1000:. They needed to be able to rapidly combine their forces if one part was threatened. A bridge over the Lot, 5 miles (8 km) from Aiguillon, was easily taken, but it was necessary to construct a new bridge over the Garonne. Duke John employed over 300 carpenters in its construction, escorted by 1,400 crossbowmen and an unknown but significant number of men-at-arms. The garrison sortied repeatedly against this work, sometimes several times a day. They twice broke it up, but it was completed by the end of May. The three parts of the French army each dug impressive earthworks, to protect themselves both from sorties by the garrison and from Lancaster's main army.
1009:
1124:
1111:, who promptly deserted. The entire equipment of the French army was captured: supplies, materiel, siege engines and many horses. In at least the early stages of their retreat, discipline amongst the French was poor; there are accounts of men being jostled off the bridge over the Garonne and drowned. Stafford's garrison and other local Anglo-Gascon forces pursued closely. Part of Duke John's personal baggage was captured. French castles and minor fortifications along the Lot upstream from Aiguillon were mopped up, as were French positions between the Lot and the
135:
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986:. The size of the French forces at this point is not recorded, but it has been estimated that later in the campaign they numbered between 15,000 and 20,000; modern historians have described the French army as a "huge force" and as "enormously superior" to any force the Anglo-Gascons could field. The army marched down the valley of the Garonne from Agen, reaching Aiguillon on 1 April. On 2 April the
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food and fodder and desirable for such items as siege equipment. Warfare was usually a struggle for possession of castles and other fortified points, and for the mutable loyalty of the local nobility; the region had been in a state of flux for centuries and many local lords served whichever country was stronger, regardless of national ties.
1075:
in the campaigning season. In 1346 Edward III again gathered a large army, and the French once again became aware of this. The French assumed that Edward would sail for
Gascony, where Lancaster was heavily outnumbered. To guard against any possibility of an English landing in northern France, Philip VI relied on his powerful navy.
1024:
and captured the barges; bringing them into the town. Fierce fighting broke out as the sortie party attempted to retreat to the barbican, which after several hours was lost to the French. The garrison closed the gates and secured the town at the cost of trapping most of this party outside; the survivors were taken prisoner.
1148:
region still held by the French; they were all taken, including the town of Bazas. Further Gascon forces raided to the east, deep into Quercy, penetrating over 50 miles (80 km); the modern historian
Jonathan Sumption describes this as "dislocating the royal administration in central and southern
1106:
On 14 August, Duke John attempted to arrange a local truce. Lancaster, well aware of the situation in the north and in the French camps around
Aiguillon, refused. On 20 August, after over five months, the French abandoned the siege and marched away in considerable haste and disorder. The French camps
1027:
The French were unable to effectively isolate the town. Throughout the siege the Anglo-Gascons were able to run the blockade at will with small quantities of supplies and reinforcements. In July a larger force fought its way through with a greater quantity of supplies. From the start of the siege the
720:
Although
Gascony was the cause of the war, Edward was able to spare few resources for it and whenever an English army campaigned on the continent it had operated in northern France. In most campaigning seasons the Gascons had had to rely on their own resources and had been hard-pressed by the French.
1074:
In 1345 Edward III had sent expeditionary forces to
Gascony and Brittany and had assembled his main army for action in northern France or Flanders. It had sailed but never landed, after the fleet was scattered in a storm. Knowledge of Edward III's intent had kept French focus on the north until late
1023:
soon broke out in the French camps. In mid-June the French attempted to pass two large supply barges down the Lot to their contingent west of the
Garonne. They needed to pass under the fortified bridge held by the garrison. The garrison sortied from the bridge's barbican, through the French lines,
1018:
As was normal, within a matter of days the large French army had swept the surrounding area clear of supplies, and so was entirely dependent on the rivers for its logistics. The Anglo-Gascon army based in La Réole harassed the French foragers, intercepted their supplies and kept them in a constant
608:
In July the main
English army landed in northern France and moved towards Paris. Philip VI repeatedly ordered his son, Duke John, to break off the siege and bring his army north. Duke John, considering it a matter of honour, refused. By August, the French supply system had broken down, there was a
951:
commanded by
Stafford. The town was well stocked with supplies and materiel, although the physical defences were in a poor state. The main wall, 2,700 feet (820 m) long, was modern but incomplete – gaps were filled with improvised defences. A bridge over the River Lot was fortified and had a
858:
over the many rivers in the region. Military forces could support themselves by foraging so long as they moved on at frequent intervals. If they wished to remain in one place for any length of time, as was necessary to besiege a castle, then access to water transport was essential for supplies of
956:
gate, but it was centuries old and poorly maintained. There were two small forts within the town, both overlooking the
Garonne. The northern wall of the town was protected by the Lot and the western by the Garonne, while the southern and eastern walls were more easily approached. Lancaster based
921:
the largest army the French had yet fielded in the south west. It was supported by every military officer of the royal household. As always, money was short. In spite of borrowing over 330,000 florins (£61,000,000 in 2024 terms) from the Pope, Duke John had to issue orders to local officials to:
1090:
every town in its path. The
English fleet paralleled its march, devastating everything up to five miles inland and destroying most of the French navy in its ports. Philip VI recalled his main army, under Duke John, from Gascony. After a furious argument with his advisers, and according to some
1039:
The siege became an end in itself for Duke John. Having laid siege to Aiguillon it was a matter of knightly honour not to retreat before it fell. At one point he solemnly vowed not to abandon the siege until he had occupied the town. By July the French were drawing supplies from over 200 miles
716:
exceeded all other customs duties combined and was by far the largest source of state income. Bordeaux, the capital of Gascony, had a population of over 50,000, greater than London's, and Bordeaux was possibly richer. However, by this time English Gascony had become so truncated by French
721:
In 1339, the French besieged Bordeaux, the capital of Gascony, even breaking into the city with a large force before they were repulsed. Typically the Gascons could field 3,000–6,000 men, the large majority infantry, although up to two-thirds of them would be tied down in garrisons.
1048:, the capital of Agenais, on the Garonne. This was one of several strongholds from which the English carried out raids on the French lines of communication. In late July a French force of 2,000 men marched against it. The small English garrison under
922:"Amass all of the money you can for the support of our wars. Take it from each and every person you can..." It was a clear indication of the desperate state of the French finances. A second army was formed at Toulouse, based on contingents from the
938:
on the north bank of the Garonne river, only 35 miles (56 km) from Bordeaux, which Lancaster had captured the previous year. Aiguillon commanded both the Lot and the Garonne and its possession was essential to supply any army around La Réole.
581:, was sent to Gascony in south west France with 2,000 men and large financial resources. In 1346 the French focused their effort on the south west and, early in the campaigning season, an army of 15,000–20,000 men marched down the valley of the
613:
epidemic in their camp, desertion was rife and Philip VI's orders were becoming imperious. On 20 August the French abandoned the siege and their camp and marched away. Six days later the main French army was decisively beaten in the
942:
Lancaster understood that no French offensive could have a permanent effect so long as Aiguillon, described by the modern historian Kenneth Fowler as "the key to the Gascon plain", was held, so he garrisoned it very strongly: 300
1140:
with very heavy losses. After Crécy the French stripped their garrisons in the south west to build-up a new army to face the main English threat in the north east. The areas facing Lancaster were effectively defenceless.
995:
Isolating the town presented a problem for the French. The junction of the two rivers created three different areas, each of which would need to be interdicted. But separating their army into three divisions was inviting
833:
The border between English and French territory in Gascony was extremely unclear, to the extent that the idea of a "border" is anachronistic. Many landholders owned a patchwork of widely separated estates, perhaps owing
2124:
717:
encroachments that it relied on imports of food, largely from England. Any interruptions to regular shipping were liable to starve Gascony and financially cripple England; the French were well aware of this.
1103:. Philip VI sent orders to Duke John insisting that he abandon the siege of Aiguillon and march his army north. Edward III marched south east and on 12 August his army was 20 miles (32 km) from Paris.
676:. They preferred their relationship with a distant English king who left them alone to one with a French king who would interfere in their affairs. Following a series of disagreements between
1136:
Duke John and his army made contact with Philip VI on, or shortly after, 7 September, two weeks after the French army of the north, 20,000–25,000 strong, had been decisively beaten at the
1149:
France for three months". Meanwhile, Lancaster himself took a small force, 1,000 men-at-arms and an unknown number of archers (possibly 1,000), 160 miles (260 km) to the north on a
1036:
mounted on large barges. As they were being manoeuvred across the river one was hit by a missile from an English trebuchet, capsizing it with heavy loss. The attack was abandoned.
2452:
1032:, carried out a round-the-clock area bombardment. The results were considered unsatisfactory. In July an attack was attempted from the north, across the Lot, using three
597:, laid siege to the town. The garrison, some 900 men, sortied repeatedly to interrupt the French operations, while Lancaster concentrated the main Anglo-Gascon force at
605:
the town, and found that his own supply lines were seriously harassed. On one occasion Lancaster used his main force to escort a large supply train into the town.
2001:
1056:. The French army began to starve; horses died for lack of fodder; the dysentery epidemic worsened; cases of desertion, increasingly to the English, mounted.
243:
890:
and given the English possessions in Gascony strategic depth. During the winter following this successful campaign Lancaster's second in command,
2472:
696:, should be taken back into Philip's hands on the grounds that Edward was in breach of his obligations as a vassal. This marked the start of the
2482:
1040:(320 km) away, a distance barely sustainable with 14th-century overland transportation. In early 1346 the English captured the castle of
284:
2467:
450:
727:
814:
1206:
During the 1345 campaign he was known as the Earl of Derby, but his father died in September 1345 and he became the Earl of Lancaster.
1164:. With these offensives, Lancaster moved the focus of the fighting from the heart of Gascony to 50 miles or more beyond its borders.
1144:
He launched three separate offensives between September and November. Local Gascon forces besieged the few major strongholds in the
413:
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578:
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of Philip VI, was placed in charge of all French forces in south west France, as he had been the previous autumn. He assembled at
975:
891:
236:
1197:(954 litres) of wine. 80 thousand tuns of wine equates to 76,320,000 litres (16,790,000 imperial gallons; 20,160,000 US gallons)
465:
440:
1028:
French had concentrated their efforts against the southern side of the defences. At least twelve large siege engines, probably
1078:
This reliance was misplaced given the naval technology of the time and on 12 July an English army of 7,000–10,000 landed near
982:
The French armies assembled and marched unusually early in the campaigning season. By March they were both in the province of
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accounts his father's messenger, Duke John refused to move until his honour was satisfied. On 29 July Philip VI called an
386:
589:, and it was not possible to sustain an offensive further into Gascony unless the town was taken. Duke John, the son and
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By 1345, after eight years of war, English-controlled territory mostly consisted of a coastal strip from Bordeaux to
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in northern France were left. The independent minded Gascons had their own customs and claimed to have a separate
379:
657:
854:, to collect tolls and to restrict military passage; fortified towns grew up alongside all bridges and most
708:
Before the war commenced at least 1,000 ships a year departed Gascony. Among their cargoes were over 80,000
664:
of the kings of France. Over the centuries, English holdings in France had varied in size, but by 1337 only
311:
221:
2447:
2058:
894:, had marched on the vitally important town of Aiguillon, which commanded the junction of the Rivers
805:
563:
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428:
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with very heavy losses. Two weeks after this defeat, Duke John's army joined the French survivors.
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at the head of an Anglo-Gascon army. He had smashed two large French armies at the battles of
2382:
2271:
1079:
1049:
697:
681:
551:
364:
36:
992:, the formal call to arms for all able-bodied males, was announced for the south of France.
957:
himself in La Réole, on the Garonne 30 miles (48 km) downstream, throughout the siege.
534:
504:
289:
1108:
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attacked the French, defeated them, and captured their commander, Robert de Houdetot, the
8:
2039:
879:
677:
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509:
492:
398:
347:
902:. The town's inhabitants had attacked the garrison and opened the gates to the English.
519:
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1220:
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Location of Aiguillon in modern Nouvelle-Aquitaine, and other places named in the text
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Infantry Warfare in the Early Fourteenth Century: Discipline, Tactics, and Technology
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934:. Duke John planned to march on and besiege the large, strongly fortified town of
601:, some 30 miles (48 km) away, as a threat. Duke John was never able to fully
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1971:
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196:
32:
1156:, a great mounted raid, during which he captured the rich provincial capital of
1086:. This force pillaged its way across the richest parts of France, capturing and
1231:
1227:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
847:
712:
of locally produced wine. The duty collected by the English Crown on wine from
685:
487:
144:
988:
49:
A medieval town under assault. A miniature from a chronicle by Jean Froissart.
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The King's Lieutenant: Henry of Grosmont, First Duke of Lancaster, 1310–1361
1944:
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2313:. Vol. II. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer. pp. 89–110.
2207:
The Book of Chivalry of Geoffroi de Charny: Text, Context and Translation
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927:
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to a different overlord for each. Each small estate was likely to have a
586:
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190:
171:
2295:"The Bergerac Campaign (1345) and the Generalship of Henry of Lancaster"
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1997:
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A contemporary image of John, Duke of Normandy (later King of France)
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The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology
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161:
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2344:. Vol. I. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 12.
2181:
Studies in History. Vol. 71. London: Boydell and Brewer.
1836:
1834:
2066:(PhD thesis). Leeds: University of Leeds. uk.bl.ethos.514189.
1280:
1161:
1100:
1096:
1846:
1376:
647: England and English-controlled Guyenne/Gascony in 1330
2393:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer. pp. 69–82.
1921:
1909:
1897:
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1819:
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1597:
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1521:
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773:
2009:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing (published 13 November 2002).
1863:
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1509:
1684:
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A derelict section of Aiguillon's walls, pictured in 1855
866:, with isolated strongholds further inland. During 1345,
2391:
Arms, Armies and Fortifications in the Hundred Years War
1720:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1328:
554:, began on 1 April 1346 when a French army commanded by
2453:
14th-century military history of the Kingdom of England
2408:
Wagner, John A. (2006). "Auberoche, Battle of (1345)".
2229:
The Low Countries and the Hundred Years' War: 1326–1347
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Siege and Conquest by Sword: The Second Campaign, 1346
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1160:, and many towns and castles throughout Saintonge and
882:, captured French towns and fortifications in much of
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Henry of Grosmont, First Duke of Lancaster, 1310–1361
1771:
1672:
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Henry of Lancaster's Expedition to Aquitaine 1345–46
1807:
1783:
1609:
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1489:
1448:
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1304:
700:, which was to last one hundred and sixteen years.
2211:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
2204:
2072:
1268:
660:within France, the possession of which made them
585:. Aiguillon commands both the Rivers Garonne and
2429:
1965:
1286:
1167:
2195:
1527:
1193:used as a standard measure, and contained 252
2412:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Greenwood. p. 3.
237:
1951:. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions.
1213:
2232:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
2108:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer.
1804:, pp. 491–492, 494, 497, 500, 506–511.
1128:Remains of a tower in Aiguillon, known as
244:
230:
43:
2244:
1262:
1223:inflation figures are based on data from
641: Gained from English control by 1330
2358:
1927:
1915:
1903:
1891:
1879:
1867:
1852:
1840:
1825:
1801:
1765:
1738:
1702:
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1654:
1642:
1630:
1603:
1591:
1515:
1382:
1334:
1298:
1207:
1122:
1063:
1007:
969:
822:
635: Under French royal control in 1214
625:
2122:
2030:
1976:The Oxford Companion to British History
1714:
1500:
976:Ralph de Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford
828:Nouvelle-Aquitaine within modern France
2473:Military history of Nouvelle-Aquitaine
2430:
2407:
2335:
2292:
2270:
2170:
2101:
2070:
2056:
2038:. Woodbridge, Suffolk; Rochester, NY:
1777:
1750:
1690:
1678:
1579:
1542:
1483:
1471:
1442:
1394:
1370:
1358:
1346:
1322:
1310:
1274:
1099:. On 7 August the English reached the
2410:Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War
2225:
1996:
1943:
1813:
1789:
1726:
1615:
1554:
1418:
1224:
225:
2380:
2311:Journal of Medieval Military History
1430:
1406:
1059:
2256:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
850:were also constructed at transport
656:of 1066, English monarchs had held
18:Siege during the Hundred Years' War
13:
846:, and larger estates had castles.
14:
2494:
798:
2468:Sieges of the Hundred Years' War
2340:. In Rogers, Clifford J. (ed.).
2079:. New York: Barnes & Noble.
2003:The Hundred Years' War 1337–1453
797:
782:
781:
765:
750:
749:
733:
726:
466:Black Prince's chevauchée (1356)
441:Black Prince's chevauchée (1355)
170:
160:
143:
133:
1200:
734:
2129:. Cambridge University Press.
1179:
566:. The town was defended by an
446:Edward III's chevauchée (1355)
1:
2483:Hundred Years' War, 1337–1360
2254:Plantagenet England 1225–1360
2071:Fowler, Kenneth Alan (1969).
2057:Fowler, Kenneth Alan (1961).
1107:were left under the guard of
1003:
965:
621:
387:Lancaster's chevauchée (1346)
2336:Rogers, Clifford J. (2010).
1705:, pp. 496–497, 512–513.
1250:
1168:Notes, citations and sources
1118:
1044:, 7 miles (11 km) from
766:
668:in south western France and
70:Aiguillon, south west France
7:
2366:. London: Faber and Faber.
2293:Rogers, Clifford J (2004).
1287:Crowcroft & Cannon 2015
10:
2499:
2389:; Hughes, Michael (eds.).
2123:Gribit, Nicholas (2016b).
1936:
1528:Kaeuper & Kennedy 1996
905:
703:
684:, on 24 May 1337 Philip's
451:Normandy chevauchée (1356)
2478:History of Lot-et-Garonne
2102:Gribit, Nicholas (2016).
688:in Paris agreed that the
265:
207:
181:
154:
127:
53:
42:
30:
25:
2463:Sieges involving England
2276:The Safeguard of the Sea
2226:Lucas, Henry S. (1929).
2179:Royal Historical Society
1657:, pp. 488, 496–497.
1172:
1054:Seneschal of the Agenais
960:
868:Henry, Duke of Lancaster
579:Henry, Earl of Lancaster
119:English retain Aiguillon
61:1 April – 20 August 1346
2458:Sieges involving France
1980:Oxford University Press
1225:Clark, Gregory (2017).
1095:for northern France at
892:Ralph, Earl of Stafford
572:Ralph, Earl of Stafford
166:Ralph, Earl of Stafford
2383:"The War in Aquitaine"
2381:Vale, Malcolm (1999).
2171:Harris, Robin (1994).
1133:
1071:
1015:
979:
911:John, Duke of Normandy
830:
649:
556:John, Duke of Normandy
176:John, Duke of Normandy
155:Commanders and leaders
2338:"Aiguillon, Siege of"
2248:(13 September 2007).
2026:on 27 September 2018.
1433:, pp. 72–73, 76.
1126:
1080:Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue
1067:
1011:
973:
826:
682:Edward III of England
629:
461:Loire campaign (1356)
208:Casualties and losses
2040:Boydell & Brewer
1855:, pp. 539, 541.
1385:, pp. 273, 275.
815:class=notpageimage|
558:, laid siege to the
550:, an episode in the
90:44.30056°N 0.33750°E
2299:Bachrach, Bernard S
2278:. London: Penguin.
2197:Kaeuper, Richard W.
1966:Crowcroft, Robert;
1930:, pp. 547–550.
1918:, pp. 541–549.
1906:, pp. 549–550.
1882:, pp. 526–531.
1843:, pp. 519–520.
1828:, pp. 514–515.
1741:, pp. 461–463.
1729:, pp. 519–524.
1693:, pp. 137–138.
1645:, pp. 486–488.
1606:, pp. 485–486.
1594:, pp. 486–487.
1557:, pp. 118–119.
1397:, pp. 143–144.
1361:, pp. 139–140.
678:Philip VI of France
570:-Gascon army under
499:Treaties and truces
414:Saint-Jean-d'Angély
312:Tournaisis campaign
86: /
2360:Sumption, Jonathan
2307:Rogers, Clifford J
1409:, pp. 75, 78.
1325:, pp. xix–xx.
1221:Retail Price Index
1134:
1072:
1050:Galhart de Durfort
1016:
980:
872:whirlwind campaign
831:
698:Hundred Years' War
690:Duchy of Aquitaine
650:
552:Hundred Years' War
548:siege of Aiguillon
380:Calais (1346–1347)
290:Thiérache campaign
253:Hundred Years' War
139:Kingdom of England
37:Hundred Years' War
26:Siege of Aiguillon
2448:Conflicts in 1346
2419:978-0-313-32736-0
2400:978-0-85115-755-9
2373:978-0-571-20095-5
2351:978-0-19-533403-6
2320:978-1-84383-040-5
2285:978-0-14-029724-9
2263:978-0-19-922687-0
2188:978-0-86193-226-9
2115:978-1-78327-117-7
2049:978-0-85115-571-5
2016:978-1-84176-269-2
1989:978-0-19-967783-2
1958:978-1-84022-210-4
1753:, pp. 66–67.
1349:, pp. 79–80.
1337:, pp. 39–40.
1060:French withdrawal
543:
542:
302:Scheldt campaigns
220:
219:
149:Kingdom of France
123:
122:
95:44.30056; 0.33750
2490:
2423:
2404:
2377:
2355:
2332:
2289:
2267:
2241:
2222:
2210:
2201:Kennedy, Elspeth
2192:
2167:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2119:
2098:
2078:
2067:
2065:
2053:
2027:
2025:
2019:. Archived from
2008:
1993:
1962:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1504:
1498:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1217:
1211:
1204:
1198:
1183:
1019:state of alarm.
998:defeat in detail
926:; it included a
801:
800:
785:
784:
769:
768:
753:
752:
737:
736:
730:
658:titles and lands
646:
640:
634:
630:France in 1330.
260:
246:
239:
232:
223:
222:
174:
164:
147:
137:
101:
100:
98:
97:
96:
91:
87:
84:
83:
82:
79:
55:
54:
47:
23:
22:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2438:1346 in England
2428:
2427:
2426:
2420:
2401:
2374:
2364:Trial by Battle
2352:
2321:
2286:
2264:
2219:
2189:
2159:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2116:
2087:
2063:
2050:
2023:
2017:
2006:
1990:
1982:. p. 389.
1959:
1939:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1839:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1507:
1499:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1218:
1214:
1205:
1201:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1138:Battle of Crécy
1132:
1121:
1070:
1062:
1014:
1006:
978:
968:
963:
908:
840:fortified tower
829:
821:
820:
819:
817:
811:
810:
809:
808:
802:
794:
793:
792:
786:
778:
777:
776:
770:
762:
761:
760:
754:
746:
745:
744:
738:
706:
654:Norman Conquest
648:
644:
642:
638:
636:
632:
624:
616:Battle of Crécy
544:
539:
285:English Channel
261:
257:
256:Edwardian phase
254:
252:
250:
115:
109:English victory
94:
92:
88:
85:
80:
77:
75:
73:
72:
71:
48:
33:Edwardian Phase
19:
12:
11:
5:
2496:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2443:1346 in France
2440:
2425:
2424:
2418:
2405:
2399:
2378:
2372:
2356:
2350:
2333:
2319:
2303:DeVries, Kelly
2290:
2284:
2272:Rodger, N.A.M.
2268:
2262:
2250:Roberts, J. M.
2242:
2223:
2218:978-0812215793
2217:
2193:
2187:
2174:Valois Guyenne
2168:
2160:|website=
2136:978-1782046769
2135:
2120:
2114:
2099:
2086:978-0389010036
2085:
2068:
2054:
2048:
2032:DeVries, Kelly
2028:
2015:
1994:
1988:
1963:
1957:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1920:
1908:
1896:
1894:, p. 550.
1884:
1872:
1870:, p. 539.
1857:
1845:
1830:
1818:
1816:, p. 150.
1806:
1794:
1792:, p. 140.
1782:
1780:, p. 108.
1770:
1768:, p. 494.
1755:
1743:
1731:
1719:
1717:, p. 189.
1707:
1695:
1683:
1681:, p. 138.
1671:
1669:, p. 496.
1659:
1647:
1635:
1633:, p. 485.
1620:
1618:, p. 118.
1608:
1596:
1584:
1559:
1547:
1545:, p. 232.
1532:
1520:
1518:, p. 484.
1505:
1488:
1486:, p. 215.
1476:
1447:
1435:
1423:
1421:, p. 100.
1411:
1399:
1387:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1339:
1327:
1315:
1313:, pp. 79.
1303:
1301:, p. 184.
1291:
1289:, p. 389.
1279:
1267:
1265:, p. 394.
1263:Prestwich 2007
1254:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1232:MeasuringWorth
1212:
1199:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1082:in north west
1068:
1061:
1058:
1012:
1005:
1002:
974:
967:
964:
962:
959:
913:, the son and
907:
904:
848:Fortifications
827:
813:
812:
804:
803:
796:
795:
788:
787:
780:
779:
772:
771:
764:
763:
756:
755:
748:
747:
740:
739:
732:
731:
725:
724:
723:
705:
702:
692:, effectively
643:
637:
631:
623:
620:
541:
540:
538:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
501:
500:
496:
495:
490:
488:Reims campaign
485:
479:
478:
474:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
437:
436:
432:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
395:
394:
390:
389:
384:
383:
382:
377:
372:
367:
360:Crécy campaign
357:
352:
351:
350:
345:
334:
333:
327:
326:
325:
324:
319:
309:
304:
299:
298:
297:
287:
282:
277:
271:
270:
266:
263:
262:
249:
248:
241:
234:
226:
218:
217:
214:
210:
209:
205:
204:
201:
200:
199:
193:
184:
183:
179:
178:
168:
157:
156:
152:
151:
141:
130:
129:
125:
124:
121:
120:
117:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
69:
67:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
40:
39:
28:
27:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2495:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2246:Prestwich, M.
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2153:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1950:
1949:The Crecy War
1946:
1945:Burne, Alfred
1942:
1941:
1929:
1928:Sumption 1990
1924:
1917:
1916:Sumption 1990
1912:
1905:
1904:Sumption 1990
1900:
1893:
1892:Sumption 1990
1888:
1881:
1880:Sumption 1990
1876:
1869:
1868:Sumption 1990
1864:
1862:
1854:
1853:Sumption 1990
1849:
1842:
1841:Sumption 1990
1837:
1835:
1827:
1826:Sumption 1990
1822:
1815:
1810:
1803:
1802:Sumption 1990
1798:
1791:
1786:
1779:
1774:
1767:
1766:Sumption 1990
1762:
1760:
1752:
1747:
1740:
1739:Sumption 1990
1735:
1728:
1723:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1703:Sumption 1990
1699:
1692:
1687:
1680:
1675:
1668:
1667:Sumption 1990
1663:
1656:
1655:Sumption 1990
1651:
1644:
1643:Sumption 1990
1639:
1632:
1631:Sumption 1990
1627:
1625:
1617:
1612:
1605:
1604:Sumption 1990
1600:
1593:
1592:Sumption 1990
1588:
1582:, p. 12.
1581:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1556:
1551:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1529:
1524:
1517:
1516:Sumption 1990
1512:
1510:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1485:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1444:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1415:
1408:
1403:
1396:
1391:
1384:
1383:Sumption 1990
1379:
1373:, p. 95.
1372:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1335:Sumption 1990
1331:
1324:
1319:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1299:Sumption 1990
1295:
1288:
1283:
1276:
1271:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:, p. 476
1209:
1208:Sumption 1990
1203:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1178:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1131:
1125:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1066:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1010:
1001:
999:
993:
991:
990:
985:
977:
972:
958:
955:
950:
946:
940:
937:
933:
929:
925:
920:
916:
915:heir apparent
912:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
860:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
825:
816:
807:
791:
775:
759:
743:
729:
722:
718:
715:
711:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
686:Great Council
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
628:
619:
617:
612:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
591:heir apparent
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
536:
533:
531:
530:Second London
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
502:
498:
497:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
480:
476:
475:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
438:
434:
433:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
404:Calais (1350)
402:
400:
397:
396:
392:
391:
388:
385:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
361:
358:
356:
353:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
339:
336:
335:
332:
329:
328:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
296:
293:
292:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
272:
268:
267:
264:
259:
247:
242:
240:
235:
233:
228:
227:
224:
215:
212:
211:
206:
203:15,000–20,000
202:
198:
194:
192:
188:
187:
186:
185:
180:
177:
173:
169:
167:
163:
159:
158:
153:
150:
146:
142:
140:
136:
132:
131:
126:
118:
113:
112:
108:
105:
104:
99:
68:
65:
64:
60:
57:
56:
52:
46:
41:
38:
34:
29:
24:
21:
16:
2409:
2390:
2363:
2341:
2310:
2275:
2253:
2228:
2206:
2173:
2140:. Retrieved
2125:
2104:
2074:
2059:
2035:
2021:the original
2002:
1975:
1968:Cannon, John
1948:
1923:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1875:
1848:
1821:
1809:
1797:
1785:
1773:
1746:
1734:
1722:
1715:DeVries 2006
1710:
1698:
1686:
1674:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1550:
1530:, p. 8.
1523:
1501:Gribit 2016b
1479:
1474:, p. 3.
1445:, p. 1.
1438:
1426:
1414:
1402:
1390:
1378:
1366:
1354:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1282:
1277:, p. 8.
1270:
1258:
1236:. Retrieved
1230:
1215:
1202:
1181:
1152:
1143:
1135:
1129:
1109:local levies
1105:
1092:
1077:
1073:
1038:
1034:siege towers
1026:
1017:
994:
987:
981:
941:
909:
886:and most of
870:, had led a
861:
852:choke points
832:
719:
707:
651:
607:
576:
547:
545:
525:First London
370:Blanchetaque
354:
128:Belligerents
31:Part of the
20:
15:
2387:Curry, Anne
1998:Curry, Anne
1778:Rodger 2004
1751:Fowler 1969
1691:Gribit 2016
1679:Gribit 2016
1580:Rogers 2010
1543:Fowler 1961
1484:Fowler 1961
1472:Wagner 2006
1443:Gribit 2016
1395:Fowler 1961
1371:Rogers 2004
1359:Fowler 1961
1347:Rodger 2004
1323:Rodger 2004
1311:Rodger 2004
1275:Harris 1994
1189:was a wine
1130:La Tourasse
1093:arrière-ban
989:arrière-ban
945:men-at-arms
928:siege train
258:(1337–1360)
191:men-at-arms
114:Territorial
93: /
2432:Categories
2142:8 November
1978:. Oxford:
1814:Burne 1999
1790:Burne 1999
1727:Lucas 1929
1616:Burne 1999
1555:Burne 1999
1419:Burne 1999
1153:chevauchée
1030:trebuchets
1004:Operations
966:Investment
652:Since the
622:Background
510:Malestroit
409:Winchelsea
317:Saint-Omer
280:Arnemuiden
81:00°20′15″E
78:44°18′02″N
2329:0961-7582
2238:960872598
2162:ignored (
2152:cite book
2095:164491035
1972:"Gascony"
1947:(1999) .
1431:Vale 1999
1407:Vale 1999
1251:Citations
1119:Aftermath
1021:Dysentery
930:and five
924:Languedoc
880:Auberoche
806:Aiguillon
611:dysentery
595:Philip VI
564:Aiguillon
505:Espléchin
483:Jacquerie
477:1358–1360
435:1355–1356
399:Lunalonge
393:1349–1352
355:Aiguillon
348:Auberoche
331:1345–1347
269:1337–1340
2362:(1990).
2309:(eds.).
2274:(2004).
2203:(1996).
2034:(2006).
2000:(2002).
1970:(2015).
1158:Poitiers
1146:Bazadais
1113:Dordogne
1084:Normandy
1042:Bajamont
954:barbican
947:and 600
936:La Réole
884:Périgord
876:Bergerac
790:La Réole
758:Bordeaux
714:Bordeaux
674:language
670:Ponthieu
603:blockade
599:La Réole
577:In 1345
562:town of
535:Brétigny
493:Chartres
471:Poitiers
456:Breteuil
343:Bergerac
182:Strength
66:Location
2252:(ed.).
1937:Sources
1195:gallons
1088:sacking
949:archers
919:Orléans
906:Prelude
896:Garonne
888:Agenais
864:Bayonne
742:Bayonne
704:Gascony
694:Gascony
666:Gascony
662:vassals
583:Garonne
419:Saintes
338:Gascony
322:Tournai
295:Cambrai
275:Cadzand
216:Unknown
213:Unknown
197:archers
116:changes
35:of the
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1986:
1955:
1151:grand
984:Quercy
932:cannon
836:fealty
645:
639:
633:
560:Gascon
520:Guînes
515:Calais
429:Guînes
424:Ardres
106:Result
2385:. In
2297:. In
2064:(PDF)
2024:(PDF)
2007:(PDF)
1238:7 May
1173:Notes
1162:Aunis
1101:Seine
1097:Rouen
961:Siege
856:fords
568:Anglo
375:Crécy
307:Sluys
2414:ISBN
2395:ISBN
2368:ISBN
2346:ISBN
2325:ISSN
2315:ISBN
2280:ISBN
2258:ISBN
2234:OCLC
2213:ISBN
2183:ISBN
2164:help
2144:2018
2131:ISBN
2110:ISBN
2091:OCLC
2081:ISBN
2044:ISBN
2011:ISBN
1984:ISBN
1953:ISBN
1240:2024
1191:cask
1185:The
1046:Agen
898:and
878:and
844:keep
774:Agen
710:tuns
680:and
546:The
365:Caen
195:600
189:300
58:Date
1219:UK
1187:tun
900:Lot
842:or
593:of
587:Lot
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245:e
238:t
231:v
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