2807:
2786:
2637:
2359:
2437:
2425:
1051:
2371:
2386:
2785:
2090:
2850:
1871:
1039:
2537:
1788:
2904:
2410:
1887:
1912:
2677:
2916:
2760:. In Mesny's Chinese Miscellany written in 1897 by William Mesny, it was however observed that skirts were worn by Chinese women over their trousers in some regions of China, but that in most areas, skirts were only used when women would go out for paying visits. He also observed that the wearing of trousers was a national custom for Chinese women and that trousers were worn in their homes when they would do house chores; he observed that women were dressed almost like men when working at home, except that their trousers had trims at the bottom of different coloured materials.
1932:
2343:
2559:
2594:
2453:
2577:
2806:
2999:
2689:
2826:
2838:
2738:, but it was not a common feature until the 20th century. In the late Qing, the high collar become more popular and was integrated to the jacket and robe of the Chinese and the Manchu becoming a regular garment feature instead of an occasional feature. For the Han Chinese women, the stand-up collar became a defining feature of their long jacket; this long jacket with high collar could be worn over their trousers but also over their skirts (i.e.
49:
2726:. In women garments of the Ming dynasty, the standup collar with gold and silver interlocking buckles became one of the most distinctive and popular form of clothing structure; it became commonly used in women's clothing reflecting the conservative concept of Ming women's chastity by keeping their bodies covered and due to the climate changes during the Ming dynasty (i.e. the average temperature was low in China).
33:
3083:
ruling the South. The Nguyen lords ordered that southern men and women had to wear
Chinese-stye trousers and long front-buttoning tunics to differentiate themselves from the people living in the North. This form of outfit developed with time over the next century becoming the precursor of the áo dài,
580:'vertical brown') typically refers to the two-piece set of attire composed of an upper garment which is generally above and below the hips and knees and a pair of trousers, which are both made out of coarse cloth and was generally worn by people doing manual labour, such as farm work, and by
2119:
long jacket (which were either waist or knee length) which was tied with a belt. Common women could either wear skirts or trousers under their jackets. Full trousers with slightly tempered cuffs or trousers which were tied just below the knees were worn under the jacket. In tombs inventories dating
3091:
In the pre-20th century, Vietnamese people of both sexes continue to maintain old Ming-style of
Chinese clothing consisting of a long and loose knee-length tunics and ankle-length, loose trousers. In the 1920s, the form ensemble outfit was refitted to become the Vietnamese dress female national
3061:
matched in colour; they prefer wearing colours which are lighter and brighter, such as pale green, pale blue, turquoise, yellow and pink. These lighter colours tended to be preferred by younger women or by newly married women; they were also worn on special occasions. On the other hand, darker
1856:
which is worn on top of skirt and trousers. The Qin artisans valued contrasting colours; for example, the upper garments which were green in colour were often decorated with red or purple border; this upper garment would often be worn together with blue, or purple, or red trousers.
3849:
Jiang, Wanyi; Li, Zhaoqing (2021-01-06). "Analysis on
Evolution, Design and Application of Women's Traditional Coats in Beijing in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China: Based on the Collection of Ethnic Custom Museum of Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology".
1302:
was different from the trousers worn nowadays as it came in pairs of legs like shoes. They were knee-high trousers which were tied on the calves and only covered the knees and the ankles; thus allowing its wearer's thighs to be exposed; due to this reason, ancient
Chinese wore
2436:
2358:
3169:
The term chang in a broad sense can refer to any to lower garments, including trousers and skirts. When chang is used over trousers, it typically refers to a skirt; upper garment with chang (skirt) form a set of attire called
3036:
which was very narrow and also consisted of piping rows. They typically wore bright colours such as light blue as every day wear while colours such as purple, deep blue, deep turquoise were reserved for special occasions.
2285:
chords, a textile associated with foreigners; it was actually not a stylistic invention from the
Northern people and were not a form of nomad clothing. During this period, the nomadic tribes, which also wore their own
2755:
without wearing a skirt on top of their trousers were typically people born from the lower social class. Otherwise, they would wear trousers under their skirts which is in accordance with the traditions since the
2385:
2940:
became popular. but it was not expected for children to wear the Mao suit. While in cities, children started to wear
Western style clothing, the children in the rural areas continued to wear the traditional
2636:
3643:
2722:). The appearance of interlocking buckle promoted the emergence and the popularity of the standup collar and the Chinese jacket with buttons at the front, and laid the foundation of the use of
1134:
could be long-sleeved, short-sleeved, or sleeveless depending on the time period. The sleeves could be wide or narrow, and the shape of the cuff could vary depending on styles and time period.
2071:
which covered the hips and legs and its rise and hips regions were closed at the front and multiple strings were used to tie it at the back of its wearer; it was made for palace maids. The
2536:
2370:
2424:
3187:
Authors Feng and Du (2015) specifies that the jacket worn is ru, which is cut to the waist, in this context. They however do not elaborate on the precise type of trousers.
1624:'coat'), which appears to have been the outermost coat of all garment, resembling a robe with short body and loose sleeves. King Wuling was also known for wearing
2676:
2885:
which was decorated with floral patterns and checks. People living in urban areas started to wear
Western clothing while people in rural areas continued to wear
4323:
2316:
with tight sleeves originated from the
Northern minorities was also adopted by the Chinese before being localized and developed Chinese characteristics; the
4347:. Yuanfeng Liu, Frances Corner; China Textile & Apparel Press (Editors). The International Foundation of Fashion Technology Institutes: 199–205. 2016.
3216:
2903:
2342:
4461:. Xun Zhou, Chunming Gao, 周汛, Shanghai Shi xi qu xue xiao. Zhongguo fu zhuang shi yan jiu zu. San Francisco, CA: China Books & Periodicals. 1987.
2396:
932:
were typically made of similar fabrics. However, the two garments were sometimes made separately and did not belong to the same set of clothing.
2409:
4924:
4868:
4545:
4407:
4227:
4174:
3531:
3088:
and a diagonal right side closure which run from the neck to the armpit; these features were inspired by the
Chinese and the Manchu clothing.
2849:
2111:
In the early medieval period of China (220–589 AD), male and female commoners, including servants and field labourers, wore a full-sleeved,
1799:, short clothing became more common and trousers were generally worn from what can be observed from the unearthed Qin dynasty tomb figures.
2558:
621:), is typically used to refer to military or riding style attire which is composed of a jacket or coat and trousers. According to the
391:
was originally worn by both genders. Up until the mid-20th century, it was popular in China and outside of China where it was worn by
2670:, the trousers with open-rise and close-rise were worn by men and women. Women in Ming continued to wear trousers under their skirts.
1050:
3748:
797:
3458:
2593:
1563:'short coat on upper body', ' trousers on lower body'). However, the style of trousers, which was introduced in
3153:
Yi is typically literally translated as "clothing" nowadays; however, in ancient times, it was used to refer to "upper clothing
4767:
4944:
4900:
4844:
4740:
4652:
4521:
4422:
4383:
4257:
4203:
4150:
4116:
4081:
4039:
3869:
3776:
3663:
3615:
3507:
3434:
3399:
3345:
3307:
2208:
was a popular form of clothing attire and was worn by both genders; it was worn by both military and civil officials in the
2915:
1988:. Manual labourers tended to be wear even shorter upper garment and lower garment as due to their convenient use for work.
723:'big coat') also existed, but they were only long enough to cover the knees, which suggest that the other forms of
2874:
gradually became shorter and become more fitted. The neckband of the shan was also narrow. Sleeveless and short-sleeved
2825:
1719:
policy was mainly worn by the military troops and servants while the general population typically continued to wear the
3032:
was characterized by the bands decoration at the sleeves edges and at the garment opening as well as the collar of the
1410:
1016:
280:
1846:'outerwear'). The trousers were often wide at the top and narrower at the bottom and could be find with rise.
1101:
1066:
684:
54:
4810:
4705:
4577:
4466:
4432:
801:
2269:, especially the ones with a wide bottom, became popular among aristocrats and commoners alike. While this style of
4633:"Research on Design Aesthetics and Cultural Connotation of Gold and Silver Interlocking Buckle in the Ming Dynasty"
3075:
In the 15th century (from 1407 to 1478), the
Vietnamese women adopted Chinese trousers under the occupation of the
2187:
2114:
2089:
1383:; 'jacket and trousers') was already worn by the ancient Chinese people. However, the lower garment called
1083:
1062:
38:
2970:. The trousers, which could be found either narrow or wide, were a form of standard clothing for the Han Chinese.
1185:
with some having closed rises while others have opened rise. Trousers with close rises were typically referred as
1038:
2331:
2258:
2222:
2209:
4286:"On "Skirts" and "Trousers" in the Qin Dynasty Manuscript Making Clothes in thh Collection of Peking University"
1870:
1911:
472:
432:
242:
68:
3224:
2442:
Men wearing shanku. Painting from Yanju's tomb, also known as Jiuquan Dingjia Gate No. 5 Tomb, 5th century AD.
4637:
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Art Studies: Science, Experience, Education (ICASSEE 2020)
2715:
2688:
596:
464:
424:
234:
84:
2742:). The high collar remained a defining feature of their jacket even in the first few years of the republic.
2708:
started to appear. The standup collar were closed with interlocking buttons made of gold and silver, called
1787:
2576:
1177:), as a general term, was a pair of long trousers which could be loose or narrow. There are many types of
781:
509:
2775:
which closes to the right and started wearing a jacket with a central-opening which looks similar to the
2623:
3853:
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Arts, Design and Contemporary Education (ICADCE 2020)
2494:
which had been worn in the previous dynasties remained popular until the Sui and Tang dynasties period.
4872:
4549:
4490:
4358:
4178:
3800:
3555:
1220:
772:
311:), a Chinese upper garment which typically overlaps and closes on the right side which could be called
3743:
1537:
The nomadic clothes adopted by King Wuling consisted of belts, short upper garment, and trousers. The
2254:
2246:
1089:, a collar which crosses or overlaps in the front and closed to the right side similar to the letter
2986:
as their traditional clothing; both Hakka men and women wear it. The preferred colours of the Hakka
1044:
Illustration of shan (衫) from the Chinese encyclopedia Gujin Tushu Jicheng, between 1700 and 1725 AD
698:
2225:, was created by assimilating non-Han cultures in order to create a new design which reflected the
945:
4601:
4516:. Wendy Swartz, Robert Ford Campany, Yang Lu, Jessey Jiun-Chyi Choo. New York. 2014. p. 435.
1407:
as the trousers in this period still lacked a rise. In the Shang dynasty, the slaveholders wore a
1247:
was typically made of lighter coloured fabric, such as blue or white. However, the colours of the
1012:) all refer to Chinese upper garment, which typically has a side fastening to the right, known as
848:"A light suit consisting of a jacket with a high collar and loose trousers, traditional in China".
3851:
1886:
3900:
3821:
3550:
2837:
2364:
Male commoner wearing a long knee-length jacket and trousers, Western Jin dynasty (265–316 CE)
4352:
4337:
4317:
4252:. Timothy Danforth Baker, Michael S. Duke. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 166.
1499:
1370:
836:"A style of casual dress worn by Chinese women, consisting of a waisted blouse and trousers".
4427:. 李竹润., 王德华., 顾映晨. (Di 1 ban ed.). Beijing: Wu zhou chuan bo chu ban she. p. 32.
4031:
World Clothing and Fashion : an Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Social Influence
1674:-trousers still had an open rise and rear, which would allowed for excretion purposes, the
3156:
1791:
Terracotta warriors wearing kuzhe (some of them wearing their armour over it), Qin dynasty
8:
3771:. Angus Stevenson, Maurice Waite (12th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2011.
1931:
1568:
1503:
4918:
4862:
4658:
4539:
4484:
4401:
4221:
4168:
3875:
3794:
3669:
3525:
3107:
3080:
2933:
2521:
2196:
1980:
1605:
1433:
1413:
1314:
1029:
1000:
986:
968:
954:
941:
897:
704:
342:
328:
314:
283:
1662:
evolved until the thighs were lengthened to cover the thighs forming a newly improved
190:
145:
4906:
4896:
4850:
4840:
4816:
4806:
4746:
4736:
4711:
4662:
4648:
4583:
4573:
4527:
4517:
4472:
4462:
4438:
4428:
4389:
4379:
4305:
4263:
4253:
4209:
4199:
4156:
4146:
4122:
4112:
4087:
4077:
4045:
4035:
4005:
3879:
3865:
3782:
3772:
3692:
3673:
3659:
3621:
3611:
3513:
3503:
3466:
3440:
3430:
3405:
3395:
3351:
3341:
3313:
3303:
2249:
to increase ease of movements when horseback riding or when on military duty. In the
2508:, trousers with narrow legs, was worn by the general population during this period.
1445:
860:"A suit consisting of high-necked jacket and loose trousers, worn by Chinese women".
4775:
4640:
4297:
3997:
3857:
3651:
3644:"Wearing the Hat of Loyalty: Imperial Power and Dress Reform in Ming Dynasty China"
2881:
In the 1950s, women of lower status and those worked on farms would sometimes wear
2723:
2530:
worn by poor people were short length clothing and were made out of coarse fabric.
2452:
2299:
1833:
1819:
1749:
and was only worn by military and by the lower class. The nomadic-style loose rise
1668:-trousers; it also had a waist enclosure which was added; however, as the improved
1611:
1550:
1528:'Hu clothing and mounted archery') policies which involved the adoption of
1515:
1281:
710:
567:
545:
529:
392:
289:
117:
3985:
1145:
varied in length depending on the time period, but it could also be thigh-length.
1107:-style, the curved or slanted overlap closure which appears similar to the letter
4001:
3085:
2705:
1978:
was mainly worn for formal occasions in the Han dynasty, men wore a waist-length
1849:
1120:
764:
514:
4644:
4285:
3861:
3079:. During the 17th and 18th century, Vietnam was divided in two regions with the
294:
91:
75:
1767:(i.e. trousers with extremely wide legs) which appeared in the Han dynasty and
4632:
4393:
3655:
3517:
3426:
Chinese new migrants in Suriname : the inevitability of ethnic performing
1957:
407:, etc. It is still worn in present-day China and can be found in rural areas.
4938:
4910:
4854:
4750:
4715:
4531:
4309:
4267:
4213:
4160:
4126:
4091:
4049:
4009:
3786:
3444:
3355:
3317:
1965:
1639:
1594:
1582:
1574:
1564:
1454:
1402:
1394:
1360:
1291:
1275:
1219:
is traditionally loose in terms of fitting. However, due to the influence of
1189:
1163:
1154:
907:
692:
504:
138:
4820:
4587:
4476:
4442:
3625:
3409:
2658:, which was braided at the waists and had pleats and narrow-fitting sleeves.
4836:
Encyclopedia of national dress : traditional clothing around the world
4373:
3497:
3134:
3076:
3046:
3013:
3002:
2998:
2979:
2791:
2735:
2667:
2645:
2549:
2517:
2483:
2469:
2400:
2311:
2078:
1094:
1076:
1056:
Han woman's jacket (袄) with a slanted opening and high collar, 19th century
743:, some of these garment items and styles were in fact Chinese innovations.
581:
385:, such as labourers, shopkeepers, or retainers from wealthy household. The
180:
124:
4890:
4834:
4730:
4511:
4301:
4247:
4193:
4140:
4106:
4071:
4029:
3766:
3424:
3335:
3297:
2281:
worn by foreigners and non-Chinese minority ethnicities due to the use of
1079:, the shape of the collar and closure of the upper garment were typically
4800:
4567:
4456:
3605:
3389:
3094:
2963:
2757:
2746:
2416:
2242:
2226:
2077:
continued to be worn for a long period of time, and was even worn in the
2047:
1922:
1901:
1796:
1701:
1481:
1340:
3744:"Definition of samfu noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary"
3648:
The Right to Dress: Sumptuary Laws in a Global Perspective, c.1200–1800
3119:
3084:
the outfit generally consisted of trousers, loose-fitting shirt with a
2776:
821:
4676:
2472:, the trousers which were worn by men were mainly worn with a form of
1694:
which did not fit in the traditional norms of the Chinese people, the
1008:
636:
355:
349:
335:
321:
297:
3570:
2890:
2682:
Ming dynasty portrait of a person wearing white trousers and blue top
2298:, also ended up being influenced by the Han Chinese style due to the
1509:
1269:
396:
159:
4076:. Zhengming Du. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
3716:
3340:. Lee-Ling Ho. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Press. p. 107.
48:
2937:
2245:, allowed for greater ease of movement; they were also worn in the
1897:
1571:, had a loose, close rise and differed from the indigenous Chinese
882:
785:) originated from the combination of the Chinese (Cantonese) words
404:
400:
166:
1773:(i.e. trousers with tied strings under the knees). These forms of
2376:
2250:
1700:
was well-accepted by the Chinese as it was more aligned with the
1446:
Zhou dynasty, Spring and Autumn period, and Warring States period
624:
269:) is a generic term which refers to a two-piece set of attire in
187:
4145:. Paul van Els, Sarah A. Queen. Albany. 2017. pp. 121–122.
3459:"Evolution and revolution: Chinese dress 1700s-1990s - Glossary"
2897:
continued to be worn when people were away from their workplace.
1239:
was typically dyed in black, blue or grey. The waistband of the
2946:
2649:
2627:
2033:
1973:
1921:
consisting of a pair of white trousers with red upper garment,
878:
480:
440:
302:
250:
32:
4142:
Between history and philosophy : anecdotes in early China
1363:. Prior to the introduction of foreigners' clothing, known as
4805:. Farmington Hills, MI: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 61.
4375:
Kingly splendor : court art and materiality in Han China
3642:
Chen, BuYun (2019), Riello, Giorgio; Rublack, Ulinka (eds.),
3175:
3171:
3129:
3124:
2949:
checked fabrics, stripe fabrics, or other patterned fabrics.
2739:
2608:
2475:
2392:
2349:
2084:
2041:
1985:
1853:
1677:
1630:-style long trousers and upper garments with narrow sleeves.
1439:
1354:
1306:
676:
654:
382:
272:
195:
4572:(Di 1 ban ed.). Beijing: Wu zhou chuan bo chu ban she.
2771:
was wide. In the late 19th century, men stopped wearing the
2056:
were trousers which were tied with strings under the knees.
1948:
Starting since the Eastern Han dynasty, trousers with rise,
3650:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 416–434,
3429:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 276–277.
3113:
2631:
2282:
1493:
738:
3024:
which has a deeply curved hem and black-coloured trousers
3391:
Changing clothes in China : fashion, history, nation
3299:
Chinese Dress : From the Qing Dynasty to the Present
2524:
and trousers due to its convenience. In this period, the
2391:
Servants wearing top and trousers while aristocrats wear
1386:
1322:
171:
4839:. Jill Condra. Santa Barbara, Calif. 2013. p. 760.
2520:, labourers who performed heavy tasks preferred to wear
1111:, which was commonly worn in the late Qing dynasty. The
3986:"Symbolism and Evolution of Ku-form in Chinese Costume"
1223:, it became more tight fitting in the 1950s and 1960s.
4892:
A history of Southeast Asia : critical crossroads
4735:. Taiwan: Government Information Office. p. 237.
2430:
Tomb Brick of Wei, Jin, or Southern-Northern Dynasties
2241:-trousers were bounded at knees and dates back to the
381:
was mainly worn by people from lower social status in
4677:"Zimu Kou - Exquisite Ming Style Hanfu Button - 2021"
2922:
2855:
2795:
2750:
2709:
2653:
2606:
2600:
2583:
2565:
2543:
2525:
2503:
2489:
2481:
2473:
2458:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2309:
2303:
2293:
2287:
2276:
2270:
2263:
2236:
2230:
2216:
2203:
2194:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2158:
2145:
2135:
2121:
2112:
2102:
2095:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2051:
2039:
2031:
2025:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1984:
and trousers in their ordinary days while women wore
1971:
1963:
1955:
1949:
1827:
1809:
1803:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1625:
1603:
1592:
1580:
1572:
1544:
1538:
1529:
1507:
1452:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1408:
1400:
1392:
1384:
1374:
1364:
1352:
1334:
1328:
1320:
1312:
1304:
1297:
1289:
1273:
1249:
1241:
1233:
1213:
1197:
1187:
1179:
1161:
1139:
1128:
1113:
1099:
1081:
1014:
998:
984:
966:
952:
926:
918:
905:
895:
887:
877:
is a two-piece set of attire, which is composed of a
871:
753:
736:
730:
724:
702:
690:
682:
674:
664:
652:
646:
640:
630:
622:
611:
589:
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538:
522:
457:
417:
386:
376:
361:
340:
326:
312:
278:
270:
227:
129:
1203:
which typically referred to trousers without rises.
609:'jacket trousers'), also called referred as
150:
4728:
4322:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
3110: – a type of Chinese upper garment
2909:Hakka woman wearing shanku, between 1935 and 1945
2699:
2379:female warrior wearing trousers and upper garment
1755:later influenced the formation of other forms of
4936:
3571:"What did Ancient Chinese Peasants Wear? – 2021"
808:originated in the 1950s from the Cantonese term
2734:The high collar jacket continued to be worn in
1543:introduced by King Wuling can be designated as
1438:, which was worn, was similar to a knee-length
4338:"A study on skirt construction in qin dynasty"
2831:Woman wearing a blue ao/shan and pink trousers
2729:
495:'jacket trousers'), and also known as
3337:Culture and customs of Singapore and Malaysia
3065:
89:
73:
16:Chinese outfit composed of a top and trousers
3422:
2966:women and men of the labouring classes wore
1997:trousers came in variety of styles, such as
1296:without crotches. The form of the Neolithic
824:, there are variations in the definition of
729:were shorter than knee-length. Although the
41:shanku worn by a civil official, Western Jin
3610:. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
2870:In the 20th century, the 19th-century long
1841:
1619:
1558:
1523:
1465:
718:
604:
575:
553:
490:
450:
260:
4923:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4867:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4544:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4406:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4226:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4173:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3530:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3116: – non-Han Chinese clothing
3053:which is distinctive in style wherein the
2085:Wei, Jin, Northern, and Southern dynasties
2050:by both military and civil officials. The
1962:of the Han dynasty gradually replaced the
1258:
864:
47:
31:
4027:
3822:"Sleeveless 'samfoo' with a floral motif"
2352:(middle and right), Three Kingdoms period
1682:still continued to be worn on top of the
4895:. Chichester, West Sussex. p. 285.
4513:Early medieval China : a sourcebook
4420:
3983:
2997:
2640:Shanku worn by farming man, Yuan dynasty
2635:
2451:
2447:
2088:
1786:
1602:The short garment was a coat was called
1333:to cover their lower body. This form of
885:as a lower garment. More precisely, the
4283:
4111:. USA: New York: Taylor & Francis.
3990:Research Journal of Textile and Apparel
3848:
3499:On the ancient history of the Silk Road
3394:. New York: Columbia University Press.
3387:
3295:
2704:In the late Ming dynasty, jackets with
2648:, some scholars and commoners wore the
2497:
1255:could vary depending on ethnic groups.
735:attire were oftentimes associated with
216:Samfoo (British English) / Samfu / Aoku
4937:
4884:
4882:
4798:
4794:
4792:
4699:
4697:
4630:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4371:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4023:
4021:
4019:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3844:
3842:
3761:
3759:
3738:
3736:
3637:
3635:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3062:colours were favoured by older women.
617:and uses the same Chinese characters (
4762:
4760:
4703:
4565:
4561:
4559:
4279:
4277:
4104:
4073:Traditional Chinese rites and rituals
4065:
4063:
4061:
4059:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3020:which is composed of fitted-style of
2502:In the Song to the Yuan dynasty, the
1484:wore black trousers and red jackets.
1339:continued to be worn until the early
746:
4888:
4802:Encyclopedia of clothing and fashion
4631:Hao, Xiao’ang; Yin, Zhihong (2020).
4191:
4069:
3856:. Atlantis Press. pp. 641–648.
3641:
3603:
3329:
3327:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3204:
2767:was long in length and the trousers
2202:, which reached the knee level. The
1954:, gradually started to be worn, the
1802:As a general term for trousers, the
1779:-trousers were Chinese innovations.
1633:
1311:, a set of attire consisting of the
1288:) and were the original form of the
903:and the trousers generally known as
842:Oxford Learner's Advanced Dictionary
798:Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary
4879:
4827:
4789:
4694:
4619:
4497:
4249:China : a new cultural history
4234:
4185:
4133:
4016:
3839:
3756:
3733:
3632:
3588:
3563:
3495:
3423:Tjon Sie Fat, Paul Brendan (2009).
3333:
2030:was worn with a loose robe (either
1487:
1359:can be traced back at least to the
277:, which is typically composed of a
13:
4757:
4556:
4274:
4245:
4056:
3918:
3886:
3807:
3538:
3480:
3362:
3214:
2952:
2878:also existed in the 20th century.
2542:A woman (in the middle) wearing a
1941:with trousers, Han tomb figurines.
1093:in shape, as the ones worn in the
881:as an upper garment and a pair of
517:following its Cantonese spelling.
375:). As a form of daily attire, the
53:Illustration of a woman wearing a
14:
4956:
4639:. Paris, France: Atlantis Press.
3768:Concise Oxford English dictionary
3559:. HarperCollins Publishers. 2022.
3324:
3238:
3201:
2183:, a tight-fitting upper garment,
1579:; it is thus a style referred as
854:Concise Oxford English Dictionary
802:Concise Oxford English Dictionary
645:), typically used as part of the
2914:
2902:
2848:
2836:
2824:
2805:
2784:
2694:Fisherman, Ming dynasty painting
2687:
2675:
2592:
2575:
2557:
2535:
2435:
2423:
2408:
2384:
2369:
2357:
2341:
1930:
1910:
1885:
1869:
1346:
1148:
1049:
1037:
935:
415:Shanku is sometimes referred as
266:
4722:
4669:
4594:
4449:
4414:
4365:
4330:
4284:Hao, Peng; Ling, Zhang (2018).
4098:
4034:. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.
3984:Xu, Rui; Sparks, Diane (2011).
3709:
3685:
3181:
3163:
2865:
2661:
2617:
2511:
2259:Northern and Southern dynasties
2210:Northern and Southern dynasties
1970:. While the long robe known as
1852:, for example, wears a type of
1506:(r. 326–298 BC) instituted the
359:), and a pair of long trousers
196:
172:
151:
4458:5000 years of Chinese costumes
4028:Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2015).
3901:"Traditional Chinese 'samfoo'"
3451:
3416:
3147:
2957:
2719:
2700:Appearance of standing collars
2328:worn by the Chinese and had a
2131:
2127:
1860:
1782:
1707:The trousers with loose rise,
1461:
1263:
1174:
1170:
979:
975:
618:
600:
485:
476:
468:
445:
436:
428:
410:
372:
368:
354:
348:
307:
265:'shirt trousers'; see
255:
246:
238:
130:
90:
74:
1:
4602:"Costume in the Song Dynasty"
4421:Zang, Yingchun; 臧迎春. (2003).
3749:Oxford Learner's Dictionaries
3194:
2990:is typically blue and black.
2322:was slightly longer than the
2308:which was in the form of the
1713:, which was adopted from the
1391:remained in use to cover the
1272:, the trousers were known as
942:Ru/shan/ao/yi (upper garment)
4945:Chinese traditional clothing
4345:18th Annual IFFTI Conference
4195:Snapshots of Chinese culture
4002:10.1108/rjta-15-01-2011-b002
2120:to the early 600s, cases of
2009:, while a derivative of the
1902:Eastern Han (1st century AD)
1534:to facilitate horse riding.
1097:and earlier, instead of the
7:
4729:República of China (2010).
4645:10.2991/assehr.k.200907.030
4372:Miller, Allison R. (2021).
4198:. Xinzhi Cai. Los Angeles.
3862:10.2991/assehr.k.210106.123
3101:
2923:
2856:
2796:
2751:
2730:Qing dynasty – 19th century
2710:
2654:
2624:Fashion in the Yuan dynasty
2607:
2601:
2584:
2566:
2544:
2526:
2504:
2490:
2482:
2474:
2459:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2310:
2304:
2302:aspect of this period. The
2294:
2288:
2277:
2271:
2264:
2237:
2231:
2221:which appeared in the late
2217:
2204:
2195:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2159:
2146:
2136:
2122:
2113:
2103:
2096:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2052:
2040:
2032:
2026:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1972:
1964:
1956:
1950:
1828:
1810:
1804:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1644:Under the influence of the
1626:
1604:
1593:
1581:
1573:
1545:
1539:
1530:
1508:
1453:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1409:
1401:
1393:
1385:
1375:
1373:, a set of attire known as
1365:
1353:
1335:
1329:
1321:
1313:
1305:
1298:
1290:
1274:
1250:
1242:
1234:
1214:
1198:
1188:
1180:
1162:
1140:
1129:
1123:or a high standing collar.
1114:
1100:
1082:
1015:
999:
985:
967:
953:
927:
919:
906:
896:
888:
872:
754:
737:
731:
725:
703:
691:
683:
675:
665:
653:
647:
641:
631:
623:
612:
590:
561:
539:
523:
458:
418:
387:
377:
362:
341:
327:
313:
279:
271:
228:
10:
4961:
4707:Mesny's Chinese Miscellany
4424:Zhongguo chuan tong fu shi
3607:Six dynasties civilization
3556:Collins English Dictionary
3070:
3066:Influences and derivatives
2621:
2415:Civil official in shanku,
1892:Banquet attendees wearing
1818:), also known as shangru (
1737:. Thus, the nomadic-style
1688:. Compared to the nomadic
1637:
1491:
1226:
1206:
1195:to differentiate from the
1152:
939:
830:Collins English Dictionary
820:meaning 'trousers'. Among
773:Collins English Dictionary
558:'short brown') or
455:'coat trousers'),
3656:10.1017/9781108567541.017
3388:Finnane, Antonia (2008).
2860:outfit, late 19th century
2763:In the 19th century, the
2151:
2141:
1837:
1823:
1815:
1743:never fully replaced the
1615:
1588:
1554:
1519:
1380:
1285:
1007:
993:
961:
751:In the English language,
714:
689:closure according to the
670:
660:
571:
549:
533:
334:
320:
293:
220:
212:
207:
186:
179:
165:
158:
144:
137:
123:
116:
111:
107:
99:
83:
67:
62:
46:
30:
26:
21:
4799:Steele, Valerie (2005).
4710:. China Gazette Office.
4108:Warfare in China to 1600
3604:Dien, Albert E. (2007).
3551:"Definition of 'samfoo'"
3302:. New York: Tuttle Pub.
3296:Garrett, Valery (2012).
3140:
3040:
2993:
2973:
2812:A woman wearing a white
2275:was associated with the
1991:In the Han dynasty, the
1155:Ku and/or kun (trousers)
946:Garment collars in Hanfu
852:The 12th edition of the
639:; sometimes referred as
69:Traditional Chinese
4704:Mesny, William (1897).
4304:(inactive 2024-09-19).
4290:Chinese Cultural Relics
3496:Rui, Chuanming (2021).
2570:, Song dynasty painting
1731:and the newly improved
1480:), it is recorded that
1259:History and development
865:Design and construction
804:indicate that the term
759:is commonly written as
85:Simplified Chinese
4889:Reid, Anthony (2015).
4489:: CS1 maint: others (
4357:: CS1 maint: others (
4312:– via East View.
3799:: CS1 maint: others (
3215:Ho, Stephanie (2013).
3009:
2641:
2465:
2108:
1808:was worn with jackets
1792:
862:
850:
838:
395:in countries, such as
4871:) CS1 maint: others (
4566:Hua, Mei; 华梅 (2004).
4548:) CS1 maint: others (
4302:10.21557/CCR.54663802
4177:) CS1 maint: others (
4105:Lorge, Peter (2017).
3221:eresources.nlb.gov.sg
3001:
2639:
2455:
2448:Sui to Tang dynasties
2092:
1790:
1500:Warring States period
1371:Warring States period
1030:Chinese upper garment
858:
856:defines it as being:
846:
844:defines it as being:
834:
832:defines it as being:
4732:Taiwan yearbook 2010
4246:Xu, Zhuoyun (2012).
2724:Chinese knot buckles
2564:Peasant men wearing
2498:Song to Yuan dynasty
2456:Attendant wearing a
2107:, Southern dynasties
822:English dictionaries
4606:en.chinaculture.org
3463:archive.maas.museum
3334:Koh, Jaime (2009).
3217:"Samfu | Infopedia"
3092:dress, the ladies'
2945:which were made of
2015:-trousers known as
1850:Terracotta warriors
1569:King Wuling of Zhao
1504:King Wuling of Zhao
893:is composed of the
816:meaning 'coat' and
771:. According to the
473:traditional Chinese
433:traditional Chinese
243:traditional Chinese
4192:Zhao, Yin (2014).
3010:
2934:Great Leap Forward
2816:and dark coloured
2642:
2466:
2348:Shanku (left) and
2109:
1937:A guard wearing a
1793:
1761:trousers, such as
1327:, on top of their
1137:The bodice of the
747:English definition
465:simplified Chinese
425:simplified Chinese
235:simplified Chinese
103:Shirt and trousers
4902:978-1-118-51295-1
4846:978-0-313-37637-5
4742:978-986-02-5278-1
4654:978-94-6239-051-5
4523:978-0-231-53100-9
4385:978-0-231-55174-8
4259:978-0-231-15920-3
4205:978-1-62643-003-7
4152:978-1-4384-6613-2
4118:978-1-351-87379-6
4083:978-1-4438-8783-0
4070:Feng, Ge (2015).
4041:978-1-317-45167-9
3871:978-94-6239-314-1
3778:978-0-19-960108-0
3665:978-1-108-47591-4
3617:978-0-300-07404-8
3509:978-981-12-3296-1
3436:978-90-485-1147-1
3401:978-0-231-14350-9
3347:978-0-313-35115-0
3309:978-1-4629-0694-9
3178:for more details.
3159:for more details.
2745:In Qing dynasty,
2652:, a Mongol-style
2548:with an apron; a
2169:consisted of the
1917:Horseman wearing
1844:
1634:Influence of Hufu
1622:
1561:
1526:
1065:style (left) vs.
721:
607:
587:The generic term
578:
556:
493:
453:
263:
224:
223:
203:
202:
118:Standard Mandarin
57:shanku from 1800s
4952:
4929:
4928:
4922:
4914:
4886:
4877:
4876:
4866:
4858:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4796:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4774:. Archived from
4768:"Hakka Clothing"
4764:
4755:
4754:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4701:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4681:www.newhanfu.com
4673:
4667:
4666:
4628:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4563:
4554:
4553:
4543:
4535:
4508:
4495:
4494:
4488:
4480:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4405:
4397:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4356:
4348:
4342:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4321:
4313:
4281:
4272:
4271:
4243:
4232:
4231:
4225:
4217:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4172:
4164:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4067:
4054:
4053:
4025:
4014:
4013:
3981:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3905:www.roots.gov.sg
3897:
3884:
3883:
3846:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3826:www.roots.gov.sg
3818:
3805:
3804:
3798:
3790:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3740:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3639:
3630:
3629:
3601:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3575:www.newhanfu.com
3567:
3561:
3560:
3547:
3536:
3535:
3529:
3521:
3493:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3465:. Archived from
3455:
3449:
3448:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3385:
3360:
3359:
3331:
3322:
3321:
3293:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3223:. Archived from
3212:
3188:
3185:
3179:
3167:
3161:
3151:
2926:
2918:
2906:
2859:
2852:
2840:
2828:
2809:
2800:, before 1912 AD
2799:
2788:
2754:
2721:
2713:
2691:
2679:
2657:
2612:
2604:
2596:
2587:
2579:
2569:
2561:
2547:
2539:
2529:
2507:
2493:
2487:
2479:
2462:
2439:
2427:
2412:
2388:
2373:
2361:
2345:
2336:, round collar.
2335:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2307:
2300:multiculturalism
2297:
2291:
2280:
2274:
2267:
2240:
2234:
2223:Northern dynasty
2220:
2207:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2162:
2154:) can be found.
2153:
2149:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2106:
2101:consisting of a
2099:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2055:
2045:
2037:
2029:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1953:
1934:
1914:
1889:
1880:and red trousers
1873:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1831:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1609:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1548:
1542:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1513:
1488:Adoption of Hufu
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1437:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1358:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1318:
1310:
1301:
1295:
1287:
1279:
1270:Neolithic period
1253:
1245:
1237:
1217:
1201:
1193:
1183:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1143:
1132:
1117:
1105:
1087:
1053:
1041:
1020:
1011:
1004:
995:
990:
981:
977:
972:
963:
958:
930:
922:
911:
901:
891:
875:
783:
757:
742:
734:
728:
722:
719:
716:
708:
696:
688:
680:
672:
668:
662:
658:
650:
644:
634:
628:
620:
615:
608:
605:
602:
593:
579:
576:
573:
564:
557:
554:
551:
542:
535:
526:
511:
494:
491:
487:
478:
470:
461:
454:
451:
447:
438:
430:
421:
393:overseas Chinese
390:
380:
374:
370:
365:
358:
352:
346:
338:
332:
324:
318:
309:
300:
287:
276:
264:
261:
257:
248:
240:
231:
199:
198:
175:
174:
154:
153:
133:
132:
109:
108:
95:
94:
79:
78:
51:
35:
19:
18:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4916:
4915:
4903:
4887:
4880:
4860:
4859:
4847:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4813:
4797:
4790:
4781:
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4569:Zhongguo fu shi
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3143:
3104:
3086:stand-up collar
3073:
3068:
3043:
2996:
2976:
2960:
2955:
2953:Ethnic clothing
2928:
2921:Hakka woman in
2919:
2910:
2907:
2868:
2861:
2853:
2844:
2841:
2832:
2829:
2820:
2810:
2801:
2789:
2749:women who wore
2732:
2702:
2695:
2692:
2683:
2680:
2664:
2634:
2622:Main articles:
2620:
2613:
2605:vs men wearing
2597:
2588:
2582:Seller wearing
2580:
2571:
2562:
2553:
2540:
2514:
2500:
2488:. However, the
2450:
2443:
2440:
2431:
2428:
2419:
2413:
2404:
2389:
2380:
2374:
2365:
2362:
2353:
2346:
2235:, the style of
2188:jiaoling youren
2115:jiaoling youren
2087:
2021:was developed.
1946:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1927:
1926:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1890:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1863:
1785:
1642:
1636:
1496:
1490:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1448:
1349:
1266:
1261:
1229:
1221:Western fashion
1209:
1157:
1151:
1121:mandarin collar
1084:jiaoling youren
1073:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1063:Jiaoling youren
1059:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1033:
1032:
948:
940:Main articles:
938:
867:
765:British English
749:
582:martial artists
515:British English
413:
100:Literal meaning
58:
42:
39:jiaoling youren
17:
12:
11:
5:
4958:
4948:
4947:
4931:
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4901:
4878:
4845:
4826:
4811:
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4756:
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4721:
4693:
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4618:
4593:
4578:
4555:
4522:
4496:
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4384:
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4329:
4296:(1): 248–268.
4273:
4258:
4233:
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4151:
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4097:
4082:
4055:
4040:
4015:
3917:
3885:
3870:
3838:
3806:
3777:
3755:
3732:
3708:
3693:"Shiming《釋衣服》"
3684:
3664:
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3616:
3587:
3562:
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3508:
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2698:
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2696:
2693:
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2674:
2663:
2660:
2619:
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2599:A man wearing
2598:
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2581:
2574:
2572:
2563:
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2554:
2541:
2534:
2513:
2510:
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2093:Woman wearing
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1936:
1929:
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1492:Main article:
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1444:
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1225:
1208:
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1153:Main article:
1150:
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1027:
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863:
748:
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499:in English or
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210:
209:
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160:Yue: Cantonese
156:
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148:
142:
141:
135:
134:
127:
121:
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114:
113:
112:Transcriptions
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71:
65:
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59:
52:
44:
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28:
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24:
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15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4957:
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4870:
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4856:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4830:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4812:0-684-31394-4
4808:
4804:
4803:
4795:
4793:
4778:on 2021-06-02
4777:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4761:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4734:
4733:
4725:
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4709:
4708:
4700:
4698:
4683:. 25 May 2021
4682:
4678:
4672:
4664:
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4638:
4634:
4627:
4625:
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4597:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4579:7-5085-0540-9
4575:
4571:
4570:
4562:
4560:
4551:
4547:
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4533:
4529:
4525:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4507:
4505:
4503:
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4478:
4474:
4470:
4468:0-8351-1822-3
4464:
4460:
4459:
4452:
4444:
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4436:
4434:7-5085-0279-5
4430:
4426:
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4299:
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4280:
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3671:
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3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
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3638:
3636:
3627:
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3619:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3533:
3527:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3502:. Singapore.
3501:
3500:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3469:on 2021-06-02
3468:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3446:
3442:
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3370:
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3349:
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3339:
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3315:
3311:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3227:on 2022-03-27
3226:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3200:
3184:
3177:
3173:
3166:
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3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
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3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3099:
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3089:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3063:
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3052:
3048:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
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3004:
3000:
2991:
2989:
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2971:
2969:
2965:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2917:
2912:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2858:
2851:
2846:
2843:A lady's maid
2839:
2834:
2827:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2759:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2690:
2685:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2659:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2523:
2522:short jackets
2519:
2509:
2506:
2495:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2477:
2471:
2464:, Sui dynasty
2463:
2461:
2454:
2438:
2433:
2426:
2421:
2418:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2367:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2229:culture. The
2228:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2148:
2138:
2124:
2117:
2116:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2091:
2082:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2065:is a type of
2063:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1940:
1933:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1879:
1872:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1835:
1830:
1826:) along with
1821:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1789:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1641:
1640:Ku (trousers)
1631:
1628:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1591:) instead of
1585:
1584:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1566:
1565:Central China
1552:
1547:
1546:shangxi xiaku
1541:
1535:
1532:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1475:Rites of Zhou
1459:
1457:
1456:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1388:
1377:
1372:
1369:, during the
1367:
1362:
1361:Shang dynasty
1357:
1356:
1347:Shang dynasty
1344:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1182:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1156:
1149:Lower garment
1146:
1144:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1119:could have a
1118:
1116:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1075:Prior to the
1069:style (right)
1068:
1064:
1052:
1040:
1031:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1010:
1005:
1003:
1002:
991:
989:
988:
973:
971:
970:
959:
957:
956:
947:
943:
936:Upper garment
933:
931:
929:
923:
921:
914:
912:
910:
909:
902:
900:
899:
892:
890:
884:
880:
876:
874:
861:
857:
855:
849:
845:
843:
837:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
792:
788:
784:
779:(pronounced:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
756:
744:
741:
740:
733:
727:
712:
707:
706:
700:
695:
694:
693:Shuowen Jiezi
687:
686:
679:
678:
667:
657:
656:
649:
643:
638:
633:
627:
626:
616:
614:
598:
594:
592:
585:
583:
569:
565:
563:
547:
543:
541:
531:
527:
525:
518:
516:
512:
506:
505:pronunciation
502:
498:
488:
482:
474:
466:
462:
460:
448:
442:
434:
426:
422:
420:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
384:
379:
366:
364:
357:
351:
345:
344:
337:
331:
330:
323:
317:
316:
310:
304:
299:
296:
291:
286:
285:
282:
275:
274:
268:
258:
252:
244:
236:
232:
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219:
215:
211:
206:
194:
192:
189:
185:
182:
178:
170:
168:
164:
161:
157:
149:
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143:
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136:
128:
126:
122:
119:
115:
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4374:
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3993:
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3720:
3711:
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3647:
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3577:. 2020-04-27
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3467:the original
3462:
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3390:
3336:
3298:
3229:. Retrieved
3225:the original
3220:
3183:
3165:
3154:
3149:
3135:Hakka people
3093:
3090:
3081:Nguyen lords
3077:Ming dynasty
3074:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3047:Tanka people
3044:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3014:Hoklo people
3011:
3006:
2987:
2983:
2980:Hakka people
2977:
2967:
2961:
2942:
2931:
2894:
2886:
2882:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2866:20th century
2817:
2813:
2794:men wearing
2792:Qing dynasty
2772:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2744:
2736:Qing dynasty
2733:
2706:high collars
2703:
2668:Ming dynasty
2665:
2662:Ming dynasty
2646:Yuan dynasty
2643:
2618:Yuan dynasty
2550:Song dynasty
2518:Song dynasty
2515:
2512:Song dynasty
2501:
2470:Tang dynasty
2467:
2457:
2401:Northern Wei
2312:yuanlingshan
2262:
2214:
2193:
2184:
2170:
2156:
2110:
2094:
2079:Ming dynasty
2058:
2023:
1990:
1979:
1947:
1938:
1918:
1893:
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1848:
1801:
1794:
1706:
1643:
1601:
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1267:
1248:
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1212:
1210:
1196:
1186:
1178:
1160:
1158:
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1136:
1127:
1125:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1095:Ming dynasty
1090:
1080:
1077:Qing dynasty
1074:
1013:
997:
983:
965:
951:
949:
925:
917:
915:
904:
894:
886:
870:
868:
859:
853:
851:
847:
841:
839:
835:
829:
825:
817:
813:
809:
805:
795:
793:(trousers).
790:
789:(dress) and
786:
780:
776:
768:
760:
752:
750:
701:). The term
629:, the coat,
610:
588:
586:
559:
537:
521:
519:
508:
500:
496:
484:
456:
444:
416:
414:
360:
306:
254:
226:
225:
208:English name
181:Southern Min
125:Hanyu Pinyin
63:Chinese name
3174:. See page
3155:; see page
3003:Hoklo women
2964:Han Chinese
2958:Han Chinese
2932:During the
2758:Han dynasty
2747:Han Chinese
2484:yuanlingpao
2417:Western Wei
2292:-styles of
2247:Western Jin
2243:Han dynasty
2227:Han Chinese
2048:Han dynasty
1925:tomb mural.
1923:Han dynasty
1861:Han dynasty
1797:Qin dynasty
1783:Qin dynasty
1704:tradition.
1702:Han Chinese
1498:During the
1341:Han dynasty
1264:Pre-history
775:, the term
510:/(ˈsæmfuː)/
411:Terminology
267:terminology
146:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
4782:2021-05-31
4687:2021-12-12
4612:2022-07-02
4394:1152416590
3911:2021-06-01
3832:2021-06-01
3726:2022-07-11
3702:2022-07-11
3679:2021-06-03
3581:2021-07-03
3518:1225977015
3473:2021-05-31
3231:2021-05-30
3195:References
3120:Tangzhuang
3049:also wear
2777:Tangzhuang
1638:See also:
1028:Styles of
732:kuxi/kuzhe
4919:cite book
4911:893202848
4863:cite book
4855:843418851
4751:706219891
4716:810192986
4663:221756137
4540:cite book
4532:873986732
4485:cite book
4402:cite book
4310:2330-5169
4268:730906510
4222:cite book
4214:912499249
4169:cite book
4161:967791392
4127:999622852
4092:935642485
4050:910448387
4010:1560-6074
3880:234293619
3795:cite book
3787:692291307
3717:"說文解字「襲」"
3697:ctext.org
3674:165356490
3526:cite book
3445:647870387
3356:318420874
3318:794664023
2891:Hong Kong
2480:known as
2046:) in the
1854:long robe
1716:Hufuqishe
1510:Hufuqishe
1482:exorcists
810:shaam foò
782:/ˈsæmfuː/
520:The term
397:Singapore
308:yòurèn yī
173:saam1 fu3
4939:Category
4821:55085919
4588:60568032
4477:19814728
4443:55895164
3626:72868060
3410:84903948
3102:See also
3057:and the
3028:. Their
3005:wearing
2938:Mao suit
2552:painting
2403:painting
2332:yuanling
1958:zhijupao
1939:zhijupao
1900:murals,
1898:Dahuting
1878:zhijupao
924:and the
883:trousers
800:and the
673:) was a
651:, was a
405:Suriname
401:Malaysia
197:saⁿ-khò͘
167:Jyutping
3752:. 2022.
3172:yichang
3071:Vietnam
2814:shan/ao
2716:Chinese
2711:zimukou
2377:Xianbei
2265:dakouku
2232:dakouku
2173:dakouku
2147:kunshan
2144:), and
2104:dakouku
2074:qiongku
2062:qiongku
2053:dakouku
2018:qiongku
2006:dakouku
1966:qujupao
1834:Chinese
1820:Chinese
1770:dakouku
1725:-style
1678:yichang
1656:-style
1612:Chinese
1551:Chinese
1516:Chinese
1469:
1455:Zhou Li
1450:In the
1424:and/or
1399:-style
1307:yichang
1282:Chinese
1268:In the
1227:Colours
1207:Fitting
1102:pianjin
1067:pianjin
812:, with
711:Chinese
681:with a
625:Shiming
597:Chinese
568:Chinese
546:Chinese
530:Chinese
290:Chinese
213:English
188:Hokkien
55:pianjin
4909:
4899:
4853:
4843:
4819:
4809:
4749:
4739:
4714:
4661:
4651:
4608:. 2008
4586:
4576:
4530:
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4465:
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4392:
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4159:
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4090:
4080:
4048:
4038:
4008:
3907:. 2021
3878:
3868:
3828:. 2021
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3775:
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3095:áo dài
3051:shanku
3018:shanku
3016:wears
3007:shanku
2988:shanku
2984:shanku
2982:wears
2968:shanku
2947:cotton
2943:shanku
2936:, the
2927:, 1950
2924:shanku
2895:shanku
2887:shanku
2883:shanku
2876:shanku
2857:Shanku
2797:shanku
2752:shanku
2718::
2650:terlig
2630:, and
2628:Terlig
2602:shanku
2585:shanku
2567:shanku
2545:shanku
2527:duanhe
2505:xiaoku
2460:shanku
2261:, the
2177:and a
2123:shanku
2097:shanku
2034:shenyi
2027:dashao
2000:dashao
1974:shenyi
1919:shanku
1894:shanku
1876:Black
1836::
1822::
1764:dashao
1722:jingyi
1653:jingyi
1650:, the
1614::
1553::
1518::
1430:. The
1411:youren
1395:jingyi
1336:jingyi
1330:jingyi
1299:jingyi
1284::
1276:jingyi
1251:shanku
1235:shanku
1215:shanku
1017:youren
889:shanku
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873:shanku
828:. The
761:samfoo
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685:zuoren
599::
570::
548::
540:duanhe
532::
524:duanda
501:samfoo
483::
481:pinyin
475::
467::
443::
441:pinyin
435::
427::
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378:shanku
305::
303:pinyin
292::
281:youren
256:shānkù
253::
251:pinyin
245::
237::
229:Shanku
152:sâm-fu
131:Shānkù
22:Shanku
4659:S2CID
4341:(PDF)
3876:S2CID
3670:S2CID
3176:ruqun
3141:Notes
3130:Ruqun
3125:Hanfu
3041:Tanka
2994:Hoklo
2974:Hakka
2962:Both
2889:. In
2740:aoqun
2655:kuzhe
2609:paofu
2491:kuzhe
2476:paofu
2397:guiyi
2393:paofu
2350:ruqun
2295:kuzhe
2218:kuzhe
2205:kuzhe
2160:kuzhe
2042:paofu
1986:ruqun
1440:tunic
1427:chang
1418:with
1387:chang
1355:Hanfu
1323:chang
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982:) or
964:) or
826:samfu
814:shaam
806:samfu
777:samfu
769:samfu
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663:). A
591:kuzhe
562:shuhe
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497:samfu
383:China
273:Hanfu
139:Hakka
4925:link
4907:OCLC
4897:ISBN
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4869:link
4851:OCLC
4841:ISBN
4817:OCLC
4807:ISBN
4747:OCLC
4737:ISBN
4712:OCLC
4649:ISBN
4584:OCLC
4574:ISBN
4550:link
4546:link
4528:OCLC
4518:ISBN
4491:link
4473:OCLC
4463:ISBN
4439:OCLC
4429:ISBN
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4390:OCLC
4380:ISBN
4359:link
4324:link
4306:ISSN
4264:OCLC
4254:ISBN
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4210:OCLC
4200:ISBN
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4147:ISBN
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4113:ISBN
4088:OCLC
4078:ISBN
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4036:ISBN
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3866:ISBN
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3783:OCLC
3773:ISBN
3660:ISBN
3622:OCLC
3612:ISBN
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3514:OCLC
3504:ISBN
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3431:ISBN
3406:OCLC
3396:ISBN
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3342:ISBN
3314:OCLC
3304:ISBN
3114:Hufu
3055:shan
3045:The
3034:shan
3030:shan
3022:shan
3012:The
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2765:shan
2632:Hufu
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1829:daru
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1520:胡服騎射
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1376:ruku
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1319:and
1231:The
1211:The
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1130:shan
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955:shan
950:The
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920:shan
916:The
898:shan
869:The
840:The
796:The
739:Hufu
720:lit.
705:daxi
699:說文解字
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613:kuxi
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492:lit.
486:rúkù
459:ruku
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2644:In
2516:In
2468:In
2272:kun
2255:Jin
2251:Wei
2238:kun
2163:or
2134:),
2068:kun
2038:or
1994:kun
1951:kun
1795:In
1776:kun
1758:kun
1752:kun
1740:kun
1710:kun
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