2863:
3171:
of the family are avoided. The stigmatization and social isolation people with sickle cell disease tend to experience is often the consequence of popular misconceptions that people with SCD should not socialize with those free from the disease. This mentality robs people with SCD of the right to freely participate in community activities like everyone else SCD-related stigma and social isolation in schools, especially, can make a life for young people living with sickle cell disease extremely difficult. For school-aged children living with SCD, the stigma they face can lead to peer rejection. Peer rejection involves the exclusion from social groups or gatherings. It often leads the excluded individual to experience emotional distress and may result in their academic underperformance, avoidance of school, and occupational failure later in life. This social isolation is also likely to negatively impact people with SCD's
418:
2903:
1354:
9723:
1415:
and consequently, high blood-flow velocity is correlated with narrowing of the arteries. In 2002, the
National Institute of Health (NIH) issued a statement recommending that children with sickle cell get the Transcranial Doppler ultrasound screen annually, and in 2014, a panel of experts convened by the NIH issued guidelines reiterating the same recommendation. One review of medical records, by hematologist Dr. Julie Kanter at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, showed that on average only 48.4 per cent of children with sickle cell get the recommended ultrasound test.
3141:
This means that 66 million people are at risk of having a child who has sickle cell disease. It is also estimated that about 25,000 Ugandans are born each year with SCD and 80% of those people do not live past five years old. SCD also contributes 25% to the child mortality rate in Uganda. The Bamba people of Uganda, located in the southwest of the country, carry 45% of the gene which is the highest trait frequency recorded in the world. The Sickle Cell Clinic in Mulago is only one sickle cell disease clinic in the country and on average sees 200 patients a day.
9731:
2928:
Due to many adults in high-risk groups not knowing if they are carriers, pregnant women and both partners in a couple are offered screening so they can get counselling if they have the sickle cell trait. In addition, blood donors from those in high-risk groups are also screened to confirm whether they are carriers and whether their blood filters properly. Donors who are found to be carriers are informed and their blood, while often used for those of the same ethnic group, is not used for those with sickle cell disease who require a blood transfusion.
663:. Another influence of hemolytic crises in sickle cell disease is oxidative stress on the erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. When there is not enough red blood cell production in the bone marrow, the oxygen that the body receives, processes, and transports is unbalanced with the body's antioxidants. There is an imbalance in the oxygen reactive species in the cells, which leads to more production of red blood cells that are not properly oxygenated or formed. Oxidative stress may lead to anemia because of the imbalance of oxygen in the tissue.
3183:
environmental factors to place blame on the mother reflects many
Ugandan's poor knowledge of how the disease is acquired as it is determined by genetics, not environment. Mothers of children with sickle cell disease are also often left with very limited resources to safeguard their futures against the stigma of having SCD. This lack of access to resources results from their subordinating roles within familial structures as well as the class disparities that hinder many mothers' ability to satisfy additional childcare costs and responsibilities.
947:
3158:. Other misconceptions about SCD include the belief that it is caused by environmental factors but, in reality, SCD is a genetic disease. There have been efforts throughout Uganda to address the social misconceptions about the disease. In 2013, the Uganda Sickle Cell Rescue Foundation was established to spread awareness of sickle cell disease and combat the social stigma attached to the disease. In addition to this organization's efforts, there is a need for the inclusion of sickle cell disease education in preexisting community
3272:. The researchers used a viral vector to make the mice—which have essentially the same defect that causes human sickle cell disease—express production of fetal haemoglobin (HbF), which an individual normally ceases to produce shortly after birth. In humans, using hydroxyurea to stimulate the production of HbF has been known to temporarily alleviate sickle cell disease symptoms. The researchers demonstrated that this gene therapy method is a more permanent way to increase therapeutic HbF production.
12597:
955:
2951:, a study published in 1998 that covered about 56,000 people in hospitals in Bahrain found that 2% of newborns have sickle cell disease, 18% of the surveyed people have the sickle cell trait, and 24% were carriers of the gene mutation causing the disease. The country began screening of all pregnant women in 1992, and newborns started being tested if the mother was a carrier. In 2004, a law was passed requiring couples planning to marry to undergo free
12627:
12637:
437:
927:
915:
3132:. Failure to provide the public with information about sickle cell disease results in a population with a poor understanding of the causes of the disease, symptoms, and prevention techniques. The differences, physically and socially, that arise in those with sickle cell disease, such as jaundice, stunted physical growth, and delayed sexual maturity, can also lead them to become targets of bullying, rejection, and stigma.
678:, presenting as early as six months of age, and may occur in children with sickle cell trait. The crisis can last up to a month. Given that pneumonia and sickling in the lung can both produce symptoms of acute chest syndrome, the patient is treated for both conditions. It can be triggered by painful crisis, respiratory infection, bone-marrow embolisation, or possibly by atelectasis, opiate administration, or surgery.
935:
12617:
12607:
429:
12663:
3847:
56:
1441:, and close observation. In the absence of high quality evidence regarding the effectiveness of antibiotics for acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease, there is no standard antibiotic treatment as of 2019. It is recommended that people with suspected acute chest syndrome should be admitted to the hospital with worsening A-a gradient an indication for ICU admission.
1076:
2940:, about 4.2% of the population carry the sickle cell trait and 0.26% have sickle cell disease. The highest prevalence is in the Eastern province, where approximately 17% of the population carry the gene and 1.2% have sickle cell disease. In 2005, Saudi Arabia introduced a mandatory premarital test including HB electrophoresis, which aimed to decrease the incidence of SCD and
1468:, probably reduces the frequency of painful episodes and the risk of life-threatening illness or death but there is currently insufficient evidence regarding the risk of adverse effects. Hydroxyurea and phlebotomy combined may be more effective than transfusion and chelation combined in terms of pain, life-threatening illness and risk of death.
1534:
the process' success. However, there are still some drawbacks to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), such as the requirement for precise details to inhibit the susceptible system and problems from the new cells not taking hold. However, a successful HSCT can result in a long-term cure from sickle cell anemia for the patient.
3008:(1861–1954), in 1910. Irons saw "peculiar elongated and sickle-shaped" cells in the blood of a man named Walter Clement Noel, a 20-year-old first-year dental student from Grenada. Noel had been admitted to the Chicago Presbyterian Hospital in December 1904 with anaemia. Noel was readmitted several times over the next three years for "
1298:, provides not only a method of early detection for individuals with sickle cell disease but also allows for the identification of the groups of people who carry the sickle cell trait. Genetic counselors can help individuals of colour and their families tackle the racial and ethnic disparities that exist in healthcare.
3217:
failure to inform the hospital haematology team and poor pain management had caused deaths. Specialist haematology staff preferred to work in bigger, teaching hospitals, leading to shortages of expertise elsewhere. In 2021, the NHS initiated its first new treatment in 20 years for Sickle Cell. This involved the use of
3106:
aspects of life including social and psychological well-being. Studies have shown that those with SCD frequently feel as though they must keep their diagnosis a secret to avoid discrimination in the workplace and also among peers in relationships. In the 1960s, the US government supported initiatives for workplace
1153:. However, the African American community is descended from several African and non-African ethnic groups including American slaves. Thus, a degree of genetic dilution via crossbreeding with non-African people and high health-selective pressure through slavery (especially the slave trade and the frequently deadly
3170:
The deeply rooted stigma of SCD from society causes families to often hide their family members' sick status for fear of being labeled, cursed, or left out of social events. Sometimes in Uganda, when it is confirmed that a family member has sickle cell disease, intimate relationships with all members
1185:
promotes red blood cell sickling and repeated episodes of sickling damage the cell membrane and decrease the cell's elasticity. These cells fail to return to normal shape when normal oxygen tension is restored. As a consequence, these rigid blood cells are unable to deform as they pass through narrow
990:
Sickle cell gene mutation probably arose spontaneously in different geographic areas, as suggested by restriction endonuclease analysis. These variants are known as
Cameroon, Senegal, Benin, Bantu, and Saudi-Asian. Their clinical importance is because some are associated with higher HbF levels, e.g.,
986:
pattern of inheritance from parents. The types of haemoglobin a person makes in the red blood cells depend on what haemoglobin genes are inherited from her or his parents. If one parent has sickle cell anaemia and the other has sickle cell trait, then any given child has a 50% chance of having sickle
611:
or focal abnormality, respiratory symptoms, or hypoxemia. It is the second-most common complication and it accounts for about 25% of deaths in patients with SCD. Most cases present with vaso-occlusive crises, and then develop acute chest syndrome. Nevertheless, about 80% of people have vaso-occlusive
469:
SCD patients do not experience a crisis until five years of age, or older. Some of these patients, and others who have other genotypes, may only present with symptoms under conditions of moderate to severe hypoxia, and thus may be unaware that they have the disease until later in life. Among children
3140:
The data compiled on sickle cell disease in Uganda has not been updated since the early 1970s. The deficiency of data is due to a lack of government research funds, even though
Ugandans die daily from SCD. Data shows that the trait frequency of sickle cell disease is 20% of the population in Uganda.
3105:
surrounding SCD that discourage people with SCD from receiving necessary care. These stigmas mainly affect people of
African American and Latin American ancestries, according to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. People with SCD experience the impact of stigmas of the disease on multiple
2832:
is about 100,000 (one in 3,300), mostly affecting
Americans of sub-Saharan African descent. In the United States, about one out of 365 African-American children and one in every 16,300 Hispanic-American children have sickle cell anaemia. The life expectancy for men with SCD is approximately 42 years
1666:
were affected by sickle cell anaemia, giving a total of 150,000 affected children born every year in
Nigeria alone. The carrier frequency ranges between 10 and 40% across equatorial Africa, decreasing to 1–2% on the North African coast and <1% in South Africa. Studies in Africa show a significant
1605:
About 90% of people survive to age 20, and close to 50% survive beyond age 50. In 2001, according to one study performed in
Jamaica, the estimated mean survival for people was 53 years for men and 58 years for women with homozygous SCD. The life expectancy in much of the developing world is unknown.
1414:
Transcranial
Doppler ultrasound (TCD) can detect children with sickle cell that have a high risk for stroke. The ultrasound test detects blood vessels partially obstructed by sickle cells by measuring the rate of blood into the brain, as blood flow velocity is inversely related to arterial diameter,
3298:
In 2017, twelve clinical trials were focusing on gene therapy to treat sickle cell anemia. Of those 12 trials, four of them replaced the mutated HBB gene with a healthy one. Three trials used
Mozobil, a medication used to treat types of cancer, to determine whether the increase of stem cells can be
3216:
In 2021 many patients were found to be afraid to visit hospitals, such was the level of ignorance among staff, so purchased pain relief to treat themselves outside the NHS.They were often waiting a long time for pain relief, and sometimes suspected of "drugs-seeking" behaviour. Delays to treatment,
2837:
million are carriers of the sickle cell trait. Most infants with SCD born in the United States are identified by routine neonatal screening. As of 2016 all 50 states include screening for sickle cell disease as part of their newborn screen. The newborn's blood is sampled through a heel-prick and is
1533:
The treatment for sickle cell anemia implicitly involves hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). This entails replacing the dysfunctional stem cells in the case with healthy bones from a well-matched donor. Finding the ideal client—typically a stock or someone almost matched—is essential to
1520:
have proven effective in children; they are the only known cure for SCD. However, bone marrow transplants are difficult to obtain because of the specific HLA typing necessary. Ideally, a close relative (allogeneic) would donate the bone marrow necessary for transplantation. The close relative needs
1452:
is indicated. The latter involves the exchange of a significant portion of the person's red cell mass for normal red cells, which decreases the level of haemoglobin S in the patient's blood. However, there is currently uncertain evidence about the possible benefits or harms of blood transfusion for
1301:
In 2010, there was significant consideration and debate in the US surrounding comprehensive screening of athletes for SCD. In 2012, the American Society of Hematology concluded that they do not support testing or disclosure of sickle cell trait status as a prerequisite for participation in athletic
3278:
of gene therapy for sickle cell disease in humans were started in 2014. The clinical trials assessed the safety of lentiviral vector-modified bone marrow for adults with severe sickle cell disease. A case report for the first person treated was published in March 2017, with a few more people being
3230:
launched a campaign called "Can you tell it's sickle cell?". The campaign had twin aims. One was to increase awareness of the key signs and symptoms of the blood disorder so that people would be as alert to signs of a sickle cell crisis as they are to an imminent heart attack or stroke. The second
2927:
In the United Kingdom, between 12,000 and 15,000 people are thought to have sickle cell disease with an estimated 250,000 carriers of the condition in England alone. As the number of carriers is only estimated, all newborn babies in the UK receive a routine blood test to screen for the condition.
3225:
by sufferers. The treatment can be accessed, via consultants, at any of ten new hubs set up around the country. In the same year, however, an All-Party Parliamentary Group produced a report on Sickle Cell and Thalassaemia entitled 'No-one is listening'.Partly in response to this, on 19 June 2022,
639:
by invading the red cell precursors and multiplying in and destroying them. Parvovirus infection almost completely prevents red blood cell production for two to three days. In normal individuals, this is of little consequence, but the shortened red cell life of SCD patients results in an abrupt,
3182:
of SCD, especially if SCD is not present in earlier generations, due to the suspicion that the child's poor health may have been caused by the mother's failure to implement preventative health measures or promote a healthy environment for her child to thrive. The reliance on theories related to
1361:
The protective effect of sickle cell trait does not apply to people with sickle cell disease; in fact, they are more vulnerable to malaria, since the most common cause of painful crises in malarial countries is infection with malaria. People with sickle cell disease living in malarial countries
3338:(M/Met) start codon in protein amino acid position numbering. Current nomenclature calls for counting the methionine as the first amino acid, resulting in the glutamic acid residue falling at position 7. Many references still refer to position 6 and both should likely be referenced for clarity.
1137:
parasite unable to reproduce. Further, the polymerization of Hb affects the ability of the parasite to digest Hb in the first place. Therefore, in areas where malaria is a problem, people's chances of survival actually increase if they carry sickle cell traits (selection for the heterozygote).
303:
is 40 to 60 years. It often gets worse with age. All the major organs are affected by sickle cell disease. The liver, heart, kidneys, gallbladder, eyes, bones, and joints also can suffer damage from the abnormal functions of the sickle cells, and their inability to flow through the small blood
2999:
The first modern report of sickle cell disease may have been in 1846, where the autopsy of an executed runaway slave was discussed; the key finding was the absence of the spleen. Reportedly, African slaves in the United States exhibited resistance to malaria, but were prone to leg ulcers. The
3127:
exists for those with sickle cell disease because of the lack of general knowledge of the disease. The general gap in knowledge surrounding sickle cell disease is noted among adolescents and young adults due to the culturally sanctioned secrecy about the disease. While most people have heard
1302:
activities due to lack of scientific evidence, inconsistency with good medical practice, and inconsistency with public health ethics. They recommended universal interventions to reduce exertion-related injuries and deaths effective for all athletes irrespective of their sickle cell status.
3149:
The stigma around the disease is particularly bad in regions of the country that are not as affected. For example, Eastern Ugandans tend to be more knowledgeable of the disease than Western Ugandans, who are more likely to believe that sickle cell disease resulted as a punishment from
67:. Figure (B) shows abnormal, sickled red blood cells sticking at the branching point in a blood vessel. The inset image shows a cross-section of a sickle cell with long polymerized sickle haemoglobin (HbS) strands stretching and distorting the cell shape to look like a crescent moon.
1157:) may be the most plausible explanations for the lower prevalence of sickle cell anaemia (and, possibly, other genetic diseases) among African Americans compared to West Africans. Another factor that limits the spread of sickle cell genes in North America is the relative absence of
595:
shock. Sequestration crises are considered an emergency. If not treated, patients may die within 1–2 hours due to circulatory failure. Management is supportive, sometimes with blood transfusion. These crises are transient; they continue for 3–4 hours and may last for one day.
2910:
Since 2000, neonatal screening of SCD has been performed at the national level for all newborns defined as being "at-risk" for SCD based on ethnic origin (defined as those born to parents originating from sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, the Mediterranean area (South Italy,
1418:
A 1994 NIH study showed that children at risk for strokes who received blood transfusions had an annual stroke rate of less than 1 per cent, whereas those children who did not receive blood transfusions had a 10 per cent stroke rate per year. (Also see 1998 study in the
1316:
Treatment involves a number of measures. While it has been historically recommended that people with sickle cell disease avoid exercise, regular exercise may benefit people. Dehydration should be avoided. A diet high in calcium is recommended but the effectiveness of
1614:
The HbS gene can be found in every ethnic group. The highest frequency of sickle cell disease is found in tropical regions, particularly sub-Saharan Africa, tribal regions of India, and the Middle East. About 80% of sickle cell disease cases are believed to occur in
1619:. Migration of substantial populations from these high-prevalence areas to low-prevalence countries in Europe has dramatically increased in recent decades and in some European countries, sickle cell disease has now overtaken more familiar genetic conditions such as
1294:. During the first trimester of pregnancy, chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is also a technique used for SCD prenatal diagnosis. Since taking a blood sample from a fetus has greater risks, the latter test is usually used. Neonatal screening sometimes referred to as
974:(HbF), consisting of two alpha and two gamma chains in their bodies. Of these three types, haemoglobin F dominates until about 6 weeks of age. Afterwards, haemoglobin A dominates throughout life. In people diagnosed with sickle cell disease, at least one of the
1427:
hydroxyurea can reduce the risk of irreversible organ and brain damage. Guidelines from NIH published in 2014, state that all children and adolescents should take hydroxyurea, as should adults with serious complications or three or more pain crises in a year.
1180:
The loss of red blood cell elasticity is central to the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease. Normal red blood cells are quite elastic and have a biconcave disc shape, which allows the cells to deform to pass through capillaries. In sickle cell disease, low
1285:
work with families to discuss the benefits, limitations, and logistics of genetic testing options as well as the potential impact of testing and test results on the individual. During pregnancy, genetic testing can be done on either a blood sample from the
457:
The usual characteristics of the first event leading to a diagnosis of SCD depend on the age of the child. When the disease presents within the first year of life, the most common problem is an episode of pain and swelling in their hands and feet, known as
470:
older than 2 years, the most frequent initial presentation is a painful event of generalized or variable type, and a slightly less common version appears as an event of acute chest pain. Dactylitis rarely or never occurs in children older than 2 years.
3299:
used for gene therapy. One trial focused on analyzing bone marrow samples from patients with sickle cell anemia. Another trial experimented with using umbilical cord blood from babies both with and without sickle cell anemia to develop gene therapy.
2853:
saying this shows racial discrimination or the role of wealth in health care advocacy. Overall, without considering race, approximately 1.5% of infants born in the United States are carriers of at least one copy of the mutant (disease-causing) gene.
1471:
It was the first approved drug for the treatment of sickle cell anaemia, and was shown to decrease the number and severity of attacks in 1995 and shown to possibly increase survival time in a study in 2003. This is achieved, in part, by reactivating
987:
cell disease and a 50% chance of having sickle cell trait. When both parents have the sickle cell trait, any given child has a 25% chance of sickle cell disease; a 25% chance of no sickle cell alleles, and a 50% chance of the heterozygous condition.
1649:
This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition.
3264:
or cell function may be restored in cells that have the disease by a normal copy of the gene that is mutated, may be a good candidate for gene therapy treatment. The risks and benefits related to gene therapy for sickle cell disease are not known.
3294:
gene. A number of researchers have considered the ethical implications of SCD being one of the first potential applications of CRISPR technology, given the historical abuses and neglect of the African American community by the medical field.
1104:, more specifically 11p15.5. A person who receives the defective gene from both father and mother develops the disease; a person who receives one defective and one healthy allele remains healthy, but can pass on the disease and is known as a
734:
causes no immediate symptoms, but is associated with damage to the brain. Silent stroke is probably five times as common as symptomatic stroke. About 10–15% of children with SCD have strokes, with silent strokes predominating in the younger
3207:
Not only does the abandonment experienced by these women cause emotional distress for them, but this low level of parental support can be linked to depressive symptoms and overall lower quality of life for the child once they are born.
2838:
sent to a lab for testing. The baby must have been eating for a minimum of 24 hours before the heel-prick test can be done. Some states also require a second blood test to be done when the baby is two weeks old to ensure the results.
3924:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
8052:
3190:
often face extreme discrimination and discouragement in Uganda. These women are frequently branded by their peers as irresponsible for having a baby while living with sickle cell disease or even engaging in sex while living with
1497:
are often used in the management of sickle cell disease in acute cases and to prevent complications by decreasing the number of red blood cells (RBCs) that can sickle by adding normal red blood cells. In children, preventive RBC
1374:
Most people with sickle cell disease have intensely painful episodes called vaso-occlusive crises. However, the frequency, severity, and duration of these crises vary tremendously. Painful crises are treated symptomatically with
1130:
The malaria parasite has a complex lifecycle and spends part of it in red blood cells. In a carrier, the presence of the malaria parasite causes the red blood cells with defective haemoglobin to rupture prematurely, making the
3036:
in 1922, the name "sickle cell anemia" is first used. Childhood problems related to sickle cells disease were not reported until the 1930s, despite the fact that this cannot have been uncommon in African-American populations.
3128:
generally about the disease, a large portion of the population is relatively misinformed about how SCD is diagnosed or inherited. Those who are informed about the disease learned about it from family or friends and not from
478:
The terms "sickle cell crisis" or "sickling crisis" may be used to describe several independent acute conditions occurring in patients with SCD, which results in anaemia and crises that could be of many types, including the
2878:
and sub-Saharan Africa to mainland France, sickle cell disease has become a major health problem in France. SCD has become the most common genetic disease in the country, with an overall birth prevalence of one in 2,415 in
1436:
Management is similar to vaso-occlusive crisis, with the addition of antibiotics (usually a quinolone or macrolide, since cell wall-deficient bacteria are thought to contribute to the syndrome), oxygen supplementation for
6602:
Colah, R. B., Gorakshakar, A. C., & Nadkarni, A. H. (2011). Invasive & non-invasive approaches for prenatal diagnosis of haemoglobinopathies: experiences from India. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 134(4),
3110:
for genetic diseases in an attempt to be protective towards people with SCD. By having this screening, it was intended that employees would not be placed in environments that could potentially be harmful and trigger SCD.
1394:
Extra fluids, administered either orally or intravenously, are a routine part of treatment of vaso-occlusive crises but the evidence about the most effective route, amount and type of fluid replacement remains uncertain.
6931:
8206:
444:
Signs of sickle cell disease usually begin in early childhood. The severity of symptoms can vary from person to person, as can the frequency of crisis events. Sickle cell disease may lead to various acute and chronic
1557:. High quality, randomized, controlled trials are needed to assess the most effective treatment option and determine if a combination of physical therapy and surgery is more effective than physical therapy alone.
11164:
11149:
11118:
3063:
Large-scale natural history studies and further intervention studies were introduced in the 1970s and 1980s, leading to widespread use of prophylaxis against pneumococcal infections amongst other interventions.
7768:
Mirre E, Brousse V, Berteloot L, Lambot-Juhan K, Verlhac S, Boulat C, et al. (March 2010). "Feasibility and efficacy of chronic transfusion for stroke prevention in children with sickle cell disease".
4177:
Yawn BP, Buchanan GR, Afenyi-Annan AN, Ballas SK, Hassell KL, James AH, et al. (September 2014). "Management of sickle cell disease: summary of the 2014 evidence-based report by expert panel members".
3044:, a prolific researcher into sickle cell disease, first introduced the distinction between sickle cell disease and trait in 1933, although until 1949, the genetic characteristics had not been elucidated by
4616:
Mekontso Dessap A, Leon R, Habibi A, Nzouakou R, Roudot-Thoraval F, Adnot S, et al. (March 2008). "Pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale during severe acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease".
1017:(V/Val) at position 6 (E6V substitution). Haemoglobin S with this mutation is referred to as HbS, as opposed to the normal adult HbA. This is normally a benign mutation, causing no apparent effects on the
10402:
978:
subunits in haemoglobin A is replaced with what is known as haemoglobin S. In sickle cell anaemia, a common form of sickle cell disease, haemoglobin S replaces both β-globin subunits in the haemoglobin.
590:
Splenic sequestration crises are acute, painful enlargements of the spleen, caused by intrasplenic trapping of red cells and resulting in a precipitous fall in haemoglobin levels with the potential for
3642:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
3195:
The criticism and judgement these women receive, not only from healthcare professionals but also from their families, often leaves them feeling alone, depressed, anxious, ashamed, and with very little
1673:
has the fifth-highest sickle cell disease burden in Africa. One study indicates that 20 000 babies per year are born with sickle cell disease with the sickle cell trait at 13.3% and with disease 0.7%.
3832:
3282:
Gene editing platforms like CRISPR/Cas9 have been used to correct the disease-causing mutation in hematopoietic stem cells taken from a person with the condition. In July 2019 the gene-editing tool
3074:, depicted the story of the parents of a child with sickle cell disease. The 1990s had the development of hydroxycarbamide, and reports of cure through bone marrow transplantation appeared in 2007.
648:), and the rapid turnover of red cells leads to the drop in haemoglobin. This crisis takes four to seven days to disappear. Most patients can be managed supportively; some need a blood transfusion.
8207:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Committee on Addressing Sickle Cell Disease (2020).
3588:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
283:-like shape under certain circumstances. Problems in sickle cell disease typically begin around 5 to 6 months of age. A number of health problems may develop, such as attacks of pain (known as a
1201:
attempts to compensate by creating new red cells, it does not match the rate of destruction. Healthy red blood cells typically function for 90–120 days, but sickled cells only last 10–20 days.
6011:
Green NS, Fabry ME, Kaptue-Noche L, Nagel RL (October 1993). "Senegal haplotype is associated with higher HbF than Benin and Cameroon haplotypes in African children with sickle cell anemia".
2845:
and 1 in 375 are born with the disease. Patient advocates for sickle cell disease have complained that it gets less government and private research funding than similar rare diseases such as
6523:"BestBets: Does routine urinalysis and chest radiography detect occult bacterial infection in sickle cell patients presenting to the accident and emergency department with painful crisis?"
1240:. The presence of sickle haemoglobin can also be demonstrated with the "sickle solubility test" (also called "sickledex"). A mixture of haemoglobin S (HbS) in a reducing solution (such as
6828:
5817:
Powars DR, Elliott-Mills DD, Chan L, Niland J, Hiti AL, Opas LM, et al. (October 1991). "Chronic renal failure in sickle cell disease: risk factors, clinical course, and mortality".
8041:
8904:
Thuret I, Sarles J, Merono F, Suzineau E, Collomb J, Lena-Russo D, et al. (June 2010). "Neonatal screening for sickle cell disease in France: evaluation of the selective process".
4505:
Wong WY, Powars DR, Chan L, Hiti A, Johnson C, Overturf G (March 1992). "Polysaccharide encapsulated bacterial infection in sickle cell anemia: a thirty year epidemiologic experience".
571:
is frequently affected in sickle cell disease, as the sickle-shaped red blood cells cause narrowing of blood vessels and reduced function in clearing the defective cells. It is usually
4830:
Balgir RS (March 2012). "Community expansion and gene geography of sickle cell trait and G6PD deficiency, and natural selection against malaria: experience from tribal land of India".
3178:
Mothers of children with sickle cell disease tend to receive disproportionate amounts of stigma from their peers and family members. These women will often be blamed for their child's
9753:
Richard-Lenoble D, Toublanc JE, Zinsou RD, Kombila M, Carme B (1980). "" [Results of a systematic study of drepanocytosis in 1,500 Gabonese using hemoglobin electrophoresis].
551:
devices are commonly used in this setting. Vaso-occlusive crisis involving organs such as the penis or lungs are considered an emergency and treated with red blood cell transfusions.
8416:
Aidoo M, Terlouw DJ, Kolczak MS, McElroy PD, ter Kuile FO, Kariuki S, et al. (April 2002). "Protective effects of the sickle cell gene against malaria morbidity and mortality".
377:
As of 2015, about 4.4 million people have sickle cell disease, while an additional 43 million have sickle cell trait. About 80% of sickle cell disease cases are believed to occur in
3318:
There is no strong medical evidence to determine the risks and potential benefits related to treating people with sickle cell disease with hematopoietic stem cell transplantations.
1217:
count (as the bone marrow compensates for the destruction of sickled cells by producing more red blood cells). In other forms of sickle cell disease, Hb levels tend to be higher. A
9781:
10783:
3203:
Most pregnant women with SCD also go on to be single mothers as it is common for them to be left by their male partners who claim they were unaware of their partner's SCD status.
714:
prophylaxis is the most commonly used treatment during childhood, with some haematologists continuing treatment indefinitely. Patients benefit today from routine vaccination for
401:(sub-Saharan) living in other parts of the world. In 2015, it resulted in about 114,800 deaths. The condition was first described in the medical literature by American physician
10509:
Pawliuk R, Westerman KA, Fabry ME, Payen E, Tighe R, Bouhassira EE, et al. (December 2001). "Correction of sickle cell disease in transgenic mouse models by gene therapy".
6939:
1170:
3052:
described the unusual chemical behaviour of haemoglobin S, and attributed this to an abnormality in the molecule itself. The molecular change in HbS was described in 1956 by
822:
In eyes, background retinopathy, proliferative retinopathy, vitreous haemorrhages, and retinal detachments can result in blindness. Regular annual eye checks are recommended.
7879:... teams report that two strategies for directly fixing malfunctioning blood cells have dramatically improved the health of a handful of people with these genetic diseases.
6627:
499:
that appears when a large number of red cells undergo hemolysis. Most episodes of sickle cell crises last between five and seven days. "Although infection, dehydration, and
8710:
Edwards QT, Seibert D, Macri C, Covington C, Tilghman J (November 2004). "Assessing ethnicity in preconception counseling: genetics—what nurse practitioners need to know".
6858:
Martin C, Pialoux V, Faes C, Charrin E, Skinner S, Connes P (February 2018). "Does physical activity increase or decrease the risk of sickle cell disease complications?".
8753:
3231:
aim was to set up a new training programme to help paramedics, Accident and Emergency staff, carers and the general public to care effectively for sufferers in crisis.
10356:
6736:
Acharya K, Benjamin HJ, Clayton EW, Ross LF (November 2011). "Attitudes and beliefs of sports medicine providers to sickle cell trait screening of student athletes".
9035:
8089:
Wierenga KJ, Hambleton IR, Lewis NA (March 2001). "Survival estimates for patients with homozygous sickle-cell disease in Jamaica: a clinic-based population study".
1111:
Due to the adaptive advantage of the heterozygote, the disease is still prevalent, especially among people with recent ancestry in malaria-stricken areas, such as
6901:
6573:
5523:
Smith WR, Penberthy LT, Bovbjerg VE, McClish DK, Roberts JD, Dahman B, et al. (January 2008). "Daily assessment of pain in adults with sickle cell disease".
1509:
shows abnormal cerebral blood flow. In those who have sustained a prior stroke event, it also reduces the risk of recurrent stroke and additional silent strokes.
1141:
In the United States, with no endemic malaria, the prevalence of sickle cell anaemia among people of African ancestry is lower (about 0.25%) than among people in
861:. 21% of children and 30% of adults have evidence of pulmonary hypertension when tested; this is associated with reduced walking distance and increased mortality.
3028:
with the same title, "Peculiar Elongated and Sickle-Shaped Red Blood Corpuscles in a Case of Severe Anemia." This article is based on a patient admitted to the
1379:; pain management requires opioid drug administration at regular intervals until the crisis has settled. For milder crises, a subgroup of patients manages on
1041:
and forms fibrous precipitates because the deoxy form of haemoglobin exposes a hydrophobic patch on the protein between the E and F helices (Phe 85, Leu 88).
7529:"Effect of hydroxyurea on the frequency of painful crises in sickle cell anemia. Investigators of the Multicenter Study of Hydroxyurea in Sickle Cell Anemia"
3586:
Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).
1145:(about 4.0%) and is falling. Without endemic malaria, the sickle cell mutation is purely disadvantageous and tends to decline in the affected population by
3820:
1480:
agent, and some concern exists that long-term use may be harmful, but this risk is either absent or very small and the benefits likely outweigh the risks.
9269:
Awasthy N, Aggarwal KC, Goyal PC, Prasad MS, Saluja S, Sharma M (2008). "Sickle cell disease: Experience of a tertiary care center in a nonendemic area".
7862:
1127:. Malaria was historically endemic to southern Europe, but it was declared eradicated in the mid-20th century, with the exception of rare sporadic cases.
8046:
5964:
2850:
659:
are acute accelerated drops in haemoglobin level. The red blood cells break down at a faster rate. This is particularly common in people with coexistent
9174:
12698:
2862:
8977:
7019:
4228:"Clinical events in the first decade in a cohort of infants with sickle cell disease. Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease [see comments]"
3248:
can potentially cure the condition, a suitable donor is available in only 10% of people. About 7% of people also die as a result of the procedure and
63:
Figure (A) shows normal red blood cells flowing freely through a blood vessel. The inset shows a cross-section of a normal red blood cell with normal
7259:
7349:
Aldrich TK, Nagel RL (1998). "Pulmonary Complications of Sickle Cell Disease.". In Reynolds HY, Bone RC, Dantzker DR, George RB, Matthay RA (eds.).
9318:
9300:
3922:
Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, et al. (Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators) (August 2015).
1345:
review of its use found "the effect of supplementation on anaemia and any symptoms of anaemia remains unclear" due to a lack of medical evidence.
8955:
3795:
1537:
When treating avascular necrosis of the bone in people with sickle cell disease, the aim of treatment is to reduce or stop the pain and maintain
511:
The vaso-occlusive crisis is caused by sickle-shaped red blood cells that obstruct capillaries and restrict blood flow to an organ, resulting in
9110:"Six-year outcome of the national premarital screening and genetic counseling program for sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia in Saudi Arabia"
6836:
3561:
3491:
8559:
7286:"Prevention of a first stroke by transfusions in children with sickle cell anemia and abnormal results on transcranial Doppler ultrasonography"
3640:
Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016).
3306:
gene editing tool was approved by UK regulators for the treatment of sickle cell disease and also for the blood disorder transfusion-dependent
2871:
1521:
to have to same blood type as the patient. Some gene therapies are under development that would alter the patient's own bone marrow stem cells
8663:
6654:"Framing the research agenda for sickle cell trait: building on the current understanding of clinical events and their potential implications"
523:, and often organ damage. The frequency, severity, and duration of these crises vary considerably. Painful crises are treated with hydration,
9271:
5934:
3456:
3056:. The late 1940s and early 1950s saw further understanding in the link between malaria and sickle cell disease. In 1954, the introduction of
1667:
decrease in infant mortality rate, ages 2–16 months, because of the sickle cell trait. This happened in areas of predominant malarial cases.
1337:
daily, due to the immature immune system that makes them more prone to early childhood illnesses, is recommended. Dietary supplementation of
10591:
7653:
5133:
3376:
2963:
Sickle cell disease is common in some ethnic groups of central India, where the prevalence has ranged from 9.4 to 22.2% in endemic areas of
11451:
8384:
11656:
8855:"Prevalence and cost of sickle cell disease in France: real-world analysis using data from the Echantillon Généraliste des Bénéficiaires"
3201:
Burden of sickle cell trait and disease in the Uganda Sickle Surveillance Study (US3): a cross-sectional study - The Lancet Global Health
1357:
Possible advantage of being heterozygous for sickle cell anemia disease (A) vs. normal blood cell response (B) when infected with malaria
9247:
5357:
Chrouser KL, Ajiboye OB, Oyetunji TA, Chang DC (April 2011). "Priapism in the United States: the changing role of sickle cell disease".
4791:"Human parvovirus B19: general considerations and impact on patients with sickle-cell disease and thalassemia and on blood transfusions"
12126:
11807:
11309:
8365:
7991:"Effectiveness of a home-based therapeutic exercise program on lower back pain and functionality in Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) patients"
3421:
6701:
Bonham VL, Dover GJ, Brody LC (September 2010). "Screening student athletes for sickle cell trait--a social and clinical experiment".
5774:
Rai P, Niss O, Malik P (November 2017). "A reappraisal of the mechanisms underlying the cardiac complications of sickle cell anemia".
1606:
In 1975, about 7.3% of people with SCD died before their 23rd birthday; while in 1989, 2.6% of people with SCD died by the age of 20.
12467:
11759:
11581:
10044:"Knowledge, perception and practices towards sickle cell disease: a community survey among adults in Lubaga division, Kampala Uganda"
9540:
8464:"Knowledge, perception and practices towards sickle cell disease: a community survey among adults in Lubaga division, Kampala Uganda"
8078:(Professional Edition: Expert Consult – Online (Robbins Pathology) ed.). Elsevier Health. pp. Kindle Locations 33530–33531.
4321:(Professional Edition: Expert Consult – Online (Robbins Pathology) ed.). Elsevier Health. pp. Kindle Locations 33498–33499.
1499:
874:
caused by fibrosis or scarring of cardiac tissues. This also contributes to pulmonary hypertension, decreased exercise capacity, and
9672:
Ingram VM (October 1956). "A specific chemical difference between the globins of normal human and sickle-cell anaemia haemoglobin".
9021:
11651:
9990:"To Join Or Not To Join? A Case Of Sickle Cell Clubs, Stigma And Discrimination In Secondary Schools In Butambala District, Uganda"
6367:
3791:
10853:"A CRISPR focus on attitudes and beliefs toward somatic genome editing from stakeholders within the sickle cell disease community"
10183:"'All her children are born that way': gendered experiences of stigma in families affected by sickle cell disorder in rural Kenya"
12066:
11591:
5447:
4491:
3520:
695:
462:
or "hand-foot syndrome." Pallor, jaundice, and fatigue can also be early signs due to anemia resulting from sickle cell disease.
371:
6508:
12688:
6341:
1260:
1176:
showing a mixture of red blood cells, some with round normal morphology, some with mild sickling showing elongation and bending
405:
in 1910. In 1949, its genetic transmission was determined by E. A. Beet and J. V. Neel. In 1954, the protective effect against
8611:
4752:(Professional Edition: Expert Consult – Online (Robbins Pathology) ed.). Elsevier Health. pp. Kindle Location 33329.
12708:
11085:
11062:
11041:
11020:
9949:
8218:
7570:"Effect of hydroxyurea on mortality and morbidity in adult sickle cell anemia: risks and benefits up to 9 years of treatment"
7358:
6461:
6434:
6408:
5080:
4722:
7944:"Physical Therapy in Pediatric and Young Adult Patients With Sickle Cell Disease: Assessing Potential Benefits and Barriers"
535:
drug administration at regular intervals until the crisis has settled. For milder crises, a subgroup of patients manages on
12366:
11468:
10385:
9165:
7729:"Effect of chronic red cell transfusion therapy on vasculopathies and silent infarcts in patients with sickle cell disease"
4705:
Sysol JR, Machado R (2016). "Sickle Cell Disease and Acute Chest Syndrome: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Management, Outcomes".
2902:
810:
and Gram-negative enteric bacilli perhaps because intravascular sickling of the bowel leads to patchy ischaemic infarction.
536:
10328:
9942:
Medical apartheid : the dark history of medical experimentation on Black Americans from colonial times to the present
9043:
8685:
11623:
11179:
7041:
5986:
694:
Increased risk of severe bacterial infections is due to loss of functioning spleen tissue (and comparable to the risk of
8168:"Sickle cell disease in the United States: looking back and forward at 100 years of progress in management and survival"
8042:"MHRA authorises world-first gene therapy that aims to cure sickle-cell disease and transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia"
4974:
1068:. Carriers have symptoms only if they are deprived of oxygen (for example, while climbing a mountain) or while severely
12502:
11844:
6909:
6581:
3094:
issued a Policy Interpretation Ruling providing background information on sickle cell disease and a description of how
9456:
Herrick JB (1 November 1910). "Peculiar elongated and sickle-shaped red blood corpuscles in a case of severe anemia".
6526:
4295:
3200:
3000:
abnormal characteristics of the red blood cells, which later lent their name to the condition, was first described by
11632:
11603:
8143:
6313:
4032:
3012:" and "bilious attacks" but completed his studies and returned to the capital of Grenada (St. George's) to practice
2979:
of Nepal and India; however, they have a sevenfold lower rate of malaria despite living in a malaria infested zone.
1476:
production in place of the haemoglobin S that causes sickle cell anaemia. Hydroxyurea had previously been used as a
1026:
11663:
11535:
4548:
1018:
5442:
4053:
Savitt TL, Goldberg MF (January 1989). "Herrick's 1910 case report of sickle cell anemia. The rest of the story".
2991:, 10% of the population carry the sickle cell gene, making it the most prevalent genetic disorder in the country.
1646:; humans with one of the two alleles of sickle cell disease show less severe symptoms when infected with malaria.
1525:
which can then be transplanted back into the patient after chemotherapy eliminates the original unmodified cells.
1259:
with sickling (HgbSC)—the two most common forms—can be identified from there. The diagnosis can be confirmed with
1022:
12693:
10978:
10133:"Knowledge gaps, attitude and beliefs of the communities about sickle cell disease in Eastern and Western Uganda"
8999:
5488:
Elagouz M, Jyothi S, Gupta B, Sivaprasad S (July 2010). "Sickle cell disease and the eye: old and new concepts".
3245:
3095:
1108:
or heterozygote. Heterozygotes are still able to contract malaria, but their symptoms are generally less severe.
826:
8515:"Burden of sickle cell trait and disease in the Uganda Sickle Surveillance Study (US3): a cross-sectional study"
7680:"Blood transfusion usage among adults with sickle cell disease – a single institution experience over ten years"
1581:, that aim to complement current medical treatments, require further research to determine their effectiveness.
1406:
was approved in the United States to reduce the frequency of vaso-occlusive crisis in those 16 years and older.
12620:
12492:
11926:
11596:
11302:
9416:
7167:
Carroll CP (January 2020). "Opioid treatment for acute and chronic pain in patients with sickle cell disease".
3091:
1002:
11617:
11525:
8369:
5956:
3193:
Burden of sickle cell trait and disease in the Uganda Sickle Surveillance Study (US3): a cross-sectional study
1277:
People who are known carriers of the disease or at risk of having a child with sickle cell anemia may undergo
11690:
11642:
10361:
9160:
5629:"Estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure and sickle cell disease: a meta-analysis and systematic review"
5474:
2906:
Percentage of newborns screened regionally and overall for sickle cell disease in Metropolitan France in 2018
417:
327:, and high altitude. A person with a single abnormal copy does not usually have symptoms and is said to have
10997:
9517:
Washburn RE (1911). "Peculiar elongated and sickle-shaped red blood corpuscles in a case of severe anemia".
7329:
3205:
Unprepared and Misinformed Parents of Children with Sickle Cell Disease: Time to Rethink Awareness Campaigns
503:(all of which favor sickling) can act as triggers, in most instances, no predisposing cause is identified."
339:, and some countries test all babies at birth for the disease. Diagnosis is also possible during pregnancy.
12683:
12472:
11547:
8969:
7011:
4380:
Glassberg J (August 2011). "Evidence-based management of sickle cell disease in the emergency department".
3826:
1638:
sub-Saharan regions where malaria is or was common. Where malaria is common, carrying a single sickle cell
1173:
1060:
for HbS, the presence of long-chain polymers of HbS distort the shape of the red blood cell from a smooth,
839:
Chronic pain: Even in the absence of acute vaso-occlusive pain, many patients have unreported chronic pain.
548:
488:
10699:
12116:
11699:
11573:
11437:
11392:
8277:"Sickle cell disease as a paradigm of immigration hematology: new challenges for hematologists in Europe"
3736:
1578:
1311:
1248:
17:
11275:
4662:
Paul RN, Castro OL, Aggarwal A, Oneal PA (September 2011). "Acute chest syndrome: sickle cell disease".
1353:
12653:
12096:
11637:
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3070:
3057:
1594:
9314:
8947:
3787:
3761:
3192:
12703:
12525:
11564:
11554:
11542:
11295:
8459:
3553:
3483:
3249:
2841:
Sickle cell anemia is the most common genetic disorder among African Americans. Approximately 8% are
1659:
1274:
urinary tract infection, and chest X-ray to look for occult pneumonia should be routinely performed.
1270:
An acute sickle cell crisis is often precipitated by infection. Therefore, a urinalysis to detect an
1255:
on which the various types of haemoglobin move at varying speeds. Sickle cell haemoglobin (HgbS) and
8633:
8555:
7057:
twice-daily prophylactic penicillin beginning in early infancy and continuing through at least age 5
5537:
2866:
Percentage of newborns screened for sickle cell disease within Metropolitan France from 2006 to 2018
724:, which can result from a progressive narrowing of blood vessels, prevents oxygen from reaching the
12317:
12239:
12234:
12154:
11914:
11530:
11190:
10649:
Ribeil JA, Hacein-Bey-Abina S, Payen E, Magnani A, Semeraro M, Magrin E, et al. (March 2017).
10279:"Depression and quality of life in children with sickle cell disease: the effect of social support"
8659:
6426:
Revolutionizing Tropical Medicine: Point-of-Care Tests, New Imaging Technologies and Digital Health
4631:
3090:
Sickle cell disease is frequently contested as a disability. Effective 15 September 2017, the U.S.
1590:
813:
700:
10636:
for "Collection and Storage of Umbilical Cord Stem Cells for Treatment of Sickle Cell Disease" at
9841:
9819:
7918:"Unravelito the Quest: Is There a Cure for Sickle Cell Anemia? Introduction to Sickle Cell Anemia"
7917:
7812:
Walters MC, Patience M, Leisenring W, Eckman JR, Scott JP, Mentzer WC, et al. (August 1996).
5926:
4149:
3448:
12297:
12271:
11735:
11586:
10726:
Dever DP, Bak RO, Reinisch A, Camarena J, Washington G, Nicolas CE, et al. (November 2016).
10587:
8853:
Beillat M, Durand-Zaleski I, Pirenne F, Bénard S, Chillotti L, Galacteros F (21 September 2023).
6055:
5727:"Association between diffuse myocardial fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction in sickle cell anemia"
5097:
4573:
Khatib R, Rabah R, Sarnaik SA (January 2009). "The spleen in the sickling disorders: an update".
3368:
3227:
1342:
886:
446:
113:
4265:
4227:
11889:
11837:
11726:
11387:
10333:
8513:
Ndeezi G, Kiyaga C, Hernandez AG, Munube D, Howard TA, Ssewanyana I, et al. (March 2016).
6210:
Ponçon N, Toty C, L'Ambert G, Le Goff G, Brengues C, Schaffner F, et al. (February 2007).
5532:
4626:
4243:
4022:
3275:
3222:
3029:
1643:
1517:
1391:). For more severe crises, most patients require inpatient management for intravenous opioids.
1064:-like shape to ragged and full of spikes, making it fragile and susceptible to breaking within
842:
706:
580:
142:
11230:
11131:
11127:
11012:
Comprehensive handbook of childhood cancer and sickle cell disease: a biopsychosocial approach
9866:
9586:
Mason VR (October 1985). "Landmark article Oct. 14, 1922: Sickle cell anemia. By V.R. Mason".
6424:
6163:"How malaria has affected the human genome and what human genetics can teach us about malaria"
5901:
547:. For more severe crises, most patients require inpatient management for intravenous opioids;
432:
Sickle cells in human blood - both normal red blood cells and sickle-shaped cells are present.
12540:
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12399:
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12324:
12278:
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11706:
11473:
11143:
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9294:
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7568:
Steinberg MH, Barton F, Castro O, Pegelow CH, Ballas SK, Kutlar A, et al. (April 2003).
5468:
2952:
1486:
was approved in the United States in 2019, to increase hemoglobin in people with SS disease.
871:
806:
757:
480:
126:
11135:
9478:"Peculiar elongated and sickle-shaped red blood corpuscles in a case of severe anemia. 1910"
8780:
8391:
5546:
4226:
Gill FM, Sleeper LA, Weiner SJ, Brown AK, Bellevue R, Grover R, et al. (15 July 1995).
12560:
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11716:
11711:
11519:
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10739:
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9630:
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Drasar E, Igbineweka N, Vasavda N, Free M, Awogbade M, Allman M, et al. (March 2011).
6612:
Lee, C., Davies, S.,& Dezatoux, C. (2000). Neonatal Screening for sickle cell disease.
5098:"Management of children with sickle cell disease: a comprehensive review of the literature"
3413:
3024:
in the north of Grenada. Shortly after the report by Herrick, another case appeared in the
1503:
1449:
1237:
1210:
1161:. In polygamous societies, affected males may father many children with multiple partners.
679:
608:
604:
552:
440:
Normal blood cells next to a sickle blood cell, coloured scanning electron microscope image
9536:
3869:"UK regulator approves "groundbreaking" gene treatment for sickle cell and β thalassaemia"
857:; typical symptoms are shortness of breath, decreased exercise tolerance, and episodes of
8:
12640:
12582:
12565:
12224:
11941:
11765:
11318:
11168:
10421:"Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for sickle cell disease: The changing landscape"
9469:
9013:
7425:"Blood transfusions for treating acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease"
7212:"Fluid replacement therapy for acute episodes of pain in people with sickle cell disease"
3303:
3283:
3129:
3009:
2892:
2880:
1363:
1325:
use was supported by the FDA starting at the age of five, as it decreases complications.
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919:
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292:
102:
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9685:
9634:
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8881:
8854:
6781:"Sickle Cell Trait Screening of Collegiate Athletes: Ethical Reasons for Program Reform"
6363:
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7989:
Zanoni CT, Galvão F, Maria RM, Zulli R, Ricciardi JB, Cliquet a J, et al. (2020).
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3612:
3587:
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1616:
1282:
1278:
858:
378:
88:
11173:
10700:"These Patients Had Sickle-Cell Disease. Experimental Therapies Might Have Cured Them"
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8495:
8433:
8347:
8298:
8257:
8214:
8189:
8139:
8106:
8020:
7971:
7963:
7835:
7786:
7782:
7750:
7701:
7696:
7679:
7626:
7591:
7550:
7506:
7454:
7405:
7354:
7307:
7284:
Adams RJ, McKie VC, Hsu L, Files B, Vichinsky E, Pegelow C, et al. (July 1998).
7241:
7196:
7184:
7149:
7100:
6992:
6902:"Keeping Well with Sickle Cell Disease - Brent Sickle Cell & Thalassaemia Centre"
6875:
6802:
6753:
6718:
6683:
6500:
6478:
6457:
6430:
6404:
6319:
6309:
6278:
6243:
6192:
6143:
6108:
6028:
5883:
5834:
5791:
5756:
5707:
5650:
5609:
5550:
5505:
5415:
5410:
5393:
5374:
5339:
5290:
5211:
5170:
5117:
5076:
5046:
5023:
5011:
4966:
4962:
4927:
4886:
4847:
4812:
4807:
4790:
4718:
4679:
4675:
4644:
4590:
4522:
4483:
4441:
4389:
4355:
4247:
4195:
4128:
4123:
4106:
4070:
4028:
3995:
3953:
3908:
3896:
3888:
3718:
3710:
3671:
3617:
3287:
3179:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1550:
1494:
1473:
1445:
1438:
1295:
1241:
1230:
1182:
1146:
850:
645:
528:
484:
359:
328:
299:. Long-term pain may develop as people get older. The average life expectancy in the
208:
177:
72:
10546:
9658:
8933:
8607:
8445:
8118:
7863:"CRISPR and another genetic strategy fix cell defects in two common blood disorders"
7847:
7798:
7713:
6887:
6814:
6765:
6479:"Laboratory investigation of hemoglobinopathies and thalassemias: review and update"
6337:
6290:
6040:
5803:
5662:
5562:
5229:
5129:
4691:
4534:
4207:
4007:
3334:
Historic numbering put this glutamic acid residue at position 6 due to skipping the
3268:
In 2001, sickle cell disease reportedly had been successfully treated in mice using
2919:), the Arabic peninsula, the French overseas islands, and the Indian subcontinent).
1236:
Sickling of the red blood cells, on a blood film, can be induced by the addition of
946:
12610:
12302:
12287:
12164:
12039:
11995:
11498:
11483:
11422:
11241:
10947:
10943:
10939:
10872:
10864:
10817:
10755:
10747:
10684:
10662:
10526:
10481:
10477:
10473:
10432:
10300:
10290:
10202:
10194:
10144:
10065:
10055:
10011:
10001:
9912:
9904:
9793:
9709:
9689:
9638:
9595:
9575:
9489:
9465:
9428:
9363:
9353:
9280:
9211:
9201:
9131:
9121:
9080:
9070:
8913:
8876:
8866:
8792:
8739:
8719:
8526:
8485:
8475:
8425:
8337:
8329:
8288:
8247:
8179:
8098:
8010:
8002:
7955:
7825:
7778:
7740:
7691:
7618:
7581:
7540:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7297:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7176:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7090:
7086:
7082:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6867:
6792:
6745:
6710:
6673:
6665:
6652:
Goldsmith JC, Bonham VL, Joiner CH, Kato GJ, Noonan AS, Steinberg MH (March 2012).
6548:
6490:
6394:
6270:
6233:
6223:
6182:
6174:
6135:
6098:
6090:
6020:
5873:
5865:
5826:
5783:
5746:
5738:
5697:
5689:
5640:
5599:
5589:
5542:
5497:
5405:
5366:
5329:
5321:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5201:
5165:
5160:
5148:
5109:
5001:
4958:
4917:
4878:
4839:
4802:
4728:
4710:
4671:
4636:
4602:
4582:
4514:
4475:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4345:
4239:
4187:
4118:
4062:
3987:
3943:
3935:
3880:
3702:
3661:
3653:
3607:
3599:
3307:
3159:
3005:
1465:
1444:
Should the pulmonary infiltrate worsen or the oxygen requirements increase, simple
1085:
1052:
of sickling haemoglobin), the polymerisation problems are minor because the normal
971:
868:
846:
402:
398:
363:
323:
in each haemoglobin gene. An attack can be set off by temperature changes, stress,
257:
81:
10784:"In A 1st, Doctors In U.S. Use CRISPR Tool To Treat Patient With Genetic Disorder"
10632:
10614:
10131:
Okwi AL, Byarugaba W, Ndugwa CM, Parkes A, Ocaido M, Tumwine JK (September 2009).
10042:
Tusuubira SK, Nakayinga R, Mwambi B, Odda J, Kiconco S, Komuhangi A (April 2018).
9908:
8581:
7638:
7376:"Antibiotics for treating acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease"
7069:
Dixit R, Nettem S, Madan SS, Soe HH, Abas AB, Vance LD, et al. (March 2018).
6261:
Lesi FE, Bassey EE (July 1972). "Family study in sickle cell disease in Nigeria".
5725:
Niss O, Fleck R, Makue F, Alsaied T, Desai P, Towbin JA, et al. (July 2017).
5676:
Niss O, Quinn CT, Lane A, Daily J, Khoury PR, Bakeer N, et al. (March 2016).
5594:
5577:
5427:
5370:
1267:
is rarely performed, as other investigations are highly specific for HbS and HbC.
342:
The care of people with sickle cell disease may include infection prevention with
308:
12667:
12630:
12575:
12436:
12421:
12404:
12344:
12339:
12283:
12261:
11958:
11904:
11884:
11677:
11195:
11052:
11031:
11010:
10901:
10437:
10420:
10198:
9642:
9433:
9358:
9333:
8208:
7959:
7524:
7180:
6871:
6749:
6495:
6451:
5742:
5006:
4989:
3162:
programs in order to reduce the stigmatization of sickle cell disease in Uganda.
3107:
3001:
2896:
2884:
2846:
2842:
1624:
1506:
1264:
1150:
1105:
1049:
660:
623:
are instances of an acute worsening of the patient's baseline anaemia, producing
620:
576:
386:
355:
332:
300:
220:
204:
146:
11253:
7830:
7813:
7545:
7528:
7302:
7285:
5869:
5830:
5206:
5189:
5038:
4714:
1045:
12462:
12416:
12229:
12159:
11978:
11694:
11322:
11250:
11247:
11206:
10821:
9621:
Pauling L, Itano HA (November 1949). "Sickle cell anemia a molecular disease".
8871:
8006:
7527:, Terrin ML, Moore RD, Dover GJ, Barton FB, Eckert SV, et al. (May 1995).
6522:
5693:
4882:
4843:
4763:
4640:
4291:
3196:
2964:
2888:
1630:
Sickle cell disease occurs more commonly among people whose ancestors lived in
1291:
1154:
1038:
902:
882:
864:
738:
636:
632:
276:
260:
11287:
11264:
11244:
10868:
10295:
10278:
10060:
10043:
9334:"Excess risk of maternal death from sickle cell disease in Jamaica: 1998–2007"
8480:
8463:
7609:
Platt OS (March 2008). "Hydroxyurea for the treatment of sickle cell anemia".
6797:
6780:
6628:"Genetic Counselors Of Color Tackle Racial, Ethnic Disparities In Health Care"
6274:
6139:
5310:"Platelet hyperactivity in sickle-cell disease: a consequence of hyposplenism"
4586:
3821:"FDA Approves First Gene Therapies to Treat Patients with Sickle Cell Disease"
3706:
3691:"Dizziness, Falls, and Hearing Loss in Adults Living With Sickle Cell Disease"
1057:
12677:
12545:
12334:
12329:
12191:
12131:
12034:
10928:"Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for people with sickle cell disease"
10149:
10132:
9959:
9599:
8804:
7967:
7586:
7569:
6323:
6126:
Allison AC (October 2009). "Genetic control of resistance to human malaria".
5261:"Treatment for avascular necrosis of bone in people with sickle cell disease"
4946:
4866:
4251:
3892:
3851:
3714:
3218:
3124:
3119:
Uganda has the 5th highest sickle cell disease (SCD) burden in the world. In
3102:
3098:
evaluates the disease during its adjudication process for disability claims.
3053:
3049:
3045:
2829:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1399:
1256:
1116:
1101:
1089:
967:
854:
834:
790:(bacterial bone infection), the most common cause of osteomyelitis in SCD is
787:
764:
742:
731:
316:
307:
Sickle cell disease occurs when a person inherits two abnormal copies of the
11158:
10530:
9285:
9206:
9189:
9126:
9109:
9075:
9058:
8917:
8796:
7943:
4191:
3868:
3690:
3221:, a drug given via transfusion drips, which reduces the number of visits to
728:. Cerebral infarction occurs in children and cerebral haemorrhage in adults.
12550:
12535:
12361:
12086:
11936:
11921:
11867:
11337:
10961:
10886:
10829:
10769:
10676:
10538:
10495:
10446:
10314:
10216:
10158:
10079:
10025:
9926:
9805:
9701:
9650:
9503:
9442:
9377:
9225:
9145:
9094:
8925:
8890:
8839:
8812:
8754:"Sickle Cell Patients Endure Discrimination, Poor Care And Shortened Lives"
8731:
8540:
8499:
8437:
8351:
8302:
8293:
8276:
8261:
8193:
8110:
8024:
7975:
7790:
7754:
7705:
7630:
7595:
7510:
7458:
7409:
7245:
7188:
7153:
7104:
6996:
6879:
6806:
6757:
6722:
6687:
6504:
6389:
Kruzliak P (19 July 2012), "Hematologic manifestations of celiac disease",
6247:
6228:
6211:
6196:
6147:
6112:
6024:
5887:
5795:
5760:
5711:
5654:
5613:
5554:
5509:
5419:
5378:
5294:
5215:
5174:
5121:
5113:
5050:
5015:
4890:
4851:
4816:
4683:
4648:
4594:
4518:
4445:
4393:
4359:
4199:
4132:
4066:
3999:
3957:
3900:
3722:
3675:
3621:
3269:
3041:
2976:
2972:
2937:
2875:
1477:
1424:
1222:
1214:
963:
926:
890:
768:
698:). These infections are typically caused by encapsulated organisms such as
641:
394:
367:
169:
118:
10667:
10650:
10255:
9797:
9766:
9607:
7839:
7622:
7554:
7330:"These Sisters With Sickle Cell Had Devastating, and Preventable, Strokes"
7311:
7012:"Press Announcements – FDA approves new treatment for sickle cell disease"
6961:
Soe HH, Abas AB, Than NN, Ni H, Singh J, Said AR, et al. (May 2020).
6282:
6032:
5838:
5343:
4970:
4931:
4526:
4074:
607:
is defined by at least two of these signs or symptoms: chest pain, fever,
575:
before the end of childhood in individuals with sickle cell anaemia. This
12409:
12354:
12251:
12106:
12081:
11899:
11488:
11446:
11259:
11225:
10585:
10006:
9989:
9867:"Sickle Cell Disease | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)"
8210:
Addressing Sickle Cell Disease: A Strategic Plan and Blueprint for Action
6829:"Statement on Screening for Sickle Cell Trait and Athletic Participation"
6714:
5325:
4487:
3978:
Rees DC, Williams TN, Gladwin MT (December 2010). "Sickle-cell disease".
3172:
3033:
2941:
1635:
1620:
1461:
1322:
1198:
1197:, the destruction of the red cells, because of their shape. Although the
1142:
1124:
1069:
894:
875:
725:
628:
592:
556:
555:, a technique to encourage deep breathing to minimise the development of
343:
324:
272:
192:
64:
10751:
10728:"CRISPR/Cas9 β-globin gene targeting in human haematopoietic stem cells"
6549:"National Society of Genetic Counselors : About Genetic Counselors"
1502:
has been shown to reduce the risk of first stroke or silent stroke when
12497:
12382:
12349:
12121:
12071:
12056:
12051:
12044:
12029:
12019:
11457:
7651:
6094:
5096:
Kavanagh PL, Sprinz PG, Vinci SR, Bauchner H, Wang CJ (December 2011).
4990:"How I treat acute chest syndrome in children with sickle cell disease"
4461:"Sickle cell anemia and severe infections due to encapsulated bacteria"
3335:
3155:
3065:
2833:
of age while women live approximately six years longer. An additional 2
1403:
1384:
1338:
1334:
1244:) gives a turbid appearance, whereas normal Hb gives a clear solution.
1218:
1133:
995:
934:
798:
Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella choleraesuis
792:
778:
760:) of the hip and other major joints may occur as a result of ischaemia.
750:
711:
675:
572:
540:
459:
421:
351:
347:
336:
200:
196:
182:
165:
134:
130:
98:
77:
11110:
8991:
8462:, Nakayinga R, Mwambi B, Odda J, Kiconco S, Komuhangi A (April 2018).
8364:
8236:"Inherited haemoglobin disorders: an increasing global health problem"
8184:
8167:
7745:
7728:
6669:
6306:
Pathophysiology : introductory concepts and clinical perspectives
6212:"Biology and dynamics of potential malaria vectors in Southern France"
5787:
5645:
5628:
5443:"Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of sickle cell leg ulcers"
4350:
4333:
3884:
3762:"Sickle Cell Disease - How Sickle Cell Disease May Affect Your Health"
3521:"Sickle-cell disease and other haemoglobin disorders Fact sheet N°308"
3165:
3004:(1877–1959), intern to Chicago cardiologist and professor of medicine
1423:.) In addition to ultrasounds and blood transfusions, the inexpensive
12570:
12312:
12307:
12171:
12149:
12024:
11988:
11236:
9693:
8333:
7891:
3261:
3187:
3017:
3013:
2968:
1483:
1376:
1318:
1213:
reveals haemoglobin levels in the range of 6–8 g/dl with a high
1194:
1187:
1100:
responsible for sickle cell anaemia can be found on the short arm of
1065:
1010:
954:
898:
746:
524:
390:
215:
9842:"Federal Register, Volume 82 Issue 178 (Friday, September 15, 2017)"
9752:
9563:
8553:
3060:
allowed the discovery of particular subtypes, such as HbSC disease.
583:; preventive antibiotics and vaccinations are recommended for those
436:
315:) that makes haemoglobin, one from each parent. This gene occurs in
12076:
11853:
11270:
10357:"Better protection and support for people with sickle cell disease"
10106:
7374:
Martí-Carvajal AJ, Conterno LO, Knight-Madden JM (September 2019).
7373:
6178:
5678:"Cardiomyopathy With Restrictive Physiology in Sickle Cell Disease"
3286:
was used to edit bone marrow cells from a person with SCD to boost
3021:
1631:
1388:
1226:
1158:
1061:
998:
991:
Senegal and Saudi-Asian variants, and tend to have milder disease.
830:
774:
584:
544:
520:
512:
500:
496:
320:
264:
138:
10648:
8852:
8318:"The impact of malaria parasitism: from corpuscles to communities"
6399:
3737:"Sickle Cell Anemia: Symptoms, What It Is, Causes & Treatment"
690:
Sickle cell anaemia can lead to various complications, including:
12555:
12015:
11983:
11876:
7767:
5576:
Lai YC, Potoka KC, Champion HC, Mora AL, Gladwin MT (June 2014).
4615:
3850:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3260:
Diseases such as sickle cell disease for which a person's normal
2988:
2955:. These programs were accompanied by public education campaigns.
2948:
2870:
As a result of population growth in African-Caribbean regions of
1663:
939:
406:
55:
11184:
9755:
Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique et de ses Filiales
6779:
Ferrari R, Parker LS, Grubs RE, Krishnamurti L (December 2015).
4832:
Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry
914:
11366:
11153:
11122:
10588:"Gene Therapy Corrects Sickle Cell Disease In Laboratory Study"
10231:"Our Vision and Mission – Uganda Sickle Cell Rescue Foundation"
7811:
6453:
Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods
4292:"BestBets: How long should an average sickle cell crisis last?"
3689:
Nelson MD, Bennett DM, Lehman ME, Okonji AI (5 December 2022).
3291:
3120:
2916:
2912:
1670:
1639:
1541:
mobility. Current treatment options include resting the joint,
1271:
1112:
1097:
1075:
1053:
1034:
1030:
1014:
930:
Distribution of the sickle cell trait, shown in pink and purple
721:
624:
568:
532:
428:
296:
288:
280:
122:
106:
94:
10562:"Murine Gene Therapy Corrects Symptoms of Sickle Cell Disease"
6778:
6077:
Odièvre MH, Verger E, Silva-Pinto AC, Elion J (October 2011).
5258:
4176:
1658:
Three-quarters of sickle cell cases occur in Africa. A recent
1169:
370:
were approved. A small percentage of people can be cured by a
271:. It results in an abnormality in the oxygen-carrying protein
6209:
6076:
5816:
5627:
Caughey MC, Poole C, Ataga KI, Hinderliter AL (August 2015).
5522:
5153:
Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program
1538:
1380:
1287:
1120:
1006:
782:
666:
Management is supportive, sometimes with blood transfusions.
382:
10850:
10041:
8709:
8458:
7652:
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (25 November 2019).
7567:
6574:"ABGC – Information for Certified Genetic Counselors | ABGC"
5626:
5487:
5356:
5259:
Martí-Carvajal AJ, Solà I, Agreda-Pérez LH (December 2019).
4549:"Blood Transfusions for Sickle Cell Disease | HealthLink BC"
11822:
10851:
Persaud A, Desine S, Blizinsky K, Bonham VL (August 2019).
8512:
8135:
Sickle Cell Anemia: From Basic Science to Clinical Practice
7892:"Empowering people affected by MS to live their best lives"
7727:
Gyang E, Yeom K, Hoppe C, Partap S, Jeng M (January 2011).
7677:
7071:"Folate supplementation in people with sickle cell disease"
6391:
Celiac Disease – From Pathophysiology to Advanced Therapies
6010:
5987:"Sickle-Cell Anemia: Haplotype | Learn Science at Scitable"
5095:
3921:
3144:
516:
10508:
9268:
8948:"Inheriting sickle cell anaemia – Live Well – NHS Choices"
8903:
8415:
7009:
6735:
4619:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
4412:"Psychological therapies for sickle cell disease and pain"
3768:. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 23 April 2024
3313:
3032:
Hospital on 15 November 1910. In the later description by
11076:
In the blood: sickle cell anemia and the politics of race
10586:
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (4 December 2008).
10130:
9014:"Give Blood – Resources – Sickle Cell and Blood Donation"
7854:
7260:"FDA approves crizanlizumab-tmca for sickle cell disease"
6651:
3688:
3369:"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Sickle Cell Disease?"
3151:
1453:
acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease.
1080:
975:
10925:
10725:
10618:
for "Stem Cell Gene Therapy for Sickle Cell Disease" at
9987:
7523:
7477:"Hydroxyurea (hydroxycarbamide) for sickle cell disease"
6857:
5578:"Pulmonary arterial hypertension: the clinical syndrome"
4789:
Slavov SN, Kashima S, Pinto AC, Covas DT (August 2011).
3135:
1597:
were approved for the treatment of sickle cell disease.
1009:
changing to GTG) of the β-globin gene, which results in
970:, which consists of two alpha and two delta chains, and
9414:
8165:
5146:
4788:
4661:
8712:
Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners
8315:
8274:
8088:
7988:
7474:
6456:(23 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 578.
4951:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
4225:
3639:
3585:
12651:
10329:"London Eye: Shouldn't need an improvement programme"
9890:
9331:
9059:"Epidemiology of sickle cell disease in Saudi Arabia"
9028:
8316:
Wellems TE, Hayton K, Fairhurst RM (September 2009).
8073:
7814:"Bone marrow transplantation for sickle cell disease"
7262:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 15 November 2019
5724:
5575:
5455:(1): 1–4. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013
4747:
4316:
958:
Base-pair substitution that causes sickle cell anemia
696:
infections after having the spleen removed surgically
644:
counts drop dramatically during the disease (causing
11100:
10651:"Gene Therapy in a Patient with Sickle Cell Disease"
9988:
Tusuubira SK, Naggawa T, Nakamoga V (October 2019).
9893:"Stigma of Sickle Cell Disease: A Systematic Review"
9415:
Ballas SK, Gupta K, Adams-Graves P (November 2012).
9190:"Public awareness of sickle cell disease in Bahrain"
8582:"Data & Statistics on Sickle Cell Disease | CDC"
8074:
Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Aster J (28 May 2009).
7941:
7726:
6079:"Pathophysiological insights in sickle cell disease"
5254:
5252:
5250:
4748:
Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Aster J (28 May 2009).
4317:
Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Aster J (28 May 2009).
901:
and worsened anaemia. If it progresses to end-stage
631:, and fatigue. This crisis is normally triggered by
11033:
Managing Sickle Cell Disease in Low-Income Families
10256:"Background – Uganda Sickle Cell Rescue Foundation"
10180:
9187:
8213:. Washington: National Academies Press. p. 1.
8047:
Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
7068:
6963:"Vitamin D supplementation for sickle cell disease"
5073:
Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology
3977:
3166:
Social isolation of people with sickle cell disease
1341:had been previously recommended by the WHO. A 2016
966:, which consists of two alpha and two beta chains,
11073:
9983:
9981:
9979:
9977:
9975:
9973:
9971:
9969:
9036:"Why is Blood from Afro-Caribbean Donors Special?"
8825:
7283:
7042:"Evidence-Based Management of Sickle Cell Disease"
6364:"Sickle Cell Anemia: eMedicine Emergency Medicine"
5675:
4867:"The Role of Oxidative Stress in Hemolytic Anemia"
4864:
4707:Hematologic Abnormalities and Acute Lung Syndromes
4572:
4504:
4334:"How I manage priapism due to sickle cell disease"
4331:
3815:
3813:
3239:
3020:in 1916 and is buried in the Catholic cemetery at
9944:(1st paperback ed.). New York: Harlem Moon.
9391:Lebby R (1846). "Case of absence of the spleen".
8778:
8385:"Sickle-cell anaemia – Report by the Secretariat"
7475:Rankine-Mullings AE, Nevitt SJ (September 2022).
7422:
7353:(6th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby. pp. 1–10.
7120:"Malaria chemoprophylaxis in sickle cell disease"
6932:"Nutrition for the Child with Sickle Cell Anemia"
6416:
6303:
5307:
5247:
319:. Several subtypes exist, depending on the exact
12675:
10926:Oringanje C, Nemecek E, Oniyangi O (July 2020).
10459:
10181:Marsh VM, Kamuya DM, Molyneux SS (August 2011).
8940:
7942:Callaway D, Chawla A, Sprinz P (November 2020).
7654:"FDA approves voxelotor for sickle cell disease"
7323:
7321:
6700:
1627:. In 2015, it resulted in about 114,800 deaths.
497:a yellowish colour of skin or whites of the eyes
381:. It also occurs to a lesser degree in parts of
11317:
9966:
9891:Bulgin D, Tanabe P, Jenerette C (August 2018).
9588:The Journal of the American Medical Association
9568:The Journal of the American Medical Association
9315:"Life with sickle cell – Nation – Nepali Times"
8826:Bardakdjian J, Wajcman H (September 2004). "".
8233:
8200:
7574:The Journal of the American Medical Association
6449:
5906:NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)
4375:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4180:The Journal of the American Medical Association
4100:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4055:The Journal of the American Medical Association
3810:
3754:
1662:report estimated that around 2% of newborns in
1193:The actual anaemia of the illness is caused by
1056:can produce half of the haemoglobin. In people
674:One of the earliest clinical manifestations is
562:
449:, several of which have a high mortality rate.
10403:"NHS launches lifesaving sickle cell campaign"
10176:
10174:
10172:
10170:
10168:
9410:
9408:
9406:
8984:
8166:Prabhakar H, Haywood C, Molokie R (May 2010).
8076:Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease
7209:
5391:
5036:
4906:"Dactylitis in a child with sickle cell trait"
4750:Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease
4319:Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease
4052:
4027:(2 ed.). Berlin: Springer. p. 2950.
3077:Some old texts refer to it as drepanocytosis.
2899:(one in 5,014) for the same reference period.
1529:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT)
1247:Abnormal haemoglobin forms can be detected on
1084:gene (responsible for sickle cell anaemia) is
749:production and precipitation due to prolonged
11838:
11303:
10810:"CRISPR's "magnificent moment" in the clinic"
10566:The Scientist – Magazine of the Life Sciences
9272:Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health
9101:
9050:
8409:
7561:
7318:
7117:
6960:
6476:
6443:
6422:
5851:
4944:
4903:
4266:"Sickle Cell Disease - Symptoms | NHLBI, NIH"
4144:
4142:
4048:
4046:
4044:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3302:In November 2023, a gene treatment using the
2828:The number of people with the disease in the
1186:capillaries, leading to vessel occlusion and
942:(no longer endemic in Europe), shown in green
11452:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
10418:
9994:Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics
9620:
9299:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (
9161:"Features of sickle-cell disease in Bahrain"
9107:
8779:Vlachadis N, Vrachnis N (15 November 2022).
8574:
8082:
7805:
7517:
7348:
6470:
6154:
6119:
5773:
5767:
5718:
5669:
5516:
5481:
5350:
4981:
4823:
4782:
4704:
4655:
4566:
4366:
4081:
3581:
3579:
1328:
11336:
10932:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
10466:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
10414:
10412:
10276:
10165:
9782:"Contested Disability: Sickle Cell Disease"
9403:
9332:Asnani MR, McCaw-Binns AM, Reid ME (2011).
8370:"Sickle cell disease: MedlinePlus Genetics"
8131:
7481:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7470:
7468:
7429:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7380:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7216:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7124:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7075:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6967:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6160:
6004:
5858:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
5854:"The switch from fetal to adult hemoglobin"
5810:
5308:Kenny MW, George AJ, Stuart J (July 1980).
5301:
5265:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5147:Adams RJ, Ohene-Frempong K, Wang W (2001).
5070:
4938:
4609:
4416:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4405:
4403:
4172:
4170:
4150:"Sickle cell disease: MedlinePlus Genetics"
3635:
3633:
3631:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3542:
12127:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
11845:
11831:
11808:Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin
11310:
11296:
9939:
9779:
9417:"Sickle cell pain: a critical reappraisal"
9384:
9158:
8608:"September is Sickle Cell Awareness Month"
8586:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
8554:National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute.
8366:United States National Library of Medicine
8275:Roberts I, de Montalembert M (July 2007).
7602:
7010:Office of the Commissioner (7 July 2017).
7003:
6260:
4244:10.1182/blood.v86.2.776.bloodjournal862776
4139:
4107:"One hundred years of sickle cell disease"
4041:
3471:
3436:
3391:
3352:
1369:
54:
12699:Disorders of globin and globulin proteins
12468:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
11760:Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
11582:Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia
10951:
10876:
10759:
10666:
10485:
10460:Olowoyeye A, Okwundu CI (November 2020).
10436:
10425:Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Therapy
10304:
10294:
10250:
10248:
10206:
10148:
10069:
10059:
10015:
10005:
9916:
9493:
9432:
9367:
9357:
9284:
9215:
9205:
9135:
9125:
9084:
9074:
9056:
9006:
8880:
8870:
8530:
8489:
8479:
8341:
8292:
8251:
8240:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
8183:
8036:
8034:
8014:
7829:
7744:
7695:
7585:
7544:
7500:
7448:
7399:
7301:
7279:
7277:
7235:
7143:
7094:
6986:
6796:
6677:
6625:
6494:
6398:
6237:
6227:
6186:
6102:
5877:
5750:
5701:
5644:
5603:
5593:
5536:
5434:
5409:
5394:"Bone involvement in sickle cell disease"
5333:
5284:
5205:
5164:
5071:James WD, Berger TG, et al. (2006).
5005:
4921:
4806:
4732:
4630:
4435:
4409:
4379:
4349:
4122:
3947:
3866:
3665:
3611:
3576:
3558:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3488:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
3453:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
3418:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
3373:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
1512:
1431:
10719:
10579:
10409:
10101:
10099:
10097:
10095:
10093:
10091:
10089:
10037:
10035:
9516:
9482:The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
8703:
7995:Hematology, Transfusion and Cell Therapy
7948:Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology
7465:
7423:Dolatkhah R, Dastgiri S (January 2020).
6388:
4795:FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology
4709:. Respiratory Medicine. pp. 67–87.
4400:
4332:Olujohungbe A, Burnett AL (March 2013).
4167:
4104:
3792:National Human Genome Research Institute
3628:
3539:
3145:Misconceptions about sickle cell disease
2901:
2861:
1560:
1352:
1168:
1074:
953:
945:
933:
925:
913:
506:
435:
427:
416:
9846:U.S. Government Publishing Office (GPO)
9475:
9455:
8962:
7166:
6125:
5547:10.7326/0003-4819-148-2-200801150-00004
5064:
4977:from the original on 23 September 2016.
4458:
4020:
3862:
3860:
3484:"How Is Sickle Cell Disease Diagnosed?"
3314:Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
1402:, a monoclonal antibody target towards
1029:of haemoglobin in conditions of normal
918:Sickle cell disease is inherited in an
599:
14:
12676:
10899:
10807:
10697:
10559:
10462:"Gene therapy for sickle cell disease"
10383:
10245:
9671:
9024:from the original on 31 December 2014.
9002:from the original on 31 December 2014.
8980:from the original on 13 December 2011.
8686:"default – Stanford Children's Health"
8666:from the original on 28 September 2016
8614:from the original on 27 September 2010
8031:
7860:
7327:
7274:
7118:Oniyangi O, Omari AA (November 2019).
6344:from the original on 23 September 2010
6083:The Indian Journal of Medical Research
6053:
5852:Sankaran VG, Orkin SH (January 2013).
4987:
4945:Worrall VT, Butera V (December 1976).
4829:
3506:
3080:
3048:and E.A. Beet. 1949 was the year when
1261:high-performance liquid chromatography
331:. Such people are also referred to as
11826:
11365:
11291:
10594:from the original on 13 December 2014
10419:Kassim AA, Sharma D (December 2017).
10086:
10032:
9822:. U.S. Social Security Administration
9820:"Social Security Ruling: SSR 2017-3p"
9585:
9561:
9390:
8958:from the original on 2 December 2014.
8322:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
8055:from the original on 25 November 2023
7608:
6477:Clarke GM, Higgins TN (August 2000).
6338:"How Does Sickle Cell Cause Disease?"
5440:
5187:
4221:
4219:
4217:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3554:"How Is Sickle Cell Disease Treated?"
3136:Rate of sickle cell disease in Uganda
1348:
579:increases the risk of infection from
495:, and others. The early symptoms are
473:
412:
46:Sickle cell disorder; drepanocytosis
12606:
12367:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
11469:triosephosphate isomerase deficiency
11080:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
9543:from the original on 31 January 2015
9537:"UVa Hospital Celebrating 100 Years"
9470:10.1001/archinte.1910.00050330050003
9177:from the original on 8 October 2016.
9166:Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
8992:"Who is offered screening and when?"
8660:"Disorder Name: Sickle Cell Disease"
8562:from the original on 2 December 2010
7915:
7351:Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
6370:from the original on 4 December 2010
6308:. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company.
5957:"Inheritance of Sickle Cell Anaemia"
5234:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
4910:Canadian Medical Association Journal
3857:
3835:from the original on 8 December 2023
3788:"Learning About Sickle Cell Disease"
2982:
1489:
1409:
651:
612:crises during acute chest syndrome.
537:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
409:of sickle cell trait was described.
12616:
11624:paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
11592:Donath–Landsteiner hemolytic anemia
11572:
10655:The New England Journal of Medicine
10453:
10107:"Sickle Cell Association of Uganda"
9933:
9884:
8970:"Sickle cell anaemia – NHS Choices"
8051:(Press release). 16 November 2023.
7896:National Multiple Sclerosis Society
7818:The New England Journal of Medicine
7611:The New England Journal of Medicine
7533:The New England Journal of Medicine
7290:The New England Journal of Medicine
7210:Okomo U, Meremikwu MM (July 2017).
6703:The New England Journal of Medicine
6511:from the original on 20 March 2008.
6423:Atkinson K, Mabey D (23 May 2019).
5967:from the original on 8 January 2024
4904:Jadavji T, Prober CG (April 1985).
3798:from the original on 4 January 2017
3211:
1321:supplementation remains uncertain.
796:(especially the atypical serotypes
267:. The most common type is known as
24:
12503:Medical Scientist Training Program
10972:
10277:Sehlo MG, Kamfar HZ (April 2015).
9321:from the original on 24 June 2015.
9188:Al Arrayed S, Al Hajeri A (2010).
8724:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2004.tb00426.x
6860:British Journal of Sports Medicine
6738:Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine
6167:American Journal of Human Genetics
5136:from the original on 4 March 2016.
5075:. Saunders Elsevier. p. 847.
4468:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
4214:
3964:
3459:from the original on 24 March 2016
3449:"What Causes Sickle Cell Disease?"
3085:
2958:
1164:
1033:concentration. However, under low
615:
291:, swelling in the hands and feet,
25:
12720:
11633:Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
11604:Mixed autoimmune hemolytic anemia
11096:
11051:Serjeant GR, Serjeant BE (2001).
10111:Sickle Cell Association of Uganda
9519:The Virginia Medical Semi-Monthly
9250:from the original on 25 June 2017
8781:"A Review of Sickle Cell Disease"
7022:from the original on 10 July 2017
6529:from the original on 17 June 2010
6304:Capriotti T, Frizzell JP (2016).
5502:10.1016/j.survophthal.2009.11.004
5392:Almeida A, Roberts I (May 2005).
4865:Fibach E, Rachmilewitz E (2008).
4494:from the original on 27 May 2016.
4480:10.1093/infdis/136.Supplement.S25
4298:from the original on 17 June 2010
3564:from the original on 9 March 2016
3494:from the original on 9 March 2016
3424:from the original on 6 March 2016
3379:from the original on 9 March 2016
3255:
3186:Women living with SCD who become
2922:
1333:From birth to five years of age,
12661:
12635:
12625:
12615:
12605:
12596:
12595:
11664:Hemolytic disease of the newborn
10919:
10893:
10844:
10801:
10776:
10691:
10642:
10624:
10606:
10553:
10502:
10395:
10377:
10349:
10321:
10270:
10223:
10124:
9859:
9834:
9812:
9773:
9746:
9716:
9665:
9614:
9580:10.1001/jama.1922.02640160038012
9555:
9529:
9510:
9449:
9325:
9307:
9262:
9232:
9181:
9152:
8897:
8846:
8819:
8772:
8746:
8678:
8652:
8626:
8600:
8556:"Sickle cell anemia, key points"
8547:
8506:
8452:
8376:
8358:
8309:
8268:
8234:Weatherall DJ, Clegg JB (2001).
8227:
8159:
8125:
8067:
7982:
7935:
7909:
7884:
7783:10.1111/j.1600-0609.2009.01379.x
7761:
7720:
7697:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08451.x
7671:
7645:
7416:
7367:
7342:
7252:
7203:
7160:
7111:
7062:
6450:McPherson RA, Pincus MR (2017).
5937:from the original on 15 May 2016
5411:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05476.x
4963:10.2106/00004623-197658080-00024
4808:10.1111/j.1574-695X.2011.00819.x
4676:10.1111/j.1600-0609.2011.01647.x
4124:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08419.x
3867:Wilkinson E (16 November 2023).
3845:
2823:
1565:Psychological therapies such as
899:loss of red blood cells in urine
685:
27:Group of genetic blood disorders
12636:
9897:Issues in Mental Health Nursing
8382:
7771:European Journal of Haematology
7034:
6954:
6924:
6894:
6851:
6821:
6772:
6729:
6694:
6645:
6619:
6606:
6596:
6566:
6541:
6515:
6382:
6356:
6330:
6297:
6254:
6203:
6070:
6047:
5979:
5949:
5919:
5894:
5845:
5620:
5569:
5385:
5222:
5181:
5140:
5089:
5030:
4897:
4858:
4756:
4741:
4698:
4664:European Journal of Haematology
4541:
4498:
4452:
4325:
4310:
4284:
4258:
4024:Textbook of clinical pediatrics
4014:
3915:
3780:
3729:
3328:
3246:umbilical cord blood transplant
3240:Umbilical cord blood transplant
3068:'s Emmy-winning 1972 TV movie,
1609:
1584:
1421:New England Journal of Medicine
1149:, and now artificially through
827:intrauterine growth restriction
452:
372:transplant of bone marrow cells
12493:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
11927:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
11597:Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
10944:10.1002/14651858.CD007001.pub5
10478:10.1002/14651858.CD007652.pub7
10365:. October 2022. pp. 16–17
9728:Facts On File History Database
9244:American Society of Hematology
8638:American Society of Hematology
8172:American Journal of Hematology
7733:American Journal of Hematology
7684:British Journal of Haematology
7493:10.1002/14651858.CD002202.pub3
7441:10.1002/14651858.CD007843.pub4
7392:10.1002/14651858.CD006110.pub5
7228:10.1002/14651858.CD005406.pub5
7136:10.1002/14651858.CD003489.pub2
7087:10.1002/14651858.CD011130.pub3
6979:10.1002/14651858.CD010858.pub3
6833:American Society of Hematology
6658:American Journal of Hematology
6161:Kwiatkowski DP (August 2005).
6013:American Journal of Hematology
5633:British Journal of Haematology
5398:British Journal of Haematology
5277:10.1002/14651858.CD004344.pub7
5190:"Big strokes in small persons"
5166:10.1182/asheducation-2001.1.31
4507:American Journal of Hematology
4428:10.1002/14651858.CD001916.pub3
4338:British Journal of Haematology
4111:British Journal of Haematology
3682:
3523:. January 2011. Archived from
3414:"What Is Sickle Cell Disease?"
3092:Social Security Administration
1456:
1003:single-nucleotide polymorphism
950:Modern distribution of malaria
905:, it carries a poor prognosis.
771:(malfunctioning of the spleen)
585:lacking proper spleen function
465:Approximately half of classic
99:swelling in the hands and feet
13:
1:
12689:Autosomal recessive disorders
9909:10.1080/01612840.2018.1443530
9458:Archives of Internal Medicine
9108:Memish ZA, Saeedi MY (2011).
8906:Journal of Clinical Pathology
8532:10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00288-0
8430:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08273-9
8103:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04132-5
6785:Journal of Genetic Counseling
6616:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
6128:Current Opinion in Immunology
5595:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.301146
5371:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2010.03.017
5314:Journal of Clinical Pathology
5037:Friend A, Girzadas D (2021).
4410:Anie KA, Green J (May 2015).
4105:Serjeant GR (December 2010).
3992:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61029-x
3940:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4
3695:American Journal of Audiology
3658:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1
3604:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
3345:
3175:and overall quality of life.
3026:Virginia Medical Semi-Monthly
1305:
1013:(E/Glu) being substituted by
637:production of red blood cells
358:. Other measures may include
223:40–60 years (developed world)
12709:Hereditary hemolytic anemias
12473:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
12240:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
11852:
11548:Southeast Asian ovalocytosis
11536:Minkowski–Chauffard syndrome
10998:Resources in other libraries
10900:Walker M (15 January 2018).
10808:Zipkin M (6 December 2019).
10698:Kolata G (27 January 2019).
10438:10.1016/j.hemonc.2017.05.008
10199:10.1080/13557858.2010.541903
10137:East African Medical Journal
9643:10.1126/science.110.2865.543
9434:10.1182/blood-2012-04-383430
9359:10.1371/journal.pone.0026281
7960:10.1097/MPH.0000000000001888
7861:Kaiser J (5 December 2020).
7181:10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134534
6872:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095317
6750:10.1097/JSM.0b013e31822e8634
6626:Stallings E (27 July 2019).
6263:Journal of Biosocial Science
5776:Pediatric Blood & Cancer
5743:10.1182/blood-2017-02-767624
5682:JACC. Cardiovascular Imaging
5007:10.1182/blood-2010-11-261834
3827:Food and Drug Administration
2931:
2887:(one in 10,862), congenital
1600:
1204:
1174:Scanning electron micrograph
994:The gene defect is a single
849:) can lead to strain on the
640:life-threatening situation.
563:Splenic sequestration crisis
549:patient-controlled analgesia
489:splenic sequestration crisis
366:(hydroxyurea). In 2023, new
7:
11057:. Oxford University Press.
11036:. Temple University Press.
11015:. Oxford University Press.
10560:Wilson JF (18 March 2002).
10384:Rylatt A (7 October 2022).
9393:Southern J of Med Pharmacol
8132:Costa FF, Conran N (2016).
7916:Dudi A (17 November 2023).
7831:10.1056/NEJM199608083350601
7546:10.1056/NEJM199505183322001
7303:10.1056/NEJM199807023390102
6906:www.sickle-thal.nwlh.nhs.uk
5870:10.1101/cshperspect.a011643
5831:10.7326/0003-4819-115-8-614
5819:Annals of Internal Medicine
5525:Annals of Internal Medicine
5359:American Journal of Surgery
5207:10.1001/archneur.64.11.1567
5149:"Sickle cell and the brain"
4715:10.1007/978-3-319-41912-1_4
4382:Emergency Medicine Practice
3234:
3226:World Sickle Cell Day, the
3058:haemoglobin electrophoresis
2975:. It is also endemic among
2891:(one in 3,132), congenital
1579:psychodynamic psychotherapy
1312:Pain management in children
1249:haemoglobin electrophoresis
982:Sickle cell disease has an
938:Historical distribution of
909:
845:(increased pressure on the
531:; pain management requires
10:
12725:
11657:Drug-induced nonautoimmune
11638:Thrombotic microangiopathy
11464:pyruvate kinase deficiency
10822:10.1038/d41587-019-00035-2
9539:. University of Virginia.
8872:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1215605
8859:Frontiers in Public Health
8007:10.1016/j.htct.2020.05.004
6614:The Cochrane Collaboration
6496:10.1093/clinchem/46.8.1284
5694:10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.05.013
5188:Adams RJ (November 2007).
4883:10.2174/156652408786241384
4871:Current Molecular Medicine
4844:10.2174/187152512799201190
4641:10.1164/rccm.200710-1606OC
4459:Pearson HA (August 1977).
3071:To All My Friends on Shore
2994:
1595:lovotibeglogene autotemcel
1309:
1151:prenatal genetic screening
745:may result from excessive
12591:
12513:
12451:
12212:
12140:
12095:
12004:
11875:
11860:
11785:
11725:
11676:
11643:Hemolytic–uremic syndrome
11563:
11555:Hereditary stomatocytosis
11543:Hereditary elliptocytosis
11436:
11421:
11374:
11358:
11329:
11216:
11104:
10993:Resources in your library
10869:10.1038/s41436-018-0409-6
10296:10.1186/s12888-015-0461-6
10061:10.1186/s12889-018-5496-4
8690:www.stanfordchildrens.org
8519:The Lancet. Global Health
8481:10.1186/s12889-018-5496-4
6798:10.1007/s10897-015-9849-1
6275:10.1017/S0021932000008622
6140:10.1016/j.coi.2009.04.001
5473:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5045:. StatPearls Publishing.
4587:10.1007/s00247-008-1049-9
3707:10.1044/2022_AJA-22-00059
3250:graft versus host disease
3114:
2857:
2033:Central African Republic
1653:
1551:joint-replacement surgery
1364:medication for prevention
1329:Folic acid and penicillin
895:protein loss in the urine
635:, which directly affects
424:in the hands of an infant
279:. This leads to a rigid,
235:
227:
214:
188:
176:
160:
152:
112:
87:
71:
62:
53:
42:
37:
12427:Transplantation medicine
12318:Clinical neurophysiology
12235:Obstetric anesthesiology
12155:Interventional radiology
11915:Digestive system surgery
11531:Hereditary spherocytosis
10906:Sickle Cell Disease News
10150:10.4314/eamj.v86i9.54167
9786:Health & Social Work
9600:10.1001/jama.254.14.1955
9289:(inactive 22 June 2024).
9194:Annals of Saudi Medicine
9114:Annals of Saudi Medicine
9063:Annals of Saudi Medicine
8138:. Springer. p. 35.
7587:10.1001/jama.289.13.1645
7328:Kolata G (24 May 2021).
4947:"Sickle-cell dactylitis"
3321:
1591:exagamglogene autotemcel
1362:should receive lifelong
1088:on the short (p) arm of
814:Acute papillary necrosis
701:Streptococcus pneumoniae
669:
399:people of African origin
12298:Intensive care medicine
12272:Mass gathering medicine
12117:Maternal–fetal medicine
11736:Mean corpuscular volume
11700:Diamond–Blackfan anemia
11652:Drug-induced autoimmune
11587:Cold agglutinin disease
11393:Plummer–Vinson syndrome
10531:10.1126/science.1065806
9286:10.4103/1755-6783.43069
9207:10.4103/0256-4947.65256
9127:10.4103/0256-4947.81527
9076:10.4103/0256-4947.81540
8918:10.1136/jcp.2009.068874
8797:10.1001/jama.2022.16732
7175:. Elsevier BV: 134534.
5931:Genetics Home Reference
5490:Survey of Ophthalmology
4192:10.1001/jama.2014.10517
3276:Phase 1 clinical trials
1518:Bone marrow transplants
887:sickle-cell nephropathy
12694:Chronic pain syndromes
11890:Cardiothoracic surgery
11388:Iron-deficiency anemia
11009:Brown RT, ed. (2006).
10630:Clinical trial number
10612:Clinical trial number
10334:Health Service Journal
10187:Ethnicity & Health
9940:Washington HA (2006).
8662:. New Born Screening.
8294:10.3324/haematol.11474
6429:. Wiley. p. 227.
6229:10.1186/1475-2875-6-18
6025:10.1002/ajh.2830440214
5114:10.1542/peds.2010-3686
5039:"Acute Chest Syndrome"
4988:Miller ST (May 2011).
4764:"Parvovirus B19 | CDC"
4519:10.1002/ajh.2830390305
4067:10.1001/jama.261.2.266
3030:University of Virginia
2907:
2867:
2573:São Tomé and Príncipe
1644:heterozygote advantage
1513:Bone marrow transplant
1358:
1177:
1093:
962:Normally, humans have
959:
951:
943:
931:
923:
889:manifests itself with
843:Pulmonary hypertension
707:Haemophilus influenzae
581:encapsulated organisms
441:
433:
425:
252:), also simply called
143:pulmonary hypertension
12541:Personalized medicine
12400:Reproductive medicine
12325:Occupational medicine
12279:Evolutionary medicine
11707:Pure red cell aplasia
11474:hexokinase deficiency
10668:10.1056/NEJMoa1609677
10386:"No-one is Listening"
9780:Srikanthan S (2023).
9159:Al Arrayed S (1995).
9040:sicklecellsociety.org
8828:La Revue du Praticien
7623:10.1056/NEJMct0708272
6489:(8 Pt 2): 1284–1290.
5927:"sickle cell disease"
5902:"Sickle Cell Disease"
5194:Archives of Neurology
3101:In the US, there are
2953:premarital counseling
2905:
2874:and immigration from
2865:
1561:Psychological therapy
1370:Vaso-occlusive crisis
1356:
1310:Further information:
1221:may show features of
1172:
1078:
1027:quaternary structures
957:
949:
937:
929:
917:
872:diastolic dysfunction
807:Staphylococcus aureus
758:aseptic bone necrosis
507:Vaso-occlusive crisis
481:vaso-occlusive crisis
439:
431:
420:
354:supplementation, and
350:, high fluid intake,
199:, high fluid intake,
127:aseptic bone necrosis
12561:Traditional medicine
12521:Alternative medicine
12388:Addiction psychiatry
12202:Transfusion medicine
12197:Medical microbiology
12112:Gynecologic oncology
11964:Reproductive surgery
11712:Sideroblastic anemia
11520:Hemoglobin C disease
11406:Megaloblastic anemia
10857:Genetics in Medicine
10814:Nature Biotechnology
10007:10.2147/AHMT.S223956
9564:"Sickle cell anemia"
9246:. 16 December 2014.
9240:"Sickle Cell Anemia"
9057:Jastaniah W (2011).
9046:on 30 December 2014.
7169:Neuroscience Letters
6715:10.1056/NEJMp1007639
5582:Circulation Research
5326:10.1136/jcp.33.7.622
4388:(8): 1–20, quiz 20.
3652:(10053): 1459–1544.
3598:(10053): 1545–1602.
3279:treated since then.
3130:health professionals
2895:(one in 19,008) and
1547:pain-relief medicine
1504:transcranial Doppler
1450:exchange transfusion
1432:Acute chest syndrome
1238:sodium metabisulfite
1211:complete blood count
802:Salmonella paratyphi
756:Avascular necrosis (
680:Hematopoietic ulcers
609:pulmonary infiltrate
605:Acute chest syndrome
600:Acute chest syndrome
553:Incentive spirometry
335:. Diagnosis is by a
293:bacterial infections
103:bacterial infections
12684:Sickle-cell disease
12583:History of medicine
12566:Veterinary medicine
12373:Preventive medicine
12225:Adolescent medicine
12067:Infectious diseases
11511:Sickle cell disease
11265:Sickle Cell Disease
11054:Sickle Cell Disease
10984:Sickle cell disease
10752:10.1038/nature20134
10744:2016Natur.539..384D
10523:2001Sci...294.2368P
10517:(5550): 2368–2371.
9798:10.1093/hsw/hlad014
9686:1956Natur.178..792I
9635:1949Sci...110..543P
9476:Herrick JB (2001).
9350:2011PLoSO...626281A
8976:. 23 October 2017.
8954:. 23 October 2017.
8634:"Sickle Cell Trait"
8424:(9314): 1311–1312.
5961:Sickle Cell Society
4575:Pediatric Radiology
4553:www.healthlinkbc.ca
4021:Elzouki AY (2012).
3986:(9757): 2018–2031.
3831:. 8 December 2023.
3081:Society and culture
3010:muscular rheumatism
2893:adrenal hyperplasia
2881:metropolitan France
1677:
1575:behavioural therapy
1500:transfusion therapy
1253:gel electrophoresis
1231:Howell-Jolly bodies
1037:concentration, HbS
984:autosomal recessive
920:autosomal recessive
467:autosomal recessive
362:and the medication
304:vessels correctly.
246:Sickle cell disease
145:, vision problems,
38:Sickle cell disease
12531:Molecular oncology
12488:Doctor of Medicine
12478:Master of Medicine
12395:Radiation oncology
12267:Emergency medicine
12220:Addiction medicine
12187:Clinical chemistry
12182:Clinical pathology
11974:Transplant surgery
11932:Orthopedic surgery
11910:Colorectal surgery
11798:Sulfhemoglobinemia
11217:External resources
10705:The New York Times
10638:ClinicalTrials.gov
10620:ClinicalTrials.gov
8640:. 8 September 2017
7335:The New York Times
6839:on 26 January 2021
6483:Clinical Chemistry
6095:10.1007/bf00168807
6056:"Genetic mutation"
5108:(6): e1552–e1574.
4474:(Suppl): S25–S30.
3290:by inhibiting the
3040:Memphis physician
2908:
2868:
2849:, with researcher
2173:Equatorial Guinea
1676:
1642:(trait) confers a
1617:Sub-Saharan Africa
1495:Blood transfusions
1359:
1349:Malaria prevention
1283:Genetic counselors
1279:genetic counseling
1178:
1094:
960:
952:
944:
932:
924:
825:During pregnancy,
559:, is recommended.
474:Sickle cell crisis
442:
434:
426:
413:Signs and symptoms
379:Sub-Saharan Africa
285:sickle cell crisis
269:sickle cell anemia
258:hemoglobin-related
231:4.4 million (2015)
209:blood transfusions
12649:
12648:
12483:Master of Surgery
12447:
12446:
12432:Tropical medicine
12378:Prison healthcare
12293:Hospital medicine
12257:Disaster medicine
12247:Aviation medicine
12062:Hospital medicine
11969:Surgical oncology
11954:Pediatric surgery
11948:
11895:Endocrine surgery
11820:
11819:
11816:
11815:
11803:Reticulocytopenia
11793:Methemoglobinemia
11781:
11780:
11672:
11671:
11612:
11611:
11411:Pernicious anemia
11354:
11353:
11346:Polycythemia vera
11285:
11284:
11087:978-0-8122-3471-8
11072:Tapper M (1999).
11064:978-0-19-263036-0
11043:978-1-59213-195-2
11022:978-0-19-516985-0
10979:Library resources
10738:(7629): 384–389.
10405:. 7 October 2022.
10048:BMC Public Health
9951:978-0-7679-1547-2
9871:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
9680:(4537): 792–794.
9629:(2865): 543–548.
9594:(14): 1955–1957.
9574:(16): 1318–1320.
9562:Mason VR (1922).
9427:(18): 3647–3656.
8834:(14): 1531–1533.
8760:. 4 November 2017
8468:BMC Public Health
8397:on 4 January 2011
8220:978-0-309-66960-3
8185:10.1002/ajh.21676
8097:(9257): 680–683.
7746:10.1002/ajh.21901
7617:(13): 1362–1369.
7580:(13): 1645–1651.
7539:(20): 1317–1322.
7360:978-0-8151-1371-3
6912:on 3 October 2019
6670:10.1002/ajh.22271
6463:978-0-323-41315-2
6436:978-1-119-28265-5
6410:978-953-51-0684-5
6054:Clancy S (2008).
5788:10.1002/pbc.26607
5646:10.1111/bjh.13447
5448:J. Hyperbaric Med
5441:Rudge FW (1991).
5200:(11): 1567–1574.
5082:978-0-7216-2921-6
5000:(20): 5297–5305.
4724:978-3-319-41910-7
4351:10.1111/bjh.12199
4270:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
4186:(10): 1033–1048.
3934:(9995): 743–800.
3885:10.1136/bmj.p2706
3766:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
3288:fetal haemoglobin
2983:Caribbean Islands
2851:Elliott Vichinsky
2821:
2820:
1571:cognitive therapy
1567:patient education
1490:Blood transfusion
1474:fetal haemoglobin
1446:blood transfusion
1410:Stroke prevention
1296:newborn screening
1242:sodium dithionite
1147:natural selection
1092:at position 15.5.
741:(gallstones) and
657:Haemolytic crises
652:Haemolytic crisis
646:reticulocytopenia
529:blood transfusion
493:haemolytic crisis
360:blood transfusion
329:sickle cell trait
243:
242:
203:supplementation,
178:Diagnostic method
156:5–6 months of age
93:Attacks of pain,
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
12716:
12704:Health in Africa
12666:
12665:
12664:
12657:
12639:
12638:
12629:
12619:
12618:
12609:
12608:
12599:
12598:
12303:Medical genetics
12288:General practice
12165:Nuclear medicine
12040:Gastroenterology
11996:Vascular surgery
11946:
11873:
11872:
11847:
11840:
11833:
11824:
11823:
11570:
11569:
11484:hemoglobinopathy
11434:
11433:
11372:
11371:
11363:
11362:
11334:
11333:
11312:
11305:
11298:
11289:
11288:
11102:
11101:
11091:
11079:
11068:
11047:
11030:Hill SA (2003).
11026:
10966:
10965:
10955:
10923:
10917:
10916:
10914:
10912:
10897:
10891:
10890:
10880:
10863:(8): 1726–1734.
10848:
10842:
10841:
10805:
10799:
10798:
10796:
10794:
10780:
10774:
10773:
10763:
10723:
10717:
10716:
10714:
10712:
10695:
10689:
10688:
10670:
10646:
10640:
10628:
10622:
10610:
10604:
10603:
10601:
10599:
10590:. ScienceDaily.
10583:
10577:
10576:
10574:
10572:
10557:
10551:
10550:
10506:
10500:
10499:
10489:
10472:(11): CD007652.
10457:
10451:
10450:
10440:
10416:
10407:
10406:
10399:
10393:
10392:
10390:
10381:
10375:
10374:
10372:
10370:
10353:
10347:
10346:
10344:
10342:
10325:
10319:
10318:
10308:
10298:
10274:
10268:
10267:
10265:
10263:
10252:
10243:
10242:
10240:
10238:
10227:
10221:
10220:
10210:
10193:(4–5): 343–359.
10178:
10163:
10162:
10152:
10128:
10122:
10121:
10119:
10117:
10103:
10084:
10083:
10073:
10063:
10039:
10030:
10029:
10019:
10009:
9985:
9964:
9963:
9937:
9931:
9930:
9920:
9888:
9882:
9881:
9879:
9877:
9863:
9857:
9856:
9854:
9852:
9838:
9832:
9831:
9829:
9827:
9816:
9810:
9809:
9777:
9771:
9770:
9750:
9744:
9743:
9741:
9739:
9730:. Archived from
9724:"Foster, Gloria"
9720:
9714:
9713:
9694:10.1038/178792a0
9669:
9663:
9662:
9618:
9612:
9611:
9583:
9559:
9553:
9552:
9550:
9548:
9533:
9527:
9526:
9514:
9508:
9507:
9497:
9473:
9453:
9447:
9446:
9436:
9412:
9401:
9400:
9388:
9382:
9381:
9371:
9361:
9329:
9323:
9322:
9311:
9305:
9304:
9298:
9290:
9288:
9266:
9260:
9259:
9257:
9255:
9236:
9230:
9229:
9219:
9209:
9185:
9179:
9178:
9156:
9150:
9149:
9139:
9129:
9105:
9099:
9098:
9088:
9078:
9054:
9048:
9047:
9042:. Archived from
9032:
9026:
9025:
9010:
9004:
9003:
8996:screening.nhs.uk
8988:
8982:
8981:
8966:
8960:
8959:
8944:
8938:
8937:
8901:
8895:
8894:
8884:
8874:
8850:
8844:
8843:
8823:
8817:
8816:
8776:
8770:
8769:
8767:
8765:
8750:
8744:
8743:
8707:
8701:
8700:
8698:
8696:
8682:
8676:
8675:
8673:
8671:
8656:
8650:
8649:
8647:
8645:
8630:
8624:
8623:
8621:
8619:
8604:
8598:
8597:
8595:
8593:
8588:. 31 August 2016
8578:
8572:
8571:
8569:
8567:
8551:
8545:
8544:
8534:
8525:(3): e195–e200.
8510:
8504:
8503:
8493:
8483:
8456:
8450:
8449:
8413:
8407:
8406:
8404:
8402:
8396:
8390:. Archived from
8389:
8380:
8374:
8373:
8362:
8356:
8355:
8345:
8334:10.1172/JCI38307
8328:(9): 2496–2505.
8313:
8307:
8306:
8296:
8272:
8266:
8265:
8255:
8231:
8225:
8224:
8204:
8198:
8197:
8187:
8163:
8157:
8156:
8154:
8152:
8129:
8123:
8122:
8086:
8080:
8079:
8071:
8065:
8064:
8062:
8060:
8038:
8029:
8028:
8018:
7986:
7980:
7979:
7939:
7933:
7932:
7930:
7928:
7913:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7902:
7888:
7882:
7881:
7876:
7874:
7858:
7852:
7851:
7833:
7809:
7803:
7802:
7765:
7759:
7758:
7748:
7724:
7718:
7717:
7699:
7675:
7669:
7668:
7666:
7664:
7649:
7643:
7642:
7606:
7600:
7599:
7589:
7565:
7559:
7558:
7548:
7521:
7515:
7514:
7504:
7487:(10): CD002202.
7472:
7463:
7462:
7452:
7420:
7414:
7413:
7403:
7371:
7365:
7364:
7346:
7340:
7339:
7325:
7316:
7315:
7305:
7281:
7272:
7271:
7269:
7267:
7256:
7250:
7249:
7239:
7207:
7201:
7200:
7164:
7158:
7157:
7147:
7115:
7109:
7108:
7098:
7066:
7060:
7059:
7054:
7052:
7046:
7038:
7032:
7031:
7029:
7027:
7007:
7001:
7000:
6990:
6958:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6947:
6938:. Archived from
6936:www.eatright.org
6928:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6917:
6908:. Archived from
6898:
6892:
6891:
6855:
6849:
6848:
6846:
6844:
6835:. Archived from
6825:
6819:
6818:
6800:
6776:
6770:
6769:
6733:
6727:
6726:
6698:
6692:
6691:
6681:
6649:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6638:
6623:
6617:
6610:
6604:
6600:
6594:
6593:
6591:
6589:
6584:on 19 April 2021
6580:. Archived from
6570:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6559:
6545:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6534:
6519:
6513:
6512:
6498:
6474:
6468:
6467:
6447:
6441:
6440:
6420:
6414:
6413:
6402:
6386:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6375:
6360:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6349:
6334:
6328:
6327:
6301:
6295:
6294:
6258:
6252:
6251:
6241:
6231:
6207:
6201:
6200:
6190:
6158:
6152:
6151:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6106:
6074:
6068:
6067:
6060:Nature Education
6051:
6045:
6044:
6008:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5983:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5972:
5953:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5942:
5923:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5912:
5898:
5892:
5891:
5881:
5849:
5843:
5842:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5771:
5765:
5764:
5754:
5722:
5716:
5715:
5705:
5673:
5667:
5666:
5648:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5607:
5597:
5573:
5567:
5566:
5540:
5520:
5514:
5513:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5472:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5413:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5337:
5305:
5299:
5298:
5288:
5271:(12): CD004344.
5256:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5230:"Cholelithiasis"
5226:
5220:
5219:
5209:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5168:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5093:
5087:
5086:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5009:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4957:(8): 1161–1163.
4942:
4936:
4935:
4925:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4810:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4770:. 24 August 2023
4760:
4754:
4753:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4634:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4545:
4539:
4538:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4465:
4464:(Free full text)
4456:
4450:
4449:
4439:
4407:
4398:
4397:
4377:
4364:
4363:
4353:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4272:. 30 August 2023
4262:
4256:
4255:
4223:
4212:
4211:
4174:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4146:
4137:
4136:
4126:
4102:
4079:
4078:
4050:
4039:
4038:
4018:
4012:
4011:
3975:
3962:
3961:
3951:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3864:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3817:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3741:Cleveland Clinic
3733:
3727:
3726:
3701:(4): 1178–1190.
3686:
3680:
3679:
3669:
3637:
3626:
3625:
3615:
3583:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3560:. 12 June 2015.
3550:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3517:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3490:. 12 June 2015.
3480:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3455:. 12 June 2015.
3445:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3420:. 12 June 2015.
3410:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3375:. 12 June 2015.
3365:
3339:
3332:
3308:beta thalassemia
3160:health education
3006:James B. Herrick
2836:
2759:Northern Africa
2719:Northern Africa
2679:Southern Africa
2539:Southern Africa
2499:Northern Africa
2379:Northern Africa
2339:Southern Africa
2219:Southern Africa
2159:Northern Africa
1959:Southern Africa
1919:Northern Africa
1687:Population(2020)
1678:
1675:
1543:physical therapy
1466:hydroxycarbamide
1464:, also known as
1377:pain medications
869:left ventricular
847:pulmonary artery
804:B), followed by
765:immune reactions
682:may also occur.
403:James B. Herrick
364:hydroxycarbamide
295:, dizziness and
256:, is a group of
168:mutation in the
82:medical genetics
58:
35:
34:
21:
12724:
12723:
12719:
12718:
12717:
12715:
12714:
12713:
12674:
12673:
12672:
12662:
12660:
12652:
12650:
12645:
12587:
12576:Chief physician
12509:
12454:
12443:
12437:Travel medicine
12422:Sports medicine
12405:Sexual medicine
12345:Palliative care
12340:Pain management
12284:Family medicine
12262:Diving medicine
12208:
12136:
12098:
12091:
12007:
12000:
11959:Plastic surgery
11905:General surgery
11885:Cardiac surgery
11866:
11864:
11856:
11851:
11821:
11812:
11777:
11721:
11680:
11668:
11608:
11559:
11425:
11417:
11350:
11325:
11323:red blood cells
11316:
11286:
11281:
11280:
11212:
11211:
11113:
11099:
11094:
11088:
11071:
11065:
11050:
11044:
11029:
11023:
11008:
11004:
11003:
11002:
10987:
10986:
10982:
10975:
10973:Further reading
10970:
10969:
10938:(7): CD007001.
10924:
10920:
10910:
10908:
10898:
10894:
10849:
10845:
10806:
10802:
10792:
10790:
10782:
10781:
10777:
10724:
10720:
10710:
10708:
10696:
10692:
10647:
10643:
10629:
10625:
10611:
10607:
10597:
10595:
10584:
10580:
10570:
10568:
10558:
10554:
10507:
10503:
10458:
10454:
10417:
10410:
10401:
10400:
10396:
10388:
10382:
10378:
10368:
10366:
10355:
10354:
10350:
10340:
10338:
10327:
10326:
10322:
10275:
10271:
10261:
10259:
10254:
10253:
10246:
10236:
10234:
10229:
10228:
10224:
10179:
10166:
10129:
10125:
10115:
10113:
10105:
10104:
10087:
10040:
10033:
9986:
9967:
9952:
9938:
9934:
9889:
9885:
9875:
9873:
9865:
9864:
9860:
9850:
9848:
9840:
9839:
9835:
9825:
9823:
9818:
9817:
9813:
9778:
9774:
9751:
9747:
9737:
9735:
9734:on 5 March 2016
9722:
9721:
9717:
9670:
9666:
9619:
9615:
9560:
9556:
9546:
9544:
9535:
9534:
9530:
9515:
9511:
9474:; reprinted as
9454:
9450:
9413:
9404:
9389:
9385:
9330:
9326:
9313:
9312:
9308:
9292:
9291:
9267:
9263:
9253:
9251:
9238:
9237:
9233:
9186:
9182:
9157:
9153:
9106:
9102:
9055:
9051:
9034:
9033:
9029:
9012:
9011:
9007:
8990:
8989:
8985:
8968:
8967:
8963:
8946:
8945:
8941:
8902:
8898:
8851:
8847:
8824:
8820:
8777:
8773:
8763:
8761:
8752:
8751:
8747:
8718:(11): 472–480.
8708:
8704:
8694:
8692:
8684:
8683:
8679:
8669:
8667:
8658:
8657:
8653:
8643:
8641:
8632:
8631:
8627:
8617:
8615:
8606:
8605:
8601:
8591:
8589:
8580:
8579:
8575:
8565:
8563:
8552:
8548:
8511:
8507:
8457:
8453:
8414:
8410:
8400:
8398:
8394:
8387:
8381:
8377:
8363:
8359:
8314:
8310:
8273:
8269:
8232:
8228:
8221:
8205:
8201:
8164:
8160:
8150:
8148:
8146:
8130:
8126:
8087:
8083:
8072:
8068:
8058:
8056:
8040:
8039:
8032:
7987:
7983:
7940:
7936:
7926:
7924:
7914:
7910:
7900:
7898:
7890:
7889:
7885:
7872:
7870:
7859:
7855:
7810:
7806:
7766:
7762:
7725:
7721:
7676:
7672:
7662:
7660:
7650:
7646:
7607:
7603:
7566:
7562:
7522:
7518:
7473:
7466:
7435:(1): CD007843.
7421:
7417:
7386:(4): CD006110.
7372:
7368:
7361:
7347:
7343:
7326:
7319:
7282:
7275:
7265:
7263:
7258:
7257:
7253:
7222:(4): CD005406.
7208:
7204:
7165:
7161:
7116:
7112:
7081:(4): CD011130.
7067:
7063:
7050:
7048:
7044:
7040:
7039:
7035:
7025:
7023:
7008:
7004:
6973:(9): CD010858.
6959:
6955:
6945:
6943:
6942:on 19 June 2020
6930:
6929:
6925:
6915:
6913:
6900:
6899:
6895:
6856:
6852:
6842:
6840:
6827:
6826:
6822:
6777:
6773:
6734:
6730:
6709:(11): 997–999.
6699:
6695:
6650:
6646:
6636:
6634:
6624:
6620:
6611:
6607:
6601:
6597:
6587:
6585:
6572:
6571:
6567:
6557:
6555:
6547:
6546:
6542:
6532:
6530:
6521:
6520:
6516:
6475:
6471:
6464:
6448:
6444:
6437:
6421:
6417:
6411:
6387:
6383:
6373:
6371:
6362:
6361:
6357:
6347:
6345:
6336:
6335:
6331:
6316:
6302:
6298:
6259:
6255:
6216:Malaria Journal
6208:
6204:
6159:
6155:
6124:
6120:
6075:
6071:
6052:
6048:
6009:
6005:
5995:
5993:
5985:
5984:
5980:
5970:
5968:
5955:
5954:
5950:
5940:
5938:
5925:
5924:
5920:
5910:
5908:
5900:
5899:
5895:
5850:
5846:
5815:
5811:
5772:
5768:
5723:
5719:
5674:
5670:
5625:
5621:
5574:
5570:
5538:10.1.1.690.5870
5521:
5517:
5486:
5482:
5466:
5465:
5458:
5456:
5439:
5435:
5390:
5386:
5355:
5351:
5306:
5302:
5257:
5248:
5238:
5236:
5228:
5227:
5223:
5186:
5182:
5145:
5141:
5094:
5090:
5083:
5069:
5065:
5055:
5053:
5035:
5031:
4986:
4982:
4943:
4939:
4902:
4898:
4863:
4859:
4828:
4824:
4787:
4783:
4773:
4771:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4746:
4742:
4725:
4703:
4699:
4660:
4656:
4614:
4610:
4571:
4567:
4557:
4555:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4503:
4499:
4463:
4457:
4453:
4422:(5): CD001916.
4408:
4401:
4378:
4367:
4330:
4326:
4315:
4311:
4301:
4299:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4275:
4273:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4224:
4215:
4175:
4168:
4158:
4156:
4154:medlineplus.gov
4148:
4147:
4140:
4103:
4082:
4051:
4042:
4035:
4019:
4015:
3976:
3965:
3920:
3916:
3865:
3858:
3846:
3838:
3836:
3819:
3818:
3811:
3801:
3799:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3771:
3769:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3745:
3743:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3687:
3683:
3638:
3629:
3584:
3577:
3567:
3565:
3552:
3551:
3540:
3530:
3528:
3527:on 9 March 2016
3519:
3518:
3507:
3497:
3495:
3482:
3481:
3472:
3462:
3460:
3447:
3446:
3437:
3427:
3425:
3412:
3411:
3392:
3382:
3380:
3367:
3366:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3342:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3316:
3258:
3242:
3237:
3214:
3168:
3147:
3138:
3117:
3096:Social Security
3088:
3083:
3002:Ernest E. Irons
2997:
2985:
2961:
2959:India and Nepal
2934:
2925:
2897:cystic fibrosis
2885:phenylketonuria
2872:overseas France
2860:
2847:cystic fibrosis
2834:
2826:
2779:Eastern Africa
2739:Western Africa
2699:Eastern Africa
2659:Eastern Africa
2639:Western Africa
2619:Eastern Africa
2599:Western Africa
2559:Eastern Africa
2519:Eastern Africa
2479:Eastern Africa
2459:Western Africa
2439:Western Africa
2419:Eastern Africa
2399:Eastern Africa
2359:Western Africa
2319:Eastern Africa
2299:Western Africa
2279:Western Africa
2239:Eastern Africa
2199:Eastern Africa
2139:Eastern Africa
2119:Western Africa
2079:Eastern Africa
2019:Western Africa
1999:Eastern Africa
1979:Western Africa
1939:Western Africa
1899:Eastern Africa
1879:Eastern Africa
1859:Eastern Africa
1839:Western Africa
1819:Western Africa
1799:Western Africa
1779:Western Africa
1697:% of Prevalence
1656:
1625:cystic fibrosis
1612:
1603:
1587:
1563:
1515:
1507:ultrasonography
1492:
1459:
1434:
1412:
1372:
1351:
1331:
1314:
1308:
1290:or a sample of
1265:Genetic testing
1207:
1167:
1165:Pathophysiology
912:
851:right ventricle
688:
672:
661:G6PD deficiency
654:
629:fast heart rate
625:pale appearance
621:Aplastic crises
618:
616:Aplastic crisis
602:
565:
509:
485:aplastic crisis
476:
455:
415:
387:Southern Europe
356:pain medication
301:developed world
277:red blood cells
261:blood disorders
221:Life expectancy
205:pain medication
147:kidney problems
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12722:
12712:
12711:
12706:
12701:
12696:
12691:
12686:
12671:
12670:
12647:
12646:
12644:
12643:
12633:
12623:
12613:
12603:
12592:
12589:
12588:
12586:
12585:
12580:
12579:
12578:
12568:
12563:
12558:
12553:
12548:
12543:
12538:
12533:
12528:
12523:
12517:
12515:
12514:Related topics
12511:
12510:
12508:
12507:
12506:
12505:
12495:
12490:
12485:
12480:
12475:
12470:
12465:
12463:Medical school
12459:
12457:
12449:
12448:
12445:
12444:
12442:
12441:
12440:
12439:
12429:
12424:
12419:
12417:Sleep medicine
12414:
12413:
12412:
12402:
12397:
12392:
12391:
12390:
12380:
12375:
12370:
12364:
12359:
12358:
12357:
12347:
12342:
12337:
12332:
12327:
12322:
12321:
12320:
12310:
12305:
12300:
12295:
12290:
12281:
12276:
12275:
12274:
12264:
12259:
12254:
12249:
12244:
12243:
12242:
12237:
12230:Anesthesiology
12227:
12222:
12216:
12214:
12210:
12209:
12207:
12206:
12205:
12204:
12199:
12194:
12189:
12184:
12179:
12169:
12168:
12167:
12162:
12160:Neuroradiology
12157:
12146:
12144:
12138:
12137:
12135:
12134:
12129:
12124:
12119:
12114:
12109:
12103:
12101:
12097:Obstetrics and
12093:
12092:
12090:
12089:
12084:
12079:
12074:
12069:
12064:
12059:
12054:
12049:
12048:
12047:
12037:
12032:
12027:
12022:
12012:
12010:
12002:
12001:
11999:
11998:
11993:
11992:
11991:
11981:
11979:Trauma surgery
11976:
11971:
11966:
11961:
11956:
11951:
11950:
11949:
11942:Otolaryngology
11939:
11934:
11929:
11924:
11919:
11918:
11917:
11912:
11902:
11897:
11892:
11887:
11881:
11879:
11870:
11868:subspecialties
11858:
11857:
11850:
11849:
11842:
11835:
11827:
11818:
11817:
11814:
11813:
11811:
11810:
11805:
11800:
11795:
11789:
11787:
11783:
11782:
11779:
11778:
11776:
11775:
11774:
11773:
11768:
11756:
11755:
11754:
11749:
11744:
11731:
11729:
11723:
11722:
11720:
11719:
11714:
11709:
11702:
11697:
11695:Fanconi anemia
11688:
11686:
11674:
11673:
11670:
11669:
11667:
11666:
11660:
11659:
11654:
11648:
11647:
11646:
11645:
11635:
11629:
11628:
11627:
11626:
11613:
11610:
11609:
11607:
11606:
11601:
11600:
11599:
11589:
11584:
11578:
11576:
11567:
11561:
11560:
11558:
11557:
11552:
11551:
11550:
11540:
11539:
11538:
11522:
11517:
11508:
11507:
11506:
11501:
11496:
11479:
11478:
11477:
11476:
11471:
11466:
11454:
11442:
11440:
11431:
11419:
11418:
11416:
11415:
11414:
11413:
11398:
11397:
11396:
11395:
11380:
11378:
11369:
11360:
11356:
11355:
11352:
11351:
11349:
11348:
11342:
11340:
11331:
11327:
11326:
11315:
11314:
11307:
11300:
11292:
11283:
11282:
11279:
11278:
11267:
11256:
11233:
11221:
11220:
11218:
11214:
11213:
11210:
11209:
11198:
11187:
11176:
11161:
11146:
11114:
11109:
11108:
11106:
11105:Classification
11098:
11097:External links
11095:
11093:
11092:
11086:
11069:
11063:
11048:
11042:
11027:
11021:
11005:
11001:
11000:
10995:
10989:
10988:
10977:
10976:
10974:
10971:
10968:
10967:
10918:
10902:"Gene Therapy"
10892:
10843:
10800:
10775:
10718:
10690:
10661:(9): 848–855.
10641:
10623:
10605:
10578:
10552:
10501:
10452:
10431:(4): 259–266.
10408:
10394:
10376:
10348:
10337:. 27 July 2022
10320:
10283:BMC Psychiatry
10269:
10244:
10222:
10164:
10143:(9): 442–449.
10123:
10085:
10031:
9965:
9950:
9932:
9903:(8): 675–686.
9883:
9858:
9833:
9811:
9792:(3): 209–216.
9772:
9761:(2): 200–206.
9745:
9715:
9664:
9613:
9554:
9528:
9525:(21): 490–493.
9509:
9488:(3): 179–184.
9464:(5): 179–184.
9448:
9402:
9383:
9344:(10): e26281.
9324:
9306:
9261:
9231:
9200:(4): 284–288.
9180:
9151:
9120:(3): 229–235.
9100:
9069:(3): 289–293.
9049:
9027:
9005:
8983:
8961:
8939:
8912:(6): 548–551.
8896:
8845:
8818:
8771:
8745:
8702:
8677:
8651:
8625:
8599:
8573:
8546:
8505:
8451:
8408:
8375:
8357:
8308:
8287:(7): 865–871.
8267:
8246:(8): 704–712.
8226:
8219:
8199:
8178:(5): 346–353.
8158:
8144:
8124:
8081:
8066:
8030:
8001:(3): 268–279.
7981:
7954:(8): 463–466.
7934:
7908:
7883:
7867:ScienceMag.org
7853:
7824:(6): 369–376.
7804:
7777:(3): 259–265.
7760:
7739:(1): 104–106.
7719:
7690:(6): 766–770.
7670:
7644:
7601:
7560:
7516:
7464:
7415:
7366:
7359:
7341:
7317:
7273:
7251:
7202:
7159:
7110:
7061:
7033:
7002:
6953:
6923:
6893:
6866:(4): 214–218.
6850:
6820:
6791:(6): 873–877.
6771:
6744:(6): 480–485.
6728:
6693:
6664:(3): 340–346.
6644:
6618:
6605:
6595:
6565:
6540:
6514:
6469:
6462:
6442:
6435:
6415:
6409:
6381:
6355:
6329:
6314:
6296:
6269:(3): 307–313.
6253:
6202:
6179:10.1086/432519
6173:(2): 171–192.
6153:
6134:(5): 499–505.
6118:
6089:(1): 532–537.
6069:
6046:
6019:(2): 145–146.
6003:
5991:www.nature.com
5978:
5948:
5918:
5893:
5864:(1): a011643.
5844:
5825:(8): 614–620.
5809:
5782:(11): e26607.
5766:
5737:(2): 205–213.
5717:
5688:(3): 243–252.
5668:
5639:(3): 416–424.
5619:
5588:(1): 115–130.
5568:
5515:
5496:(4): 359–377.
5480:
5433:
5404:(4): 482–490.
5384:
5365:(4): 468–474.
5349:
5320:(7): 622–625.
5300:
5246:
5221:
5180:
5139:
5088:
5081:
5063:
5029:
4980:
4937:
4916:(7): 814–815.
4896:
4877:(7): 609–619.
4857:
4822:
4801:(3): 247–262.
4781:
4755:
4740:
4723:
4697:
4670:(3): 191–207.
4654:
4632:10.1.1.504.790
4625:(6): 646–653.
4608:
4565:
4540:
4513:(3): 176–182.
4497:
4451:
4399:
4365:
4344:(6): 754–765.
4324:
4309:
4283:
4257:
4238:(2): 776–783.
4213:
4166:
4138:
4117:(5): 425–429.
4080:
4061:(2): 266–271.
4040:
4033:
4013:
3963:
3914:
3856:
3809:
3794:. 9 May 2016.
3779:
3753:
3728:
3681:
3627:
3575:
3538:
3505:
3470:
3435:
3390:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3315:
3312:
3257:
3254:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3213:
3212:United Kingdom
3210:
3197:social support
3167:
3164:
3146:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3116:
3113:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
2996:
2993:
2984:
2981:
2965:Madhya Pradesh
2960:
2957:
2933:
2930:
2924:
2923:United Kingdom
2921:
2889:hypothyroidism
2859:
2856:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2722:0.03883333333
2720:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2579:Middle Africa
2577:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2542:0.03883333333
2540:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2293:Guinea-Bissau
2290:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2259:Middle Africa
2257:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2179:Middle Africa
2177:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2113:Côte d'Ivoire
2110:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2099:Middle Africa
2097:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2059:Middle Africa
2057:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2039:Middle Africa
2037:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1759:Middle Africa
1757:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1739:Middle Africa
1737:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1719:Middle Africa
1717:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1655:
1652:
1611:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1589:In 2023, both
1586:
1583:
1562:
1559:
1514:
1511:
1491:
1488:
1458:
1455:
1433:
1430:
1411:
1408:
1371:
1368:
1350:
1347:
1330:
1327:
1307:
1304:
1292:amniotic fluid
1206:
1203:
1183:oxygen tension
1166:
1163:
1155:Middle Passage
968:haemoglobin A2
911:
908:
907:
906:
903:kidney failure
883:kidney failure
879:
865:Cardiomyopathy
862:
853:and a risk of
840:
837:
829:, spontaneous
823:
820:
817:
816:in the kidneys
811:
785:
772:
761:
754:
739:Cholelithiasis
736:
729:
719:
687:
684:
671:
668:
653:
650:
633:parvovirus B19
617:
614:
601:
598:
564:
561:
508:
505:
475:
472:
454:
451:
414:
411:
368:gene therapies
241:
240:
239:114,800 (2015)
237:
233:
232:
229:
225:
224:
218:
212:
211:
190:
186:
185:
180:
174:
173:
162:
158:
157:
154:
150:
149:
116:
110:
109:
91:
85:
84:
75:
69:
68:
60:
59:
51:
50:
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12721:
12710:
12707:
12705:
12702:
12700:
12697:
12695:
12692:
12690:
12687:
12685:
12682:
12681:
12679:
12669:
12659:
12658:
12655:
12642:
12634:
12632:
12628:
12624:
12622:
12614:
12612:
12604:
12602:
12594:
12593:
12590:
12584:
12581:
12577:
12574:
12573:
12572:
12569:
12567:
12564:
12562:
12559:
12557:
12554:
12552:
12549:
12547:
12546:Public health
12544:
12542:
12539:
12537:
12534:
12532:
12529:
12527:
12526:Allied health
12524:
12522:
12519:
12518:
12516:
12512:
12504:
12501:
12500:
12499:
12496:
12494:
12491:
12489:
12486:
12484:
12481:
12479:
12476:
12474:
12471:
12469:
12466:
12464:
12461:
12460:
12458:
12456:
12450:
12438:
12435:
12434:
12433:
12430:
12428:
12425:
12423:
12420:
12418:
12415:
12411:
12408:
12407:
12406:
12403:
12401:
12398:
12396:
12393:
12389:
12386:
12385:
12384:
12381:
12379:
12376:
12374:
12371:
12368:
12365:
12363:
12360:
12356:
12353:
12352:
12351:
12348:
12346:
12343:
12341:
12338:
12336:
12335:Oral medicine
12333:
12331:
12330:Ophthalmology
12328:
12326:
12323:
12319:
12316:
12315:
12314:
12311:
12309:
12306:
12304:
12301:
12299:
12296:
12294:
12291:
12289:
12285:
12282:
12280:
12277:
12273:
12270:
12269:
12268:
12265:
12263:
12260:
12258:
12255:
12253:
12250:
12248:
12245:
12241:
12238:
12236:
12233:
12232:
12231:
12228:
12226:
12223:
12221:
12218:
12217:
12215:
12211:
12203:
12200:
12198:
12195:
12193:
12192:Cytopathology
12190:
12188:
12185:
12183:
12180:
12178:
12175:
12174:
12173:
12170:
12166:
12163:
12161:
12158:
12156:
12153:
12152:
12151:
12148:
12147:
12145:
12143:
12139:
12133:
12132:Urogynecology
12130:
12128:
12125:
12123:
12120:
12118:
12115:
12113:
12110:
12108:
12105:
12104:
12102:
12100:
12094:
12088:
12085:
12083:
12080:
12078:
12075:
12073:
12070:
12068:
12065:
12063:
12060:
12058:
12055:
12053:
12050:
12046:
12043:
12042:
12041:
12038:
12036:
12035:Endocrinology
12033:
12031:
12028:
12026:
12023:
12021:
12017:
12014:
12013:
12011:
12009:
12003:
11997:
11994:
11990:
11987:
11986:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11977:
11975:
11972:
11970:
11967:
11965:
11962:
11960:
11957:
11955:
11952:
11945:
11944:
11943:
11940:
11938:
11935:
11933:
11930:
11928:
11925:
11923:
11920:
11916:
11913:
11911:
11908:
11907:
11906:
11903:
11901:
11898:
11896:
11893:
11891:
11888:
11886:
11883:
11882:
11880:
11878:
11874:
11871:
11869:
11863:
11859:
11855:
11848:
11843:
11841:
11836:
11834:
11829:
11828:
11825:
11809:
11806:
11804:
11801:
11799:
11796:
11794:
11791:
11790:
11788:
11784:
11772:
11769:
11767:
11764:
11763:
11762:
11761:
11757:
11753:
11750:
11748:
11745:
11743:
11740:
11739:
11738:
11737:
11733:
11732:
11730:
11728:
11724:
11718:
11717:Myelophthisic
11715:
11713:
11710:
11708:
11704:
11703:
11701:
11698:
11696:
11692:
11689:
11687:
11684:
11679:
11675:
11665:
11662:
11661:
11658:
11655:
11653:
11650:
11649:
11644:
11641:
11640:
11639:
11636:
11634:
11631:
11630:
11625:
11622:
11621:
11620:
11619:
11615:
11614:
11605:
11602:
11598:
11595:
11594:
11593:
11590:
11588:
11585:
11583:
11580:
11579:
11577:
11575:
11571:
11568:
11566:
11562:
11556:
11553:
11549:
11546:
11545:
11544:
11541:
11537:
11534:
11533:
11532:
11529:
11527:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11512:
11509:
11505:
11502:
11500:
11497:
11495:
11492:
11491:
11490:
11487:
11485:
11481:
11480:
11475:
11472:
11470:
11467:
11465:
11462:
11461:
11460:
11459:
11455:
11453:
11450:
11448:
11444:
11443:
11441:
11439:
11435:
11432:
11429:
11424:
11420:
11412:
11409:
11408:
11407:
11403:
11400:
11399:
11394:
11391:
11390:
11389:
11385:
11382:
11381:
11379:
11377:
11373:
11370:
11368:
11364:
11361:
11357:
11347:
11344:
11343:
11341:
11339:
11335:
11332:
11328:
11324:
11320:
11313:
11308:
11306:
11301:
11299:
11294:
11293:
11290:
11277:
11273:
11272:
11268:
11266:
11262:
11261:
11257:
11255:
11252:
11249:
11246:
11243:
11239:
11238:
11234:
11232:
11228:
11227:
11223:
11222:
11219:
11215:
11208:
11204:
11203:
11199:
11197:
11193:
11192:
11188:
11186:
11182:
11181:
11177:
11175:
11171:
11170:
11166:
11162:
11160:
11156:
11155:
11151:
11147:
11145:
11141:
11137:
11133:
11129:
11125:
11124:
11120:
11116:
11115:
11112:
11107:
11103:
11089:
11083:
11078:
11077:
11070:
11066:
11060:
11056:
11055:
11049:
11045:
11039:
11035:
11034:
11028:
11024:
11018:
11014:
11013:
11007:
11006:
10999:
10996:
10994:
10991:
10990:
10985:
10980:
10963:
10959:
10954:
10949:
10945:
10941:
10937:
10933:
10929:
10922:
10907:
10903:
10896:
10888:
10884:
10879:
10874:
10870:
10866:
10862:
10858:
10854:
10847:
10839:
10835:
10831:
10827:
10823:
10819:
10815:
10811:
10804:
10789:
10785:
10779:
10771:
10767:
10762:
10757:
10753:
10749:
10745:
10741:
10737:
10733:
10729:
10722:
10707:
10706:
10701:
10694:
10686:
10682:
10678:
10674:
10669:
10664:
10660:
10656:
10652:
10645:
10639:
10635:
10634:
10627:
10621:
10617:
10616:
10609:
10593:
10589:
10582:
10567:
10563:
10556:
10548:
10544:
10540:
10536:
10532:
10528:
10524:
10520:
10516:
10512:
10505:
10497:
10493:
10488:
10483:
10479:
10475:
10471:
10467:
10463:
10456:
10448:
10444:
10439:
10434:
10430:
10426:
10422:
10415:
10413:
10404:
10398:
10387:
10380:
10364:
10363:
10358:
10352:
10336:
10335:
10330:
10324:
10316:
10312:
10307:
10302:
10297:
10292:
10288:
10284:
10280:
10273:
10258:. 13 May 2017
10257:
10251:
10249:
10233:. 13 May 2017
10232:
10226:
10218:
10214:
10209:
10204:
10200:
10196:
10192:
10188:
10184:
10177:
10175:
10173:
10171:
10169:
10160:
10156:
10151:
10146:
10142:
10138:
10134:
10127:
10112:
10108:
10102:
10100:
10098:
10096:
10094:
10092:
10090:
10081:
10077:
10072:
10067:
10062:
10057:
10053:
10049:
10045:
10038:
10036:
10027:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10008:
10003:
9999:
9995:
9991:
9984:
9982:
9980:
9978:
9976:
9974:
9972:
9970:
9961:
9957:
9953:
9947:
9943:
9936:
9928:
9924:
9919:
9914:
9910:
9906:
9902:
9898:
9894:
9887:
9872:
9868:
9862:
9847:
9843:
9837:
9821:
9815:
9807:
9803:
9799:
9795:
9791:
9787:
9783:
9776:
9768:
9764:
9760:
9757:(in French).
9756:
9749:
9733:
9729:
9725:
9719:
9711:
9707:
9703:
9699:
9695:
9691:
9687:
9683:
9679:
9675:
9668:
9660:
9656:
9652:
9648:
9644:
9640:
9636:
9632:
9628:
9624:
9617:
9609:
9605:
9601:
9597:
9593:
9589:
9584:Reprinted in
9581:
9577:
9573:
9569:
9565:
9558:
9542:
9538:
9532:
9524:
9520:
9513:
9505:
9501:
9496:
9491:
9487:
9483:
9479:
9471:
9467:
9463:
9459:
9452:
9444:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9426:
9422:
9418:
9411:
9409:
9407:
9398:
9394:
9387:
9379:
9375:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9351:
9347:
9343:
9339:
9335:
9328:
9320:
9316:
9310:
9302:
9296:
9287:
9282:
9278:
9274:
9273:
9265:
9249:
9245:
9241:
9235:
9227:
9223:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9199:
9195:
9191:
9184:
9176:
9172:
9168:
9167:
9162:
9155:
9147:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9119:
9115:
9111:
9104:
9096:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9068:
9064:
9060:
9053:
9045:
9041:
9037:
9031:
9023:
9019:
9015:
9009:
9001:
8997:
8993:
8987:
8979:
8975:
8971:
8965:
8957:
8953:
8949:
8943:
8935:
8931:
8927:
8923:
8919:
8915:
8911:
8907:
8900:
8892:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8864:
8860:
8856:
8849:
8841:
8837:
8833:
8830:(in French).
8829:
8822:
8814:
8810:
8806:
8802:
8798:
8794:
8790:
8786:
8782:
8775:
8759:
8755:
8749:
8741:
8737:
8733:
8729:
8725:
8721:
8717:
8713:
8706:
8691:
8687:
8681:
8665:
8661:
8655:
8639:
8635:
8629:
8613:
8609:
8603:
8587:
8583:
8577:
8561:
8557:
8550:
8542:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8524:
8520:
8516:
8509:
8501:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8473:
8469:
8465:
8461:
8455:
8447:
8443:
8439:
8435:
8431:
8427:
8423:
8419:
8412:
8393:
8386:
8379:
8371:
8367:
8361:
8353:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8323:
8319:
8312:
8304:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8281:Haematologica
8278:
8271:
8263:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8245:
8241:
8237:
8230:
8222:
8216:
8212:
8211:
8203:
8195:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8177:
8173:
8169:
8162:
8147:
8145:9783319067131
8141:
8137:
8136:
8128:
8120:
8116:
8112:
8108:
8104:
8100:
8096:
8092:
8085:
8077:
8070:
8054:
8050:
8048:
8043:
8037:
8035:
8026:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7996:
7992:
7985:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7965:
7961:
7957:
7953:
7949:
7945:
7938:
7923:
7919:
7912:
7897:
7893:
7887:
7880:
7868:
7864:
7857:
7849:
7845:
7841:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7823:
7819:
7815:
7808:
7800:
7796:
7792:
7788:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7764:
7756:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7723:
7715:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7674:
7659:
7655:
7648:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7605:
7597:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7579:
7575:
7571:
7564:
7556:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7538:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7520:
7512:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7471:
7469:
7460:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7419:
7411:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7393:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7370:
7362:
7356:
7352:
7345:
7337:
7336:
7331:
7324:
7322:
7313:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7280:
7278:
7261:
7255:
7247:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7206:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7170:
7163:
7155:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7125:
7121:
7114:
7106:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7088:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7065:
7058:
7043:
7037:
7021:
7017:
7013:
7006:
6998:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6957:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6927:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6897:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6854:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6824:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6775:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6732:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6697:
6689:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6648:
6633:
6629:
6622:
6615:
6609:
6599:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6569:
6554:
6550:
6544:
6528:
6524:
6518:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6473:
6465:
6459:
6455:
6454:
6446:
6438:
6432:
6428:
6427:
6419:
6412:
6406:
6401:
6400:10.5772/31233
6396:
6392:
6385:
6369:
6365:
6359:
6343:
6339:
6333:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6315:9780803615717
6311:
6307:
6300:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6257:
6249:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6206:
6198:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6157:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6122:
6114:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6073:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6050:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6007:
5992:
5988:
5982:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5952:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5922:
5907:
5903:
5897:
5889:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5848:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5813:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5770:
5762:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5721:
5713:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5672:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5623:
5615:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5572:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5531:(2): 94–101.
5530:
5526:
5519:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5484:
5476:
5470:
5454:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5437:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5388:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5353:
5345:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5304:
5296:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5235:
5231:
5225:
5217:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5184:
5176:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5143:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5092:
5084:
5078:
5074:
5067:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5033:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4984:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4941:
4933:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4900:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4861:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4826:
4818:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4785:
4769:
4765:
4759:
4751:
4744:
4735:
4730:
4726:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4701:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4658:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4612:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4569:
4554:
4550:
4544:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4501:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4447:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4406:
4404:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4361:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4328:
4320:
4313:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4271:
4267:
4261:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4173:
4171:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4143:
4134:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4036:
4034:9783642022012
4030:
4026:
4025:
4017:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3863:
3861:
3853:
3852:public domain
3834:
3830:
3828:
3822:
3816:
3814:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3783:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3685:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3582:
3580:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3351:
3337:
3331:
3327:
3319:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3271:
3266:
3263:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3232:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3219:Crizanlizumab
3209:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3142:
3133:
3131:
3126:
3125:social stigma
3122:
3112:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3086:United States
3078:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3054:Vernon Ingram
3051:
3050:Linus Pauling
3047:
3046:James V. Neel
3043:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3016:. He died of
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2992:
2990:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2904:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2864:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2831:
2830:United States
2824:United States
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:1,338,826,604
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2673:South Africa
2672:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2633:Sierra Leone
2632:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2521:
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2201:
2198:
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2167:
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2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
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2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2104:
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2098:
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2055:
2052:
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2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1973:Burkina Faso
1972:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1942:0.1286666667
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1887:
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1878:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1842:0.1286666667
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1762:0.1163333333
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1607:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1555:bone grafting
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1519:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1400:Crizanlizumab
1396:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1367:
1365:
1355:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1257:haemoglobin C
1254:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1184:
1175:
1171:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:Mediterranean
1114:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1102:chromosome 11
1099:
1091:
1090:chromosome 11
1087:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
997:
992:
988:
985:
980:
977:
973:
972:haemoglobin F
969:
965:
964:haemoglobin A
956:
948:
941:
936:
928:
921:
916:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
877:
873:
870:
866:
863:
860:
856:
855:heart failure
852:
848:
844:
841:
838:
836:
835:pre-eclampsia
832:
828:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
808:
803:
799:
795:
794:
789:
788:Osteomyelitis
786:
784:
780:
776:
773:
770:
766:
762:
759:
755:
752:
748:
744:
743:cholecystitis
740:
737:
733:
732:Silent stroke
730:
727:
723:
720:
717:
716:S. pneumoniae
713:
709:
708:
703:
702:
697:
693:
692:
691:
686:Complications
683:
681:
677:
667:
664:
662:
658:
649:
647:
643:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
613:
610:
606:
597:
594:
588:
586:
582:
578:
577:spleen damage
574:
570:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
471:
468:
463:
461:
450:
448:
447:complications
438:
430:
423:
419:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:chromosome 11
314:
310:
309:β-globin gene
305:
302:
298:
294:
290:
287:) in joints,
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
259:
255:
251:
247:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
219:
217:
213:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
191:
187:
184:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
117:
115:
114:Complications
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
74:
70:
66:
61:
57:
52:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
12551:Rural health
12536:Nanomedicine
12087:Rheumatology
12018: /
11937:Hand surgery
11922:Neurosurgery
11766:normochromic
11758:
11734:
11616:
11524:
11510:
11482:
11456:
11445:
11338:Polycythemia
11269:
11258:
11235:
11224:
11200:
11189:
11178:
11163:
11148:
11117:
11075:
11053:
11032:
11011:
10983:
10935:
10931:
10921:
10909:. Retrieved
10905:
10895:
10860:
10856:
10846:
10813:
10803:
10791:. Retrieved
10787:
10778:
10735:
10731:
10721:
10709:. Retrieved
10703:
10693:
10658:
10654:
10644:
10631:
10626:
10613:
10608:
10596:. Retrieved
10581:
10569:. Retrieved
10565:
10555:
10514:
10510:
10504:
10469:
10465:
10455:
10428:
10424:
10397:
10379:
10367:. Retrieved
10360:
10351:
10341:28 September
10339:. Retrieved
10332:
10323:
10286:
10282:
10272:
10260:. Retrieved
10235:. Retrieved
10225:
10190:
10186:
10140:
10136:
10126:
10114:. Retrieved
10110:
10051:
10047:
9997:
9993:
9941:
9935:
9900:
9896:
9886:
9874:. Retrieved
9870:
9861:
9849:. Retrieved
9845:
9836:
9824:. Retrieved
9814:
9789:
9785:
9775:
9758:
9754:
9748:
9736:. Retrieved
9732:the original
9727:
9718:
9677:
9673:
9667:
9626:
9622:
9616:
9591:
9587:
9571:
9567:
9557:
9545:. Retrieved
9531:
9522:
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9485:
9481:
9461:
9457:
9451:
9424:
9420:
9396:
9392:
9386:
9341:
9337:
9327:
9309:
9295:cite journal
9276:
9270:
9264:
9252:. Retrieved
9243:
9234:
9197:
9193:
9183:
9170:
9164:
9154:
9117:
9113:
9103:
9066:
9062:
9052:
9044:the original
9039:
9030:
9017:
9008:
8995:
8986:
8973:
8964:
8951:
8942:
8909:
8905:
8899:
8862:
8858:
8848:
8831:
8827:
8821:
8791:(19): 1979.
8788:
8784:
8774:
8762:. Retrieved
8757:
8748:
8715:
8711:
8705:
8693:. Retrieved
8689:
8680:
8668:. Retrieved
8654:
8642:. Retrieved
8637:
8628:
8616:. Retrieved
8602:
8590:. Retrieved
8585:
8576:
8564:. Retrieved
8549:
8522:
8518:
8508:
8471:
8467:
8460:Tusuubira SK
8454:
8421:
8417:
8411:
8399:. Retrieved
8392:the original
8378:
8360:
8325:
8321:
8311:
8284:
8280:
8270:
8243:
8239:
8229:
8209:
8202:
8175:
8171:
8161:
8149:. Retrieved
8134:
8127:
8094:
8090:
8084:
8075:
8069:
8057:. Retrieved
8045:
7998:
7994:
7984:
7951:
7947:
7937:
7925:. Retrieved
7922:Health aimed
7921:
7911:
7899:. Retrieved
7895:
7886:
7878:
7871:. Retrieved
7866:
7856:
7821:
7817:
7807:
7774:
7770:
7763:
7736:
7732:
7722:
7687:
7683:
7673:
7661:. Retrieved
7657:
7647:
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7604:
7577:
7573:
7563:
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7532:
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7350:
7344:
7333:
7293:
7289:
7264:. Retrieved
7254:
7219:
7215:
7205:
7172:
7168:
7162:
7127:
7123:
7113:
7078:
7074:
7064:
7056:
7049:. Retrieved
7036:
7024:. Retrieved
7015:
7005:
6970:
6966:
6956:
6944:. Retrieved
6940:the original
6935:
6926:
6914:. Retrieved
6910:the original
6905:
6896:
6863:
6859:
6853:
6841:. Retrieved
6837:the original
6832:
6823:
6788:
6784:
6774:
6741:
6737:
6731:
6706:
6702:
6696:
6661:
6657:
6647:
6635:. Retrieved
6631:
6621:
6613:
6608:
6598:
6586:. Retrieved
6582:the original
6578:www.abgc.net
6577:
6568:
6556:. Retrieved
6553:www.nsgc.org
6552:
6543:
6531:. Retrieved
6517:
6486:
6482:
6472:
6452:
6445:
6425:
6418:
6390:
6384:
6372:. Retrieved
6358:
6346:. Retrieved
6332:
6305:
6299:
6266:
6262:
6256:
6219:
6215:
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6121:
6086:
6082:
6072:
6063:
6059:
6049:
6016:
6012:
6006:
5994:. Retrieved
5990:
5981:
5969:. Retrieved
5960:
5951:
5939:. Retrieved
5930:
5921:
5909:. Retrieved
5905:
5896:
5861:
5857:
5847:
5822:
5818:
5812:
5779:
5775:
5769:
5734:
5730:
5720:
5685:
5681:
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5636:
5632:
5622:
5585:
5581:
5571:
5528:
5524:
5518:
5493:
5489:
5483:
5469:cite journal
5457:. Retrieved
5452:
5446:
5436:
5401:
5397:
5387:
5362:
5358:
5352:
5317:
5313:
5303:
5268:
5264:
5237:. Retrieved
5233:
5224:
5197:
5193:
5183:
5159:(1): 31–46.
5156:
5152:
5142:
5105:
5101:
5091:
5072:
5066:
5054:. Retrieved
5042:
5032:
4997:
4993:
4983:
4954:
4950:
4940:
4913:
4909:
4899:
4874:
4870:
4860:
4835:
4831:
4825:
4798:
4794:
4784:
4772:. Retrieved
4767:
4758:
4749:
4743:
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4700:
4667:
4663:
4657:
4622:
4618:
4611:
4581:(1): 17–22.
4578:
4574:
4568:
4556:. Retrieved
4552:
4543:
4510:
4506:
4500:
4471:
4467:
4454:
4419:
4415:
4385:
4381:
4341:
4337:
4327:
4318:
4312:
4300:. Retrieved
4286:
4274:. Retrieved
4269:
4260:
4235:
4231:
4183:
4179:
4157:. Retrieved
4153:
4114:
4110:
4058:
4054:
4023:
4016:
3983:
3979:
3931:
3927:
3917:
3876:
3872:
3837:. Retrieved
3824:
3800:. Retrieved
3782:
3770:. Retrieved
3765:
3756:
3744:. Retrieved
3740:
3731:
3698:
3694:
3684:
3649:
3645:
3595:
3591:
3566:. Retrieved
3557:
3529:. Retrieved
3525:the original
3496:. Retrieved
3487:
3461:. Retrieved
3452:
3426:. Retrieved
3417:
3381:. Retrieved
3372:
3330:
3317:
3301:
3297:
3281:
3274:
3270:gene therapy
3267:
3259:
3256:Gene therapy
3243:
3215:
3185:
3177:
3169:
3148:
3139:
3118:
3100:
3089:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3042:Lemuel Diggs
3039:
3025:
2998:
2986:
2977:Tharu people
2973:Chhattisgarh
2962:
2946:
2938:Saudi Arabia
2935:
2926:
2909:
2869:
2840:
2827:
2815:
2810:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2693:South Sudan
2236:114,963,588
2156:102,334,404
1836:206,139,589
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1648:
1629:
1613:
1610:Epidemiology
1604:
1588:
1585:Gene therapy
1564:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1493:
1482:
1478:chemotherapy
1470:
1460:
1443:
1435:
1425:generic drug
1420:
1417:
1413:
1397:
1393:
1373:
1360:
1332:
1315:
1300:
1276:
1269:
1251:, a form of
1246:
1235:
1227:target cells
1223:hyposplenism
1215:reticulocyte
1209:In HbS, the
1208:
1192:
1179:
1140:
1132:
1129:
1110:
1095:
1079:
1046:heterozygous
1043:
1005:– SNP) (GAG
993:
989:
981:
961:
891:hypertension
805:
801:
797:
791:
769:hyposplenism
715:
705:
699:
689:
673:
665:
655:
642:Reticulocyte
619:
603:
589:
566:
510:
477:
464:
456:
453:First events
443:
395:North Africa
376:
341:
312:
306:
284:
268:
253:
249:
245:
244:
170:hemoglobin S
119:Chronic pain
47:
29:
12621:Wikiproject
12410:Venereology
12355:Neonatology
12252:Dermatology
12107:Gynaecology
12099:gynaecology
12082:Pulmonology
11900:Eye surgery
11862:Specialties
11771:hypochromic
11727:Blood tests
11489:Thalassemia
11447:enzymopathy
11376:Nutritional
11260:GeneReviews
11226:MedlinePlus
10633:NCT00012545
10615:NCT02247843
10598:17 December
10571:17 December
10000:: 145–152.
9738:25 February
8865:: 1215605.
8764:12 November
8644:13 December
8592:13 December
8566:27 November
8401:27 November
7927:17 November
7296:(1): 5–11.
7266:12 December
7051:16 November
7016:www.fda.gov
6843:24 February
6637:23 February
6588:23 February
6558:24 February
6533:27 November
6374:27 November
6348:27 November
4838:(1): 3–13.
4768:www.cdc.gov
4302:27 November
3252:may occur.
3173:self-esteem
3034:Verne Mason
2942:thalassemia
2883:, ahead of
2776:14,862,924
2756:11,818,619
2716:43,849,260
2696:11,193,725
2676:59,308,690
2656:15,893,222
2613:Seychelles
2596:16,743,927
2556:12,952,218
2516:31,255,435
2513:Mozambique
2496:36,910,560
2453:Mauritania
2436:20,250,833
2416:19,129,952
2396:27,691,018
2393:Madagascar
2316:53,771,296
2116:26,378,274
2056:16,425,864
2013:Cabo Verde
1996:11,890,784
1976:20,903,273
1936:12,123,200
1916:43,851,044
1896:18,383,955
1876:45,741,007
1856:59,734,218
1845:26,523,294
1816:24,206,644
1796:13,132,795
1776:31,072,940
1765:10,418,977
1756:89,561,403
1736:26,545,863
1716:32,866,272
1636:subtropical
1621:haemophilia
1462:Hydroxyurea
1457:Hydroxyurea
1323:L-glutamine
1199:bone marrow
1143:West Africa
1125:Middle East
1066:capillaries
1039:polymerizes
876:arrhythmias
593:hypovolemic
557:atelectasis
348:antibiotics
344:vaccination
325:dehydration
273:haemoglobin
254:sickle cell
197:antibiotics
193:Vaccination
153:Usual onset
65:haemoglobin
43:Other names
18:Sickle cell
12678:Categories
12383:Psychiatry
12369:(PM&R)
12362:Phlebology
12350:Pediatrics
12177:Anatomical
12142:Diagnostic
12122:Obstetrics
12072:Nephrology
12057:Hematology
12052:Geriatrics
12045:Hepatology
12030:Cardiology
12020:Immunology
11752:macrocytic
11747:microcytic
11742:normocytic
11705:Acquired:
11691:Hereditary
11458:glycolysis
11438:Hereditary
11202:DiseasesDB
10711:28 January
10054:(1): 561.
9851:15 January
9826:15 January
9547:28 January
9279:(1): 1–4.
9018:Give Blood
8974:www.nhs.uk
8952:www.nhs.uk
8670:11 October
8618:6 February
8474:(1): 561.
8059:8 December
7873:7 December
7663:9 December
7525:Charache S
6393:, InTech,
5996:12 October
5102:Pediatrics
5043:StatPearls
4159:22 October
3839:8 December
3802:23 January
3346:References
3336:methionine
3156:witchcraft
3066:Bill Cosby
2811:91,868,664
2736:8,278,724
2725:1,702,813
2685:1,719,952
2645:1,288,283
2636:7,976,983
2605:1,176,261
2536:2,540,905
2525:1,093,940
2505:1,070,406
2476:1,271,768
2473:Mauritius
2456:4,649,658
2445:1,660,568
2405:1,294,555
2376:6,871,292
2356:5,057,681
2336:2,142,249
2325:2,513,808
2296:1,968,001
2276:2,416,668
2256:2,225,734
2245:3,333,944
2216:1,160,164
2196:3,546,421
2176:1,402,985
2165:2,967,698
2125:1,853,074
2096:5,518,087
2036:4,829,767
1985:1,468,455
1956:2,351,627
1945:1,559,852
1925:1,271,680
1905:1,507,484
1885:3,213,306
1865:3,255,515
1825:1,700,517
1805:1,830,383
1785:2,913,088
1745:3,105,866
1725:3,081,213
1702:Prevalence
1404:p-selectin
1385:diclofenac
1339:folic acid
1335:penicillin
1306:Management
1219:blood film
1195:haemolysis
1134:Plasmodium
1123:, and the
1070:dehydrated
1058:homozygous
1044:In people
996:nucleotide
819:Leg ulcers
793:Salmonella
779:infarction
763:Decreased
751:haemolysis
712:penicillin
676:dactylitis
541:diclofenac
525:analgesics
460:dactylitis
422:Dactylitis
397:and among
352:folic acid
337:blood test
263:typically
201:folic acid
183:Blood test
166:Homozygous
135:leg ulcers
131:gallstones
78:Hematology
12571:Physician
12455:education
12313:Neurology
12308:Narcology
12172:Pathology
12150:Radiology
12025:Angiology
11989:Andrology
11423:Hemolytic
11254:emerg/406
11237:eMedicine
10838:213060203
10369:7 October
10362:The Voice
10289:(1): 78.
9960:192050177
8805:0098-7484
7968:1536-3678
7869:. Science
7197:203667575
6946:5 October
6916:4 October
6324:900626405
6222:(1): 18.
6066:(1): 187.
5971:8 January
5533:CiteSeerX
5239:25 August
5024:206896811
4627:CiteSeerX
4252:0006-4971
3909:265264939
3893:1756-1833
3715:1558-9137
3262:phenotype
3180:diagnosis
3108:screening
3018:pneumonia
3014:dentistry
2969:Rajasthan
2932:West Asia
2773:Zimbabwe
2233:Ethiopia
2213:Eswatini
2133:Djibouti
1953:Botswana
1853:Tanzania
1802:0.139375
1753:DR Congo
1733:Cameroon
1707:Incidence
1692:Subregion
1601:Prognosis
1484:Voxelotor
1398:In 2019,
1383:(such as
1319:vitamin D
1205:Diagnosis
1188:ischaemia
1048:for HbS (
1019:secondary
1011:glutamate
747:bilirubin
735:patients.
573:infarcted
513:ischaemia
391:West Asia
275:found in
265:inherited
228:Frequency
216:Prognosis
189:Treatment
164:Genetic,
73:Specialty
12668:Medicine
12601:Category
12077:Oncology
12008:medicine
12006:Internal
11854:Medicine
11681:(mostly
11678:Aplastic
11618:membrane
11565:Acquired
11526:membrane
11426:(mostly
11319:Diseases
11271:Orphanet
11251:emerg/26
11248:ped/2096
11242:med/2126
10962:32617981
10911:14 March
10887:30581191
10830:33277639
10770:27820943
10677:28249145
10592:Archived
10547:25607771
10539:11743206
10496:33251574
10447:28641096
10315:25880537
10217:21797722
10159:21644415
10080:29703184
10026:31632168
9927:29652215
9806:37315205
9702:13369537
9659:31674765
9651:15395398
9541:Archived
9504:11501714
9443:22923496
9399:: 481–3.
9378:22039456
9338:PLOS ONE
9319:Archived
9248:Archived
9226:20622345
9175:Archived
9146:21623050
9095:21623060
9022:Archived
9000:Archived
8978:Archived
8956:Archived
8934:22391674
8926:20498028
8891:37808997
8882:10552641
8840:15558961
8813:36378213
8732:15617360
8695:14 March
8664:Archived
8612:Archived
8560:Archived
8541:26833239
8500:29703184
8446:37952036
8438:11965279
8352:19729847
8303:17606434
8262:11545326
8194:20425797
8119:37012133
8111:11247552
8053:Archived
8025:32680757
7976:32815878
7848:25256772
7799:24316310
7791:19912310
7755:21117059
7714:44562296
7706:21275951
7631:18367739
7596:12672732
7511:36047926
7459:31942751
7410:31531967
7246:28759112
7189:31593753
7154:31681984
7105:29546732
7020:Archived
6997:32462740
6888:24464344
6880:26701924
6815:15889144
6807:26040250
6766:11404187
6758:21959797
6723:20825310
6688:22307997
6603:552–560.
6527:Archived
6509:Archived
6505:10926923
6368:Archived
6342:Archived
6291:41719342
6248:17313664
6197:16001361
6148:19442502
6113:22089617
6041:27341091
5965:Archived
5935:Archived
5888:23209159
5804:24444332
5796:28453224
5761:28507082
5712:26897687
5663:23920740
5655:25854714
5614:24951762
5563:34924760
5555:18195334
5510:20452638
5459:23 March
5420:15877730
5379:21421100
5295:31803937
5216:17998439
5175:11722977
5134:Archived
5130:14524078
5122:22123880
5056:21 March
5051:28722902
5016:21406723
4975:Archived
4891:18991647
4852:22264009
4817:21585562
4692:40320701
4684:21615795
4649:18174543
4595:19002450
4535:19977178
4492:Archived
4446:25966336
4394:22164362
4360:23293942
4296:Archived
4276:22 March
4208:37681044
4200:25203083
4133:20955412
4008:29909566
4000:21131035
3958:26063472
3901:37973171
3879:: 2706.
3833:Archived
3796:Archived
3723:36251873
3676:27733281
3622:27733282
3562:Archived
3492:Archived
3457:Archived
3422:Archived
3377:Archived
3235:Research
3188:pregnant
3022:Sauteurs
2843:carriers
2785:520,202
2765:271,828
2753:Tunisia
2745:776,130
2742:0.09375
2705:523,307
2702:0.04675
2665:460,903
2653:Somalia
2602:0.07025
2593:Senegal
2576:219,159
2565:453,328
2533:Namibia
2493:Morocco
2465:217,372
2462:0.04675
2425:669,548
2402:0.04675
2385:199,267
2365:355,302
2362:0.07025
2353:Liberia
2333:Lesotho
2322:0.04675
2285:198,167
2265:402,858
2193:Eritrea
2185:253,940
2136:988,000
2122:0.07025
2105:891,171
2076:869,601
2073:Comoros
2065:960,913
2045:396,041
2016:555,987
2005:273,488
1993:Burundi
1982:0.07025
1913:Algeria
1882:0.07025
1848:150,000
1833:Nigeria
1822:0.07025
1782:0.09375
1722:0.09375
1632:tropical
1523:ex vivo,
1389:naproxen
1343:Cochrane
1159:polygamy
1062:doughnut
1050:carriers
1023:tertiary
999:mutation
976:β-globin
922:pattern.
910:Genetics
881:Chronic
831:abortion
775:Priapism
710:. Daily
545:naproxen
539:such as
521:necrosis
501:acidosis
333:carriers
321:mutation
139:priapism
89:Symptoms
12641:Outline
12611:Commons
12556:Therapy
12453:Medical
12016:Allergy
11984:Urology
11877:Surgery
11245:oph/490
11196:D000755
10953:7390490
10878:6606394
10793:31 July
10761:5898607
10740:Bibcode
10685:5128871
10519:Bibcode
10511:Science
10487:8275984
10306:4394397
10262:6 April
10237:6 April
10208:3534410
10116:7 April
10071:5924488
10017:6778728
9918:6186193
9767:7460122
9710:4167855
9682:Bibcode
9631:Bibcode
9623:Science
9608:3900438
9495:2588723
9369:3200316
9346:Bibcode
9217:2931779
9137:3119961
9086:3119971
8758:NPR.org
8740:7644129
8610:. CDC.
8491:5924488
8343:2735907
8253:2566499
8016:8446254
7840:8663884
7555:7715639
7502:9435593
7450:6984655
7401:6749554
7312:9647873
7237:6483538
7145:6532723
7096:5440187
7026:10 July
6988:7386793
6679:3513289
6283:5041262
6239:1808464
6188:1224522
6104:3237253
6033:7505527
5911:10 June
5879:3530042
5839:1892333
5752:5510791
5703:4788530
5605:4096686
5344:7430367
5335:1146172
5286:6894369
4971:1002763
4932:3978504
4923:1345873
4734:7120070
4603:2547649
4527:1546714
4437:7063720
4075:2642320
3949:4561509
3772:25 July
3667:5388903
3613:5055577
3568:8 March
3531:8 March
3498:8 March
3463:8 March
3428:8 March
3383:8 March
3223:A&E
3103:stigmas
2995:History
2989:Jamaica
2949:Bahrain
2816:495,726
2642:0.1615
2616:98,347
2585:39,668
2553:Rwanda
2545:98,672
2485:29,251
2413:Malawi
2345:49,272
2328:13,094
2305:68,880
2273:Gambia
2248:17,366
2225:26,684
2205:81,568
2168:15,458
2145:22,724
2102:0.1615
2085:20,001
2062:0.0585
2025:12,788
1965:68,197
1893:Zambia
1888:17,936
1873:Uganda
1868:19,585
1862:0.0545
1793:Guinea
1768:65,536
1748:11,826
1728:14,869
1713:Angola
1682:Country
1664:Nigeria
1439:hypoxia
1106:carrier
1086:located
940:malaria
885:due to
859:syncope
781:of the
767:due to
407:malaria
48:(dated)
12654:Portal
12631:Portal
12498:MD–PhD
11683:normo-
11428:normo-
11402:Macro-
11384:Micro-
11367:Anemia
11231:000527
11185:603903
11144:3A51.4
11140:3A51.3
11136:3A51.2
11132:3A51.1
11128:3A51.0
11084:
11061:
11040:
11019:
10981:about
10960:
10950:
10885:
10875:
10836:
10828:
10768:
10758:
10732:Nature
10683:
10675:
10545:
10537:
10494:
10484:
10445:
10313:
10303:
10215:
10205:
10157:
10078:
10068:
10024:
10014:
9958:
9948:
9925:
9915:
9876:4 July
9804:
9765:
9708:
9700:
9674:Nature
9657:
9649:
9606:
9502:
9492:
9441:
9376:
9366:
9224:
9214:
9144:
9134:
9093:
9083:
8932:
8924:
8889:
8879:
8838:
8811:
8803:
8738:
8730:
8539:
8498:
8488:
8444:
8436:
8418:Lancet
8350:
8340:
8301:
8260:
8250:
8217:
8192:
8142:
8117:
8109:
8091:Lancet
8049:(MHRA)
8023:
8013:
7974:
7966:
7846:
7838:
7797:
7789:
7753:
7712:
7704:
7639:351061
7637:
7629:
7594:
7553:
7509:
7499:
7457:
7447:
7408:
7398:
7357:
7310:
7244:
7234:
7195:
7187:
7152:
7142:
7130:(11).
7103:
7093:
7047:. 2014
6995:
6985:
6886:
6878:
6813:
6805:
6764:
6756:
6721:
6686:
6676:
6503:
6460:
6433:
6407:
6322:
6312:
6289:
6281:
6246:
6236:
6195:
6185:
6146:
6111:
6101:
6039:
6031:
5886:
5876:
5837:
5802:
5794:
5759:
5749:
5710:
5700:
5661:
5653:
5612:
5602:
5561:
5553:
5535:
5508:
5428:908481
5426:
5418:
5377:
5342:
5332:
5293:
5283:
5214:
5173:
5128:
5120:
5079:
5049:
5022:
5014:
4969:
4930:
4920:
4889:
4850:
4815:
4731:
4721:
4690:
4682:
4647:
4629:
4601:
4593:
4533:
4525:
4488:330779
4486:
4444:
4434:
4392:
4358:
4250:
4206:
4198:
4131:
4073:
4031:
4006:
3998:
3980:Lancet
3956:
3946:
3928:Lancet
3907:
3899:
3891:
3721:
3713:
3674:
3664:
3646:Lancet
3620:
3610:
3592:Lancet
3304:CRISPR
3292:BCL11A
3284:CRISPR
3244:While
3121:Uganda
3115:Uganda
2971:, and
2917:Turkey
2915:, and
2913:Greece
2858:France
2835:
2804:Africa
2788:2,710
2782:0.035
2768:1,416
2762:0.023
2748:4,043
2728:8,870
2713:Sudan
2708:2,726
2688:8,959
2682:0.029
2668:2,401
2662:0.029
2648:6,711
2625:2,262
2622:0.023
2608:6,127
2582:0.181
2568:2,361
2562:0.035
2528:5,698
2522:0.035
2508:5,576
2502:0.029
2482:0.023
2468:1,132
2448:8,650
2442:0.082
2428:3,488
2422:0.035
2408:6,743
2388:1,038
2382:0.029
2373:Libya
2368:1,851
2342:0.023
2313:Kenya
2302:0.035
2288:1,032
2282:0.082
2268:2,098
2262:0.181
2253:Gabon
2242:0.029
2222:0.023
2202:0.023
2188:1,323
2182:0.181
2162:0.029
2153:Egypt
2142:0.023
2128:9,652
2108:4,642
2093:Congo
2082:0.023
2068:5,005
2048:2,063
2042:0.082
2022:0.023
2008:1,425
2002:0.023
1988:7,649
1962:0.029
1948:8,125
1933:Benin
1928:6,624
1922:0.029
1908:9,958
1902:0.082
1828:8,756
1813:Niger
1808:8,907
1788:9,588
1773:Ghana
1742:0.117
1671:Uganda
1654:Africa
1640:allele
1577:, and
1381:NSAIDs
1272:occult
1115:, the
1113:Africa
1098:allele
1054:allele
1035:oxygen
1031:oxygen
1015:valine
833:, and
800:, and
722:Stroke
569:spleen
533:opioid
527:, and
297:stroke
289:anemia
281:sickle
236:Deaths
161:Causes
123:stroke
107:stroke
95:anemia
12213:Other
11786:Other
11515:trait
11504:delta
11494:alpha
11207:12069
11174:282.6
10834:S2CID
10681:S2CID
10543:S2CID
10389:(PDF)
9706:S2CID
9655:S2CID
9421:Blood
9254:1 May
9173:(1).
8930:S2CID
8736:S2CID
8442:S2CID
8395:(PDF)
8388:(PDF)
8383:WHO.
8151:8 May
8115:S2CID
7901:8 May
7844:S2CID
7795:S2CID
7710:S2CID
7635:S2CID
7193:S2CID
7045:(PDF)
6884:S2CID
6811:S2CID
6762:S2CID
6287:S2CID
6037:S2CID
5941:7 May
5800:S2CID
5731:Blood
5659:S2CID
5559:S2CID
5424:S2CID
5126:S2CID
5020:S2CID
4994:Blood
4774:8 May
4688:S2CID
4599:S2CID
4558:8 May
4531:S2CID
4232:Blood
4204:S2CID
4004:S2CID
3905:S2CID
3829:(FDA)
3825:U.S.
3746:8 May
3322:Notes
2876:North
2794:Total
2733:Togo
2433:Mali
2053:Chad
1553:, or
1539:joint
1288:fetus
1121:India
1025:, or
1007:codon
1001:(see
783:penis
726:brain
670:Other
383:India
172:gene.
11574:AIHA
11499:beta
11191:MeSH
11180:OMIM
11169:9-CM
11082:ISBN
11059:ISBN
11038:ISBN
11017:ISBN
10958:PMID
10936:2020
10913:2020
10883:PMID
10826:PMID
10795:2019
10766:PMID
10713:2019
10673:PMID
10600:2014
10573:2014
10535:PMID
10492:PMID
10470:2020
10443:PMID
10371:2022
10343:2022
10311:PMID
10264:2021
10239:2021
10213:PMID
10155:PMID
10118:2021
10076:PMID
10022:PMID
9956:OCLC
9946:ISBN
9923:PMID
9878:2020
9853:2018
9828:2018
9802:PMID
9763:PMID
9740:2015
9698:PMID
9647:PMID
9604:PMID
9549:2015
9500:PMID
9439:PMID
9374:PMID
9301:link
9256:2017
9222:PMID
9142:PMID
9091:PMID
8922:PMID
8887:PMID
8836:PMID
8809:PMID
8801:ISSN
8785:JAMA
8766:2017
8728:PMID
8697:2020
8672:2016
8646:2019
8620:2011
8594:2019
8568:2010
8537:PMID
8496:PMID
8434:PMID
8403:2010
8348:PMID
8299:PMID
8258:PMID
8215:ISBN
8190:PMID
8153:2016
8140:ISBN
8107:PMID
8061:2023
8021:PMID
7972:PMID
7964:ISSN
7929:2023
7903:2024
7875:2020
7836:PMID
7787:PMID
7751:PMID
7702:PMID
7665:2019
7627:PMID
7592:PMID
7551:PMID
7507:PMID
7485:2022
7455:PMID
7406:PMID
7355:ISBN
7308:PMID
7268:2023
7242:PMID
7185:PMID
7150:PMID
7128:2019
7101:PMID
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