Sidon - Knowledge

1859:(UNDP) report "data also point to an increase in urban poverty especially in Lebanon's largest cities suburbs such as Beirut, Tripoli and Saida, as illustrated by poverty-driven symptoms (child labour, over-crowding and deteriorated environment conditions)." In another UNDP report, the author discusses the development predominance of Beirut over the rest of the regions of Lebanon (North, South and Beqaa) is a well-known imbalance that can be dated to the early 19th century. With the expansion of Beirut in the 1870s, urban growth in the future capital outpaced Tripoli and Saida. Transportation routes, missionary schools, universities and hospitals as well as the Beirut port development and the commerce of silk participated to the fortification of Beirut as a major trade center for Mediterranean exchange (ARNAUD 1993; LABAKI 1999: 23). However, the establishment of Great Lebanon in 1920, under the French mandate, added the poorer areas of the North (Akkar), Beqaa (Baalbak-Hermel) and the South (Jabal Aamel) to the relatively affluent cities of Mount Lebanon. This addition made of Lebanon a country composed of unequally developed regions. This legacy remains a heavy load to bear socially, culturally, economically and politically. Even though the public policies elaborated by the young Lebanese State were attempting to have regional perspectives, the early urban planning schemes reveal a development approach exclusively axed on Beirut and its suburbs. 3146: 3062: 1843:

PLO connections, and they actively contributed to resisting the Israeli occupation after 1982. The Saads remained populist in their politics and focused on the grassroots, while the El-Bizri were generally appealing to the middle and upper classes. In the middle 1980s, the Hariri family began to rise to prominence and became the most influential in Sidon in political and financial terms, even though the presence of the Saad and the El-Bizri in local politics remained significant at the level of visibility and activism. The Saad family developed its original politics from within the sphere of influence of the El-Bizri family and then became a power to reckon with on its own after 1948, and most powerfully in 1958, then in the civil war and until the present today.

168: 218: 1181: 2710:. The fieldwork was also interrupted during the long civil war period, and it is now resumed but at a timid and slow scale, and not involving major international expeditions or expertise. Perhaps this is also indicative of the general lack in cultural interests among the authorities of this city, and almost of the non-existence of notable intellectual activities in its modern life. There are signs that the locals are beginning to recognize the value of the medieval quarters, but this remains linked to minor individual initiatives and not a coordinated collective effort to rehabilitate it like it has been the case with 1688: 3086: 2225: 11325: 11191: 10350: 10283: 10152: 9535: 9137: 185: 3074: 3122: 3170: 1814:

in traditionalist forms. The most notable figures of the El-Bizri family in the first half of the 20th century were: Ahmad El-Bizri (born 1899), Salah El-Bizri, Eizeddine El-Bizri (commonly known as Eizzo) and Anwar El-Bizri (born 1910). These four brothers were businessmen and politicians who dominated the political life of the city up till the late 1940s, using traditional inherited forms of governance since Ottoman times. With intelligence and strength they maintained their power for over 50 years. It is from their ranks that

1908:, and hosts the seat of the Governor of Southern Lebanon. The city is also the center of the Sidon District and the Union of Sidon and Zahrani Municipalities (founded in 1978 and contains 15 municipalities). Sidon hosts the southern regional headquarters of a series of governmental facilities like the Central Bank of Lebanon, Électricité du Liban, Central Telecommunications Station and others. It is also the home of the Justice Palace of South Lebanon in its new headquarters on East Boulevard (the old headquarters were an old 3050: 5852: 1847:

Levantine in their Arabism (namely focused mainly on Bilad al-Shaam in regional politics), and the Solh being also similar to them in this, the Saad were leaning more towards a broader pan-Arabism (Nasserite, Libyan, and then Syrian). The Hariri family started to rise to political and economic prominence in the 1980s and became perhaps the most influential family in Lebanon by the mid-1990s, following modern forms of political practice through a large party (Future Movement) that cuts across various economic classes.

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the graves of a number of the casualties of the 1941 campaign were moved into the cemetery from other burial grounds or from isolated positions in the vicinity. The cemetery now contains 176 Commonwealth burials of the Second World War and nine war graves of other nationalities. It was designed by G. Vey. It is perhaps that only garden in modern Sidon that is elegantly kept and cared for. It is not a public garden but can be visited when the wardens have its gateways opened

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construction of roads and infrastructures (electricity, telephone, sewage). Another of its components is the rehabilitation of government buildings (airport, port, schools, universities and hospitals). Transportation projects (mainly concentrated on the coastal line) constitute 25% of the budget of 10-year economic plan developed by the CDR (BAALBAKI 1994: 90). However, all these projects are predominantly concentrated around Beirut, ignoring the regions.

5232: 5021: 6991: 5563: 3469: 8173: 1725: 43: 3110: 1342: 1786: 8166: 3158: 1290: 2723: 1529: 3182: 2217: 225: 192: 1580:. At first these consisted of enormous rows of tents, but gradually houses were constructed. The refugee camps constituted de facto neighborhoods of Sidon, but had a separate legal and political status which made them into a kind of enclaves. At the same time, the remaining Jews of the city fled, and the Jewish cemetery fell into disrepair, threatened by coastal erosion. 5170: 1895:

target of rubbish being washed up by the Makab. These plans aim to revive the former glory of the city's coasts and attract tourists who avoided swimming in Sidon's sea before. The project of cleaning the region where the waste dump has already started, and currently a waves-barrier is being built, and the vast bulk of the waste dump being cleared.

1879:; namely, a 600,000 cubic metre heap that reached the height of a four-story building. It was originally created to dispose of the remains of buildings destroyed in Israeli air strikes during the 1982 invasion, but it then became the main dump for the city. Growing out of the sea, it became an environmental hazard, with 2321:

Sidon is home to numerous educational facilities ranging from public elementary schools to private universities. According to a 2006 study, the city is home to 29 schools that serve a total of 18,731 students: 37% are in public schools, 63% are in private schools. Sidon also contains 10 universities,

2267:, a historical residence built in 1721, an example of Arab-Ottoman architecture. It is currently in the process of being transformed into the History Museum of Sidon. This villa was earlier occupied by the Hammoud family in the 18th century and also by members of the famous Ottoman aristocrats of the 1813:

The local political conflict between these two families was always resolved through amicable means and ties of kinship. Their hold over the political aspects of the city was similar to that of Mediterranean families in Sicily or to being also influenced by the ties of Arab families, clans, and tribes

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The Saad family developed their links with Nasserism in the 1950s and engaged in the uprising and armed protest of 1958 against the government of the Lebanese President Chamoun. They also became involved in the civil war as part of the left wing politics of the Lebanon (Al-Haraka al-Wataniyya) with

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During the 18th century, the city was dominated by the Hammud family of notables, who monopolized the production and exporting of cotton in the region and built numerous palaces and public works in the city. The Hammuds also served as government customs agents and tax collectors for various Ottoman

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In the area of this ruined Crusader castle, recent excavations uncovered a late Early Bronze Age I (EB I) settlement on bedrock. Here, an uninterrupted sequence from EB I to EB III was found. A modest third-millennium BC settlement consisting of domestic installations and tombs was also uncovered.

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The British War Cemetery in Sidon. Opened in 1943 by units of His Majesty's (King George VI) British Forces occupying the Lebanon after the 1941 campaign against the Vichy French troops. It was originally used for the burial of men who died while serving with the occupation force, but subsequently

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The city of Sidon is administered by the Municipality of Sidon. The municipality is constituted of a council of 21 members including the City Mayor and his Deputy. It has administrative and financial independence but remains under the control and supervision of the central government, specifically

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The Ministry of Environment came up with a $ 50,000+ plan to clean the whole area and transform the dump into a green space, along with other heaps in the country. Qamla beach in Sidon, a coast in close proximity to the Sea Castle, witnessed a large municipal cleanup in May 2011, as it was an easy

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crisis—which has endangered residents' health (especially during episodic burning). In 2004, Engineer Hamzi Moghrabi, a Sidon native, conceived the idea to establish a treatment plant for the city's decades-old chronic waste problem. He established the privately funded IBC Enviro and the treatment

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and Saad. The El-Bizri politicians were known for their business connections, close ties with eminent Lebanese and Levantine leaders, and their bent on serving the Lebanese state as government ministers, officials and mayors. The Saad politicians tended to be populist and became engaged in violent

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Maarouf Saad, the leader of his family, and a local influential politician, was assassinated at the eve of the Lebanese civil war in 1975. The Saads retained their populism and grassroots appeal, and attracted a core of loyal adherents since the middle of the 20th century. While the El-Bizri were

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Studies in 2000 showed a population of 65,000 in the city, and around 200,000 in the metropolitan area. The little level land around the city is used for cultivation of wheat, vegetables, and fruits, especially citrus and bananas. The fishing in the city remains active with a newly opened fishery

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The post war development policy of the State, promoted by Hariri government (1992–1998), was centered around balanced development and is widely inspired by the 1943 Pact and the 1989 Taef agreement (LABAKI1993: 104). However the application of this policy aims mainly at the rehabilitation and

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The El-Bizri and the Saad political practices were bent on social justice and on local service in public affairs. The El-Bizri were since the Ottoman rule bent on serving the state, and this continued with their loyalty and support to the successive governments of Lebanon since the times of

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excavations have helped significantly in this area, because it was an active settlement during MBA, and quite well preserved. Tell el-Burak is located along the coast 9 km south from Sidon. Previously, there was a big gap in the history of this whole coastal area from the end of the

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Nazih El Bizri, longstanding politician: mayor of Sidon from 1952 till 1959, Member of Lebanese Parliament from 1953 till 1958 and from 1972 till 1992. Lebanese Minister of Health, and Minister of Social Affairs from 1955 till 1956, then from 1972 till 1973, and from 1980 till

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the Ministry of Interior. The municipality's jurisdiction is limited to a region of 786 hectares in area and 5 meters in elevation, while each of the city's suburbs is administered by its own independent municipal council. Sidon is the center of the

1801:. After the war ended in 1990, some Christians gradually returned to their hometowns but in 2000 many fled to Israel. The local politics of Sidon in the 20th century was mainly dominated up till the 1980s by allegiances around two main families, the 1681:

that sells fresh fish by bidding every morning. The ancient basin was transformed into a fishing port, while a small quay was constructed to receive small commercial vessels (see "Old City" and the "Architecture and landscape" sections below).

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districts formed the first electoral district of South Lebanon. However, in the 2009 elections – and due to the reactivation of the 1960 electoral law – the city of Sidon was separated from its district to form a separate electoral district.

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production. The city's glass production operated on an extensive scale, while the manufacturing of purple dye held nearly equal importance. The magnitude of Sidon's purple dye production was evident through a considerable mound of discarded

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in the late 19th century and early 20th century. The vaults at the ground level being originally stables for the villa residents and then turned into shops as part of the old souks, and known until recent time by association to the

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was entrusted with an archaeological mission to Lebanon, which included the search for the antique parts of Sidon. The Phoenician inscriptions that he discovered, and his field data, were eventually published in his notebook the:

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Archaeologists determined that Sidon was clearly the big power centre during MBA, controlling significant territory. So there appears to have been the "Kingdom of Sidon" that controlled el-Burak, and many other surrounding areas.

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in the 17th century. It gained its name for accommodating French merchants and goods in order to develop trade with Europe. This is a typical khan with a large rectangular courtyard and a central fountain surrounded by covered

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started his public life, and their close cousins, Nazih El-Bizri, Amin El-Bizri, and Fouad El-Bizri became the next generation of politicians and statesmen in Lebanon; holding positions as ministers and members of parliament.

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On 8 June 1999 two gunmen entered the Palais de Justice, Sidon's main courthouse, and shot dead three magistrates and a chief prosecutor. The attackers escaped. No group claimed responsibility but suspicion focused on

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grounds were excavated in 1914–1920 by a French team. Then eastwards a new site was also excavated by another generation of French expeditions in the 1960s. This same site received renewed attention in 1998 when the

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The 19th century brought significant changes to the Jewish community of Sidon. By 1830, the community, comprising around twenty-five families of primarily Arabic-speaking merchants, had customs akin to those of

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The overwhelming majority of Sidon's population belong to the Sunni sect of Islam, with a small number of Shiites and Christians. Sidon is the seat of the Greek Melkite Catholic Archbishop of Sidon and

4833: 1462:, commanding a mixed squadron of British, Turkish and Austrian ships, bombarded Sidon on 26 September 1840, and landed with a column. Sidon capitulated in two days, and the British went on to 3145: 1101:

praised the skill of its craftsmen in producing glass, purple dyes, and its women's skill at the art of embroidery. It was also from here that a colonising party went to found the city of

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An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II

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An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II

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to begin excavations on this area of land that was specifically demarcated for archaeological research. This has resulted in published papers, with a special focus on studying ceramics.

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of Sidon's history. The Persian influence seems to have been profound, as is observed in the change of the architectural style of the city. In exchange for supporting his conquest of

1028:. During the Amarna Period, Egypt went into decline, leading to uprising and turmoil in the Levant. There was rivalry between Lebanese coastal city-states fighting for dominance, with 4576: 1130:

II was discovered. From a Phoenician inscription on its lid, it appears that he was a "king of the Sidonians," probably in the 5th century BC, and that his mother was a priestess of

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that were polished on one side and flaked on the other, similar to ones found at Ain Cheikh, Nahr Zahrani and Gelal en Namous. The collection appears to have gone missing from the

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or successors of Alexander, it enjoyed relative autonomy and organised games and competitions in which the greatest athletes of the region participated. In the Hellenistic period

1839:, Prime Minister 2014–2016. The presence of the El-Bizris was at times intimidating on the local scene, but they were also known for their goodwill and dignified public service. 1164:

in 480 BC, aligning with the Persian fleet against the Greeks. From the mid-fifth century BC onward, warships became a prominent feature on the city's coinage. At the end of the

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Yet the following history of Sidon was not clarified. Very little has been known about the location, extent, and significance of Middle Bronze Age (MBA) Sidon until recently.

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Simon, Reeva S., Michael M. Laskier, and Sara Reguer, eds. 2003. The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times. New York: Columbia University Press, pg. 332

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tensions and the ensuing 1860 war. With roots in mountain traditions, they introduced citrus cultivation on the outskirts of Sidon, leading to the construction of a new

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In indication of the high-profile of the old city of Sidon in archaeological expeditions, and mainly in the 19th century, in October 1860 the famous French scholar

5841: 11379: 9054: 3863: 3325:) former Chief of Staff of the Syrian armed forces with a high-standing military rank and political profile during the Syria-Egypt republican union of the 1687: 4004:"Aspects of economic activity in Phoenicia during Roman and Byzantine times. The case of olive oil and amphora production in Chhim, in the chora of Sidon" 10540: 10456: 4727: 3363:

Ahmad El-Bizri, Salah-Eddine El-Bizri (Mayor of Sidon from 1937 till 1951. Member of Parliament from 1951 till 1953), Ezzedine El-Bizri, Anwar El-Bizri.

1105:. Tyre also grew into a great city, and in subsequent years there was competition between the two, each claiming to be the metropolis ('Mother City') of 7929: 2989: 6957: 1123:

shells discovered near the southern harbor. These shells were broken to extract the precious pigment, so rare that it became synonymous with royalty.

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in the north. Byblos became significantly weakened as the dominant city on the Lebanese coast. Further north, the Akkar Plain rebelled and became the

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observers the missiles appeared to be targeted at uninhabited areas. The attack on Sidon is credited with leading to a truce between Hizbollah and

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with Hittite support. The Mitanni Empire, an ally of the Egyptians, had dominated Syria but now fell apart due to the military campaigns of

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as reading that verse as saying that the city of Sidon itself was not said to be part of Zebulun's territory, while the medieval exgete

4053: 11093: 11073: 1694: 9009: 3225:, character from Greek mythology. In Homer, Eumaeus tells of having been kidnapped as child from Sidon, where his father was the king. 11409: 11161: 10206: 4910: 4883: 11404: 10339: 6965: 5221: 5189: 4665: 3085: 11459: 10749: 10243: 5827: 2996:. Then he returned from the region of Tyre, and went by way of Sidon towards the Sea of Galilee, in the region of the Decapolis ( 2706:

The archaeological fieldwork was not fully undertaken since the independence of the Lebanon. The main finds are displayed in the

1591:) SLA's long-range artillery indiscriminately shelled the city centre. It was reported that it was in response to a request from 4606: 4554: 4520: 4344: 1282:

that local pagans hesitated to attack them during the broader massacre of Jews in Greco-Syrian towns in 66 CE, as documented by

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The area around Sidon contains a number of important necropoli (below in order of age, and noting their principal excavators):

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of Sidon, is also from this period. The Book of Deuteronomy (3, 9) reads: "the Sidonians call Hermon Sirion". In other words:

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Sidon 'Lord of Sidon' (who may or may not be the same) are mentioned as chief gods of the Sidonians. ‘Ashtart is entitled

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cities, and it may have been the oldest. From there and other ports, a great Mediterranean commercial empire was founded.

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Ships of the Royal Navy: the complete record of all fighting ships of the Royal Navy from the 15th century to the present

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city. Nestled on a mainland promontory and boasting two harbors. Throughout ancient history, Sidon had many conquerors:

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entered into a matrimonial alliance with the Sidonians, and thus their form of idolatrous worship found a place in the

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that is currently occupied by the LSF and is planned to be transformed into a cultural center by the municipality).

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noted the presence of approximately twenty Jews, possibly families, in Sidon, which he described as a "large city."

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independence. They also helped eminent politicians and statesmen from Sidonian descent such as the Prime Ministers

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Gwiazda, Mariusz; Piątkowska-Małecka, Joanna; Wicenciak, Urszula; Makowski, Piotr; Barański, Tomasz (1 May 2021).

79: 10840: 10191: 9816: 8958: 8604: 7096: 6663: 5105: 3049: 8879: 3302:(born 1232 AH = 1817 AD; died 1307 AH = 1889 AD), faqih, Islamic scholar, writer, poet, linguist, and journalist 569:, to the north, are both about 40 kilometres (25 miles) away. Sidon has a population of about 80,000 within the 11419: 10830: 10237: 10216: 7851: 5537: 4271: 3634: 3582: 3257: 1951: 1750: 1266:

When Sidon fell under Roman domination, it continued to mint its own silver coins. The city was embellished by

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Doumet-Serhal, C. 2010. "Sidon during the Bronze Age: Burials, Rituals and Feasting Grounds at 'College Site

3121: 1940:, and has housed a significant Catholic population throughout its history. Sidon also hosts the seat of the 1875:

Near the southern entrance to the city used to be a 'rubbish mountain' called at the time by the locals the

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tools was found by P. E. Gigues suggested to date between 3800 and 3200 BC. The collection included narrow

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The following archaeological sites in the area indicate settlements from the earliest prehistorical times.

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protests in the 1940s, 1950s and then during the Lebanese civil war as Nasserites (populist followers of

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refugees arrived in Sidon, as in other Lebanese cities, and were settled at the large refugee camps of

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Doumet-Serhal, C. 2006. "The Early Bronze Age in Sidon: 'College Site' Excavations (1998–2000–2001)".

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God of healing. Built in the 7th century BC, it is located in the north of Sidon near the Awali river.

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Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection

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Middle East International No 557, 29 August 1997; Michael Jansen, pp. 3-7. No 558. 12 September 1997.

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captured it from the Crusaders in 1187, but German Crusaders restored it to Christian control in the

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Sidon has been inhabited since very early in prehistory. The archaeological site of Sidon II shows a

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until the middle of the 2nd millennium BC, when Sidon is first mentioned in the historical texts.

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Ancient cities: the archaeology of urban life in the ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome

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Like other Phoenician city-states, Sidon suffered from a succession of conquerors, first by the

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leader's family, SLA artillery shelled Sidon killing seven civilians and wounding thirty-five.

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tomb and the Sarcophagus of the Crying Women were discovered, which are now on display at the

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Gigues, P. E. (1937–1938), "Lébé'a, Kafer-Garra, Qrayé: nécropoles de la région sidonienne".

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was found by E. Passemard in the 1920s, who made a collection of material that is now in the

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During the Phoenician era, Sidon thrived on two pivotal industries: glass manufacturing and

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on the coast of Canaan, and from its extensive commercial relations became a "great" city (

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of the French"), a complex built in the 16th century, though erroneously credited to Emir

8: 11297: 11225: 11053: 11043: 11014: 10882: 10715: 10656: 10226: 10135: 10035: 10025: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9945: 9940: 9925: 9920: 9841: 9697: 9575: 9520: 9445: 8869: 8833: 7771: 7756: 7551: 7491: 6213: 5763: 5335: 4887: 3628: 3576: 2667: 2353: 1428: 1200: 1048: 932: 729: 4225: 4209: 4178: 3037:. She is said there to have first invented musical song from the sweetness of her voice. 2224: 10994: 10651: 10451: 10436: 10231: 10186: 10181: 10030: 9580: 9192: 8046: 8028: 7992: 7964: 7796: 7106: 6602: 6233: 5849: 5608: 4657: 4395: 4233: 3728: 3523: 3272: 3251: 3228: 3181: 2953: 2691: 2565: 2550: 2275: 1828: 1794: 1619: 1588: 1569: 1404: 1369: 1204: 751: 4987:"Hussein Zein - Soccer player profile & career statistics - Global Sports Archive" 4957:"Ahmad Hijazi - Soccer player profile & career statistics - Global Sports Archive" 3109: 10914: 10575: 10523: 10505: 10446: 10068: 10005: 10000: 9930: 9826: 9786: 9781: 9764: 9734: 9400: 9344: 9338: 9187: 9164: 8986: 8916: 8874: 8387: 8343: 8227: 8201: 8064: 7826: 7586: 7581: 7511: 7051: 6849: 6732: 6152: 6060: 6024: 5768: 5698: 5593: 5441: 5239: 5085: 5066: 4925: 4799: 4546: 4298: 4237: 4190: 4078: 4023: 3914: 3843: 3748: 3707: 3659: 3004: 2243: 2164: 1950:

In the 1930s, when Lebanon was still under the French mandate, Sidon had the largest

1373: 1196: 1165: 1161: 1153: 1086: 1025: 944: 874: 574: 554: 370: 322: 3610: 3558: 1423:(province) and regained a great deal of its earlier commercial importance. In 1521, 1041: 11220: 10955: 10671: 10415: 10324: 10045: 10040: 9848: 9791: 9774: 9744: 9675: 9450: 9229: 9107: 9034: 8854: 8730: 8338: 8277: 8206: 7831: 7451: 7441: 7381: 7336: 7291: 7221: 7191: 7171: 6820: 6769: 6693: 6304: 5944: 5803: 5728: 5703: 5693: 5436: 5345: 5229: 4943: 4811: 4260:"Saïda à l'époque des agha-s: la famille Hammud et l'État ottoman au XVIIIe siècle" 4229: 4182: 4015: 3740: 3606:

Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 6

3554:

Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 6

3338: 2775: 2657: 2624: 2590: 2233: 1912: 1670: 1577: 1454:. His ambitions were opposed by the British Empire, which backed the Ottomans. The 1345: 1314: 1271: 922: 821: 777: 637: 473: 435: 100: 10907: 10776: 4019: 1886:

Sidon politicians, including the Hariri family, failed for decades to resolve the

10636: 9990: 9950: 9888: 8991: 8926: 8780: 8292: 8237: 8095: 7938: 7856: 7751: 7701: 7671: 7651: 7621: 7596: 7591: 7541: 7506: 7421: 7196: 6262: 6172: 6137: 5678: 5633: 5567: 5508: 5423: 5340: 5299: 4849: 4475: 3801: 3425:, former Prime Minister of Lebanon, minister of finance, and member of parliament 3293: 2855: 2631: 2540: 1643: 1596: 1389: 1385: 1349: 1329:

took refuge in Sidon. The town continued quietly for the next century, until the

1310: 1302: 1267: 1119: 1005: 960: 866: 856: 769: 759: 530: 10688: 4696: 1918:

In the 2000 and 2005 parliamentary elections, the Sidon District along with the

1077: 11374: 10942: 10876: 10631: 10390: 10258: 10063: 10058: 9769: 9722: 9640: 9585: 9313: 9219: 9182: 9029: 8891: 8725: 8465: 7977: 7886: 7821: 7801: 7736: 7706: 7656: 7636: 7631: 7611: 7601: 7576: 7456: 7416: 7326: 7216: 7066: 6915: 6597: 6533: 6483: 6447: 6393: 6203: 6065: 5708: 5653: 5461: 5235: 5194: 5146:. 2nd ed. Translated by Mary Turton. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 4399: 4162: 3474: 3371:, former Minister of Education in the governments of Lebanon and philanthropist 3354: 3008: 2957: 2841: 2827: 2801: 2700: 2484: 2264: 1909: 1708: 1651: 1592: 1486: 1455: 1416: 1357: 1169: 1037: 982: 968: 948: 312: 6003: 4467: 4186: 3842:. New York, NY & Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 1991. p. 1701. 11368: 11290: 10975: 10935: 10921: 10580: 10395: 10170: 9717: 9712: 9685: 9613: 9510: 9044: 8966: 8715: 8695: 8658: 8471: 8272: 8054: 7861: 7791: 7726: 7681: 7646: 7471: 7236: 7231: 7176: 7161: 7071: 6860: 6623: 6354: 6334: 6193: 6168: 5778: 5773: 5487: 5025: 4929: 4241: 4194: 4161:

Marriner, Nick; Morhange, Christophe; Doumet-Serhal, Claude (November 2006).

4027: 3820:

Jacoby, David (1997). "Silk in Western Byzantium before the Fourth Crusade".

3752: 3447: 3422: 3398: 3318: 3299: 3234: 3030: 2993: 2670:, 1816; Renan 1864; Contenau, 1914; M. Meurdrac & L. Albanèse, 1938–1939) 2637: 2585: 2301: 2257: 2249: 1937: 1919: 1880: 1639: 1573: 1482: 1447: 1388:. It remained an important Crusader stronghold until it was destroyed by the 1361: 1127: 1113: 1102: 1072: 956: 940: 793: 562: 268: 255: 10928: 9251: 5378: 5124: 3157: 1512:

was extensively excavated by the Ottomans, and its treasures transferred to

11036: 10726: 10720: 10626: 10621: 10560: 10441: 9796: 9670: 9645: 9597: 9590: 9515: 9430: 9066: 9001: 8859: 8797: 8720: 8678: 8501: 8381: 8302: 7942: 7907: 7816: 7806: 7776: 7766: 7731: 7721: 7716: 7691: 7676: 7666: 7641: 7616: 7371: 7356: 7286: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7146: 7136: 6855: 6845: 6728: 6563: 6383: 6379: 6142: 6117: 6045: 5884: 5673: 5618: 5613: 5513: 5403: 5358: 3604: 3552: 3517: 3487: 3453: 3416: 3410: 3392: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3348: 3332: 2744: 2675: 2620: 2569: 2253: 1815: 1674: 1635: 1557: 1549: 1463: 1420: 1224: 1052: 952: 10961: 5259: 4071:

For the Freedom of Zion: the Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66-74 CE

3726: 2869:

It was famous for its manufactures and arts, as well as for its commerce (

11275: 10858: 10797: 10616: 10570: 10555: 10483: 10211: 9690: 9495: 9390: 9197: 8933: 8864: 8770: 8688: 8673: 8105: 8010: 7972: 7876: 7811: 7781: 7711: 7661: 7481: 7411: 7311: 7061: 6815: 6627: 6248: 6238: 5984: 5968: 5964: 5808: 5798: 5783: 5743: 5688: 5628: 5598: 5393: 5289: 4939: 3769:

Breen, Colin; Forsythe, Wes; O’Connor, Marianne; Westley, Kieran (2014).

3497: 3482: 3386: 3312: 1995: 1836: 1587:, 19 April 1981, at least sixteen people were killed in Sidon after the ( 1537: 1243: 1212: 570: 11313: 9370: 8549: 6584: 6452: 4815: 4345:"Lebanon / History: Lebanon in the turmoil of WWII and its independence" 4052:

Schulze, Kirsten (October 2010). "Sidon". In Stillman, Norman A. (ed.).

1866: 10810: 10641: 10500: 10488: 10400: 10309: 9898: 9650: 9318: 9293: 9272: 9214: 9076: 9049: 8765: 8645: 8151: 8128: 7891: 7871: 7761: 7686: 7606: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7526: 7476: 7366: 7281: 7206: 7111: 7086: 7081: 7036: 7031: 6825: 6789: 6784: 6522: 6127: 5979: 5878: 5793: 5738: 5668: 5648: 5603: 5578: 5456: 5431: 5408: 5388: 5383: 5368: 5363: 3288: 2859: 2812: 2554: 2268: 2013: 1923: 1832: 1831:

and Rashid Solh, they also gave their support to former Prime Minister

1793:

This sectarian and demographic division rose to the surface during the

1478: 1306: 1235: 1185: 994: 892: 10565: 2804:. It lay within the lot of the tribe of Asher, but was never subdued ( 1301:

The Romans built a theater and other major monuments in the city, and

10820: 10733: 9749: 9707: 9680: 9490: 9435: 9419: 9277: 9117: 9071: 8996: 8971: 8938: 8792: 8735: 8710: 8375: 8318: 7982: 7696: 7626: 7571: 7431: 7426: 7406: 7396: 7346: 7316: 7296: 7211: 7131: 7121: 6946: 6941: 6931: 6840: 6738: 6717: 6568: 6528: 6473: 6253: 6081: 5939: 5909: 5874: 5733: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5663: 5451: 5353: 3502: 3437: 3428: 2985: 2786: 2731: 2518: 2305: 2286:

in the 13th century on top of the remains of a fortress built by the

2283: 2237: 1944: 1824: 1662: 1623: 1502: 1498: 1467: 1289: 1106: 1094: 1064: 1033: 1001: 959:

to become the paramount city in Phoenicia. In the New Testament era,

928: 797: 380: 8589: 8172: 6723: 6682: 6178: 4259: 2663:

Magharet Abloun, Greco-Roman part (Renan, 1864; Contenau, 1914–1924)

1724: 42: 11349:

templates on this page, but the references will not show without a

10968: 9470: 9465: 9333: 9288: 9209: 9097: 9092: 9061: 8818: 8775: 8740: 8705: 8653: 8496: 8422: 8257: 8133: 8123: 8113: 8087: 8036: 8000: 7881: 7386: 7341: 7321: 7186: 7026: 6905: 6708: 6647: 6643: 6543: 6503: 6468: 6416: 6399: 6217: 6208: 5988: 5958: 5949: 5899: 5418: 5322: 5312: 5284: 5024: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 4862: 4411: 4319:"Lebanon - French Mandate, Mediterranean, Phoenicians | Britannica" 3771:"The Mamluk/ Ottoman-period Maritime Cultural Landscape of Lebanon" 3744: 3322: 2727: 2291: 2068: 1802: 1513: 1283: 1255: 1231: 1147: 1029: 882: 9415: 7896: 6673: 6653: 5999: 3862:

Thomas Kelly, Herodotus and the Chronology of the Kings of Sidon,

3377:, former Prime Minister, billionaire and international businessman 11253: 10700: 10196: 10088: 9485: 9455: 9410: 9395: 9380: 9375: 9328: 9298: 9021: 8828: 8823: 8760: 8700: 8663: 8543: 8512: 8459: 8439: 8323: 8252: 8232: 8196: 7546: 7531: 7486: 7461: 7401: 7391: 7361: 7306: 7301: 7256: 7226: 7141: 7116: 7101: 7041: 7006: 6990: 6909: 6900: 6885: 6875: 6835: 6810: 6764: 6702: 6698: 6558: 6538: 6512: 6498: 6492: 6344: 6324: 6314: 6309: 6273: 6268: 6223: 6187: 6183: 6122: 6054: 6009: 5954: 5918: 5914: 5893: 5889: 5758: 5748: 5683: 5638: 5588: 5562: 5518: 5503: 5466: 5446: 5373: 5330: 5279: 3507: 3432: 3222: 2981: 2837: 2488: 2287: 1615: 1561: 1520:). Sidon was a small fishing town of 10,000 inhabitants in 1900. 1466:. This action was recalled in two Royal Navy vessels being named 1397: 1393: 1381: 1341: 1216: 1131: 1082: 1009: 750:) probably meant "fishery" or "fishing town". It is mentioned in 550: 288: 8165: 4658:"Saïdā (Sidone) (Maronite Eparchy) [Catholic-Hierarchy]" 3383:, international businessman and billionaire, son of Rafic Hariri 2240:

in the early 13th century. It is located near the Port of Sidon.

1954:

population in Lebanon, estimated at 3,588, compared to 3,060 in

1785: 11304: 10949: 10770: 9754: 9660: 9505: 9460: 9405: 9365: 9349: 9323: 9267: 9112: 9039: 8943: 8911: 8901: 8849: 8750: 8683: 8535: 8524: 8518: 8453: 8428: 8409: 8398: 8362: 8333: 8328: 8297: 8282: 8181: 8143: 7516: 7351: 7201: 7166: 7151: 7126: 7056: 7016: 6936: 6890: 6880: 6864: 6829: 6794: 6779: 6774: 6688: 6606: 6592: 6553: 6508: 6442: 6329: 6318: 6289: 6112: 6091: 6050: 6029: 6013: 5994: 5974: 5934: 5643: 5623: 5317: 5294: 4822:

from the original on 10 November 2021 – via ResearchGate.

3326: 3034: 2931: 2711: 2500: 1955: 1850: 1807: 1798: 1631: 1490: 1135: 1134:, "the goddess of the Sidonians." In this inscription the gods 1068: 908: 902: 896: 566: 406: 385: 5175: 4458:

Middle East International No 602, 18 June 1999; Jim Quilty p.9

4137:"Archaeology of Superpositions, as seen in Sidon's Sea Castle" 3822:

Trade, Commodities, and Shipping in the Medieval Mediterranean

2968:) and from this region many came forth to hear him preaching ( 2722: 2513:

is said to be "near the church" at approximately fifty meters

1698:

Panorama of Sidon as seen from the top of the Sea Castle, 2009

1560:, and following the war it became a major city of independent 1528: 1297:

showing the location of Tyre and Sidon within the Roman Empire

781: 450: 9665: 9655: 9500: 9425: 9385: 9359: 9303: 8802: 8490: 8482: 8417: 8392: 8287: 8242: 8118: 8077: 7846: 7021: 7011: 6894: 6870: 6759: 6754: 6667: 6637: 6633: 6426: 6294: 6258: 6243: 6228: 6197: 6146: 6132: 6096: 5924: 5903: 5307: 5184: 4935: 4160: 2992:, which takes place on the coast, in the region of Sidon and 2823: 2536: 2532: 2492: 2151: 2044: 1666: 1626:

responded the following day by firing 60–80 rockets into the

1600: 1494: 1419:

rule in the early 16th century, it became the capital of the

1247: 1220: 1098: 964: 500: 3799: 3768: 2359:

Faculty of Law, Political Science and Public Administration

2216: 1055:

was called "Sirion", in (the Phoenician language of) Sidon.

1008:

assemblage suggested to date just prior to the invention of

9262: 8921: 8906: 8886: 8787: 8668: 8506: 8447: 8262: 7276: 7251: 7241: 7091: 7076: 6518: 6432: 6358: 6339: 6299: 6086: 5658: 3706:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 197, 190, 191. 3204:

List of twin towns and sister cities in Asia § Lebanon

2760: 2487:

site located to the east of the city, south of the road to

1659: 1279: 1139: 878: 509: 488: 482: 444: 11351:{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} 5144:

The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies and Trade

4800:"Tell el-Burak: A New Middle Bronze Age Site from Lebanon" 4752:, vol. 1, pp. 35–76, vol. 2, pp. 30–72, vol. 3, pp. 54–63. 4633:"Syringes plague Sidon beach as dump spills medical waste" 4099:"A History of the Crusades, Vol. II: The Kingdom of Jeru…" 2505:

Archaeological Museum of the American University of Beirut

1146:'‘Ashtart the name of the Lord', a title also found in an 8896: 7446: 6389: 4394:

Middle East International No 149, 8 May 1981; Publishers

2496: 1638:

and increased cooperation between the two groups and the

503: 859:, it was notionally refounded and given the formal name 733: 4163:"Geoarchaeology of Sidon's ancient harbours, Phoenicia" 4116: 3287:, early-Christian martyrs executed around AD 290 under 3254:(1st century BC) Greek astrologer associated with Sidon 1400:. The remains of the original walls are still visible. 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3651: 3296:(1643–1723), Melkite Catholic Bishop of Sidon and Tyre 3213: 3067:

The castle and the harbour of Saida, the ancient Sidon

1505:

in 1860 to meet the needs of the expanding community.

1481:. Starting in 1850, the community witnessed growth as 820:

and entered English in this form. The name appears in

787: 11445:

Populated places established in the 4th millennium BC

9153: 3946: 3887: 3864:

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

3733:

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

3450:

member; lived in Sidon during his childhood (d. 1990)

1199:

in the 6th century BC, ending with its occupation by

927:

In antiquity, Sidon held prominence as a significant

518: 497: 479: 459: 441: 3464: 2726:

Shrine commemorating the last meeting place between

1603:. Israel denied involvement. After the 1982 Israeli 841: 825: 763: 544: 506: 485: 447: 4721: 3927: 3784: 3003:From Sidon, at which his ship put in after leaving 2294:. It is located to the south of the Old Souks near 1883:and plastic bags polluting nearby fishing grounds. 494: 476: 438: 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1614:On 18 August 1997, following a roadside bomb near 1175: 5153:. Berkeley, Cal.: University of California Press. 3315:(Al-Rawwass), Arab singer formerly based in Egypt 3029:The account ascribed to the Phoenician historian 1552:the city, together with the rest of Lebanon, was 1439:discovered a thriving Jewish community in Sidon. 1356:On 4 December 1110, Sidon was captured after the 977:below). The city was eventually conquered by the 11366: 1789:Israeli soldiers in the port of Sidon, June 1982 1665:movement and the attempted assassination of the 1392:in 1249. In 1260, it was again destroyed by the 1215:of Persia awarded Sidon with the territories of 1160:. Sidon's navy played a significant role in the 739: 5043:(New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons. 4765:178. Beirut: Institut français du Proche-Orient 3803:Inventory of Stone-Age sites in Lebanon, p. 136 3197: 2990:exorcism of the Syrophoenician woman's daughter 2568:and what are also thought to be the ruins of a 2531:marked "Camp de l'Aviation". It includes large 11380:Mediterranean port cities and towns in Lebanon 4292: 2884:It is frequently referred to by the prophets ( 2755:It received its name from the "first-born" of 2564:) deposits, now located underneath the ruined 1047:The oldest testimony documenting words in the 8605: 7923: 6973: 5835: 5545: 5215: 5171:Sidon On Google Maps Street View By Paul Saad 5149:Markoe, Glenn (2000). "Phoenicians". Vol. 2: 4810:(2/3). University of Chicago Press: 130–141. 4214:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 3598: 3596: 3546: 3544: 2738: 2437:American University of Science and Technology 1595:in connection with ongoing Syrian attacks on 577:has more than a quarter-million inhabitants. 7937: 4909:Klein, Reuven Chaim (Rudolph) (April 2018). 4293:Colledge, James Joseph; Warlow, Ben (2006). 3655:Sidon: A Study in Oriental History, Volume 4 3626: 3574: 1851:Impact on Sidon of regional underdevelopment 1532:Sidon with a view of the Mediterranean coast 847: 831: 565:, to the south, and the Lebanese capital of 5195:Ancient Phoenician Sidon (Saida) in Lebanon 4797: 4297:(New rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publ. 3911:Who's Who in the Age of Alexander the Great 3622: 3620: 3570: 3568: 3389:, youngest former Prime Minister of Lebanon 1753:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 886: 877:, thereby making Sidon a great-grandson of 860: 815: 11147:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle 11094:International Congress of Maritime Museums 11074:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology 10366: 8612: 8598: 7930: 7916: 6980: 6966: 5842: 5828: 5552: 5538: 5222: 5208: 5063:The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades 4834:"Greater Sidon and its 'Cities of the Dead 4488:"Towards a Regionally Balance Development" 3593: 3541: 3413:, Member of Parliament and Former Minister 3360:The Four Brothers - Riad El Bizri's Sons: 3192: 1336: 1089:rule and influence. Marble, 5th century BC 27:Capital city of South Governorate, Lebanon 11207: 11162:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology 4371:"The Palestinian Refugees: 1948 to Today" 4055:Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World 4001: 3957:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBriant2002 ( 3658:. Columbia University Press. p. 12. 3033:makes Sidon a daughter of Pontus, son of 2934:sojourned in Sidon, performing miracles ( 1773:Learn how and when to remove this message 1673:. He was believed to be in hiding in the 1654:whose leader had been sentenced to death 1168:era, in 351 BC, Phoenicia was invaded by 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 5056: 4763:Bibliothèque archeologique et historique 4544: 4122: 3938:sfn error: no target: CITEREFElayi1997 ( 3908: 3875: 3824:. pp. 455 ff and notes –. 3617: 3602: 3565: 3550: 2721: 2417:Faculty of Literature and human Science 2223: 2215: 1784: 1527: 1340: 1288: 1184:Tomb of the Mourning Women, Hellenistic 1179: 1076: 11132:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology 7951:With correspondence to modern geography 4793: 4791: 4051: 4002:Wicenciak, Urszula (2 September 2019). 3800:Lorraine Copeland; P. Wescombe (1965). 1709:Asian Football Confederation's Cup 2000 865:to honour its imperial sponsor. In the 14: 11367: 11343:<ref group=lower-alpha> 11084:European Association of Archaeologists 5079: 5029: 4997:from the original on 23 September 2020 4577:"Mountain of rubbish overwhelms Sidon" 4545:Antelava, Natalia (25 December 2009). 4423: 4257: 4134: 4068: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4037: 3965: 3952: 3893: 3819: 3672:from the original on 17 September 2023 3248:), Epicurean philosopher born in Sidon 2952:Jesus visited the region or "coasts" ( 1618:which killed two teenage members of a 1238:of Sidon, important finds such as the 1156:subjugated the city to be part of the 1085:found in Sidon gives testimony of the 1020:Around 1350 BC, Sidon was part of the 1004:, whilst finds at Sidon III include a 971:are said to have visited it, too (see 11206: 10365: 10340:Pompey's campaign against the pirates 10298: 10168: 10167: 9550: 9152: 8631: 8619: 8593: 7911: 6961: 5823: 5533: 5203: 4911:"Nations and Super-Nations of Canaan" 4908: 4863:"Sidon Excavation | Sidon Excavation" 4773: 4771: 4547:"Lebanese city's mountain of rubbish" 4518: 4342: 4274:from the original on 13 February 2023 4253: 4251: 4207: 3933: 3904: 3902: 3833: 3831: 3815: 3813: 3701: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 2834:), rose to its place of pre-eminence. 2600: 2381:American University of Lebanon (AUL) 2322:5 of which are private universities. 1607:of Lebanon Sidon was occupied by the 1566:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 4798:Sader, Hélène; Kamlah, Jens (2010). 4788: 4521:"Saida to get rid of trash mountain" 4349:Libnanews, Le Média Citoyen du Liban 3764: 3762: 3306: 2976:), leading to the stark contrast in 1871:(waste dump) and the treatment plant 1857:United Nations Development Programme 1751:adding citations to reliable sources 1718: 1523: 1489:above Beirut, migrated to Sidon and 1274:, who built there a theatre. By the 1126:In AD 1855, the sarcophagus of King 1093:Sidon was one of the most important 788: 740: 65:adding citations to reliable sources 36: 11400:Sunni Muslim communities in Lebanon 11385:Populated coastal places in Lebanon 11340: 11079:Archaeological Institute of America 4750:BMB (Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth) 4730:from the original on 6 October 2014 4368: 4034: 3214:In antiquity and the pre-modern era 3091:Sidon, Sarcophagus relief of a boat 2575: 1898: 1435:religious foundations. In 1738, r. 1376:, an important vassal-state of the 1372:. It then became the center of the 973: 848: 832: 773: 534: 340:3.02 sq mi (7.82 km) 24: 11395:Shia Muslim communities in Lebanon 11390:Populated places in Sidon District 8073:Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium 5258: 5099: 4967:from the original on 24 April 2021 4768: 4668:from the original on 29 March 2019 4637:The Daily Star Newspaper - Lebanon 4248: 4234:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1973.tb00492.x 4062: 3899: 3840:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 3828: 3810: 3684: 3440:, former Prime Minister of Lebanon 2697:Directorate General of Antiquities 2609:Dakerman (Roger Saidah, 1968–1969) 2553:mound of ancient Sidon with Early 2228:Alleyways of the old city of Sidon 1891:plant became operational in 2013. 1658:for the murder of the head of the 1630:and northern Israel. According to 1313:was established there. During the 955:. Under Persian rule, it eclipsed 869:, Sidon was the first-born son of 141:City in South Governorate, Lebanon 25: 11476: 11089:Institute of Nautical Archaeology 10479:Coastal defence and fortification 9854:Roman circumnavigation of Britain 9154:Navigation, and ports and harbors 5164: 4886:. SidonExcavation. Archived from 4613:from the original on 2 April 2015 4607:"Sidon chokes under rubbish dump" 4557:from the original on 15 June 2013 4500:from the original on 4 March 2016 4343:Bacha, François El (8 May 2021). 4167:Journal of Archaeological Science 4135:Sawaya, Gioia (7 December 2018). 3759: 3208: 2938:; see also in the New Testament, 2717: 2340:Lebanese International University 1611:for almost two and a half years. 1410: 240:Show map of West and Central Asia 11410:4th-millennium BC establishments 11355:{{notelist}} 11323: 11189: 11114:Society for American Archaeology 10348: 10281: 10150: 9533: 9135: 8171: 8164: 6989: 5850: 5561: 5230: 5185:Lebanon, the Cedars' Land: Sidon 5019: 4703:from the original on 11 May 2008 4519:Chami, Hanadi (4 October 2012). 4424:Fisher, Dan (17 February 1985). 3467: 3456:(born 1995), Lebanese footballer 3395:(born 1994), Lebanese footballer 3351:, filmmaker, producer, professor 3341:, contemporary male belly dancer 3180: 3168: 3156: 3144: 3132: 3120: 3108: 3096: 3084: 3072: 3060: 3048: 3023: 2946: 1723: 1707:was inaugurated in 2000 for the 1686: 1450:, was occupied by the forces of 1321:destroyed most of the cities of 1305:was discovered. In the reign of 1203:in 333 BC, and the start of the 472: 434: 223: 216: 190: 183: 166: 41: 11405:Archaeological sites in Lebanon 10546:Phoenician discovery of America 6996:Archaeological sites in Lebanon 6484:Heq she Elisha (Ksar es-Seghir) 4979: 4949: 4902: 4876: 4855: 4826: 4755: 4742: 4715: 4689: 4680: 4650: 4625: 4599: 4569: 4538: 4512: 4480: 4461: 4452: 4443: 4417: 4410:pp.6-7. No 148, 24 April 1981; 4388: 4362: 4336: 4311: 4286: 4201: 4154: 4128: 4091: 3995: 3869: 3856: 3778:Centre for Maritime Archaeology 3652:Frederick Carl Eiselen (1907). 3285:Zenobius and his sister Zenobia 2630:Ayaa (William King Eddy, 1887; 1930: 1427:encountered twenty families of 1261: 1176:Persian and Hellenistic periods 549:) is the third-largest city in 348:10 sq mi (25 km) 52:needs additional citations for 11460:Tourist attractions in Lebanon 10238:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 7852:Tripolis (region of Phoenicia) 5856:Phoenician cities and colonies 5065:. Cambridge University Press. 3720: 3645: 2751:‎) in several passages: 2584:Since the early 21st century, 2472: 2211: 1015: 885:, Sidon was known in Latin as 561:, of which it is the capital. 13: 1: 11157:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa 9832:Phoenician maritime expansion 4020:10.1080/00758914.2020.1854973 3973:"Istanbul Archaeology Museum" 3878:"Transformation of a Goddess" 3534: 3279:Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera 3261: 3238: 2826:its glory began to wane, and 2811:The Sidonians long oppressed 2785:It was the first home of the 2558: 2449:Lebanese American University 2428:Institute of Social Sciences 2220:Alleyway inside the Old Souks 1540:it became part of the French 1331:Muslim conquest of the Levant 988: 237:Sidon (West and Central Asia) 224: 191: 11099:Nautical Archaeology Society 5158:The World of the Phoenicians 5130:Resources in other libraries 5047:Additional notes taken from 4069:Rogers, Guy MacLean (2021). 3627:Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920). 3575:Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920). 3513:Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II 3198:Twin towns and sister cities 2734:inside the Old City of Sidon 2316: 1906:Governorate of South Lebanon 1246:rather than Alexander), the 1190:Istanbul Archaeology Museums 798: 782: 734: 7: 11440:Phoenician sites in Lebanon 11347:{{efn}} 11152:Museum of Ancient Seafaring 10529:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion 10335:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar 10192:Indus–Mesopotamia relations 9551: 8632: 8572:UNESCO World Heritage Sites 8019:Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa 7537:Stone of the Pregnant Woman 7497:Roman hippodrome of Berytus 5080:Tucker, Spencer C. (2019). 4697:"Welcome to Debbane Palace" 4369:Lax, Chaim (9 March 2023). 4208:Frost, Honor (March 1973). 3876:Sugimoto, David T. (2014). 3460: 3431:, former Prime Minister of 3055:Port of Sidon, 19th century 2666:Helalié/Baramié/Mar Elias ( 2128:Assyrian Church of the East 1714: 1485:, initially settled in the 1431:during his visit to Sidon. 1058: 842: 826: 764: 545: 10: 11481: 11008:Phoenician Ship Expedition 10299: 9849:Pytheas' voyage to Britain 9842:Circumnavigation of Africa 8579:Legacy of the Roman Empire 6836:Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte) 5156:Moscati, Sabatino (1999). 5013: 4662:www.catholic-hierarchy.org 3913:. Blackwell. p. 172. 3866:, no. 268, pp. 39–56, 1987 3201: 3041: 2800:It was the mother city of 2778:has a frontier on Sidon ( 2739:Hebrew Bible/Old Testament 2699:in Lebanon authorized the 2236:, a fortress built by the 1642:. This was evident in the 1554:captured by British forces 1319:great earthquake of AD 551 1062: 920: 916: 807: 664: 588: 29: 11321: 11213: 11202: 11187: 11122: 11064: 10867: 10851: 10599: 10534:Samothrace temple complex 10469: 10424: 10383: 10376: 10372: 10361: 10346: 10305: 10294: 10279: 10177: 10163: 10148: 10101: 10054: 9907: 9874: 9867: 9805: 9606: 9563: 9559: 9546: 9531: 9250: 9163: 9159: 9148: 9133: 9085: 9020: 8957: 8842: 8811: 8644: 8640: 8627: 8567: 8534: 8481: 8438: 8408: 8361: 8352: 8311: 8220: 8189: 8180: 8162: 8142: 8104: 8086: 8063: 8045: 8027: 8009: 7991: 7963: 7956: 7949: 7787:Tell Shaikh Hassan al Rai 7437:Phoenician port of Beirut 7357:Lake Qaraoun (Ain Jaouze) 7002: 6924: 6803: 6747: 6616: 6589:Portus Magonis (Portimão) 6577: 6461: 6408: 6372: 6282: 6161: 6153:Strato's Tower (Caesarea) 6105: 6074: 6038: 5862: 5574: 5496: 5476:Palestinian refugee camps 5475: 5269: 5256: 5246: 5125:Resources in your library 5059:A History of the Crusades 5057:Runciman, Steven (1987). 5040:Easton's Bible Dictionary 4722:Reading Room Manchester. 4187:10.1016/j.jas.2006.02.004 4058:. Brill Reference Online. 3909:Waldemar, Heckel (2008). 3011:finally sailed for Rome ( 2858:was the daughter of King 2830:, its "virgin daughter" ( 2748: 2708:National Museum in Beirut 2647:El-Merah (Contenau, 1920) 2539:bifacials that may be of 2529:National Museum of Beirut 2460:Lebanese University (LU) 2425:Lebanese University (LU) 2414:Lebanese University (LU) 2406:Faculty of Public Health 2403:Lebanese University (LU) 1510:Royal necropolis of Sidon 1403:During the 12th century, 1278:, Sidon sheltered enough 1242:(likely the tomb of King 862:Colonia Aurelia Pia Sidon 417: 396: 379: 368: 357: 352: 344: 333: 328: 318: 306: 294: 284: 249: 177: 165: 156: 146: 9822:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul 7157:Canalizations of Zenobia 6335:Ornithon (Tell el-Burak) 5160:. London: Phoenix Giant. 4804:Near Eastern Archaeology 4783:Near Eastern Archaeology 3806:. Imprimerie Catholique. 3603:Gauthier, Henri (1929). 3551:Gauthier, Henri (1929). 3407:, Jaafari Mufti of Sidon 3357:, philosopher, architect 3127:Sidon, Lebanon, Panorama 2612:Tambourit (Saidah, 1977) 2463:Institute of Technology 1437:Chaim Yosef David Azulai 1303:an underground Mithraeum 150: 11104:RPM Nautical Foundation 10841:Surviving ancient ships 10760:Marsala Punic shipwreck 8574:; Proposed; in Danger 8368:Palestinian territories 7342:Kouachra megalith field 7232:Heliopolis in Phoenicia 4991:globalsportsarchive.com 4961:globalsportsarchive.com 4946:understood that it was. 4848:25 January 2021 at the 4474:5 November 2013 at the 4258:Winter, Stefan (2020). 3702:Gates, Charles (2011). 3405:Sheikh Mohamad Osseiran 3193:International relations 2660:, 1904; Contenau, 1924) 2653:Almoun, (Conenau, 1924) 2634:, 1892; Contenau, 1920) 2368:Saint Joseph University 2282:). It was built by the 2276:The Castle of St. Louis 1705:Saida Municipal Stadium 1415:After Sidon came under 1337:Crusader-Ayyubid period 1042:Suppiluliuma I of Hatti 909: 903: 897: 580: 553:. It is located on the 11341:Cite error: There are 11137:Giza Solar boat museum 10591:Underwater exploration 10586:Underwater archaeology 10551:Pre-Columbian theories 10406:John Sinclair Morrison 10367:Research and education 9817:Austronesian Expansion 8114:Aelia Augusta Aeclanum 7842:Temple of the Obelisks 7492:Roman Forum of Berytus 7392:Mdoukha (Jebel Kassir) 7142:Berytus (Roman Beirut) 5483:Mieh Mieh refugee camp 5399:Mazraat El Aousamiyyat 5263: 5050:Collier's Encyclopedia 5031:Easton, Matthew George 4918:Jewish Bible Quarterly 3529:Zimredda (Sidon mayor) 3231:(2nd century BC), poet 3175:Sidon, vue meridionale 3151:صيدا - صورة جوية قديمة 2735: 2650:Qrayé (Contenau, 1920) 2229: 2221: 2093:Greek Melkite Catholic 1790: 1533: 1446:, Sidon, like much of 1366:Baldwin I of Jerusalem 1353: 1298: 1276:First Jewish–Roman War 1192: 1090: 887: 861: 816: 32:Sidon (disambiguation) 11420:Heavy Neolithic sites 11208:Legend and literature 11166:Viking ship museums: 11142:Grand Egyptian Museum 10902:Austronesian replicas 10877:Heyerdahl expeditions 10787:Caligula's Giant Ship 10647:Dover Bronze Age Boat 9309:Berenice Troglodytica 7502:Roman temple of Bziza 7047:Akkar plain foothills 6179:Cape Melqart (Cefalù) 5584:Akkar plain foothills 5568:Heavy Neolithic sites 5414:Qaaqaaiyet El Snoubar 5262: 4884:"Previous Excavation" 4525:Lebanon Opportunities 4075:Yale University Press 2725: 2685:Phoenician Expedition 2642:Charles Cutler Torrey 2227: 2219: 1788: 1646:the following month. 1556:fighting against the 1531: 1518:Alexander sarcophagus 1452:Muhammad Ali of Egypt 1360:, a decade after the 1344: 1327:law school of Berytus 1292: 1252:Archaeological Museum 1240:Alexander Sarcophagus 1188:of Sidon, now in the 1183: 1158:Neo-Babylonian Empire 1080: 398: • Summer ( 269:33.56056°N 35.37583°E 11430:Hellenistic colonies 11109:Sea Research Society 10511:Maritime archaeology 10320:Ameinias the Phocian 10315:Mediterranean piracy 6856:Maqom Hadesh (Ounga) 6694:Carthage (Cartagena) 6082:Callista (Santorini) 6020:Tipasa in Mauretania 5980:Rusippisir (Taksebt) 5178:(Sidon News Portal) 5140:Aubet, Maria Eugenia 4842:National Museum News 4264:Archivum Ottomanicum 4077:. pp. 22, 536. 3838:"Porphyrogennetos". 3493:Amarna letter EA 144 3446:(born 1950), former 3218:Chronological list. 2392:Al-Jinan University 1855:According to a 2013 1747:improve this section 1444:Egyptian–Ottoman War 1378:Kingdom of Jerusalem 1144:‘Ashtart-Shem-Ba‘al, 963:visited Sidon. Both 61:improve this article 30:For other uses, see 11425:Hebrew Bible cities 10202:Maritime Jade Route 9355:Kaveri Poompattinam 7757:Tell Rasm El Hadeth 6593:Olissipona (Lisbon) 5151:Peoples of the Past 4816:10.1086/NEA25754042 4699:. Museumsaida.org. 4587:on 27 November 2009 4226:1973IJNAr...2...75F 4179:2006JArSc..33.1514M 4141:Hidden Architecture 2681:Mission de Phénicie 2668:William John Bankes 2491:. An assemblage of 2354:Lebanese University 2304:, dedicated to the 1201:Alexander the Great 1081:Persian style bull 1049:Phoenician language 1034:Rib-Hadda of Byblos 873:, who was a son of 646:(1550–1069 BC) 265: / 207:Show map of Lebanon 204:Location in Lebanon 11465:Tourism in Lebanon 11357:template (see the 10750:Bajo de la Campana 10452:Peter Throckmorton 10437:Jean-Yves Empereur 10411:William L. Rodgers 10232:Maritime Silk Road 8395:: Emmaus Nicopolis 8378:: Aelia Capitolina 8190:Of legion veterans 8047:Gallia Narbonensis 8029:Gallia Lugdunensis 7993:Britannia Inferior 7965:Britannia Superior 7797:Tell Sultan Yakoub 7747:Tell Neba'a Litani 7742:Tell Neba'a Chaate 7107:Baidar ech Chamout 6765:Balanaea (Baniyas) 5995:Rusuccuru (Dellys) 5609:Baidar ech Chamout 5270:Towns and villages 5264: 4724:"Cemetery Details" 4323:www.britannica.com 3977:The New York Times 3524:Tabnit sarcophagus 3252:Dorotheus of Sidon 3229:Antipater of Sidon 3187:Sidon District Map 3103:Sidon College site 2954:King James Version 2759:, the grandson of 2736: 2601:Excavation history 2566:Saint Louis Castle 2230: 2222: 1947:of South Lebanon. 1829:Takieddine el-Solh 1795:Lebanese Civil War 1791: 1589:South Lebanon Army 1534: 1493:amidst escalating 1405:Benjamin of Tudela 1370:Sigurd I of Norway 1354: 1299: 1205:Hellenistic period 1193: 1091: 1032:in the south, and 752:Papyrus Anastasi I 345: • Metro 274:33.56056; 35.37583 172:Sidon's Sea Castle 11435:Phoenician cities 11353:template or 11336: 11335: 11332: 11331: 11198: 11197: 11185: 11184: 10805:Madrague de Giens 10524:Temple of Isthmia 10520:Maritime temples 10506:Marine navigation 10465: 10464: 10457:Shelley Wachsmann 10447:J. Richard Steffy 10357: 10356: 10290: 10289: 10159: 10158: 10146: 10145: 10097: 10096: 9827:Ocean exploration 9542: 9541: 9529: 9528: 9188:Rutter (nautical) 9144: 9143: 9131: 9130: 8987:Mortise and tenon 8621:Ancient seafaring 8587: 8586: 8563: 8562: 8559: 8558: 8388:Caesarea Maritima 8312:Possible colonies 8202:Caesarea Maritima 8160: 8159: 8119:Castra Taurinorum 8065:Germania Inferior 7905: 7904: 7837:Temple of Jupiter 7827:Temple of Bacchus 7587:Tell Ain Ghessali 7582:Tell Ain el Meten 7512:Saraain El Faouqa 6955: 6954: 6585:Portus Hannibalis 6474:Arambys (Mogador) 6359:Ushu (Palaetyrus) 6340:Porphyreon (Jieh) 6209:Kapara (Soluntum) 6025:Tipasa in Numidia 5975:Rusicade (Skikda) 5817: 5816: 5769:Tell Ain el Meten 5699:Khallet Michte II 5527: 5526: 5240:South Governorate 5190:Sidon excavations 5106:Library resources 5091:978-1-440-85353-1 4430:Los Angeles Times 4400:Dennis Walters MP 4304:978-1-86176-281-8 4173:(11): 1514–1535. 4084:978-0-300-24813-5 3713:978-0-203-83057-4 3307:In the modern era 2875:1 Chronicles 22:4 2822:From the time of 2747:describes Sidon ( 2615:Magharet Abloun ( 2470: 2469: 2244:Sidon Soap Museum 2209: 2208: 2175:Other Christians 2165:Armenian Orthodox 2056:Chaldean Catholic 2038:Armenian Catholic 2027:Armenian Catholic 1783: 1782: 1775: 1599:positions around 1524:After World War I 1374:Lordship of Sidon 1197:Achaemenid Empire 1162:Battle of Salamis 1154:Nebuchadnezzar II 1038:kingdom of Amurru 1026:Zimredda of Sidon 726: 725: 700: 699: 696: 695: 659: 658: 647: 622: 621: 618: 617: 575:metropolitan area 559:South Governorate 543: 427: 426: 323:3rd millennium BC 301:South Governorate 137: 136: 129: 111: 16:(Redirected from 11472: 11415:Coloniae (Roman) 11362: 11356: 11352: 11348: 11344: 11327: 11326: 11221:Ark of bulrushes 11204: 11203: 11193: 11192: 10831:Oldest surviving 10541:Nusantao network 10416:Chester G. Starr 10381: 10380: 10374: 10373: 10363: 10362: 10352: 10351: 10325:Cilician pirates 10296: 10295: 10285: 10284: 10222:Sa Huynh-Kalanay 10217:Iron Age Britain 10165: 10164: 10154: 10153: 9872: 9871: 9561: 9560: 9548: 9547: 9537: 9536: 9451:Ptolemais Theron 9161: 9160: 9150: 9149: 9139: 9138: 8731:Single-outrigger 8642: 8641: 8629: 8628: 8614: 8607: 8600: 8591: 8590: 8359: 8358: 8339:Emmaus Nicopolis 8207:Aelia Capitolina 8187: 8186: 8175: 8168: 7961: 7960: 7932: 7925: 7918: 7909: 7908: 7832:Temple of Eshmun 7442:Plain of Zgharta 7382:Maronite mummies 7337:Khirbet El-Knese 7292:Kamouh el Hermel 7222:Haret ech Cheikh 7192:Douris (Baalbek) 7172:Deir El Aachayer 6994: 6993: 6982: 6975: 6968: 6959: 6958: 6724:Tagilit (Tíjola) 6499:Shalat (Chellah) 6469:Azama (Azemmour) 5854: 5844: 5837: 5830: 5821: 5820: 5729:Plain of Zgharta 5704:Khallet el Hamra 5694:Khallet Michte I 5566: 5565: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5531: 5530: 5234: 5224: 5217: 5210: 5201: 5200: 5181: 5095: 5076: 5044: 5023: 5022: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4953: 4947: 4933: 4915: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4890:on 19 April 2002 4880: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4859: 4853: 4837: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4795: 4786: 4780: 4775: 4766: 4759: 4753: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4693: 4687: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4583:. 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Archived from 3969: 3963: 3962: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3906: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3873: 3867: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3835: 3826: 3825: 3817: 3808: 3807: 3797: 3782: 3781: 3775: 3766: 3757: 3756: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3699: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3624: 3615: 3614: 3600: 3591: 3590: 3572: 3563: 3562: 3548: 3477: 3472: 3471: 3470: 3339:Mousbah Baalbaki 3270: 3266: 3263: 3258:Boethus of Sidon 3247: 3243: 3240: 3184: 3172: 3160: 3148: 3136: 3124: 3112: 3100: 3088: 3076: 3064: 3052: 2978:Matthew 11:21–23 2776:Tribe of Zebulun 2750: 2692:St. Louis castle 2658:Theodore Makridi 2625:Georges Contenau 2591:Early Bronze Age 2576:Bronze Age Sidon 2563: 2560: 2325: 2324: 2234:Sidon Sea Castle 1961: 1960: 1899:Local government 1778: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1758: 1727: 1719: 1690: 1564:. Following the 1346:Sidon Sea Castle 1315:Byzantine Empire 1030:Abimilku of Tyre 981:and then by the 923:History of Sidon 912: 906: 900: 890: 864: 851: 850: 845: 835: 834: 829: 822:Classical Arabic 819: 809: 801: 791: 790: 785: 775: 767: 758:. It appears in 749: 748: 743: 742: 737: 669: 668: 665: 661: 660: 645: 593: 592: 589: 585: 584: 548: 538: 536: 525: 521: 516: 515: 512: 511: 508: 505: 502: 499: 496: 491: 490: 487: 484: 481: 478: 462: 457: 456: 453: 452: 449: 446: 443: 440: 403: 280: 279: 277: 276: 275: 270: 266: 263: 262: 261: 258: 241: 227: 226: 220: 208: 194: 193: 187: 170: 144: 143: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 11480: 11479: 11475: 11474: 11473: 11471: 11470: 11469: 11455:Former kingdoms 11365: 11364: 11354: 11350: 11346: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11328: 11324: 11319: 11209: 11194: 11190: 11181: 11124: 11118: 11066: 11065:Institutes and 11060: 11015:Viking replicas 10956:Balangay Voyage 10869: 10863: 10847: 10602: 10595: 10471: 10461: 10420: 10368: 10353: 10349: 10344: 10301: 10286: 10282: 10277: 10173: 10155: 10151: 10142: 10093: 10050: 9903: 9863: 9808: 9801: 9602: 9555: 9538: 9534: 9525: 9401:Mueang Phra Rot 9255: 9246: 9155: 9140: 9136: 9127: 9081: 9055:Triangular sail 9016: 8953: 8927:Sail components 8838: 8807: 8781:Tessarakonteres 8636: 8623: 8618: 8588: 8583: 8555: 8530: 8521:: Philippopolis 8477: 8450:: Arca Caesarea 8434: 8404: 8366: 8354: 8348: 8307: 8216: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8156: 8138: 8100: 8096:Augusta Emerita 8082: 8059: 8041: 8023: 8005: 7987: 7952: 7945: 7936: 7906: 7901: 7857:Tyre Necropolis 7752:Tell Qasr Labwe 7702:Tell Kabb Elias 7672:Tell Hoch Rafqa 7652:Tell El Ghassil 7622:Tell Bir Dakoue 7597:Tell Ain Saouda 7592:Tell Ain Nfaikh 7542:Tahun ben Aissa 7507:Sands of Beirut 7247:Jabal es Saaïdé 7197:Elaea (Lebanon) 7182:Deir Mar Maroun 6998: 6988: 6986: 6956: 6951: 6920: 6811:Aspis (Kelibia) 6799: 6743: 6612: 6598:Ossonoba (Faro) 6573: 6457: 6404: 6368: 6305:Athar (Tripoli) 6278: 6157: 6101: 6070: 6034: 5910:Iol (Cherchell) 5858: 5848: 5818: 5813: 5679:Kamid al lawz I 5634:Douris, Lebanon 5570: 5560: 5558: 5528: 5523: 5492: 5471: 5265: 5254: 5242: 5228: 5179: 5167: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5102: 5100:Further reading 5092: 5073: 5061:. Vol. 3: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5010: 5000: 4998: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4970: 4968: 4955: 4954: 4950: 4913: 4907: 4903: 4893: 4891: 4882: 4881: 4877: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4856: 4850:Wayback Machine 4835: 4832:Nina Jidéjian, 4831: 4827: 4796: 4789: 4778: 4776: 4769: 4760: 4756: 4747: 4743: 4733: 4731: 4720: 4716: 4706: 4704: 4695: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4681: 4671: 4669: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4641: 4639: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4616: 4614: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4590: 4588: 4575: 4574: 4570: 4560: 4558: 4543: 4539: 4529: 4527: 4517: 4513: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4493:. Undp.org.lb. 4490: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4476:Wayback Machine 4466: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4448: 4444: 4434: 4432: 4422: 4418: 4393: 4389: 4379: 4377: 4375:HonestReporting 4367: 4363: 4353: 4351: 4341: 4337: 4327: 4325: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4305: 4291: 4287: 4277: 4275: 4256: 4249: 4206: 4202: 4159: 4155: 4145: 4143: 4133: 4129: 4121: 4117: 4107: 4105: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4067: 4063: 4050: 4035: 4000: 3996: 3986: 3984: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3907: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3880: 3874: 3870: 3861: 3857: 3850: 3837: 3836: 3829: 3818: 3811: 3798: 3785: 3773: 3767: 3760: 3725: 3721: 3714: 3700: 3685: 3675: 3673: 3666: 3650: 3646: 3625: 3618: 3601: 3594: 3573: 3566: 3549: 3542: 3537: 3473: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3349:Hisham El-Bizri 3309: 3294:Euthymios Saifi 3268: 3264: 3245: 3241: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3200: 3195: 3188: 3185: 3176: 3173: 3164: 3161: 3152: 3149: 3140: 3137: 3128: 3125: 3116: 3113: 3104: 3101: 3092: 3089: 3080: 3077: 3068: 3065: 3056: 3053: 3044: 3026: 2949: 2936:1 Kings 17:9–24 2741: 2720: 2632:Osman Hamdi Bey 2603: 2578: 2561: 2541:Heavy Neolithic 2515:above sea level 2475: 2319: 2280:Qalaat Al Muizz 2214: 2104:Syriac Catholic 2080:Syriac Orthodox 1933: 1901: 1873: 1853: 1779: 1768: 1762: 1759: 1744: 1728: 1717: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1691: 1644:Ansariya ambush 1526: 1487:Chouf Mountains 1429:Musta'rabi Jews 1417:Ottoman Turkish 1413: 1386:Crusade of 1197 1348:, built by the 1339: 1295:Peutinger Table 1264: 1225:Plain of Sharon 1178: 1120:Murex trunculus 1075: 1063:Main articles: 1061: 1022:Egyptian Empire 1018: 1006:Heavy Neolithic 991: 961:Herod the Great 925: 919: 867:Book of Genesis 760:Biblical Hebrew 746: 745: 706: 691: 683: 678: 673: 644: 628: 607: 602: 597: 583: 523: 519: 493: 475: 471: 460: 437: 433: 397: 273: 271: 267: 264: 259: 256: 254: 252: 251: 245: 244: 243: 242: 239: 238: 235: 234: 233: 232: 228: 211: 210: 209: 206: 205: 202: 201: 200: 199: 195: 173: 161: 152: 149: 142: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11478: 11468: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11334: 11333: 11330: 11329: 11322: 11320: 11318: 11317: 11310: 11309: 11308: 11301: 11294: 11287: 11279: 11272: 11265: 11257: 11247: 11246: 11245: 11244: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11223: 11214: 11211: 11210: 11200: 11199: 11196: 11195: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11182: 11180: 11179: 11178: 11177: 11172: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11128: 11126: 11120: 11119: 11117: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11070: 11068: 11062: 11061: 11059: 11058: 11057: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11034: 11026: 11025: 11024: 11012: 11011: 11010: 11005: 10998: 10990:Mediterranean 10988: 10987: 10986: 10979: 10972: 10965: 10958: 10953: 10946: 10943:Alingano Maisu 10939: 10932: 10925: 10918: 10911: 10899: 10898: 10897: 10886: 10873: 10871: 10865: 10864: 10862: 10861: 10855: 10853: 10849: 10848: 10846: 10845: 10844: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10825: 10824: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10801: 10794: 10792:De Meern ships 10789: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10764: 10763: 10762: 10754: 10753: 10752: 10747: 10739: 10738: 10737: 10730: 10723: 10718: 10710: 10705: 10704: 10703: 10693: 10692: 10691: 10686: 10676: 10675: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10662:Cape Gelidonya 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10607: 10605: 10597: 10596: 10594: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10537: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10497: 10496: 10486: 10481: 10475: 10473: 10467: 10466: 10463: 10462: 10460: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10428: 10426: 10425:Archaeologists 10422: 10421: 10419: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10391:David Blackman 10387: 10385: 10378: 10370: 10369: 10359: 10358: 10355: 10354: 10347: 10345: 10343: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10330:Jewish pirates 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10306: 10303: 10302: 10292: 10291: 10288: 10287: 10280: 10278: 10276: 10275: 10274: 10273: 10263: 10262: 10261: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10178: 10175: 10174: 10161: 10160: 10157: 10156: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10143: 10141: 10140: 10139: 10138: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10117: 10116: 10105: 10103: 10099: 10098: 10095: 10094: 10092: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10055: 10052: 10051: 10049: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10016:Lake Trasimene 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9917:Mediterranean: 9913: 9911: 9905: 9904: 9902: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9880: 9878: 9869: 9865: 9864: 9862: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9845: 9844: 9839: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9813: 9811: 9803: 9802: 9800: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9778: 9777: 9772: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9726: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9694: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9623: 9622: 9621: 9610: 9608: 9604: 9603: 9601: 9600: 9595: 9594: 9593: 9588: 9578: 9573: 9567: 9565: 9557: 9556: 9544: 9543: 9540: 9539: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9526: 9524: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9259: 9257: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9244: 9243: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9224: 9223: 9222: 9220:Maritime pilot 9217: 9207: 9202: 9201: 9200: 9190: 9185: 9183:Portolan chart 9180: 9175: 9169: 9167: 9157: 9156: 9146: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9128: 9126: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9089: 9087: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9058: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9032: 9026: 9024: 9018: 9017: 9015: 9014: 9013: 9012: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8963: 8961: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8930: 8929: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8883: 8882: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8846: 8844: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8815: 8813: 8809: 8808: 8806: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8784: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8756:Oared warships 8753: 8745: 8744: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8692: 8691: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8650: 8648: 8638: 8637: 8625: 8624: 8617: 8616: 8609: 8602: 8594: 8585: 8584: 8582: 8581: 8575: 8568: 8565: 8564: 8561: 8560: 8557: 8556: 8554: 8553: 8547: 8540: 8538: 8532: 8531: 8529: 8528: 8522: 8516: 8510: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8487: 8485: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8475: 8469: 8463: 8457: 8451: 8444: 8442: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8432: 8426: 8420: 8414: 8412: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8402: 8396: 8390: 8385: 8379: 8372: 8370: 8356: 8353:Locations with 8350: 8349: 8347: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8315: 8313: 8309: 8308: 8306: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8224: 8222: 8221:Of late Empire 8218: 8217: 8215: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8193: 8191: 8184: 8178: 8177: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8154: 8148: 8146: 8140: 8139: 8137: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8110: 8108: 8102: 8101: 8099: 8098: 8092: 8090: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8080: 8075: 8069: 8067: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8057: 8051: 8049: 8043: 8042: 8040: 8039: 8033: 8031: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8021: 8015: 8013: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8003: 7997: 7995: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7985: 7980: 7978:Lindum Colonia 7975: 7969: 7967: 7958: 7954: 7953: 7950: 7947: 7946: 7935: 7934: 7927: 7920: 7912: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7822:Temnin el-Foka 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7802:Tell Taalabaya 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7737:Tell Nahariyah 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7707:Tell Majdaloun 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7657:Tell El Hadeth 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7637:Tell Derzenoun 7634: 7632:Tell Delhamieh 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7612:Tell Bar Elias 7609: 7604: 7602:Tell Ain Sofar 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7577:Tell Ain Cerif 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7457:Qalaat Tannour 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7417:Nahle, Lebanon 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7327:Khallet Michte 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7067:Anjar, Lebanon 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6985: 6984: 6977: 6970: 6962: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6928: 6926: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6918: 6913: 6903: 6898: 6888: 6883: 6881:Sicca (El Kef) 6878: 6873: 6868: 6858: 6853: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6807: 6805: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6751: 6749: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6726: 6721: 6711: 6706: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6676: 6671: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6641: 6631: 6620: 6618: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6610: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6587: 6581: 6579: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6516: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6448:Ras il-Wardija 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6420: 6412: 6410: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6402: 6397: 6387: 6376: 6374: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6330:Gebal (Byblos) 6327: 6325:Botrys (Teros) 6322: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6286: 6284: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6211: 6206: 6204:Heraclea Minoa 6201: 6191: 6181: 6176: 6165: 6163: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6155: 6150: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6048: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6007: 5997: 5992: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5962: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5935:Kissi (Djinet) 5932: 5922: 5912: 5907: 5897: 5887: 5882: 5872: 5866: 5864: 5860: 5859: 5847: 5846: 5839: 5832: 5824: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5709:Mejdel Anjar I 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5557: 5556: 5549: 5542: 5534: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5485: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5266: 5257: 5255: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5243: 5236:Sidon District 5227: 5226: 5219: 5212: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5173: 5166: 5165:External links 5163: 5162: 5161: 5154: 5147: 5133: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5096: 5090: 5077: 5071: 5054: 5053:(1967 edition) 5045: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5008: 4978: 4948: 4944:Elazar Rokeach 4901: 4875: 4854: 4825: 4787: 4767: 4754: 4741: 4714: 4688: 4679: 4649: 4624: 4598: 4568: 4537: 4511: 4479: 4460: 4451: 4442: 4416: 4387: 4361: 4335: 4310: 4303: 4285: 4247: 4200: 4153: 4127: 4125:, p. 308. 4115: 4090: 4083: 4061: 4033: 4014:(3): 314–336. 3994: 3983:on 24 May 2012 3964: 3955:, p. 490. 3945: 3926: 3919: 3898: 3896:, p. 876. 3886: 3868: 3855: 3848: 3827: 3809: 3783: 3758: 3745:10.1086/712931 3719: 3712: 3683: 3664: 3644: 3616: 3592: 3564: 3539: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3532: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3475:Lebanon portal 3462: 3459: 3458: 3457: 3451: 3441: 3435: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3358: 3355:Nader El-Bizri 3352: 3346: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3316: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3282: 3276: 3255: 3249: 3232: 3226: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3209:Notable people 3207: 3202:Main article: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3190: 3189: 3186: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3047: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3038: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3020: 3001: 2948: 2945: 2944: 2943: 2929: 2898:Jeremiah 25:22 2882: 2867: 2853: 2842:land of Israel 2835: 2820: 2809: 2798: 2783: 2772: 2740: 2737: 2719: 2718:Biblical Sidon 2716: 2701:British Museum 2672: 2671: 2664: 2661: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2635: 2628: 2613: 2610: 2602: 2599: 2577: 2574: 2562: 3200 BC 2485:archaeological 2474: 2471: 2468: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2446: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2389: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2378: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2364: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2350: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2336: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2299: 2273: 2265:Debbane Palace 2262: 2247: 2241: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2141:Greek Orthodox 2137: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2011: 2008: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1981: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1932: 1929: 1900: 1897: 1872: 1865: 1852: 1849: 1781: 1780: 1731: 1729: 1722: 1716: 1713: 1697: 1693: 1692: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1677:refugee camp. 1652:Osbat al-Ansar 1593:Bashir Gemayel 1525: 1522: 1508:From 1887 the 1460:Charles Napier 1412: 1411:Ottoman period 1409: 1358:siege of Sidon 1338: 1335: 1263: 1260: 1177: 1174: 1170:Artaxerxes III 1060: 1057: 1017: 1014: 1000:dating to the 990: 987: 974:Biblical Sidon 951:, and finally 921:Main article: 918: 915: 724: 723: 720: 719: 716: 715: 712: 711: 702: 701: 698: 697: 694: 693: 688: 685: 680: 675: 657: 656: 653: 652: 649: 648: 634: 633: 624: 623: 620: 619: 616: 615: 612: 609: 604: 599: 582: 579: 425: 424: 421: 415: 414: 404: 394: 393: 383: 377: 376: 373: 366: 365: 362: 355: 354: 350: 349: 346: 342: 341: 338: 331: 330: 326: 325: 320: 316: 315: 313:Sidon District 310: 304: 303: 298: 292: 291: 286: 282: 281: 247: 246: 236: 230: 229: 222: 221: 215: 214: 213: 212: 203: 197: 196: 189: 188: 182: 181: 180: 179: 178: 175: 174: 171: 163: 162: 157: 154: 153: 147: 140: 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 26: 18:Sidon, Lebanon 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11477: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11372: 11370: 11363: 11360: 11345:tags or 11316: 11315: 11311: 11307: 11306: 11302: 11300: 11299: 11295: 11293: 11292: 11291:Metamorphoses 11288: 11286: 11284: 11283:The Histories 11280: 11278: 11277: 11273: 11271: 11270: 11266: 11264: 11262: 11261:The Histories 11258: 11256: 11255: 11251: 11250: 11248: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11228: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11218: 11216: 11215: 11212: 11205: 11201: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11167: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11129: 11127: 11121: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11071: 11069: 11063: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11039: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11029: 11027: 11023: 11022: 11018: 11017: 11016: 11013: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11003: 10999: 10997: 10996: 10992: 10991: 10989: 10985: 10984: 10980: 10978: 10977: 10976:Marumaru Atua 10973: 10971: 10970: 10966: 10964: 10963: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10951: 10947: 10945: 10944: 10940: 10938: 10937: 10936:Samudra Raksa 10933: 10931: 10930: 10926: 10924: 10923: 10922:Te Au o Tonga 10919: 10917: 10916: 10912: 10910: 10909: 10905: 10904: 10903: 10900: 10896: 10895: 10891: 10887: 10885: 10884: 10880: 10879: 10878: 10875: 10874: 10872: 10866: 10860: 10857: 10856: 10854: 10850: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10828: 10826: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10806: 10802: 10800: 10799: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10782:Blackfriars I 10780: 10778: 10777:Arles Rhône 3 10775: 10773: 10772: 10768: 10767: 10765: 10761: 10758: 10757: 10755: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10742: 10740: 10736: 10735: 10731: 10729: 10728: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10713: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10702: 10699: 10698: 10697: 10694: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10681: 10680: 10677: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10608: 10606: 10604: 10598: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10581:Thalassocracy 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10566:Shell middens 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10521: 10519: 10517: 10516:Naval warfare 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10495: 10492: 10491: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10476: 10474: 10468: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10429: 10427: 10423: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10396:Lionel Casson 10394: 10392: 10389: 10388: 10386: 10382: 10379: 10375: 10371: 10364: 10360: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10307: 10304: 10297: 10293: 10272: 10269: 10268: 10267: 10264: 10260: 10257: 10256: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10239: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10227:Incense trade 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10179: 10176: 10172: 10166: 10162: 10137: 10134: 10133: 10132: 10131:South America 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10115: 10112: 10111: 10110: 10107: 10106: 10104: 10100: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10079:Sailing ships 10077: 10075: 10074:Oared vessels 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10056: 10053: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9996:Cape Hermaeum 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9918: 9915: 9914: 9912: 9910: 9906: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9881: 9879: 9877: 9873: 9870: 9866: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9834: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9814: 9812: 9810: 9807:Migration and 9804: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9767: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9710: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9628: 9627: 9624: 9620: 9617: 9616: 9615: 9614:Ancient Egypt 9612: 9611: 9609: 9607:Civilizations 9605: 9599: 9596: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9583: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9568: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9549: 9545: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9421: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9253: 9249: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9212: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9199: 9196: 9195: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9170: 9168: 9166: 9162: 9158: 9151: 9147: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9090: 9088: 9084: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9037: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9027: 9025: 9023: 9019: 9011: 9008: 9007: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8982:Clinker built 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8967:Boat building 8965: 8964: 8962: 8960: 8956: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8928: 8925: 8924: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8881: 8878: 8877: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8847: 8845: 8841: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8816: 8814: 8810: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8748: 8746: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8728: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8716:Navis lusoria 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8690: 8687: 8686: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8651: 8649: 8647: 8643: 8639: 8635: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8615: 8610: 8608: 8603: 8601: 8596: 8595: 8592: 8580: 8576: 8573: 8570: 8569: 8566: 8551: 8548: 8545: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8533: 8526: 8523: 8520: 8517: 8514: 8511: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8492: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8480: 8473: 8470: 8467: 8464: 8461: 8458: 8455: 8452: 8449: 8446: 8445: 8443: 8441: 8437: 8430: 8427: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8415: 8413: 8411: 8407: 8400: 8397: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8383: 8380: 8377: 8374: 8373: 8371: 8369: 8364: 8360: 8357: 8351: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8316: 8314: 8310: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8298:Philippopolis 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8263:Arca Caesarea 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8225: 8223: 8219: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8179: 8174: 8167: 8153: 8150: 8149: 8147: 8145: 8141: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8107: 8103: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8089: 8085: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8068: 8066: 8062: 8056: 8055:Narbo Martius 8053: 8052: 8050: 8048: 8044: 8038: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8030: 8026: 8020: 8017: 8016: 8014: 8012: 8008: 8002: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7994: 7990: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7968: 7966: 7962: 7959: 7955: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7933: 7928: 7926: 7921: 7919: 7914: 7913: 7910: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7792:Tell Shamsine 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7727:Tell Mureibit 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7682:Tell Khardane 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7647:Tell el-Burak 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7472:Ras Baalbek I 7470: 7468: 7467:Qasr el Banat 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7452:Qal'at Bustra 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7237:Hermel plains 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7177:Deir Al-Ahmar 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7162:Dahr El Ahmar 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7097:Augusti Pagus 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7072:Antelias cave 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7004: 7001: 6997: 6992: 6983: 6978: 6976: 6971: 6969: 6964: 6963: 6960: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6923: 6917: 6914: 6911: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6851: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6831: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6802: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6760:Marat (Amrit) 6758: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6746: 6740: 6737: 6734: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6719: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6684: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6669: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6654:Gadir (Cadiz) 6652: 6649: 6645: 6642: 6639: 6635: 6632: 6629: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6615: 6608: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6576: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6524: 6520: 6517: 6514: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6479:Caricus Murus 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6460: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6433:Gaulos (Gozo) 6431: 6428: 6424: 6421: 6418: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6407: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6371: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6320: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6281: 6275: 6274:Ṣiṣ (Palermo) 6272: 6270: 6267: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6195: 6192: 6189: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6174: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6154: 6151: 6148: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6104: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6073: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6037: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6015: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5970: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5905: 5901: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5880: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5845: 5840: 5838: 5833: 5831: 5826: 5825: 5822: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5804:Wadi al-Far'a 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5779:Tell Mureibit 5777: 5775: 5774:Tell Khardane 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5564: 5555: 5550: 5548: 5543: 5541: 5536: 5535: 5532: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5495: 5489: 5488:Ain al-Hilweh 5486: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5268: 5261: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5225: 5220: 5218: 5213: 5211: 5206: 5205: 5202: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5159: 5155: 5152: 5148: 5145: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5093: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5074: 5072:9780521347723 5068: 5064: 5060: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5026:public domain 5018: 5017: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4952: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4912: 4905: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4864: 4858: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4794: 4792: 4785:, 73:114–129. 4784: 4774: 4772: 4764: 4758: 4751: 4745: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4702: 4698: 4692: 4683: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4586: 4582: 4581:Emirates 24/7 4578: 4572: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4541: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4496: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4455: 4446: 4431: 4427: 4420: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4404:Michael Adams 4401: 4397: 4391: 4376: 4372: 4365: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4306: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4254: 4252: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4204: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4124: 4123:Runciman 1987 4119: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4086: 4080: 4076: 4073:. New Haven: 4072: 4065: 4057: 4056: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3960: 3954: 3949: 3941: 3936:, p. 66. 3935: 3930: 3922: 3920:9781405154697 3916: 3912: 3905: 3903: 3895: 3890: 3879: 3872: 3865: 3859: 3851: 3849:0-195-04652-8 3845: 3841: 3834: 3832: 3823: 3816: 3814: 3805: 3804: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3779: 3772: 3765: 3763: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3723: 3715: 3709: 3705: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3671: 3667: 3665:9780231928007 3661: 3657: 3656: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3631: 3623: 3621: 3612: 3608: 3607: 3599: 3597: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3579: 3571: 3569: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3547: 3545: 3540: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520:(Ottoman era) 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3465: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3448:Manson family 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3423:Fouad Siniora 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3399:Adel Osseiran 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3319:Afif al-Bizri 3317: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3301: 3300:Yusuf al-Asir 3298: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3236: 3235:Zeno of Sidon 3233: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3219: 3205: 3183: 3178: 3171: 3166: 3159: 3154: 3147: 3142: 3139:Mosque, Sidon 3135: 3130: 3123: 3118: 3115:Sidon Stadium 3111: 3106: 3099: 3094: 3087: 3082: 3075: 3070: 3063: 3058: 3051: 3046: 3045: 3036: 3032: 3031:Sanchuniathon 3028: 3027: 3024:Sanchuniathon 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2962:Matthew 15:21 2959: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2947:New Testament 2941: 2937: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2865: 2864:1 Kings 16:31 2861: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2781: 2780:Genesis 49:13 2777: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2765:Genesis 10:15 2762: 2758: 2754: 2753: 2752: 2746: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2639: 2638:Ain al-Hilweh 2636: 2633: 2629: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2592: 2587: 2586:Tell el-Burak 2582: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2323: 2310: 2307: 2303: 2302:Eshmun Temple 2300: 2297: 2293: 2289: 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1763:December 2023 1756: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1741: 1737: 1732:This section 1730: 1726: 1721: 1720: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1695: 1689: 1682: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1640:Lebanese Army 1637: 1633: 1629: 1628:security zone 1625: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1585:Easter Sunday 1581: 1579: 1575: 1574:Ein el-Hilweh 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1530: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1483:Maghrebi Jews 1480: 1474: 1472: 1471: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1448:Ottoman Syria 1445: 1440: 1438: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1408: 1406: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1362:First Crusade 1359: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1173: 1171: 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During the 880: 876: 872: 868: 863: 858: 853: 844: 839: 838:Modern Arabic 828: 823: 818: 813: 810:), which was 805: 804:Ancient Greek 800: 795: 784: 779: 771: 766: 761: 757: 753: 736: 731: 722: 721: 718: 717: 714: 713: 710: 704: 703: 689: 686: 681: 676: 671: 670: 667: 666: 663: 662: 655: 654: 651: 650: 643: 639: 636: 635: 632: 626: 625: 613: 610: 605: 600: 595: 594: 591: 590: 587: 586: 578: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 557:coast in the 556: 555:Mediterranean 552: 547: 541: 532: 528: 527: 514: 469: 465: 464: 455: 431: 422: 420: 416: 412: 408: 405: 401: 395: 391: 387: 384: 382: 378: 374: 372: 369: • 367: 363: 361: 358: • 356: 351: 347: 343: 339: 337: 334: • 332: 327: 324: 321: 317: 314: 311: 309: 305: 302: 299: 297: 293: 290: 287: 283: 278: 250:Coordinates: 248: 219: 186: 176: 169: 164: 160: 155: 145: 139: 131: 128: 120: 117:December 2023 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: – 77: 73: 72:Find sources: 66: 62: 56: 55: 50:This article 48: 44: 39: 38: 33: 19: 11450:Torah cities 11338: 11312: 11303: 11296: 11289: 11282: 11274: 11269:On the Ocean 11267: 11260: 11252: 11249:Literature: 11037: 11019: 11000: 10993: 10983:Aotearoa One 10981: 10974: 10967: 10960: 10948: 10941: 10934: 10927: 10920: 10913: 10906: 10893: 10889: 10881: 10868:Experimental 10836:Museum ships 10803: 10796: 10769: 10741:Phoenician: 10732: 10727:Leontophoros 10725: 10689:Butuan boats 10684:Pontian boat 10622:Dufuna canoe 10561:Shipbuilding 10472:and theories 10442:Boris Rankov 10236: 10169:Economy and 10069:Incendiaries 9916: 9703:Indus Valley 9671:Tarumanagara 9598:Ubaid period 9516:Wadi al-Jarf 9480: 9431:Ostia Antica 9035:Fore-and-aft 9002:Shipbuilding 8977:Carvel built 8959:Construction 8917:Steering oar 8798:Sailing ship 8721:Obelisk ship 8679:Dugout canoe 8502:Dura-Europos 8462:: Heliopolis 8355:modern names 8303:Dura-Europos 8267: 7943:Ancient Rome 7817:Tell Zeitoun 7807:Tell Wardeen 7777:Tell Saoudhi 7772:Tell Safiyeh 7767:Tell Saatiya 7732:Tell Murtafa 7722:Tell Meouchi 7717:Tell Mekhada 7692:Tell Jezireh 7677:Tell Karmita 7667:Tell Hazzine 7642:Tell Dibbine 7617:Tell Beshara 7521: 7422:Neba'a Faour 7372:Majdal Anjar 7287:Kamid el-Loz 7272:Joub Jannine 7267:Jeita Grotto 7262:Jebel Aabeby 7217:Hadeth south 7147:Bustan Birke 7137:Belat temple 6564:Thymiaterium 6438:Għajn Qajjet 6349: 6263:Sant'Antioco 5885:Hippo Regius 5753: 5674:Jebel Aabeby 5654:Hadeth south 5619:Bustan Birke 5614:Beit Mery II 5514:Jebel Aabeby 5404:Miye ou Miye 5359:Kfar Chellal 5276:Aaddoussiyeh 5251: 5157: 5150: 5143: 5120:Online books 5110: 5084:. 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This was 755: 727: 573:, while its 467: 429: 428: 138: 123: 114: 104: 97: 90: 83: 71: 59:Please help 54:verification 51: 11276:Argonautica 11263:(Herodotus) 11226:Flood myths 11123:Museums and 11067:conferences 11032:Vital Alsar 10870:archaeology 10679:Austronesia 10672:Hjortspring 10667:Rochelongue 10617:Pesse canoe 10571:Ship burial 10556:Sea Peoples 10489:Lighthouses 10484:Grave goods 10432:George Bass 10212:Spice trade 9809:exploration 9631:Philippines 9626:Austronesia 9619:Old Kingdom 9496:Trincomalee 9446:Prosphorion 9391:Myos Hormos 9235:Micronesian 9226:By region: 9198:Lighthouses 9006:By region: 8771:Quinquereme 8696:Kunlun ship 8689:Penteconter 8674:Dragon boat 8384:: Ptolemais 8078:Mogontiacum 8011:Roman Dacia 7973:Camulodunum 7877:Wadi Yaroun 7867:Umm al-Amad 7812:Tell Zenoub 7782:Tell Serhan 7712:Tell Masoud 7662:Tell Fadous 7482:Ras El Kelb 7412:Nachcharini 7312:Kafr Tebnit 7062:Amlaq Qatih 6816:Bulla Regia 6364:Umm al-Amad 6249:Pantelleria 6118:Akka (Acre) 6004:Aïn Oulmene 5985:Rusubbicari 5969:Tamentfoust 5929:Constantine 5809:Wadi Sallah 5799:Wadi Yaroun 5784:Tell Zenoub 5744:Rayak North 5689:Kfar Tebnit 5629:Dekwaneh II 5599:Amlaq Qatih 5394:Merouaniyeh 5327:Darb es Sim 5290:Ain El Delb 5180:(in Arabic) 5176:Sidonianews 5001:23 November 4971:23 November 4844:, page 24. 4396:Lord Mayhew 4270:: 219–242. 3953:Briant 2002 3894:Tucker 2019 3739:: 171–200. 3635:John Murray 3583:John Murray 3498:Evagoras II 3483:Abdalonymus 3387:Saad Hariri 3313:Fayza Ahmed 3275:philosopher 3273:peripatetic 2960:and Sidon ( 2886:Isaiah 23:2 2871:1 Kings 5:6 2806:Judges 1:31 2791:Joshua 11:8 2787:Phoenicians 2473:Archaeology 2328:University 2258:Fakhreddine 2212:Main sights 2198:Unspecified 2003:Shia Muslim 1996:Sunni Islam 1867:The former 1837:Tamam Salam 1656:in absentia 1570:Palestinian 1538:World War I 1479:Judean Jews 1442:During the 1317:, when the 1244:Abdalonymus 1213:Cambyses II 1128:Eshmun’azar 1016:Late Bronze 937:Babylonians 709:hieroglyphs 642:New Kingdom 631:hieroglyphs 571:city limits 296:Governorate 272: / 11369:Categories 11285:(Polybius) 10929:Hawaiʻiloa 10811:Nemi ships 10696:Black Sea‎ 10642:Khufu ship 10603:and relics 10501:Marine art 10494:Alexandria 10401:Fik Meijer 10384:Historians 10271:Indo-Roman 10084:Greek navy 9986:Salamis II 9976:Hellespont 9936:Artemisium 9926:Nile Delta 9889:Achaemenid 9782:Achaemenid 9651:Langkasuka 9646:Micronesia 9564:Prehistory 9491:Sounagoura 9319:Chittagong 9294:Barbarikon 9273:Alexandria 9215:Pilot boat 9165:Navigation 8997:Sewn-plank 8992:Lashed-lug 8870:Figurehead 8843:Components 8812:Propulsion 8766:Quadrireme 8747:Polyremes 8726:Outriggers 8577:See also: 8552:: Seleucia 8515:: Laodicea 8401:: Neronias 8248:Heliopolis 8152:Singidunum 8129:Mediolanum 7892:Ain W Zain 7872:Wadi Koura 7762:Tell Rayak 7687:Tell Kirri 7607:Tell Ayoub 7567:Tell Addus 7562:Tell Ablah 7557:Tell Aalaq 7527:Sin el Fil 7477:Ras Beirut 7377:Mansourieh 7367:Lion Tower 7282:Kafr Zabad 7207:Fadous Sud 7112:Batroumine 7087:Ard Tlaili 7082:Ard Saouda 7037:Ain Harcha 7032:Ain Choaab 6826:Hadrumetum 6644:Akra Leuka 6523:Casablanca 6355:Sur (Tyre) 5794:Wadi Koura 5789:Wadi Boura 5739:Qaraoun II 5669:Jdeideh II 5649:Fadous Sud 5604:Ard Saouda 5579:Aadloun II 5457:Zaghdraiya 5432:Saksakiyeh 5409:Najjariyeh 5389:Matariyyah 5384:Majdelyoun 5379:Maghdouché 5369:Kfar Melki 5364:Kfar Hatta 5336:Ghassanieh 4894:26 January 4734:29 January 3934:Elayi 1997 3637:. p. 3609:. p. 3585:. p. 3557:. p. 3535:References 3289:Diocletian 3267: – c. 3244: – c. 3242: 150 2988:. See the 2862:of Sidon ( 2860:Ithobaal I 2656:El-Harah ( 2555:Bronze Age 2306:Phoenician 2296:Murex Hill 2269:Abaza clan 2261:galleries. 2014:Shia Islam 1924:Bint Jbeil 1833:Saeb Salam 1597:Phalangist 1516:(like the 1364:, by King 1352:in AD 1228 1307:Elagabalus 1270:, king of 1236:necropolis 1230:Under the 1223:, and the 1186:necropolis 1114:purple dye 1095:Phoenician 1087:Achaemenid 998:assemblage 989:Prehistory 969:Saint Paul 929:Phoenician 893:Old French 794:Hellenised 730:Phoenician 353:Population 260:35°22′33″E 257:33°33′38″N 87:newspapers 11359:help page 11298:Geography 11236:Gilgamesh 11125:memorials 11049:Viracocha 10962:Faʻafaite 10915:Sarimanok 10821:Yassi Ada 10734:Syracusia 10657:Canaanite 10632:Moor Sand 10102:By region 10064:Grappling 10036:Naulochus 10026:Myonessus 9981:Echinades 9966:Arginusae 9961:Cynossema 9946:Naupactus 9941:Eurymedon 9775:Classical 9750:Phoenicia 9745:Mycenaean 9708:Tamilakam 9691:Polynesia 9681:Srivijaya 9476:Satingpra 9436:Palembang 9420:Cattigara 9362:(Kadaram) 9345:Jambukola 9339:Guangzhou 9280:(Podouke) 9278:Arikamedu 9240:Polynesia 9173:Celestial 9086:Armaments 9072:Spritsail 9030:Crab claw 8972:Careening 8939:Sternpost 8793:Reed boat 8736:Catamaran 8711:Multihull 8546:: Antioch 8527:: Palmyra 8456:: Berytus 8376:Jerusalem 8212:Ptolemais 8134:Placentia 8124:Florentia 7983:Londinium 7697:Tell Jisr 7627:Tell Deir 7572:Tell Ahle 7432:Hosn Niha 7427:Nebi Safa 7407:Nabi Zair 7397:Moukhtara 7347:Ksar Akil 7317:Kfar Qouq 7297:Karak Nuh 7212:Hebbariye 7132:Beit Mery 7122:Bechamoun 6947:Tahpanhes 6942:Gibraltar 6937:Phoenicus 6932:Myriandus 6841:Kerkouane 6718:Almunecar 6529:Volubilis 6400:Tsabratan 6254:Selinunte 6224:Lilybaeum 5991:El Bahri) 5965:Rusguniae 5940:Macomades 5875:Cartennae 5754:Sidon III 5734:Qaraoun I 5724:Nabi Zair 5719:Mtaileb I 5714:Moukhtara 5664:Jdeideh I 5452:Tanbourit 5354:Kfar Beit 5033:(1897). 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