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781:"that the States General Vote, Not by Orders, but by Heads". The pamphlet took these issues to the masses and their partial appeasement was met with revolutionary reaction. By addressing the issues of representation directly, Sieyès inspired resentment and agitation that united the third estate against the feudalistic traditions of the Ancien Régime. As a result, the Third Estate demanded the reorganization of the Estates General, but the two other orders proved unable or unwilling to provide a solution. Sieyès proposed that the members of the First and Second order join the Third Estate and become a united body to represent the nation as a whole. He not only suggested an invitation, however, but also stated that the Third Estate had the right to consider those who denied this invitation to be in default of their national responsibility. The Third Estate adopted this measure on 5 June 1789; by doing so, they assumed the authority to represent the nation. Sieyès convinced the Third Estate to adopt the term
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defined the nation of France by its productive orders composed of those who would generate services and produce goods for the benefit of the entire society. These included not only those involved in agricultural labor and craftsmanship, but also merchants, brokers, lawyers, financiers and others providing services. Sieyès challenged the hierarchical order of society by redefining who represented the nation. In his pamphlet, he condemns the privileged orders by saying their members were enjoying the best products of society without contributing to their production. Sieyès essentially argued that the aristocracy's privileges established it as an alien body acting outside of the nation of France, and deemed noble privilege "treason to the commonwealth".
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allowing the privileged orders to exist, they are asking to become "the least thing possible". The usage of such rhetoric in his pamphlet appealed to common causes to unite the audience. At the same time it influenced them to move beyond simple demands and take a more radical position on the nature of government. In this case, the radical position taken by the Third Estate created a sense of awareness that the problems of France were not simply a matter of addressing "royal tyranny", but that unequal privileges under the law had divided the nation. It was from this point that the
Revolution's struggle for fair distribution of power and equal rights began in earnest.
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position that the
National Assembly held absolute power as the only true representative of the nation, Sieyès rejected arguments that the King should be able to initiate new elections for the Assembly or have the power to veto legislation. Sieyès believed that representatives to the Assembly must be free both from influence from above by the King and from influence from below by the people. While voters had the right to put into or take out representatives from power, for the term they were elected, Sieyès held, representatives should be answerable to no one. In September 1789, Sieyès triumphed over the more moderate members of the Assembly led by
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William Sewell, Sieyès' pamphlet set "the tone and direction of The French
Revolution … but its author could hardly control the Revolution's course over the long run". Even after 1791, when the monarchy seemed to many to be doomed, Sieyès "continued to assert his belief in the monarchy", which indicated he did not intend for the Revolution to take the course it did. During the period he served in the National Assembly, Sieyès wanted to establish a constitution that would guarantee the rights of French men and would uphold equality under the law as the social goal of the Revolution; he was ultimately unable to accomplish his goal.
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many ideas, a lot of them were disfavored by
Bonaparte and Roger-Ducos. One aspect that was agreed upon was the structure of power. A list of active citizens formed the basis of the proposed political structure. This list was to choose one-tenth of its members to form a communal list eligible for local office; from the communal list, one-tenth of its members were to form a departmental list; finally, one further list was made up from one-tenth of the members of the departmental list to create the national list. This national list is where the highest officials of the land were to be chosen.
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664:. Due to the fact that the bishop of Tréguier had high regards for Sieyès, he was able to act as a representative of his diocese in the Upper Chamber of the Clergy. It was during this time that Sieyès became aware of the ease with which nobles advanced in ecclesiastical offices compared to commoners. In particular, he was resentful of the privileges granted to the nobles within the Church system and thought the patronage system was a humiliation for commoners.
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Serving on the constitutional committee, Sieyès argued that the
Assembly should not need to seek the King's approval on constitutional matters. Sieyès advocated for equality of voting power, a unicameral legislative body, and the absence of a royal veto over the actions of the legislature. Taking the
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Whereas the aristocracy defined themselves as an élite ruling class charged with maintaining the social order in France, Sieyès saw the Third Estate as representing the nation whether or not the other two orders were present. The pamphlet placed sovereignty not in the hands of aristocrats but instead
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While remaining in ecclesiastical offices, Sieyès maintained a religious cynicism at odds with his position. By the time he determined to enter priesthood, Sieyès had "freed himself from all superstitious sentiments and ideas". Even when corresponding with his deeply religious father, Sieyès showed a
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Despite Sieyès' embrace of
Enlightenment thinking, he was ordained to the priesthood in 1773, but was not hired immediately. He spent time researching philosophy and developing music until about a year later in October 1774 when, as the result of demands by powerful friends, he was promised a canonry
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Sieyès's pamphlet had a significant influence on the structural concerns that arose surrounding the convocation of the
Estates general. Specifically, the Third Estate demanded that the number of deputies for their order be equal to that of the two privileged orders combined, and most controversially
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in Paris. There, he studied theology and engineering to prepare himself to enter the priesthood. He quickly gained a reputation at the school for his aptitude and interest in the sciences, combined with his obsession over the "new philosophic principles" and dislike for conventional theology. Sieyès
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Aside from his opinions towards nobility, Sieyès also had a passion for music. He devoted himself assiduously to cultivating music as he had plenty of spare time. Along with cultivating music, Sieyes also enjoyed writing reflections concerning these pieces. Sieyès had a collection of musical pieces
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as "Consuls of the French
Republic". In order to once again begin the function of government, these three men took the oath of "Inviolable fidelity to the sovereignty of the people; to the French Republic, one and indivisible; to equality, liberty and the representative system". Although Sieyès had
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Sieyès's pamphlet incited a radical reaction from its audience because it involved the "political issues of the day and twisted them in a more revolutionary direction". In the third chapter of the pamphlet, Sieyès proposed that the Third Estate wanted to be "something". But he also stated that, in
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Ultimately, Sieyès failed to establish the kind of bourgeois revolution he had hoped for, one of representative order "devoted to the peaceful pursuit of material comfort". His initial purpose was to instigate change in a more passive way, and to establish a constitutional monarchy. According to
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Sieyès was always considered intellectual and intelligent by his peers and mentors alike. Through the virtue of his own thoughts, he progressed in his ideologies from personal experiences. Starting at a young age, he began to feel repulsion towards the privileges of the nobility. He deemed this
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political thinkers, all in preference to theology. In 1770, he obtained his first theology diploma, ranking at the bottom of the list of passing candidates – a reflection of his antipathy toward his religious education. In 1772, he was ordained as a priest, and two years later he obtained his
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severe lack of piety for the man in charge of the diocese of
Chartres. It is theorised that Sieyès accepted a religious career not because he had any sort of strong religious inclination, but because he considered it the only means to advance his career as a political writer.
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Although Sieyès was passionate about his ideologies, he had a rather uninvolved social life. His journals and papers held much information about his studies but almost nothing pertaining to his personal life. His associates referred to him as cold and vain. In particular,
556:. His ambition to become a professional soldier was thwarted by frail health, which, combined with the piety of his parents, led to pursuing a religious career; to that effect, the vicar-general of Fréjus aided Emmanuel-Joseph, out of obligation to his father, Honoré.
976:, Sieyès and his allies dissolved the Directory, allowing Napoleon to seize power. Thereafter, Sieyès produced the constitution which he had long been planning, only to have it completely remodeled by Bonaparte, who thereby achieved a coup within a coup – Bonaparte's
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advantage gained by noble right as unfair to those of the lower class. This distaste he felt for the privileged class became evident during his time at the
Estates of Brittany where he was able to observe, with dissatisfaction, domination by the nobility.
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where he spent two years as deputy of the diocese. It is here that he sat in the Estates of Brittany and became disgusted with the immense power the privileged classes held. In 1780, the bishop of Tréguier was transferred to the bishopric of
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could forcibly elect to its ranks any individual deemed dangerous to the safety of the state, who would then be disqualified from any other office. This was a way to keep a closer eye on anyone who threatened the state. The power of the
728:), was elected as the last (the twentieth) of the deputies to the Third Estate from Paris to the Estates-General. He played his main role in the opening years of the Revolution, participating in the final drafting of the
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by arguing the nobility to be a fraudulent institution, preying on an overburdened and despondent bourgeoisie. The pamphlet voiced concerns that were to become crucial matters of debate during the convocation of the
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and the confiscation of Church lands. His opposition to the abolition of tithes discredited him in the National Assembly, and he was never able to regain his authority. Elected to the special committee on the
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would present laws and discuss ratification of these laws in front of a jury. This jury would not have any say in terms of what the laws granted consist of, but rather whether or not these laws passed. The
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538:. Honoré Sieyès was a local tax collector of modest income; although they claimed some noble blood, the family Sieyès were commoners. Emmanuel-Joseph received his earliest education from tutors and
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After the execution of Robespierre in 1794, Sieyès reemerged as an important political player during the constitutional debates that followed. In 1795, he went on a diplomatic mission to
809:
Although not noted as a public speaker as he spoke rarely and briefly, Sieyès held major political influence, and he recommended the decision of the Estates to reunite its chamber as the
643:. Unfortunately for Sieyès, this canonry went into effect only when the preceding holder died. At the end of 1775, Sieyès acquired his first real position as secretary to the bishop of
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764:. In his pamphlet, he outlined the desires and frustrations of the alienated class of people that made up the Third Estate. He attacked the foundations of the French
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Nevertheless, Sieyès considered ways to overthrow the Directory, and is said to have taken in view the replacement of the government with unlikely rulers such as
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In 1795, Sieyès became one of the first members of what would become the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences of the Institute of France. When the
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system; after the spring of 1790, he was eclipsed by other politicians, and was elected only once to the post of fortnightly president of the
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Sieyès soon retired from the post of provisional Consul, which he had accepted after 18 Brumaire, and became one of the first members of the
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was to choose the members of the two legislative bodies, and protect the constitution by right of absorption. By this curious provision, the
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in late December 1800, Sieyès defended the arbitrary and illegal proceedings whereby Napoleon rid himself of the leading Jacobins.
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to refer to the science of society, which is known in English as sociology. Sieyès was also among the first to employ the term
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861:, but not in the contemptuous terms sometimes ascribed to him. He participated to the Constitution Committee that drafted the
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Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès was born on 3 May 1748, the fifth child of Honoré and Annabelle Sieyès, in the southern French town of
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put an end to this project, but Sieyès regained influence by reaching a new understanding with Bonaparte. In the coup of
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Préliminaire de la Constitution françoise. Reconnoissance et exposition raisonnée des droits de l'homme & du citoyen
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Sieyès's pamphlet played a key role in shaping the currents of revolutionary thought that propelled France towards the
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remarked that "Men are in his eyes chess-pieces to be moved, they occupy his mind but say nothing to his heart."
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923:; this effort ultimately failed. His prestige grew nonetheless, and he was made Director of France in place of
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724:. The pamphlet was very successful, and its author, despite his clerical vocation (which made him part of the
716:? Everything. What has it been hitherto in the political order? Nothing. What does it desire to be? Something.
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1520:"La Mort, sans phrases" ("Death, without rhetoric") being his supposed words during the debate on Louis' fate
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938:(a major enemy of the Revolution). He attempted to undermine the constitution, and thus caused the revived
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in 1815, Sieyès was expelled for his role in the execution of King Louis XVI, and was replaced by the
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Lalevée, Thomas (30 May 2023). "Three Versions of Social Science in Late Eighteenth-Century France".
1138:, who had been guillotined on 12 November 1793 during the Reign of Terror. However, after the second
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The Ashgate Research Companion to the Politics of Democratization in Europe: Concepts and Histories
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when the Assembly voted for a unicameral legislature by a vote of 849 to 89 with 122 abstaining.
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implied in his pamphlet, with a distinction between active and passive citizens that justified
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Fauré, Christine (2008). "Representative Government or Republic? Sieyès on Good Government".
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Vues sur les moyens d'exécution dont les représentants de la France pourront disposer en 1789
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493:(1789) became the political manifesto of the Revolution, which facilitated transforming the
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that descended in the family of Brancas; both came to the French state with the Revolution.
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in an unpublished manuscript. The term was used again fifty years later by the philosopher
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The age of the democratic revolution: A political history of Europe and America, 1760–1800
690:'s invitation to French writers to state their views as to the organization of society by
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505:(1795–1799). After becoming a director in 1799, Sieyès was among the instigators of the
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Dire de l'abbé Sieyès, sur la question du Veto royal, à la séance du 7 septembre 1789
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was reorganized in 1803, he was elected in the second class, replacing, in chair 31,
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1995:
Baczko, Bronislaw (1988). "The social contract of the French: Sieyès and Rousseau".
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877:; afterwards, when asked what he had done during the Terror, he famously replied, "
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911:, and refused to serve as a Director of the Republic. In May 1798, he went as the
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of France after an interval of more than a century and a half. This proposal, and
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1079:(acting as its president in 1799); this concession was attributed to the large
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Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies, 1760–1815
1098:(1804–1814), Sieyès rarely emerged from his retirement. When Napoleon briefly
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unsuccessfully supported. He had considerable influence on the framing of the
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and was elected by the Assembly to its constitutional committee in July 1789.
475:, clergyman, and political writer who was the chief political theorist of the
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Like all other members of the Constituent Assembly, he was excluded from the
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would absorb him. The central idea of Sieyès' plan was a division of power.
857:(September 1792 – September 1795). He voted for the death of
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1835:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–58.
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This phrase, which was to remain famous, is said to have been inspired by
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would be renewed from the national list. The main responsibility of the
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In addition to his political and clerical life, Sieyès coined the term "
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in 1815, Sieyès was named to the Chamber of Peers. In 1816, after the
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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456:(3 May 1748 – 20 June 1836), usually known as the
1897:. Durham, North Carolina, United States: Duke University Press.
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4274:
François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt
4208:
1447:
1043:
was extended to electing the titular head of government, the
814:
2042:
Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph (1963). Finer, Samuel Edward (ed.).
1603:
1601:
1576:
1574:
915:
of France to the court of Berlin, in order to try to induce
501:, in June 1789. He was offered and refused an office in the
479:(1789–1799); he also held offices in the governments of the
27:
French Roman Catholic abbé and political writer (1748–1836)
6376:
Members of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques
4248:
2046:. Translated by Blondel, Maurice. London: Pall Mall Press.
1412:
1410:
1408:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1318:
1316:
1314:
569:
was educated for priesthood in the Catholic Church at the
4088:
1598:
1586:
1571:
804:
1969:
Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph (2007). Fauré, Christine (ed.).
1948:
Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph (1999). Fauré, Christine (ed.).
1891:
A rhetoric of bourgeois revolution: The Abbé Sieyès and
1688:
1676:
1301:
1299:
694:, enabled Sieyès to publish his celebrated January 1789
573:. While there, he became influenced by the teachings of
1405:
1376:
1328:
1311:
1285:, a Parisian Masonic lodge of which Sieyès was a member
1547:
6311:
Members of the National Constituent Assembly (France)
1535:
1523:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1366:
1364:
1296:
1055:
would hold office for life but have no power. If the
5004:
List of people associated with the French Revolution
1559:
1471:
1459:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1242:
1122:
of 1830. He died in Paris in 1836 at the age of 88.
1011:
to act as the shell of the national government. The
6341:
Members of the Chamber of Peers of the Hundred Days
5236:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
2326:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
1664:
1393:
730:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
656:, eventually becoming a canon of the cathedral and
1973:(in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Honoré Champion.
1954:(in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Honoré Champion.
1483:
1361:
1146:, who was named to the Academy by a royal decree.
1125:
822:, he opposed the right of "absolute veto" for the
321:Member of the Estates General for the Third Estate
1936:(PhD thesis). New York City: Columbia University.
1422:
1349:
1070:
6257:
4162:Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen
1636:
1502:
5614:Marie Jean François Philibert Lecarlier d'Ardon
6082:
2204:Significant civil and political events by year
2035:A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution
1710:
1453:
6068:
5746:
5378:Paul François Jean Nicolas, vicomte de Barras
5327:
2091:
5257:
5216:
5192:
5173:
4157:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick
1628:
1175:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1012:
1006:
1000:
947:
878:
671:
305:20 September 1792 – 2 November 1795
220:21 November 1797 – 20 December 1797
137:10 November 1799 – 12 December 1799
97:27 December 1799 – 13 February 1800
2844:
2033:Furet, Francois; Ozouf, Mona, eds. (1989).
1968:
1947:
1659:
1655:
869:and offended by its character, Sieyès even
755:
6366:Expelled members of the Académie Française
6316:Deputies to the French National Convention
6296:19th-century French Roman Catholic priests
6286:18th-century French Roman Catholic priests
6075:
6061:
5753:
5739:
5334:
5320:
4361:Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth
2098:
2084:
2032:
1911:
1731:
1694:
1682:
1607:
1592:
1580:
1416:
1387:
1343:
1322:
1305:
1087:that he received from Napoleon. After the
955:
652:, and Sieyès accompanied him there as his
56:
6416:Seminary of Saint-Sulpice (France) alumni
5826:Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance
4626:Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau
4284:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
4107:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
5058:
2342:Nationalization of the Church properties
1279:, a political pamphlet written by Sieyès
845:by the ordinance, initially proposed by
787:
625:
189:17 June 1799 – 10 November 1799
6326:Directeurs of the First French Republic
6139:Louis-Élisabeth de La Vergne de Tressan
5287:Historiography of the French Revolution
4558:Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville
4269:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
1783:
1764:
1740:[Sieyès and the unspoken aspect of
1670:
1553:
1108:Academy of Moral and Political Sciences
873:at the time of the installation of the
14:
6331:Members of the Council of Five Hundred
6258:
5854:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord
5455:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord
4294:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord
4249:Other significant figures and factions
2041:
1994:
1887:
1860:
1746:Revue d'histoire des sciences humaines
1565:
1541:
1529:
1496:
1477:
1465:
1399:
1370:
1186:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord
805:Assemblies, Convention, and the Terror
6386:Presidents of the National Convention
6281:18th-century heads of state of France
6056:
5734:
5512:Jean-Baptiste Annibal Aubert du Bayet
5383:François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy
5345:(2 November 1795 to 10 November 1799)
5315:
5162:
5057:
4341:François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy
4247:
4097:James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez
4036:Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
3994:Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth
3597:
2843:
2474:Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary
2202:
2105:
2079:
2023:
464:
5996:Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano
5373:Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux
4495:Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux
3907:Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno
3598:
2694:Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III
1933:Sieyes: His life and his nationalism
1930:Van Deusen, Glyndon Garlock (1932).
1914:Sieyes: His life and his nationalism
1912:Van Deusen, Glyndon Garlock (1970).
1839:
1817:
1642:
1508:
1441:
1355:
1061:threatened to become dangerous, the
942:to be closed while making offers to
748:limited to male owners of property.
250:President of the National Convention
6171:Jean-Baptiste Sanson de Pongerville
5163:
4102:Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth
1971:Des manuscrits de Sieyès: 1770-1815
1951:Des manuscrits de Sieyès: 1773-1799
1118:, but returned to France after the
936:Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand of Brunswick
621:
273:François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas
262:20 April 1795 – 5 May 1795
24:
6406:Recipients of the Legion of Honour
5292:Influence of the French Revolution
5282:Symbolism in the French Revolution
4046:Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen
4007:Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc
2262:Convocation of the Estates General
1988:
522:", and contributed to the nascent
25:
6427:
6381:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
6336:Members of the Sénat conservateur
6306:Counts of the First French Empire
5686:Georges René Le Peley de Pléville
5542:Edmond Louis Alexis Dubois-Crancé
5491:Charles Joseph Mathieu Lambrechts
4934:Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes
4666:Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville
3968:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
3750:François Christophe de Kellermann
2989:Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)
2051:
1769:. New York City: William Morrow.
1767:The days of the French revolution
1177:la catalogue de ma petite musique
991:appointed Bonaparte, Sieyès, and
333:5 May 1789 – 9 July 1789
6351:Ambassadors of France to Prussia
5977:Pierre-Alexandre-Laurent Forfait
5870:Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès
5821:Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès
5795:
5764:(10 November 1799 – 18 May 1804)
5604:Jean-Marie Sotin de La Coindière
5578:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
5496:Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès
5486:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
5476:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
5426:
5388:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
4661:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
4568:Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
4538:Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot
4429:Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière
4207:
4172:
4142:
4117:
4074:
3948:
3825:Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise
3606:
2378:Civil Constitution of the Clergy
1805:
1732:Guilhaumou, Jean-Claude (2006).
1711:Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2007).
1259:
1245:
1164:
1149:In 1780, Sieyès coined the term
919:to ally with France against the
682:proposed the convocation of the
439:
168:Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès
6123:Pierre-Joseph Thoulier d'Olivet
5568:Dominique-Vincent Ramel-Nogaret
5527:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer
4999:Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil
4746:Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne
4671:Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas
3882:Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier
3877:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer
3857:Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon
3685:Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine
2603:Marie Antoinette is guillotined
1888:Sewell, William H. Jr. (1994).
1861:Palmer, Robert Roswell (2014).
1840:Meng, John J. (July 1933). "".
1648:
1625:Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés
1613:
1514:
1191:
1126:Contribution to social sciences
1106:, Sieyès was expelled from the
863:Girondin constitutional project
732:, expanding on the theories of
469:), was a French Roman Catholic
5532:Louis Marie de Milet de Mureau
5272:Women in the French Revolution
4874:Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien
4051:Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló
3715:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
3344:French invasion of Switzerland
1865:. Princeton University Press.
1842:The Catholic Historical Review
1704:
1071:Napoleonic era and final years
813:; he opposed the abolition of
564:Sieyès spent ten years at the
509:(9 November), which installed
13:
1:
6346:19th-century French diplomats
5972:Marc-Antoine Bourdon de Vatry
5696:Marc-Antoine Bourdon de Vatry
5681:Laurent Jean François Truguet
5655:François Sébastien Letourneux
5277:Incroyables and merveilleuses
5096:Pierre Claude François Daunou
4884:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé
4015:Maximilian Baillet de Latour
3986:Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze
3283:Naval Engagement off Brittany
3036:Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies
3010:Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)
2819:Constitution of the Year VIII
2554:Committee of General Security
2439:National Legislative Assembly
2294:National Constituent Assembly
1765:Hibbert, Christopher (1980).
1289:
1089:plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise
978:Constitution of the Year VIII
529:
5920:Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin
5624:Claude Sébastien Bourguignon
5558:Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin
5481:Jean Joseph Victor Génissieu
5408:Jean-François-Auguste Moulin
5195:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
4989:Charles Alexandre de Calonne
4879:Louis Henri, Prince of Condé
4776:Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte
4676:Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier
4366:Charles Malo François Lameth
4041:Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich
3872:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr
3815:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey
3015:Second Battle of Wissembourg
2702:Constitution of the Year III
1916:. New York City: AMS Press.
1734:"Sieyès et le non-dit de la
1207:Qu'est-ce que le tiers état?
960:The death of Joubert at the
905:Constitution of the Year III
890:
700:Qu'est-ce que le tiers-état?
559:
243:Antoine Boulay de la Meurthe
125:Provisional Consul of France
7:
6276:18th-century French writers
6131:Étienne Bonnot de Condillac
6042:First Cabinet of Napoleon I
5599:Jean-Jacques Lenoir-Laroche
5594:Charles Cochon de Lapparent
5573:Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet
5363:Étienne-François Letourneur
5091:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
4716:Antoine Christophe Saliceti
4651:Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois
4611:Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
4490:Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet
4475:Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve
4470:Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
4279:Isaac René Guy le Chapelier
4132:William V, Prince of Orange
3002:First Battle of Wissembourg
2959:(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)
2675:Closing of the Jacobin Club
2544:(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)
2501:(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)
2361:Abolition of the Parlements
2334:Women's March on Versailles
1786:Modern Intellectual History
1744:: from word to thing].
1238:
932:Archduke Charles of Austria
903:republics. He resented the
10:
6432:
6396:College of Sorbonne alumni
6371:University of Paris alumni
5563:Guillaume-Charles Faipoult
5450:Charles-François Delacroix
5226:French Republican calendar
4781:Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel
4406:Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac
3760:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
3710:Charles François Dumouriez
3700:Jacques François Dugommier
3514:League of Armed Neutrality
3347:(28 January – 17 May 1798)
3299:Battle of the Bay of Cádiz
3122:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)
3101:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)
2765:Second Congress of Rastatt
2549:Committee of Public Safety
2536:(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)
1738: : du mot à la chose"
1144:Marquis of Lally-Tollendal
487:(1804–1815). His pamphlet
231:François-Toussaint Villers
6163:Gérard de Lally-Tollendal
6093:
6030:
6020:Jean François Aimé Dejean
6014:
6002:
5990:
5964:
5938:
5926:
5914:
5888:
5862:
5849:Charles-Frédéric Reinhard
5841:
5834:
5808:
5793:
5769:
5708:
5673:
5637:
5586:
5550:
5504:
5468:
5460:Charles-Frédéric Reinhard
5442:
5435:
5424:
5350:
5241:Cult of the Supreme Being
5169:
5158:
5064:
5053:
5012:
4846:
4839:
4724:
4581:
4503:
4414:
4401:Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
4307:
4256:Patriotic Society of 1789
4254:
4243:
4205:
4170:
4140:
4115:
4072:
4059:Karl Philipp Sebottendorf
3981:Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg
3946:
3937:
3915:
3620:
3604:
3593:
3562:
3525:
3498:Convention of Alessandria
3480:
3387:
3334:
3265:
3135:
3109:
3026:
2923:
2850:
2839:
2795:
2784:Law of 22 Floréal Year VI
2776:
2749:
2686:
2622:
2517:
2450:
2399:
2353:
2245:What Is the Third Estate?
2236:
2209:
2198:
2113:
2069:What is the Third Estate?
2044:What is the Third Estate?
1997:Journal of Modern History
1893:What is the Third Estate?
1798:10.1017/S1479244323000100
1276:What Is the Third Estate?
1064:College des Conservateurs
1040:College des Conservateurs
1027:College des Conservateurs
1021:College des Conservateurs
1008:College des Conservateurs
708:). He begins his answer:
705:What Is the Third Estate?
673:What Is the Third Estate?
566:seminary of Saint-Sulpice
542:; and later attended the
490:What Is the Third Estate?
447:
435:
427:
417:
406:
396:
379:
356:
351:
347:
337:
326:
319:
309:
298:
290:
278:
266:
255:
248:
236:
224:
213:
205:
193:
182:
174:
161:
151:
130:
123:
111:
101:
90:
82:
78:
55:
34:
6361:French political writers
5906:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
5896:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
5537:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
4949:Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target
4914:Joséphine de Beauharnais
4796:Stanislas-Marie Maillard
4766:François-Nicolas Vincent
4751:Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
3925:Charles-Alexandre Linois
3820:Jean Victor Marie Moreau
3800:François Séverin Marceau
3780:François Joseph Lefebvre
3675:Jean-Étienne Championnet
3650:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
3645:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
3640:Alexandre de Beauharnais
3630:Eustache Charles d'Aoust
3352:French Invasion of Egypt
3230:Second Battle of Bassano
2964:Battle of Kaiserslautern
2738:Conspiracy of the Equals
2431:The Constitution of 1791
2302:Storming of the Bastille
2067:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès,
1928:Originally published as
1199:Essai sur les privilèges
980:became the basis of the
756:Impact on the Revolution
5880:Claude Ambroise Régnier
5660:François de Neufchâteau
5650:François de Neufchâteau
5398:Jean Baptiste Treilhard
5393:François de Neufchâteau
4929:Jacques-Donatien Le Ray
4801:Charles-Philippe Ronsin
4761:Antoine-François Momoro
4756:Charles-Philippe Ronsin
4573:François de Neufchâteau
4523:Charles-François Lebrun
4465:Jean Baptiste Treilhard
4346:Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas
4222:Luis Firmin de Carvajal
4028:Rudolf Ritter von Otto
4023:Karl Mack von Leiberich
3655:Jean-Baptiste Bessières
3469:Second Battle of Zurich
3360:Irish Rebellion of 1798
3206:First Battle of Bassano
3044:Second Battle of Boulou
2845:Revolutionary campaigns
2803:Coup of 30 Prairial VII
2718:Council of Five Hundred
2506:First republic declared
2442:(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)
2423:Declaration of Pillnitz
2147:Constitutional monarchy
1832:Encyclopædia Britannica
1823:Sieyès, Emmanuel-Joseph
1660:Sieyès & Fauré 2007
1656:Sieyès & Fauré 1999
956:Second Consul of France
771:Estates-General of 1789
208:Council of Five Hundred
6321:Regicides of Louis XVI
6301:Conservatism in France
6155:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
6008:François Barbé-Marbois
5782:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
5691:Étienne Eustache Bruix
5665:Nicolas Marie Quinette
5403:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
5258:
5217:
5193:
5174:
4686:Prieur de la Côte-d'Or
4681:Jean-Pierre-André Amar
4591:Maximilien Robespierre
4424:Jacques Pierre Brissot
4289:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
3720:Louis-Charles de Flers
3705:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
3670:Jean François Carteaux
3445:First Battle of Zurich
3408:(20 Mar – 21 May 1799)
3363:(23 May – 23 Sep 1798)
3323:Treaty of Campo Formio
3069:Glorious First of June
2997:(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)
2956:Expedition to Sardinia
2634:Desmoulins guillotined
2569:Assassination of Marat
2561:Fall of the Girondists
2533:Revolutionary Tribunal
2525:Execution of Louis XVI
2415:Champ de Mars massacre
2318:Abolition of Feudalism
2058:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
1629:
1623:, had belonged to the
1176:
1094:During the era of the
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1013:
1007:
1001:
948:
879:
847:Maximilien Robespierre
793:
718:
635:
454:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
422:Saint-Sulpice Seminary
401:Père Lachaise Cemetery
41:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
5368:Jean-François Rewbell
5131:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
4396:Jean-Charles Pichegru
4376:Jean-François Rewbell
3862:Jean-Charles Pichegru
3745:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
3735:Jacques Maurice Hatry
3506:Battle of Hohenlinden
3379:(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)
3214:Battle of Emmendingen
3161:Battle of Castiglione
3048:(30 Apr – 1 May 1794)
2979:Battle of Hondschoote
2650:Thermidorian Reaction
2614:(throughout the year)
2387:Fête de la Fédération
2313:(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)
2297:(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)
2281:(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)
1758:10.3917/rhsh.015.0117
925:Jean-François Rewbell
791:
710:
629:
200:Jean-François Rewbell
139:Serving with
5956:Jean-Antoine Chaptal
5946:Pierre-Simon Laplace
5059:Influential thinkers
4806:Jean-François Varlet
4706:Jean-Lambert Tallien
4701:Jean Bon Saint-André
4528:Pierre-Joseph Cambon
4450:Marquis de Condorcet
4299:Nicolas de Condorcet
4064:Dagobert von Wurmser
3897:Louis-Gabriel Suchet
3840:Pierre-Jacques Osten
3755:Jean-Baptiste Kléber
3690:Louis-Nicolas Davout
3680:Chapuis de Tourville
3222:Battle of Schliengen
3169:Battle of Theiningen
3090:Battle of Aldenhoven
2974:Battle of Wattignies
2943:Battle of Neerwinden
2757:Coup of 18 Fructidor
2270:Death of the Dauphin
999:Sieyès envisioned a
843:Legislative Assembly
836:Constituent Assembly
734:national sovereignty
591:Jean-Jaques Rousseau
483:(1799–1804) and the
6401:French pamphleteers
6147:Jean Sylvain Bailly
6115:Jean de La Chapelle
5875:André Joseph Abrial
5770:Provisional consuls
5714:National Convention
5517:Claude Louis Petiet
5413:Louis-Jérôme Gohier
5146:Mary Wollstonecraft
4924:Jean Sylvain Bailly
4711:Pierre Louis Prieur
4656:Jean-Henri Voulland
4631:Jacques-Louis David
4563:Jean Joseph Mounier
4264:Jean Sylvain Bailly
3902:Belgrand de Vaubois
3790:Jean-Antoine Marbot
3730:Emmanuel de Grouchy
3535:Treaty of Lunéville
3174:Battle of Neresheim
3119:Siege of Luxembourg
3098:Siege of Luxembourg
3053:Battle of Tourcoing
2984:Siege of Bellegarde
2811:Coup of 18 Brumaire
2723:Council of Ancients
2498:National Convention
2490:September Massacres
2466:Brunswick Manifesto
2458:France declares war
2225:Assembly of Vizille
2037:. pp. 313–323.
1454:Fremont-Barnes 2007
1136:Jean Sylvain Bailly
1114:. He then moved to
851:National Convention
738:popular sovereignty
680:Louis XVI of France
662:diocese of Chartres
507:Coup of 18 Brumaire
485:First French Empire
293:National Convention
118:François Barthélemy
85:Conservative Senate
67:Jacques-Louis David
6291:People from Fréjus
6084:Académie française
6015:War Administration
5991:Secretary of State
5816:Napoleon Bonaparte
5777:Napoleon Bonaparte
4984:Loménie de Brienne
4959:Madame de Lamballe
4894:Napoléon Bonaparte
4691:Prieur de la Marne
4606:Camille Desmoulins
4460:Marie Jean Hérault
4336:Jean-Sifrein Maury
4331:Arnaud de La Porte
4187:Alexander Korsakov
3973:Count of Clerfayt
3892:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
3805:Auguste de Marmont
3660:Napoléon Bonaparte
3551:Algeciras campaign
3543:Treaty of Florence
3421:Battle of Stockach
3254:Ireland expedition
3238:Battle of Calliano
3198:Battle of Rovereto
3190:Battle of Würzburg
2642:Law of 22 Prairial
2611:Anti-clerical laws
2586:The Death of Marat
2407:Flight to Varennes
1819:Rose, John Holland
1132:Académie Française
1104:Second Restoration
1077:Sénat conservateur
970:the Egypt campaign
966:Napoleon Bonaparte
964:and the return of
794:
792:Sieyès around 1789
636:
630:Bust of Sieyès by
618:theology license.
511:Napoleon Bonaparte
170:(as Second Consul)
141:Napoléon Bonaparte
106:Napoleon Bonaparte
6253:
6252:
6107:Antoine Furetière
6099:Pierre de Boissat
6050:
6049:
6026:
6025:
5965:Navy and Colonies
5728:
5727:
5704:
5703:
5674:Navy and Colonies
5619:Jean-Pierre Duval
5309:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5183:Cockade of France
5154:
5153:
5116:Antoine Lavoisier
5106:Benjamin Franklin
5086:Anacharsis Cloots
5049:
5048:
5045:
5044:
4969:Louis de Breteuil
4811:Theophile Leclerc
4239:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4192:Alexander Suvorov
3933:
3932:
3867:Józef Poniatowski
3785:Étienne Macdonald
3589:
3588:
3490:Battle of Marengo
3453:Battle of Trebbia
3437:Battle of Cassano
3429:Battle of Magnano
3413:Battle of Ostrach
3315:Battle of Neuwied
3077:Battle of Fleurus
3061:Battle of Tournay
2938:War in the Vendée
2874:Royalist Revolts
2835:
2834:
2392:
2368:Abolition of the
2286:Tennis Court Oath
2278:National Assembly
2107:French Revolution
1980:978-2-7453-1588-5
1961:978-2-7453-0260-1
1923:978-0-404-51362-7
1904:978-0-8223-1538-4
1776:978-0-688-03704-8
1100:returned to power
871:abjured his faith
865:. Menaced by the
811:National Assembly
783:National Assembly
762:French Revolution
499:National Assembly
477:French Revolution
451:
450:
206:President of the
83:President of the
16:(Redirected from
6423:
6391:French Consulate
6356:French essayists
6246:
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6206:
6198:
6190:
6187:Henri de Bornier
6182:
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6036:French Directory
5951:Lucien Bonaparte
5839:
5838:
5799:
5762:French Consulate
5755:
5748:
5741:
5732:
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5720:French Consulate
5440:
5439:
5430:
5343:French Directory
5336:
5329:
5322:
5313:
5312:
5263:
5251:Temple of Reason
5222:
5198:
5179:
5160:
5159:
5111:Thomas Jefferson
5055:
5054:
4974:de Chateaubriand
4904:Joseph Bonaparte
4899:Lucien Bonaparte
4889:Marie Antoinette
4844:
4843:
4831:Sylvain Maréchal
4786:François Hanriot
4621:Louis Philippe I
4548:Louis Philippe I
4543:Philippe Égalité
4485:Olympe de Gouges
4455:Charlotte Corday
4445:Étienne Clavière
4245:
4244:
4227:Antonio Ricardos
4212:
4211:
4197:Andrei Rosenberg
4177:
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4092:Ralph Abercromby
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3795:Marcellin Marbot
3618:
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3599:Military leaders
3595:
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3582:
3574:
3570:Treaty of Amiens
3555:
3547:
3539:
3518:
3510:
3502:
3494:
3473:
3472:(25–26 Sep 1799)
3465:
3457:
3456:(17–20 Jun 1799)
3449:
3441:
3440:(27–28 Apr 1799)
3433:
3425:
3417:
3416:(20–21 Mar 1799)
3409:
3401:
3397:Second Coalition
3380:
3372:
3364:
3356:
3348:
3327:
3319:
3311:
3307:Treaty of Leoben
3303:
3295:
3294:(14–15 Jan 1797)
3291:Battle of Rivoli
3287:
3279:
3275:Italian campaign
3258:
3250:
3249:(15–17 Nov 1796)
3246:Battle of Arcole
3242:
3234:
3226:
3218:
3210:
3202:
3194:
3186:
3182:Battle of Amberg
3178:
3165:
3157:
3153:Battle of Lonato
3149:
3145:Italian campaign
3123:
3102:
3094:
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3073:
3065:
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3049:
3040:
3019:
3018:(26–27 Dec 1793)
3006:
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2948:Battle of Famars
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2410:(20–21 Jun 1791)
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2217:Day of the Tiles
2200:
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2100:
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2086:
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2038:
2029:
2028:. pp. 75ff.
2020:
1984:
1965:
1937:
1927:
1908:
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1857:
1836:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1792:(4): 1023–1043.
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989:Corps législatif
982:French Consulate
951:
921:Second Coalition
882:
722:Nicolas Chamfort
622:Religious career
503:French Directory
481:French Consulate
468:
466:[sjejɛs]
463:
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386:
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352:Personal details
331:
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285:Théodore Vernier
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5830:
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5729:
5724:
5700:
5669:
5645:Pierre Bénézech
5633:
5609:Nicolas Dondeau
5582:
5546:
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5464:
5443:Foreign Affairs
5431:
5422:
5346:
5340:
5310:
5301:
5176:La Marseillaise
5165:
5164:Cultural impact
5150:
5060:
5041:
5008:
4964:Madame du Barry
4954:Catherine Théot
4944:Thérésa Tallien
4835:
4826:Gracchus Babeuf
4771:François Chabot
4728:
4720:
4641:Georges Couthon
4636:Marquis de Sade
4601:Jean-Paul Marat
4577:
4533:Bertrand Barère
4499:
4410:
4391:Boissy d'Anglas
4386:Madame de Staël
4351:Antoine Barnave
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3963:József Alvinczi
3947:
3929:
3911:
3852:Nicolas Oudinot
3842:
3775:Claude Lecourbe
3770:Charles Leclerc
3665:Guillaume Brune
3635:Pierre Augereau
3605:
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3578:Treaty of Paris
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2994:Siege of Toulon
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2933:First Coalition
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2595:Law of Suspects
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2541:Reign of Terror
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2321:(4–11 Aug 1789)
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2254:Réveillon riots
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2054:
1991:
1989:Further reading
1981:
1962:
1942:Primary sources
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1804:
1777:
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1707:
1702:
1701:
1695:Van Deusen 1970
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1267:Politics portal
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1159:science sociale
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1120:July Revolution
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944:General Joubert
913:plenipotentiary
907:enacted by the
893:
883:" ("I lived").
867:Reign of Terror
855:French Republic
828:Honoré Mirabeau
807:
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611:Encyclopédistes
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3474:
3466:
3461:Battle of Novi
3458:
3450:
3448:(4–7 Jun 1799)
3442:
3434:
3426:
3418:
3410:
3402:
3393:
3391:
3385:
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3329:
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3304:
3296:
3288:
3280:
3271:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3251:
3243:
3241:(6–7 Nov 1796)
3235:
3227:
3219:
3211:
3203:
3195:
3187:
3179:
3171:
3166:
3158:
3156:(3–4 Aug 1796)
3150:
3141:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3127:Peace of Basel
3124:
3115:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3095:
3087:
3082:
3074:
3066:
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3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3012:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2969:Siege of Mainz
2966:
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2953:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2929:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2905:
2900:
2898:Siege of Mainz
2895:
2890:
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2885:
2880:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2848:
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2743:
2735:
2730:13 Vendémiaire
2727:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2707:
2699:
2690:
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2680:
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2647:
2639:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2608:
2600:
2592:
2582:
2577:Levée en masse
2574:
2566:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2538:
2530:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2482:10th of August
2479:
2471:
2463:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2383:
2375:
2366:
2364:(Feb–Jul 1790)
2357:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2307:
2299:
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2259:
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2240:
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2222:
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2207:
2206:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2064:
2053:
2052:External links
2050:
2049:
2048:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2009:10.1086/243376
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1966:
1960:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1922:
1909:
1903:
1885:
1872:978-1400850228
1871:
1858:
1848:(2): 221–222.
1837:
1827:Chisholm, Hugh
1802:
1781:
1775:
1762:
1752:(2): 117–134.
1729:
1723:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1687:
1675:
1663:
1647:
1635:
1612:
1610:, p. 132.
1597:
1595:, p. 131.
1585:
1583:, p. 130.
1570:
1558:
1556:, p. 133.
1546:
1544:, p. 185.
1534:
1532:, p. 198.
1522:
1513:
1501:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1456:, p. 190.
1446:
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1404:
1392:
1375:
1360:
1348:
1327:
1310:
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1288:
1287:
1286:
1283:Les Neuf Sœurs
1280:
1271:
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1240:
1237:
1236:
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1227:
1219:
1211:
1203:
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1190:
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1163:
1127:
1124:
1072:
1069:
1058:Grand-Electeur
1052:Grand-Electeur
1046:Grand-Electeur
984:of 1799–1804.
962:Battle of Novi
957:
954:
892:
889:
875:Cult of Reason
824:King of France
806:
803:
757:
754:
742:representation
688:Jacques Necker
675:
670:
632:David d'Angers
623:
620:
561:
558:
531:
528:
449:
448:
445:
444:
437:
433:
432:
431:Priest, writer
429:
425:
424:
419:
415:
414:
408:
404:
403:
398:
394:
393:
387:(aged 88)
381:
377:
376:
358:
354:
353:
349:
348:
345:
344:
339:
335:
334:
324:
323:
317:
316:
311:
307:
306:
296:
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291:Member of the
288:
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264:
263:
253:
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233:
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202:
197:
191:
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180:
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175:Member of the
172:
171:
165:
159:
158:
157:Office created
155:
149:
148:
138:
128:
127:
121:
120:
115:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
88:
87:
80:
79:
76:
75:
61:
53:
52:
43:
40:
37:His Excellency
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6428:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
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6399:
6397:
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6299:
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6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6263:
6261:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6227:Jacques Rueff
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6203:Joseph Bédier
6200:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6156:
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6017:
6013:
6009:
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5993:
5989:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
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5970:
5969:
5967:
5963:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5932:Joseph Fouché
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5901:Lazare Carnot
5899:
5897:
5894:
5893:
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5881:
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5876:
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5868:
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5733:
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5707:
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5676:
5672:
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5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5636:
5630:
5629:Joseph Fouché
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
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5399:
5396:
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5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5358:Lazare Carnot
5356:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5344:
5337:
5332:
5330:
5325:
5323:
5318:
5317:
5314:
5298:
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5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5260:Sans-culottes
5256:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5231:Metric system
5229:
5227:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5191:
5189:
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5177:
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5119:
5117:
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5112:
5109:
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5102:
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5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5066:
5063:
5056:
5052:
5038:
5035:
5031:
5030:Panthéon Club
5028:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
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4990:
4987:
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4955:
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4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4919:Joachim Murat
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
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4872:
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4860:
4857:
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4827:
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4807:
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4802:
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4792:
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4787:
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4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4696:Gilbert Romme
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
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4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
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4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
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4556:
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4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4518:de Cambacérès
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4434:Madame Roland
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4371:André Chénier
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4326:Grace Elliott
4324:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4311:
4306:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4246:
4242:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4210:
4204:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4175:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4120:
4114:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4087:
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4077:
4071:
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4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4013:
4011:
4005:
4003:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3951:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3887:Joseph Souham
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3830:Joachim Murat
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3810:André Masséna
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3609:
3603:
3596:
3592:
3581:(25 Jun 1802)
3579:
3576:
3573:(25 Mar 1802)
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3552:
3549:
3546:(18 Mar 1801)
3544:
3541:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3515:
3512:
3507:
3504:
3501:(15 Jun 1800)
3499:
3496:
3493:(14 Jun 1800)
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3470:
3467:
3464:(15 Aug 1799)
3462:
3459:
3454:
3451:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3435:
3430:
3427:
3424:(25 Mar 1799)
3422:
3419:
3414:
3411:
3406:
3405:Siege of Acre
3403:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3377:
3376:Peasants' War
3374:
3369:
3366:
3361:
3358:
3353:
3350:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3326:(17 Oct 1797)
3324:
3321:
3318:(18 Apr 1797)
3316:
3313:
3310:(17 Apr 1797)
3308:
3305:
3302:(25 Jan 1797)
3300:
3297:
3292:
3289:
3286:(13 Jan 1797)
3284:
3281:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3255:
3252:
3247:
3244:
3239:
3236:
3231:
3228:
3225:(26 Oct 1796)
3223:
3220:
3217:(19 Oct 1796)
3215:
3212:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3188:
3185:(24 Aug 1796)
3183:
3180:
3177:(11 Aug 1796)
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3159:
3154:
3151:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3099:
3096:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3080:(26 Jun 1794)
3078:
3075:
3070:
3067:
3064:(22 May 1794)
3062:
3059:
3056:(18 May 1794)
3054:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3039:(24 Apr 1794)
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3005:(13 Oct 1793)
3003:
3000:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2957:
2954:
2951:(23 May 1793)
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2914:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2838:
2828:
2825:
2822:(24 Dec 1799)
2820:
2817:
2812:
2809:
2806:(18 Jun 1799)
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2787:(11 May 1798)
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2766:
2763:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2705:(22 Aug 1795)
2703:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2678:(11 Nov 1794)
2676:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2662:(28 Jul 1794)
2659:
2656:
2653:(27 Jul 1794)
2651:
2648:
2645:(10 Jun 1794)
2643:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2612:
2609:
2606:(16 Oct 1793)
2604:
2601:
2598:(17 Sep 1793)
2596:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2580:(23 Aug 1793)
2578:
2575:
2572:(13 Jul 1793)
2570:
2567:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2531:
2528:(21 Jan 1793)
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2509:(22 Sep 1792)
2507:
2504:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2485:(10 Aug 1792)
2483:
2480:
2475:
2472:
2469:(25 Jul 1792)
2467:
2464:
2461:(20 Apr 1792)
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2429:
2426:(27 Aug 1791)
2424:
2421:
2418:(17 Jul 1791)
2416:
2413:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2391:(14 Jul 1790)
2389:
2388:
2384:
2381:(12 Jul 1790)
2379:
2376:
2373:(23 Jun 1790)
2371:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2332:
2329:(26 Aug 1789)
2327:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2311:
2308:
2305:(14 Jul 1789)
2303:
2300:
2295:
2292:
2289:(20 Jun 1789)
2287:
2284:
2279:
2276:
2273:(4 June 1789)
2271:
2268:
2263:
2260:
2257:(28 Apr 1789)
2255:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2228:(21 Jul 1788)
2226:
2223:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2133:Ancien Régime
2130:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1982:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1814:public domain
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1748:(in French).
1747:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1730:
1726:
1724:9780313049514
1720:
1717:. Greenwood.
1716:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1697:, p. 22.
1696:
1691:
1685:, p. 16.
1684:
1679:
1672:
1667:
1661:
1657:
1654:One of these:
1651:
1644:
1639:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1594:
1589:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1568:, p. 19.
1567:
1562:
1555:
1550:
1543:
1538:
1531:
1526:
1517:
1510:
1505:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1480:, p. 16.
1479:
1474:
1468:, p. 43.
1467:
1462:
1455:
1450:
1444:, p. 58.
1443:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1419:, p. 15.
1418:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1402:, p. 14.
1401:
1396:
1390:, p. 13.
1389:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1358:, p. 57.
1357:
1352:
1346:, p. 12.
1345:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1325:, p. 11.
1324:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1257:
1254:
1243:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1171:
1165:Personal life
1162:
1160:
1156:
1155:Auguste Comte
1152:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1068:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
994:
990:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
953:
950:
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
927:in May 1799.
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
888:
884:
881:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
816:
812:
802:
800:
790:
786:
784:
778:
774:
772:
767:
766:Ancien Régime
763:
753:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
717:
715:
709:
707:
706:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
674:
669:
665:
663:
659:
655:
654:vicar general
651:
646:
642:
633:
628:
619:
616:
615:Enlightenment
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
583:Edward Gibbon
580:
576:
572:
567:
557:
555:
551:
550:
545:
541:
537:
527:
525:
521:
520:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
491:
486:
482:
478:
474:
473:
467:
459:
455:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
423:
420:
416:
412:
409:
405:
402:
399:
397:Resting place
395:
392:
382:
378:
375:
371:
359:
355:
350:
346:
343:
340:
336:
330:
325:
322:
318:
315:
312:
308:
302:
297:
294:
289:
286:
283:
277:
274:
271:
265:
259:
254:
251:
247:
244:
241:
235:
232:
229:
223:
217:
212:
209:
204:
201:
198:
192:
186:
181:
178:
173:
169:
166:
160:
156:
150:
146:
142:
134:
129:
126:
122:
119:
116:
110:
107:
104:
100:
94:
89:
86:
81:
77:
72:
68:
64:
59:
54:
50:
46:
38:
33:
30:
19:
6235:Jean Dutourd
6219:Jean Cocteau
6154:
6040:Followed by
6034:Preceded by
5982:Denis Decrès
5803:First Consul
5781:
5718:Followed by
5712:Preceded by
5522:Lazare Hoche
5402:
5267:Phrygian cap
5212:Bastille Day
5135:
5126:Thomas Paine
5081:Edmund Burke
5076:Beaumarchais
5070:Les Lumières
5068:
4909:Joseph Fesch
4821:Pauline Léon
4791:Jacques Roux
4730:
4512:
4314:
4288:
3740:Lazare Hoche
3725:Paul Grenier
3695:Louis Desaix
3554:(8 Jul 1801)
3538:(9 Feb 1801)
3509:(3 Dec 1800)
3432:(5 Apr 1799)
3233:(6 Nov 1796)
3209:(8 Sep 1796)
3201:(4 Sep 1796)
3193:(3 Sep 1796)
3164:(5 Aug 1796)
3093:(2 Oct 1794)
3072:(1 Jun 1794)
2814:(9 Nov 1799)
2760:(4 Sep 1797)
2697:(1 Apr 1795)
2667:White Terror
2660:guillotined
2637:(5 Apr 1794)
2584:
2564:(2 Jun 1793)
2434:(3 Sep 1791)
2385:
2345:(2 Nov 1789)
2337:(5 Oct 1789)
2265:(5 May 1789)
2243:
2220:(7 Jun 1788)
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2068:
2062:Find a Grave
2043:
2034:
2025:
2003:: S98–S125.
2000:
1996:
1970:
1950:
1932:
1913:
1894:
1890:
1862:
1845:
1841:
1830:
1789:
1785:
1766:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1713:
1690:
1678:
1671:Lalevée 2023
1666:
1650:
1638:
1615:
1588:
1561:
1554:Hibbert 1980
1549:
1537:
1525:
1516:
1504:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1395:
1373:, p. 9.
1351:
1274:
1230:
1222:
1214:
1206:
1198:
1192:Bibliography
1182:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1150:
1148:
1129:
1096:First Empire
1093:
1074:
998:
986:
959:
940:Jacobin Club
929:
894:
885:
840:
832:departmental
820:constitution
808:
795:
779:
775:
759:
750:
726:First Estate
719:
714:Third Estate
712:What is the
711:
703:
699:
677:
672:
666:
637:
613:, and other
563:
549:Doctrinaires
547:
543:
533:
517:
515:
488:
470:
457:
453:
452:
385:(1836-06-20)
383:20 June 1836
338:Constituency
328:
310:Constituency
300:
280:Succeeded by
257:
238:Succeeded by
215:
184:
163:Succeeded by
132:
113:Succeeded by
92:
62:
29:
6271:1836 deaths
6266:1748 births
5787:Roger Ducos
5418:Roger Ducos
5136:Abbé Sieyès
5121:Montesquieu
5037:Social Club
4979:Jean Chouan
4869:Louis XVIII
4646:Roger Ducos
4616:Paul Barras
4583:Montagnards
4513:Abbé Sieyès
4316:monarchiens
4124:Netherlands
4053:(Hungarian)
4001:(Hungarian)
3917:French Navy
3843: [
3765:Jean Lannes
3622:French Army
3400:(1798–1802)
3371:(1798–1800)
3355:(1798–1801)
3085:Chouannerie
3046:(Pyrenees)
2911: [
2878:Chouannerie
2670:(Fall 1794)
2658:Robespierre
1705:Works cited
1566:Sewell 1994
1542:Sewell 1994
1530:Sewell 1994
1497:Palmer 2014
1478:Sewell 1994
1466:Sewell 1994
1400:Sewell 1994
1371:Sewell 1994
1174:he called "
1140:Restoration
1112:Louis XVIII
993:Roger Ducos
974:18 Brumaire
949:coup d'état
458:Abbé Sieyès
413:(1791–1795)
268:Preceded by
226:Preceded by
195:Preceded by
153:Preceded by
145:Roger Ducos
71:Fogg Museum
63:Abbé Sieyès
6260:Categories
5025:Cordeliers
4939:Talleyrand
4864:Louis XVII
4726:Hébertists
4480:Jean Debry
4310:Feuillants
3939:Opposition
3835:Michel Ney
3257:(Dec 1796)
2865:Thionville
2768:(Dec 1797)
2741:(May 1796)
2733:5 Oct 1795
2710:Directoire
2590:(painting)
2493:(Sep 1792)
2477:(Jun 1792)
2310:Great Fear
2249:(Jan 1789)
2140:Revolution
2072:(Excerpts)
1881:1034247736
1742:sociologie
1736:sociologie
1630:seigneurie
1290:References
1151:sociologie
658:chancellor
579:David Hume
575:John Locke
554:Draguignan
530:Early life
519:sociologie
513:in power.
428:Profession
367:3 May 1748
363:1748-05-03
5835:Ministers
5801:Bonaparte
5436:Ministers
5351:Directors
4859:Louis XVI
4854:Charles X
4505:The Plain
4416:Girondins
4356:Lafayette
4017:(Walloon)
3999:Pál Kray
3975:(Walloon)
3517:(1800–02)
3368:Quasi-War
2827:Consulate
2713:(1795–99)
2168:Consulate
2161:Directory
1821:(1911). "
1643:Rose 1911
1627:, with a
1509:Meng 1933
1442:Rose 1911
1356:Rose 1911
909:Directory
897:The Hague
891:Directory
880:J'ai vécu
859:Louis XVI
678:In 1788,
595:Condillac
560:Education
497:into the
436:Signature
418:Education
411:The Plain
329:In office
301:In office
258:In office
216:In office
185:In office
177:Directory
133:In office
102:President
93:In office
6003:Treasury
5939:Interior
5638:Interior
5219:Panthéon
5207:Muscadin
5202:Marianne
5141:Voltaire
5020:Jacobins
5013:Factions
4553:Mirabeau
4009:(French)
2903:Jemappes
2887:Dauphiné
2370:Nobility
2182:Journals
2175:Glossary
2154:Republic
2126:Timeline
1854:25013172
1619:Crosne,
1239:See also
1116:Brussels
1014:Tribunat
1002:Tribunat
901:Batavian
826:, which
746:suffrage
696:pamphlet
650:Chartres
645:Tréguier
641:Brittany
603:Mirabeau
587:Voltaire
571:Sorbonne
6087:seat 31
5915:Finance
5863:Justice
5809:Consuls
5551:Finance
5469:Justice
5101:Diderot
4847:Figures
4732:Enragés
4438:Father
4149:Prussia
4081:Britain
4030:(Saxon)
3988:(Swiss)
3955:Austria
2017:1880372
1829:(ed.).
1816::
1621:Essonne
1033:College
917:Prussia
853:of the
799:Mounier
692:Estates
660:of the
634:(1838).
599:Quesnay
546:of the
544:collège
540:Jesuits
462:French:
389:Paris,
69:(1817,
6245:(2013)
6237:(1978)
6229:(1964)
6221:(1955)
6213:(1938)
6205:(1920)
6197:(1901)
6189:(1893)
6181:(1870)
6173:(1830)
6165:(1816)
6157:(1803)
6149:(1783)
6141:(1780)
6133:(1768)
6125:(1723)
6117:(1688)
6109:(1662)
6101:(1634)
5927:Police
5587:Police
4840:Others
4179:Russia
3613:France
3278:(1797)
3148:(1796)
2883:Vendée
2860:Verdun
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