Типография Н. Степанова, 1838.
665:
In Persia in the court of the shah, shamkhal had an honorable place next to the shah. Sister of Chopan-shamkhal was married to shah
457:
and Sheref ad-din Yezdi, Soviet historians V. Romaskevich and S. Volin, and Uzbek historian Ashraf Ahmedov, as well as professor in
1832:
749:"Neither you nor your men should be sent to fight shevkal (shamkhal), shevkal lives in the mountains, the road to him is narrow".
905:
Budai II (1667–1692) distinguished himself in the wars with Iran and Russia (provided, in particular, active assistance to the
461:
studies O. Bubenok, call Gazi-Kumuk (also Gazi-Kumukluk in medieval sources) call the Shamkhalate area as the lands of Kumyks.
481:
and Sheref ad-din Yezdi mentioned the land as Gazi-Kumukluk, where the suffix "luk" is a Turkic linguistic sign. The ruler of
739:
526:
mentioned from his travels that Khazaria and Lak, even before falling in the hands of the "Western Tatars", belonged to the
1837:
1374:К.С. Кадыраджиев. Проблемы сравнительно-исторического изучения кумыкского и тюркского языков. Махачкала, ДГПУ, 1998 - 366с.
1317:О. Б. Бубенок - АЛАНЫ-АСЫ В ЗОЛОТОЙ ОРДЕ (XIII-XV ВВ.) ; Нац. акад. наук Украины, Ин-т востоковедения им. А. Крымского
1454:К.С. Кадыраджиев. Проблемы сравнительно-исторического изучения кумыкского и тюрского языков. Махачкала, ДГПУ, 1998 - 366с.
1559:Р. Г. Маршаев. Казикумухское шамхальство в русско-турецких отношениях во второй половине XVI — начале XVII вв. — М., 1963
991:
1752:Народы Центрального Кавказа и Дагестана: этнополитические аспекты взаимоотношений (XVI—XVIII вв.), Р. М. Бегеулов, 2005
1082:[... clearly outlined the boundaries of a number of Kumyk feudal estates, including Tarkovsky’s Shamkhaldom...]
1795:ароды Центрального Кавказа и Дагестана: этнополитические аспекты взаимоотношений (XVI—XVIII вв.), Р. М. Бегеулов, 2005
317:
to the southern borders of Dagestan, between Kumyk possessions of the Russian Empire and other administrative units.
40:
355:
in 1813. In 1867 the feudal domain of the Shamkhalate was abolished, and on its territory the Temir-Khan-Shura (now
313:, the Shamkhalate's lands were split between the Empire's feudal domain with the same name extending from the river
1187:
1411:
689:
In 1577 Chopan-shamkhal jointly with his brother Tuchelav-Bek, Gazi-Salih of Tabasaran and in alliance with the
541:
also stated that the Arabic version is a compilation by local historians trying to merge legends with history.
506:
The fact that the ruler in Dagestan was chosen from the Chinghiz dynasty and called shawkhal-khan [
1827:
1268:
Halim Gerey Soltan. Gulbin-i-Hanan. XVII y. Kirim ve Kafkas Tarihcesi // Emel, № 221. Temmuz-Agustots 1997.
1205:Бартольд В.В. Сочинения. Т.III. Работы по исторической географии - Монография. М.: Наука, 1965 - С.412-413.
1064:"Территория и население шамхальства Тарковского в трудах русских и западноевропейских авторов ХVIII–ХIХ вв"
523:
1063:
824:
412:
1356:
Gulbin-i-Hanan. XVII y. (Ahmet Cevdet. Kirim ve Kafkas Tarihcesi // Emel, No. 221. Temmuz-Agustot. 1997.
1250:Çelik (Fahrettin M.). Kızılalmanın Türesini Yaşatan Şamkallar’ın Soyu // Çinaraltı, 1942, No.30, 31, 33
1004:
974:
596:
In 1556 diplomatic relations with the Moscow state were set. The peaceful embassy of shamkhal brought
1743:. Кавказские войны и имамат Шамиля. – Москва: «Российская политическая энциклопедия» (РОССПЭН), 2000.
1080:...четко выделил границы ряда кумыкских феодальных владений, в том числе шамхальства Тарковского...
672:
650:
but then invaded Kabarda. Despite the demolition of the Sunzha fortress the Russian advance to the
616:
In 1566 prince Matlov of Kabarda asked the Moscow tsar to put a fortress at the confluence of the
755:"shevkal and his children live more in Gazi-Kumuk in the mountains, because that place is strong"
1441:
1426:
933:
803:
took place, where joint Kumyk-Nogai army secured a victory. In 1651, the Shamkhal wrote to the
776:
a Buturlin's campaign into Dagestan took place. In 1605 Russian army that occupied lowlands of
573:
Palace of the Shamkhals in their residence town of Kapir-Kumuk. Destroyed by bolsheviks during
1328:
804:
1108:
1052:, Дагестанский науч. центр, Ин-т истории, археологии и этнографии, 1998 - Всего страниц: 191
628:
1223:Гусейнов Г-Р. А-К. Шавхал (Вопросы этимологии)// КНКО: Вести. Вып. № 6-7, 2001, Махачкала.
8:
1165:
702:
336:
also possessed the title of the Vali of Dagestan and had their residence in the ancient
1678:"Распад шамхальства и образование кумыкских феодальных владений: причины и последствия"
1149:
1118:
709:
474:
454:
427:
Among the supporters of the Turkic version of the creation of the Shamkhalian state is
356:
352:
1035:Современные проблемы и перспективы развития исламоведения, востоковедения и тюркологии
733:"shamkhal affair was bad as they (shamkhal and krym-shamkhal) scold among themselves".
708:
These relations led to the actual mutual agreement on the inclusion of Shamkhalate in
1710:— Очерки истории ногайцев XV-XVIII вв. — Изд-во дом "Народы Дагестана", 2003 - С. 199
1613:Эфендиев О. Азербайджанское государство сефевидов в XVI веке. Баку. 1981. С. 15. 156.
926:
605:
597:
574:
198:
882:
402:
333:
184:
889:
906:
828:
772:
a Khvorostinin's campaign into Dagestan took place, but his troops retreated. In
713:
428:
366:
During a short period in 1580-1590s the Shamkhalate was officially a part of the
360:
211:
818:
545:
538:
487:
450:
396:
367:
310:
294:
273:
80:
70:
855:, at least three uprisings broke out in Shamkhalate — in 1823, 1831 and 1843.
1821:
910:
852:
677:
314:
1046:Дагестан в эпоху великого переселения народов: этногенетические исследования
690:
617:
470:
225:
170:
1541:С. А. Белокуров. Сношения России с Кавказом — М., 1888. 4.1. С. 29, 58-60.
909:
in their wars against Russia). He is also known for his patronage of the
809:“we, Kumyks, have and cherish our konaks since the times of our fathers”
796:
789:
694:
640:
621:
482:
321:
1807:Сведения о силах, числе душ и деревень в Дагестане. 1795 / ИГЭД. — 1958.
795:
At the end of the 1640s, Shamkhal Surkhay III invited a smaller part of
1631:Всеобщее историко-топографическое описание Кавказа (XVIII в.). 1784 г.
788:, some 20 kilometres north of Kumyk settlement of Anji, where today's
1392:Булатова А.Г. Лакцы. Историко-этнографические очерки. Махачкала, 1971
666:
1106:
938:
913:
651:
632:
601:
502:
Jamalutdin-haji Mamaev in the beginning of the 20th century wrote:
416:
388:
versions. The most recent authored version is of the 16th century.
344:
329:
325:
306:
1508:- Нальчик: Издательство М. и В. Котляровых, 2010. 304 с., стр. 6-7
975:"Кумыкский мир | К истории государственной символики кумыков"
888:
Soltan-Mut of Tarki (circa 1560–1643) was a commander, under whom
1622:Алиев К.М. В начале было письмо Газета Ёлдаш. Времена 13.04.2012.
876:
777:
728:
698:
636:
466:
337:
65:
1694:Н. М. Карамзин. История государства Российского. Т.XI. Кн. III.)
1232:Али Каяев. Материалы по истории лаков. Рук. фонд. ИИЯЛ, д. 1642.
1150:"Газават.ру :: История - Былое и думы - ШАМХАЛЫ ТАРКОВСКИЕ"
812:
639:. In the south, territories of Chopan-shamkhal extended "up to
549:
527:
348:
302:
290:
1401:Шихсаидов А.Р - Эпиграфические памятники Дагестана - М., 1985
1185:
676:
The capital town of Tarki on 17th century engraving based on
458:
384:
343:
Annexation of the Tarki Shamkhalate and other territories of
298:
92:
1577:Н. А. Смирнов. Россия и Турция в 16.-17 вв. М., 1946. С. 127
819:
18th century, campaigns of Peter I and vassalage from Russia
773:
769:
647:
1682:Гуманитарные, Социально-Экономические И Общественные Науки
879:, died in battle with the Russian army in Kabarda in 1566.
753:
Georgian ambassador Cyril in 1603 reported in Moscow that
1518:Описание Южного Дагестана Федором Симоновичем в 1796 году
712:, while the Ottoman Sultan was already recognized as the
697:
who were defeated. After the victory over Qizilbashes in
508:
493:
411:, which is mentioned both in the Russian and Persian (
1214:Шихсаидов А. Р. Дагестан в X—XIV вв. Махачкала, 1975.
1347:. Книга путешествий. Выпуск 2. — М., 1979. — С. 794.
1061:
719:
320:At some point the Shamkhalate had vassals from the
284:
1072:Известия Алтайского государственного университета
305:and included territories corresponding to modern
1819:
780:(about 8,000 men) was surrounded and routed in
309:and adjacent regions. After subjugation by the
1439:
1176:Шамхалы тарковские, ССКГ. 1868. Вып. 1. С. 58.
1107:Вардапета Гевонда; писателя VIII века (1862).
846:
391:
1502:Кавказ: европейские дневники XIII–XVIII веков
1424:
1326:
631:. In the west his territory included part of
373:
1123:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
811:, thus explaining their alliance with the
301:. It formed on the territory populated by
297:, with its capital in the ancient town of
53:
1604:Нусрет-наме Кирзиоглу Ф. Указ. соч. С.279
1586:ЦГАДА. Крымские дела. Кн. 13. — Л. 71 об.
833:
738:
671:
591:
568:
492:
1731:Походный журнал 1722 года. — СПб., 1855
784:by the army of a Northern Kumyk prince
684:
422:
1820:
1327:НИЗАМ АД-ДИН ШАМИ. "ЗАФАР-НАМЭ VIII".
1295:
1293:
1201:
1199:
1186:Belokurov, Sergey Alekseevich (2015).
693:undertook a military campaign against
477:in his 14th century Timurid chronicle
130:• Abolishment of the Shamkhalate
1649:С. А. Белокуров. Указ. соч. С. 58–59.
1161:
1159:
763:
660:
654:by the end of the 1580s recommenced.
611:
407:is a later form of the original form
16:Former state in northeastern Caucasus
1667:Белокуров С. Указ. раб. С. 302, 405.
1550:ПСРЛ. Т. XIII. 2-я пол. С. 324, 330.
1189:Russia's relations with the Caucasus
986:
984:
838:Possessions of Shamkhal in 1818-1826
1843:Vassal states of the Ottoman Empire
1377:
1290:
1253:
1196:
13:
1156:
14:
1854:
981:
720:Internal feuds and disintegration
293:state in the eastern part of the
870:
643:itself" according to I. Gerber.
230:
216:
191:
177:
163:
39:
1798:
1789:
1779:Б. Г. Алиев, М.-С. К. Умаханов.
1772:
1762:Б. Г. Алиев, М.-С. К. Умаханов.
1755:
1746:
1734:
1725:
1713:
1697:
1688:
1670:
1661:
1652:
1643:
1634:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1511:
1495:
1486:
1477:
1466:
1457:
1448:
1433:
1418:
1404:
1395:
1386:
1368:
1359:
1350:
1338:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1281:
1271:
1262:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1179:
1170:
1142:
1131:
1099:
951:
378:
1833:Khanates of the North Caucasus
1113:(in Russian). СПб. p. 28.
1086:
1076:News of Altai State University
1055:
1039:
1028:
1019:
1010:
998:
967:
586:
516:According to French historian
1:
1062:Абдусаламов М.-П. Б. (2012).
961:
858:
518:Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay
340:-Kumyk mountainous shelter.
285:
7:
1838:History of the Kumyk people
920:
847:19th century, Caucasian War
825:Persian campaign of Peter I
392:Critics of the Arab version
10:
1859:
1813:
1192:(in Russian). Vol. 1.
1105:Упоминается в VIII веке в
829:the Russian-Persian treaty
731:reported at the time that
581:
399:also stated that the term
383:According to records from
277:
246:
142:
138:
128:
118:
114:
106:
98:
88:
61:
52:
36:
31:
21:
1050:Российская академия наук
944:
801:the Battle of Germenchik
475:Nizam ad-Din Shami Yezdi
374:Emergence of Shamkhalate
1786:
1769:
934:Kazikumukh Shamkhalate
839:
751:
745:
681:
578:
567:
558:
536:
514:
499:
446:
437:
431:historian Ali Kayaev:
32:circa 8th century–1867
1782:
1765:
1094:Кумыкское шамхальство
916:persecuted in Russia.
837:
786:Soltan-Mut of Endirey
782:the Battle of Karaman
747:
742:
714:caliph of all Muslims
675:
592:Relations with Russia
572:
562:
554:
532:
504:
496:
442:
433:
351:was concluded by the
258:Shamkhalate of Tarki,
1440:Шереф-ад-Дин Йезди.
1078:] (in Russian).
1005:Советская Этнография
807:about a custom that
685:Alliance with Turkey
629:Khanate of Astrakhan
423:Turkic-Kumyk version
23:Shamkhalate of Tarki
1828:History of Dagestan
1684:(8): 111–115. 2015.
1425:Низам Ад-Дин Шами.
831:, it was restored.
805:Astrakhan governors
479:The Book of Triumph
120:• Established
1524:. www.vostlit.info
1506:Сост. В. Аталиков.
840:
764:Defeating Russians
746:
727:King Alexander of
710:the Ottoman Empire
682:
661:Alliance with Iran
612:Russian fortresses
579:
500:
455:Nizam ad-Din Shami
413:Nizam ad-Din Shami
353:Treaty of Gulistan
1704:Д. С. Кидирниязов
1412:"Maza chronicles"
927:Nuh-bey Tarkovsky
894:Battle of Karaman
853:the Caucasian War
606:Ivan the Terrible
598:Ivan the Terrible
575:Russian Civil War
363:was established.
283:
278:Таргъу Шавхаллыкъ
262:Tarki Shamkhalate
254:
253:
242:
241:
238:
237:
204:
203:
199:Umayyad Caliphate
124:circa 8th century
26:Таргъу Шавхаллыкъ
1850:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1776:
1770:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1515:
1509:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1288:
1285:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1194:
1193:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1163:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1114:
1103:
1097:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1069:
1059:
1053:
1043:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
995:
988:
979:
978:
971:
955:
890:Northern Kumykia
288:
282:romanized:
281:
279:
234:
233:
220:
219:
208:
207:
195:
194:
185:Khazar Kaghanate
181:
180:
167:
166:
160:
159:
144:
143:
57:
43:
19:
18:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1777:
1773:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1741:Н.И. Покровский
1739:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1708:Ж. К. Мусаурова
1702:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1438:
1434:
1423:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1197:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1132:
1116:
1115:
1110:Истории халифов
1104:
1100:
1091:
1087:
1067:
1060:
1056:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1003:
999:
990:
989:
982:
973:
972:
968:
964:
959:
958:
952:
947:
923:
883:Chopan-Shawkhal
873:
861:
849:
821:
766:
722:
687:
678:Adam Olearius's
663:
614:
594:
589:
584:
425:
394:
381:
376:
361:Dagestan Oblast
286:Tarğu Şawhallıq
231:
217:
212:Dagestan oblast
192:
178:
164:
131:
121:
102:Feudal monarchy
83:
79:
77:
75:
73:
69:
48:
45:
44:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1856:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1797:
1788:
1771:
1754:
1745:
1733:
1724:
1712:
1696:
1687:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1642:
1633:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1510:
1494:
1485:
1476:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1432:
1417:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1337:
1319:
1310:
1301:
1289:
1280:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1195:
1178:
1169:
1155:
1141:
1130:
1098:
1085:
1054:
1038:
1027:
1018:
1009:
997:
980:
965:
963:
960:
957:
956:
949:
948:
946:
943:
942:
941:
936:
930:
929:
922:
919:
918:
917:
903:
900:
897:
886:
880:
872:
869:
860:
857:
848:
845:
820:
817:
765:
762:
721:
718:
703:Ibrahim Peçevi
686:
683:
662:
659:
613:
610:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
539:Vasily Bartold
473:generations".
424:
421:
393:
390:
380:
377:
375:
372:
368:Ottoman Empire
359:) district of
311:Russian Empire
295:North Caucasus
252:
251:
248:
244:
243:
240:
239:
236:
235:
228:
222:
221:
214:
205:
202:
201:
196:
188:
187:
182:
174:
173:
168:
156:
155:
150:
140:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
81:Russian Empire
76:Feudal domain
71:Ottoman Empire
63:
59:
58:
50:
49:
46:
38:
37:
34:
33:
29:
28:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1855:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1806:
1801:
1792:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1749:
1742:
1737:
1728:
1721:
1720:Голиков И. И.
1716:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1619:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1489:
1480:
1474:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1443:
1442:"Книга Побед"
1436:
1428:
1427:"Книга Побед"
1421:
1413:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1346:
1341:
1334:(in Russian).
1333:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1296:
1294:
1284:
1274:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1182:
1173:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1134:
1126:
1120:
1112:
1111:
1102:
1095:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1036:
1031:
1022:
1013:
1006:
1001:
993:
992:"Къумукъ Тил"
987:
985:
976:
970:
966:
954:
950:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
928:
925:
924:
915:
912:
908:
907:Crimean Khans
904:
901:
898:
895:
891:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
874:
871:Renown rulers
868:
864:
856:
854:
844:
836:
832:
830:
826:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
761:
758:
756:
750:
741:
737:
734:
730:
725:
717:
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171:Golden Horde
153:Succeeded by
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1331:КНИГА ПОБЕД
1096:— Э. А.)...
823:During the
797:Nogai Horde
790:Makhachkala
695:Qizilbashes
587:16-17th cc.
483:Andi people
471:Khan-Hakhan
453:historians
322:Caspian Sea
148:Preceded by
84:(1813–1867)
1822:Categories
1528:2017-10-18
962:References
859:Population
409:"Shawkhal"
397:V. Bartold
270:Shevkalate
266:Shawhalate
99:Government
1278:"шаухал"»
1119:cite book
667:Tahmasp I
334:Shamkhals
939:Dagestan
921:See also
914:Cossacks
744:New-York
680:Travels.
652:Caucasus
641:Shemakha
633:Chechnya
602:Kabardia
417:Muhammad
403:Shamkhal
357:Buynaksk
345:Dagestan
330:Balkaria
307:Dagestan
289:) was a
78:within:
68:within:
1814:Sources
877:Buday I
851:During
778:Kumykia
729:Kakheti
699:Shirvan
637:Kabarda
582:History
451:Timurid
326:Kabarda
107:History
89:Capital
66:Vilayet
813:Nogais
635:up to
618:Sunzha
604:asked
550:Persia
528:Cumans
467:Khazar
349:Russia
338:Khazar
332:. The
303:Kumyks
264:(also
250:Russia
110:
62:Status
1329:<
1074:[
1068:(PDF)
945:Notes
622:Terek
546:Gilan
498:found
488:Kumyk
315:Sulak
299:Tarki
291:Kumyk
274:Kumyk
268:, or
93:Tarki
1125:link
774:1604
770:1594
648:Azov
620:and
560:and
459:Alan
385:Arab
328:and
256:The
134:1867
1522:"Д"
768:In
509:sic
429:Lak
347:by
324:to
260:or
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