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436:’ as their caste name as early as the 18th century. Srēṣṭhas are considered to be the most educated caste. They are employed in various organizations, banks, schools, universities, industries, and other private sectors. Many of them also occupy high-ranking administrative positions at governmental and non-governmental organizations. They also rank among the most astute businessmen in Nepal. Srēṣṭhas have also traditionally been the patrons of various temples of the Valley, including the famous
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Brāhmans, suggesting their higher-caste status than all other Newars. The Pāñchthariyas, although lower in rank than the
Chatharīyas, nonetheless have socio-cultural and religious affinities with them and as the chief materially-endowed trading caste group, enjoy a considerable position of high status in the eyes of other Newar castes. Both the Srēṣṭha caste groups are traditionally
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second in line in the traditional caste-bound view, their social superiority evidenced through their strict endogamous marriage relations within
Chatharīyas, disallowing marriages with the Pāñchthariya-status Srēṣṭhas and other lower groups. Similarly, they have historically been strict adherents of the
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The dichotomy between the patron-patronized relationship that defines the functional role of the Srēṣṭha extends beyond the Brāhman. Although in terms of ritual purity, the Brāhmans rank above Kșatriyas, they represent transcendental values, not local ones. It is the Kșatriyas, i.e. the Srēṣṭhas, who
589:
among
Chatharīya also suggests that today's Newar Chatharīya caste is a result of the amalgamation of mostly Kshatriya, or equivalent status, clans of heterogeneous roots who immigrated to Nepal and became the ruling elite of the Malla courts. Other evidence of their non-indigenous roots compared to
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to make ritual confections, etc. He also has to take the services of the 'impure' castes in historically purity-defining tasks; he utilizes the Nāy/Khadgi butchers to perform ritual sacrifices of animals to please the Gods and
Goddesses, the Bhā/Karanjits funeral priests to perform the "katto" death
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as their caste name. Similarly, cross breed children begot from a Newar and any other caste/ethnicity also adopted
Shrestha as their caste name. Many lower castes have also adopted the name, Shrestha; the status they then assume tends to be expressed in the traditional idiom i.e., one moves up to a
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was a very powerful courtier clan who made and unmade Malla and early Shah kings on their whim. Throughout the centuries, many clans have been 'included' or 'dropped' from
Chatharīya status as a result of economic and social prowess or impure and mixed-caste marriages respectively. Although several
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court were successful in integrating themselves into the
Chatharīya fold, it is widely believed that a small number of families are the 'original' Chatharīya clans. Family names that demonstrate an alliance with the old Malla courts (post 14th century) are commonly cited as evidence of this. These
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of the Mallas and the
Chathariyas, and also serve as the chief assistant priests of the Rajopādhyāya Brāhmins. The Joshīs similarly serve as the astrologers of the Newars. Many Srēṣṭha clans also act as chief patrons of various local deities and temples, performing the role of the protector of the
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texts, the guardian of the sacred science, the repository of the knowledge of the dharma, the ultimate authority on religious affairs. The latter represents the king, the warriors, the military, and administrators, and he has a particular affinity with all matters pertaining to material goods, and
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The particular position of the dominant caste that Srēṣṭhas hold in relation to the religious, cultural, and spatial organization of the Newars can be viewed through their traditional occupational work as the patron caste to all other caste groups, most importantly as patrons to their Rājopadhyāyā
291:
era, together with the Rājopadhyāyā Brāhman priests, the Sréṣṭhas controlled key posts of the administration and gained vested interest in the land by acquiring feudal rights over holdings. As descending from the noble houses of the Malla courts, the
Kshatriyas (locally pronounced Chatharīya) are
872:
The Pāñchthariya (or called
Panchthari/Panchthare) are less elevated but along with Chatharīya form the other half of the larger Srēṣṭha caste. While the Chatharīya were the aristocrats and administrators in Malla society, the Pāñchthariyas' traditional occupations have been mostly in trade and
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ceremony, and being much closer to the mainstream North-Indian Hindu virtues in comparison to other Newars). They have also maintained their higher status through dining restrictions, as they do not partake in cooked rice from the hands of anyone except their Chatharīya-status clans and/or the
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group, although there are over 50 other recognized surnames of Srēṣṭhas. Despite their numerically low national population, their high-status and socio-economic capital puts Śreṣṭhas amongst the most socio-economically privileged and politically over-represented segments of Nepali population.
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are the paradigmatic Newars on the traditional caste-bound view. This places Srēṣṭhas as the central caste of the entire Newar society. All other castes revolve around them, as they preside over as the patron of all other caste groups. In many traditional socio-religious events or festivals (
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sweetmakers Madhika:mi(माधि:कर्मी); metal-workers Nyāchhyoñ(न्याछोँ); money-lenders and tenants Kācchipati(काछिपती); traditional merchant clan Shahukahala (शाहुखल); others include Bhaju (भाजु), Deoju (देउजु), Nāeju (नायजु), Chhipi (छिपी), Bhocchibhoya (भोचिभोया), Duwal (दुवल), Singh (सिंह),
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roots; their Brahmanic traditions, phenotype characteristics, and written historical genealogies. Being absorbed in the Newar society, all these groups retained their Kṣatriya varna-status while acquiring the local title of Srēṣṭha to the new populace. Although native speakers of
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Brāhman priests. Among Hindu Newars, as in traditional Hindu societies, the position of Srēṣṭhas, particularly of the Kșatriya-status Chatharīyas, in the society can be viewed through the dichotomy between their role as the sacrificer who organizes religious functions, the
928:. In Kathmandu this group also include the descendants of the pre-Malla era Vaishya-Thakuri dynasty who stylize themselves as Thakoo(थकू). In Bhaktapur, this group consists of 'degraded' Malla-status groups with surnames Malla Lawat (मल्ल लवट), who are the descendants of
701:
priests - both of which once part of Rājopadhyāyā Brāhmin caste but due to their disregard of Brahmanical percepts (like marrying non-Brahmin brides) are now “degraded” to Kshatriya status - are regarded as non-Brahmins performing the duties of Hindu priests in the
497:, dining restrictions, and other caste-status denoting activities between each other. Although researchers have found up to four broad divisions, the two main historically categorized groups of the Srēṣṭha caste are: Chatharīya and Pāñchthariya.
950:, the surname "Shrestha" is found in every district of Nepal. One of the reasons behind it is the adoption of Shrestha as one’s surname once a family belonging to any of the Newar caste moves to settle far off places from the
603:
language and customs over the generations and divided themselves among various sub-clans and new local names. At present, they are part of the larger Newar nation, where they inter-marry with other Chatharīya status clans.
386:
Hindu tradition is the basis of which in local Newar customs, the Rājopadhyāyā Brāhman is given superior status to the Kșatriya Srēṣṭha even though the societal functions entirely depend on the Srēṣṭha's role as patrons.
382:, his duties as the provider and protector of the Brāhman, his society, and his nation. Their relationship is complementary; a priest must have a patron, and a patron must have a priest. This quintessential
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and other Kathmandu Valley surrounding towns are generally regarded as Panchthariya. These and other general traders and mercantile groups have now simply adopted their caste name "Shrestha(श्रेष्ठ)".
885:. In modern times, many Pāñchthariya families adopted the name ‘Shrestha’ as their common surname instead of their traditional and archaic family names. However, this group also has had an influx of
489:
Although to outsiders they remain as a single non-hierarchical group, to Srēṣṭha themselves there are two major divisions within the caste which in theory and till recent times practiced caste-
235:, locally pronounced as Chatharīya, who are descended from the nobles and courtiers of the Malla period and consist of the ruling, land-owning and literate Hindu caste group of the
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period. Second, Srēṣṭha title is also attributed to the Pāñchthariya, who now mostly write their surnames as 'Shrestha', who were historically the Hindu merchant clans of the
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of India has been suggested as evidence of the Chatharīya's claim to their ancestry. The Rajput clans that have been transformed as surnames among the Chatharīyas include
983:, almost all the Newars used ‘Pradhān’, another high-caste Srēṣṭha surname, as their common name. The Chathariyas of Nepal, therefore, see the status and purity of these
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seems to have been derived only since the 16th/17th century from the attempts of few powerful and highly influential Kṣatriya lineages of the time, like the
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meaning 'noble', although literal meaning of the word also translated to 'best or important.' "Shrestha" itself was later adopted as the specific family
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rulers, and that many of them have an ancestry tied to present-day India. Presently, they claim direct descent from the previous ruling dynasties of
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in 1324 CE. The presence of notable present-day Chatharīya clan titles non-indigenous to the Newars that are still prevalent among the present-day
686:
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and contain several subgroups within the caste, which are now treated as ritually equal. The term Chatharīya is the derivative of the word ‘
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courts. From within this broad Srēṣṭha groups are two distinct caste groups. First, they count among them the high-caste aristocratic
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higher hierarchic (ascribed) position like well-to-do Jyapus assuming the name ‘Shrestha’. Similarly, outside Nepal, for instance in
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Chatharīyas differ from most Newars in that they, along with Rājopadhyāyā Brāhmans, are the only Newar castes entitled to wear the
1902:"Newars and the Nepalese States" in Nationalism and Ethnicity in the Hindu Kingdom: The Politics of Culture in Contemporary Nepal
395:), they act as chief performers and leaders of the rituals. Among the 'pure' castes, a Srēṣṭha invites the Brāhman to perform
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serve as caretakers and assistant priests to the chief Bhatta priests. Similarly, the Karmāchāryas, locally called Achāju (
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954:. Shrestha surname is equated to all the Newars in the areas outside of Kathmandu Valley. Other castes like
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Contested Hierarchies A Collaborative Ethnography of Caste among the Newars of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
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societies, this dichotomy is between the Brāhman and the Kṣatriya. The former is the specialist of ritual
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nobles, to demarcate themselves as a separate, higher group from other high-caste Srēṣṭhas. Notably, the
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and other lower castes who claim the status of Shrestha by changing their surnames. Believed to be of
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227:/nobles) who served as the key non-Brahmin class of ruling, administrative and merchant class of the
223:, Srēṣṭha was a collective high-status title given to those Hindu clans referred to as 'Bhāro' (from
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1972:
1954:
Quigley, D. (1995). "Sresthas: Heterogeneity among Hindu Patron Lineages" (University of Cambridge).
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in local parlance. However, there are few exceptions to this norm; a few notable families like the
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comprising kings, warriors, and administrators. Most Chatharīyas consider themselves as the
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713:(Jwanā/Janāi/Yajñopavītam) to mark their twice-born status, and are put in the category of
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Among the Pāñchthariyas also include the Karmachāryā or ‘Achaju(आचजु)’, who unlike in
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king Hari Simha Dev (14th century CE) and the entourage that came along with him to
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In traditional Hindu Newar society, the Srēṣṭha caste ranks second to the priestly
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140:
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Newar castes of Lalitpur and the role of the Shrestha as the dominant patron group
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process, although their status is not accepted by the upper-level Srēṣṭha castes.
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caste group, occupying around 21% of overall Newar population, or about 1.1% of
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1318:
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1118:
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476:
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169:
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Caste and Kinship in a Modern Hindu Society: The Newar City of Lalitpur, Nepal
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Siva in Trouble: Festivals and Rituals at the Pasupatinatha Temple of Deopatan
2020:
Caste and Kinship in a Modern Hindu Society: The Newar City of Lalitpur, Nepal
1938:
1921:
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Caste and Kinship in a Modern Hindu Society: The Newar City of Lalitpur, Nepal
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business. Together with their high-caste Buddhist merchants counterparts, the
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to accept the offerings during the 13-day mourning period after a death, etc.
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1508:
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Mesocosm Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal
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physicians. These Chatharīya are unequivocal in their association with the
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farmers and other peasants especially outside the Valley as a means of the
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Language, caste, religion and territory: Newar identity ancient and modern
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Language, Caste, Religion and Territory Newar Identity Ancient and Modern
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599:, which was spoken as the language of the Malla courts, they adopted the
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framework. Srēṣṭha group has also incorporated in it the socially upward
1729:. Clarendon Press: Oxford Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology.
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782:
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origin, well-renowned and traditional Pāñchthariya families include -
747:
G ग – Gwongajuu (ग्वंगजू), Gurubacharya (गुरुवाचार्य), Gwonga (ग्वंग)
653:, the scribes; Chandela, Hādā, Pātravaṃśh, of royal descent; Rājvaṃśī/
2083:
Shrestha, Bal Gopal (2007). "CastesAmong Newars Status of Shrestha".
1343:
1019:
963:
925:
917:
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Sakhakarmi (साख:कर्मी), Syāyabaji (स्याबजी). Shresthas from towns of
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408:
383:
338:
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367:, to the Brāhman priest who performs the solemn rituals. Like other
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239:, which later formed the core of government bureaucracy during the
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19:
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Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal
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1850:"Mithila, Maithili and Maithil: the Field in Historical Context"
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Shrestha, Bal Gopal. "CastesAmong Newars Status of Shrestha".
924:, is regarded as the highest segment of Pāñchthariya caste in
803:(प्रधान), Patrabansh (पात्रबंश), Piya (पिया), Palikhe (पालिखे)
1029:
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Fatalism and Development: Nepal's Struggle for Modernization
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and they claim descent from former Malla, Karnat, and other
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economic or political action. It is his duty to perform his
1607:
1546:
347:
152:
Statue of King Bhupatindra Malla at Bhaktapur Durbar Square
987:
from Sikkim and Darjeeling with doubt as they do with the
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and Pradhānaņga, the chief ministers and military chiefs;
590:
other Newar castes point out their generally more defined
407:
to till his land, Nāu barbers to perform ritual cleaning,
1627:(6th imprint ed.). Calcutta, India: Orient Longman.
1105:- First Minister, acting Prime Minister of Nepal, 1970–71
881:
and others), they were the primary carriers of trade of
793:(माथेमा), Mool (मूल), Mahapatra(महापात्र), Mulmi(मुल्मी)
689:, among others. This group also consist of the "fallen"
296:
social norms and rituals (like following the custom of
18:
This article is about the caste. For the surname, see
628:
other clans associated with the nobility of the late
505:
The Chatharīya (छथरिय/क्षत्रिय) (also referred to as
480:
An aristocratic Newar woman in parsi, circa 1860–1900
1720:
1300:- "Shatabdi Purush", literary figure; Chancellor of
734:
Bh भ – Bharo (भाराे), Bhariju (भारिजु), Bhari (भारी)
1722:
1075:- "Father of Democracy"; leader of Nepali Congress
830:(राठौर), Rajbaidya (राजवैद्य), Rajlawat** (राजलवट)
191:’s total population. It is believed that the word
1691:(Second ed.). Lalitpur, Nepal: Himal Books.
2140:
1821:
1811:. London, United Kingdom: Asia Publishing House.
1325:
935:
840:T त – Talchabhadel (ताल्चाभडेल), Timila (तिमीला)
774:L ल- Lakhey (लाखे), Lacoul (लकौल), Layeku (लएकु)
771:Kh ख – Khyargoli (ख्यर्गोली), Khwakhali (ख्वखली)
432:Many belonging to Srēṣṭha caste began to adopt ‘
1586:
1584:
1470:, Beauty with a Purpose winner, top 12 finalist
796:O व - Wanta/Onta (ओन्त), Ojhathanchhe (वझथंछेँ)
717:in the pan-Nepal social hierarchic structure.
661:descent; Māskéy, royal functionaries; and Rāj
637:, the ritual kings and descendants of Mallas;
1754:. Kathmandu, Nepal: GEFONT-Nepal. p. 13.
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1340:- first Nepali musician, singer, and composer
1092:Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Centre–Masal)
744:Dh ढ – Dhaubhadel (धौभदेल), Daiwagya (दैवग्य)
521:’, the second varna of the traditional Hindu
420:ritual of eating a portion of the skull, the
1581:
1163:- politician, Deputy Prime Minister, 2014–15
1157:- politician, Deputy Prime Minister, 2014–15
1151:- politician, Deputy Prime Minister, 2011–12
1145:- politician, Deputy Prime Minister, 2007–08
460:temples of Kathmandu, including that of the
427:
329:. have been traditional patrons of Buddhist
278:
1926:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
484:
2131:. European Bulletin of Himalayan Research.
1828:. Cambridge University Press. p. 21.
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1689:Newar Society: City, Village and Periphery
1577:. European Bulletin of Himalayan Research.
1555:
999:
1887:Social Mobility in the Newar Caste System
1825:A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761
1809:Social Mobility in the Newar Caste System
1749:
1612:. Cambridge University Press. p. 31.
649:, the royal treasurers and chamberlains;
2129:"Castes Among Newars Status of Shrestha"
2082:
2057:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1641:
1605:
1571:"Castes Among Newars Status of Shrestha"
1551:. Cambridge University Press. p. 9.
1544:
1282:, "Yuga Kavi" - literary figure of Nepal
697:, the astrologers; and Karmāchārya, the
475:
351:
348:Patrons of the Society as Newar Kṣatriya
147:
2101:
2045:European Bulletin of Himalayan Research
2017:
1953:
1919:
1900:Gellner, David N.; et al. (1997).
1899:
1789:
1764:
1705:
1595:. University of Cambridge. p. 138.
2141:
2085:EuropeanBulletin of Himalayan Research
1884:
1806:
1686:
1527:
1507:Nepalese woman to reach the summit of
1255:
863:** Also belonging to Pancthariya caste
833:S स – Sainju (सैंजु), Sinya (सिन्या),
1908:
1869:
1859:. INFLIBNET. pp. 88–89, 101–102.
1622:
1239:
1111:- politician, first graduate of Nepal
2126:
2042:
1936:
1568:
994:
768:(कायस्थ), Karmacharya** (कर्माचार्य)
411:to paint his deities and house, the
399:rituals, the Karmācharya Achāju for
59:Regions with significant populations
1769:. Bangkok, Thailand: Orchid Press.
1590:
1234:Inspector General of Police (Nepal)
728:(अमात्य) also called Mahaju (महाजु)
13:
2102:Pickett, Mary (30 December 2013).
2018:Pickett, Mark (30 December 2013).
1874:. Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar.
1765:Pickett, Mark (30 December 2013).
1099:- Prime Minister of Nepal, 1986–90
199:, which itself is derivation of a
14:
2165:
1943:. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS.
1197:- Chief Justice of Nepal, 2015–16
1191:- Chief Justice of Nepal, 2010–11
1185:- Chief Justice of Nepal, 2004–05
1179:- Chief Justice of Nepal, 1997–98
1066:(Joshi) - one of the four famous
785:(मुनंकर्मी), Mulepati (मुलेपती),
577:. Similarly, presence of notable
317:aristocrats of Bhagavan Bahāl in
1752:The Big Business Houses in Nepal
932:(1722–1769) and his mistresses.
799:P प - Pradhananga (प्रधानाङ्ग),
287:in the ritual hierarchy. In the
77:
65:
2120:
2095:
2076:
2051:
2036:
2011:
1979:
1947:
1930:
1904:. Harwood Academic Publication.
1893:
1878:
1863:
1842:
1815:
1800:
1783:
1758:
1743:
867:
195:is derived from the Newar word
1680:
1616:
1599:
1538:
1521:
211:by members of this high-caste
1:
1796:. Cambridge University Press.
1721:Gellner, and Quigley (1995).
1514:
1326:Arts and Contemporary Culture
1307:Krishna Chandra Singh Pradhan
1223:- first Inspector General of
1121:of Nepal"; political activist
936:‘Shrestha’ surname popularity
500:
1496:Nepal national football team
1201:Bishowambhar Prasad Shrestha
1129:Nepal Workers Peasants Party
1103:Gehendra Bahadur Rajbhandari
529:Kṣatriya descendants of the
513:) are regarded as the Newar
448:) serve as the main Tantric/
7:
2062:. Oxford University Press.
1870:Bista, Dor Bahadur (1967).
1623:Bista, Dor Bahadur (1991).
1487:Nepal national cricket team
1394:- Bollywood playback singer
1286:Rebati Ramanananda Shrestha
1275:Four Pillars of Nepal Bhasa
1266:Four Pillars of Nepal Bhasa
789:(मास्के), Malekoo (मलेकू),
720:Surnames of Chatharīya: -
641:/Gwongajuu, the ministers;
464:temple which serves as the
440:temple where traditionally
259:. These Pāñchthariyas have
10:
2170:
1528:Sharma, Man Mohan (1978).
1332:Narayan Gopal Gurubacharya
1288:(Vaidya) - literary figure
1225:Armed Police Force (Nepal)
1109:Kaji Manik Lal Rajbhandari
939:
469:various local traditions,
263:status in the traditional
173:
50:population; 1.1% of total
17:
2106:. Bangkok: Orchid Press.
2022:. Bangkok: Orchid Press.
1822:Richard M. Eaton (2005).
1750:Upadhyaya, Umesh (2001).
1662:"The Newari Caste System"
1097:Marich Man Singh Shrestha
1057:- one of the four famous
1048:- one of the four famous
737:CH च - Chandela (चंदेल),
428:‘Srēṣṭha’ in Modern Times
415:to make ritual utensils,
279:Religion and Caste Status
165:
123:
118:
111:
106:
95:
90:
63:
58:
45:
40:
33:
1937:Levy, Robert I. (1991).
1920:I. Levy, Robert (1991).
1313:Chandra Man Singh Maskey
1183:Govinda Bahadur Shrestha
1088:Nara Bahadur Karmacharya
1083:Communist Party of Nepal
731:B ब - Banepali (बनेपाली)
485:Srēṣṭha sub-caste groups
183:) is the second largest
54:population (2001 census)
34:
2058:Michaels, Axel (2008).
1790:Gellner, David (1986).
1687:Toffin, Gerard (2008).
1606:Whelpton, John (2005).
1545:Whelpton, John (2005).
1451:winner, top 10 finalist
1334:- "Swar Samrat", singer
1000:Politics and Leadership
761:(जोशी), Jonchhe (जोँछे)
706:shrines of the Valley.
537:with the attack of the
1999:Cite journal requires
1967:Cite journal requires
1889:. In Furer-Haimendorf.
1885:Rosser, Colin (1966).
1807:Rosser, Colin (1966).
1374:Shree Krishna Shrestha
1364:- actor, comic, singer
1362:Madan Krishna Shrestha
1280:Siddhi Charan Shrestha
1264:(Amatya) - one of the
1230:Dhruba Bahadur Pradhan
1221:Krishna Mohan Shrestha
1215:Supreme Court of Nepal
1205:Chief Justice of Nepal
1171:Chief Justice of Nepal
543:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
481:
357:
153:
2127:Shrestha, Bal Gopal.
1986:"Rosser 1966:90-104".
1569:Shrestha, Bal Gopal.
1478:Miss Nepal World 2022
1468:Miss Nepal World 2019
1449:Beauty with a Purpose
1445:Miss Nepal World 2013
1435:Miss Nepal World 2012
1426:Miss Nepal World 2011
1356:Phatteman Rajbhandari
1315:- contemporary artist
1149:Narayan Kaji Shrestha
1125:Narayan Man Bijukchhe
1090:- founding member of
1055:Dharma Bhakta Mathema
764:K क – Kasaju (कसजु),
479:
355:
151:
137:Nepal Mandala peoples
119:Related ethnic groups
1321:- historian/academic
1211:Sapana Pradhan Malla
1115:Tulsi Mehar Shrestha
847:(थैव), Thakoo(थकू)**
607:The use of the word
285:Rājopadhyāyā Brāhman
251:, as opposed to the
1474:Priyanka Rani Joshi
1406:- hollywood actress
1302:Nepal Bhasa Academy
1256:Literature and Arts
1189:Ram Prasad Shrestha
1167:Hari Prasad Pradhan
1136:- founding member,
1079:Pushpa Lal Shrestha
221:Nepal’s unification
30:
2154:Newar caste system
1668:on 26 January 2012
1609:A History of Nepal
1591:Gellner, David N.
1548:A History of Nepal
1416:Aashirman DS Joshi
1358:- singer, composer
1352:- singer, composer
1346:- singer, musician
1344:Nati Kaji Shrestha
1292:Durga Lal Shrestha
1271:Jagat Sundar Malla
1240:Business and Trade
1177:Om Bhakta Shrestha
1161:Gopal Man Shrestha
1046:Ganga Lal Shrestha
482:
358:
309:, often termed as
255:merchant caste of
154:
129:Indo-Aryan peoples
70:
28:
2149:Hinduism in Nepal
1736:978-0-19-827960-0
1698:978-99933-43-95-0
1531:Folklore of Nepal
1485:- captain of the
1437:, top 20 finalist
1392:Poornima Shrestha
1386:Sajjan Raj Vaidya
1350:Prem Dhoj Pradhan
1309:- literary figure
1298:Satya Mohan Joshi
1294:- literary figure
1155:Prakash Man Singh
1134:Hora Prasad Joshi
1127:- founder of the
1081:- founder of the
1064:Shukraraj Shastri
1026:Jayayakshya Malla
1016:Bhupatindra Malla
995:Notable Shresthas
617:Rathore/Gwongajuu
300:, performing the
146:
145:
2161:
2133:
2132:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1906:
1905:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1728:
1718:
1703:
1702:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1664:. Archived from
1658:
1639:
1638:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1566:
1553:
1552:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1525:
1492:Nawayug Shrestha
1464:Anushka Shrestha
1431:Shristi Shrestha
1398:Namrata Shrestha
1338:Seturam Shrestha
1262:Siddhidas Mahaju
1073:Ganesh Man Singh
1068:Martyrs of Nepal
1059:Martyrs of Nepal
1050:Martyrs of Nepal
952:Kathmandu Valley
535:Kathmandu Valley
452:priests of many
182:
167:
141:Rajputs of Nepal
83:
81:
80:
71:
69:
68:
41:Total population
31:
27:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2100:
2096:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2056:
2052:
2047:(Academia.edu).
2041:
2037:
2030:
2016:
2012:
2000:
1998:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1968:
1966:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1935:
1931:
1918:
1909:
1898:
1894:
1883:
1879:
1872:People of Nepal
1868:
1864:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1820:
1816:
1805:
1801:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1763:
1759:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1719:
1706:
1699:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1660:
1659:
1642:
1635:
1621:
1617:
1604:
1600:
1589:
1582:
1567:
1556:
1543:
1539:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1483:Gyanendra Malla
1459:Miss Nepal 2016
1441:Ishani Shrestha
1328:
1258:
1250:Dwarika's Hotel
1246:Ambica Shrestha
1242:
1195:Kalyan Shrestha
1138:Nepali Congress
1042:, r. 1482–1520.
1032:, r. 1428–1482.
1022:, r. 1696–1722.
1002:
997:
944:
938:
870:
547:Tughluq dynasty
503:
487:
430:
350:
281:
273:Sanskritisation
133:Kshatriya clans
78:
76:
66:
64:
36:
35:Srēṣṭha श्रेष्ठ
26:
23:
12:
11:
5:
2167:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2135:
2134:
2119:
2113:978-9745241367
2112:
2094:
2075:
2068:
2050:
2035:
2029:978-9745241367
2028:
2010:
2001:|journal=
1978:
1969:|journal=
1946:
1929:
1907:
1892:
1877:
1862:
1841:
1834:
1814:
1799:
1782:
1776:978-9745241367
1775:
1757:
1742:
1735:
1704:
1697:
1679:
1640:
1633:
1615:
1598:
1580:
1554:
1537:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1498:
1489:
1480:
1471:
1461:
1452:
1438:
1428:
1419:
1413:
1410:Ayushman Joshi
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1368:Shiva Shrestha
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1319:Pratyoush Onta
1316:
1310:
1304:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1268:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1217:, 2016–present
1208:
1207:, 2023–present
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1143:Sahana Pradhan
1140:
1131:
1122:
1119:Mahatma Gandhi
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1033:
1023:
1013:
1012:, r. 1641–1674
1001:
998:
996:
993:
940:Main article:
937:
934:
869:
866:
860:
859:
848:
841:
838:
831:
810:(राजभण्डारी),
804:
797:
794:
775:
772:
769:
762:
755:
748:
745:
742:
735:
732:
729:
502:
499:
486:
483:
462:Taleju Bhawani
429:
426:
349:
346:
280:
277:
144:
143:
121:
120:
116:
115:
109:
108:
104:
103:
93:
92:
88:
87:
61:
60:
56:
55:
43:
42:
38:
37:
24:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2166:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2069:9780195343021
2065:
2061:
2054:
2046:
2039:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2006:
1993:
1982:
1974:
1961:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1903:
1896:
1888:
1881:
1873:
1866:
1858:
1851:
1845:
1837:
1835:9780521254847
1831:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1810:
1803:
1795:
1794:
1786:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1753:
1746:
1738:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1700:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1636:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1611:
1610:
1602:
1594:
1587:
1585:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1550:
1549:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1509:Mount Everest
1506:
1502:
1501:Moni Mulepati
1499:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1455:Asmi Shrestha
1453:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1380:Deep Shrestha
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:- one of the
1272:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1003:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
946:Unlike other
943:
933:
931:
930:Ranajit Malla
927:
923:
919:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
865:
864:
857:
853:
849:
846:
842:
839:
836:
832:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
802:
798:
795:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
773:
770:
767:
763:
760:
756:
753:
749:
746:
743:
740:
736:
733:
730:
727:
723:
722:
721:
718:
716:
712:
711:sacred-thread
707:
705:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
605:
602:
598:
593:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
498:
496:
492:
478:
474:
472:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
425:
423:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
388:
385:
381:
380:
374:
370:
366:
365:
354:
345:
343:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
299:
295:
290:
286:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
237:Nepal Mandala
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
177:
171:
163:
159:
150:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
125:Newar peoples
122:
117:
114:
110:
105:
102:
98:
94:
89:
86:
74:
62:
57:
53:
49:
46:21% of total
44:
39:
32:
21:
16:
2122:
2103:
2097:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2059:
2053:
2044:
2038:
2019:
2013:
1992:cite journal
1981:
1960:cite journal
1949:
1939:
1932:
1922:
1901:
1895:
1886:
1880:
1871:
1865:
1856:
1844:
1824:
1817:
1808:
1802:
1792:
1785:
1766:
1760:
1751:
1745:
1724:
1688:
1682:
1670:. Retrieved
1666:the original
1624:
1618:
1608:
1601:
1592:
1575:Academia.edu
1574:
1547:
1540:
1534:. p. 5.
1530:
1523:
1503:- first non-
1422:Malina Joshi
1006:Pratap Malla
988:
984:
971:
970:all adopted
966:, Jyapu and
948:Newar castes
945:
915:
895:
883:Nepal Mandal
871:
868:Pāñchthariya
862:
861:
837:** (श्रेष्ठ)
719:
708:
608:
606:
581:clans Raya,
510:
506:
504:
495:commensality
488:
445:
442:Rājbhandārīs
438:Pasupatinath
431:
389:
377:
369:North Indian
362:
359:
282:
224:
218:
204:
196:
192:
179:
175:
157:
155:
25:Ethnic group
15:
1494:- striker,
1404:Daya Vaidya
1036:Ratna Malla
960:Vajracharya
822:(रघुबंशी),
820:Raghuvanshi
818:(राजबंशी),
808:Rajbhandari
647:Rājbhandāri
592:Indic-Aryan
555:Raghuvanshi
541:kingdom by
527:Raghuvanshi
523:varnashrama
515:aristocracy
473:, rituals.
422:Jogi/Kapāli
342:Vajracharya
325:of Swatha,
178:or श्रेष्ठ
97:Nepal Bhasa
2143:Categories
1857:ShodhGanga
1634:8125001883
1515:References
1038:- King of
1028:- King of
1018:- King of
1008:- King of
991:of Nepal.
977:Darjeeling
783:Munankarmi
655:Raghuvamśī
609:Chatharīya
501:Chatharīya
446:Achāryajyu
409:Chitrakārs
1400:- actress
1248:- owner,
1213:- Judge,
1173:, 1951–56
1020:Bhaktapur
964:Prajapati
926:Bhaktapur
918:Kathmandu
907:Dhulikhel
879:Tuladhars
854:(वैद्य),
816:Rajbanshi
715:tagadhari
667:ayurvedic
519:Kshatriya
413:Tāmrākārs
403:rituals,
384:Brahmānic
344:priests.
339:Vajrayana
311:Sivamargi
298:Upanayana
294:Brahmānic
233:Kshatriya
219:Prior to
91:Languages
29:Shresthas
2091:: 10–29.
1388:- singer
1382:- singer
1169:- First
1040:Kantipur
1010:Kantipur
989:Shrestha
972:Shrestha
942:Shrestha
835:Shrestha
826:(रावल),
781:(मल्ल),
766:Kayastha
691:Brahmins
683:Lichhavi
665:, royal
651:Kāyastha
633:include
621:Pradhāns
597:Maithili
587:Kayastha
511:Chatharé
507:Chatharī
491:endogamy
454:Shaivite
434:Shrestha
364:yajamāna
327:Lalitpur
253:Buddhist
201:Sanskrit
180:Shrestha
174:स्यस्य:
113:Hinduism
107:Religion
20:Shrestha
1672:24 June
1418:- actor
1412:- actor
1376:- actor
1370:- actor
985:Pradhan
911:Dolakha
891:Vaishya
858:(बर्मन)
814:(राय),
801:Pradhan
791:Mathema
741:(चौहान)
739:Chauhan
704:various
699:Tantric
663:Vaidhya
643:Pradhān
639:Rathore
613:Pradhān
579:Bengali
571:Chandel
567:Chauhan
563:Rathore
551:Rajputs
466:kuldevi
417:Halwāis
401:Tantric
335:temples
331:viharas
323:Amatyas
315:Pradhān
302:Śrāddha
261:Vaishya
225:bhārdār
209:surname
193:Srēṣṭha
166:श्रेष्ठ
158:Śreṣṭha
2110:
2066:
2026:
1832:
1773:
1733:
1695:
1631:
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