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repress public expressions of homosexuality using other laws, such as "offenses against public decency". Nevertheless, despite police surveillance and harassment, the
Revolutionary and Napoleonic era was a time of relative freedom for homosexuals and opened the modern era of legal toleration for homosexuality in Europe. Napoleonic conquests imposed the principles of Napoleon's Penal Code (including the decriminalization of homosexuality) on many other parts of Europe, including Belgium, the Netherlands, the Rhineland, and Italy. Other states freely followed the French example, including
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postponed until it could be ratified by a legislative body. This would later save him from being executed for regicide. During the convention, many of his decisions (like the latter) were well thought out and calculated. Cambacérès made sure that he never committed himself to a certain faction. His legal expertise made him useful to all parties; he was a friend to all and an enemy to none. However, due to this, his fellow representatives at the convention did criticize him for sometimes fluctuating on some positions.
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domestic head of government of France, a position which inevitably made him increasingly unpopular as France's economic situation grew worse. As more and more of
Napoleon's ministers proved themselves untrustworthy, Cambacérès' power continued to grow. His taste for high living also attracted hostile
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In addition to jesting about his homosexuality, Cambacérès' colleagues did not fail to poke fun at his gluttony. When he met with the council while
Napoleon was away, everyone knew that the meeting would be over before lunch. He was known for having the best dinners in France and for his extravagant
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had been a capital crime under royal legislation. The penalty was burning at the stake. Very few men, however, were ever actually prosecuted and executed for consensual sodomy (no more than five in the entire eighteenth century). Sodomites arrested by the police were more usually released with a
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he protested that the
Convention did not have the power to sit as a court and demanded that the king should have due facilities for his defence. Nevertheless, when the trial proceeded, Cambacérès voted with the majority that declared Louis to be guilty, but recommended that the penalty should be
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The authors of the Penal Code of 1810 had the option of reintroducing a law against male homosexuality but there is no evidence that they even considered doing so. This had nothing to do with the influence of Cambacérès, as recent research has shown. However, Napoleonic officials could and did
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Cambacérès was a homosexual, his sexual orientation was well-known, and he does not seem to have made any effort to conceal it. He remained unmarried, and kept to the company of other bachelors. Napoleon is recorded as making a number of jokes on the subject. Upon hearing that Cambacérès had
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in 1812. Nevertheless, Cambacérès was extremely trusted by
Napoleon and was constantly consulted for advice; Cambacérès even sat as Council of State when Bonaparte was involved in other affairs. As Napoleon became increasingly obsessed with military affairs, Cambacérès became the
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In fact, however, Cambacérès was not responsible for ending the legal prosecution of homosexuals. He did play a key role in drafting the Code Napoléon, but this was a civil law code. He had nothing to do with the Penal Code of 1810, which covered sexual crimes.
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lifestyle. Cambacérès was recorded as saying "a country is governed by good dinner parties". His estate was worth around 7.3 million francs (around €50 million in 2015 euros) upon his death in 1824. His body now lies in the cemetery of
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after the fall of
Robespierre. In the meantime he worked on much of the legislation of the revolutionary period. During 1795, he was employed as a diplomat and negotiated peace with Spain, the
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comments. Nevertheless, he was given credit for the justice and moderation of the government, although the enforcement of conscription was increasingly resented towards the end of the
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of 1789, and was elected as an extra deputy to represent the nobility of
Montpellier, in case the government doubled the nobility's delegation at the meeting of the
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Sibalis, Michael (1996). "The
Regulation of Male Homosexuality in Revolutionary and Napoleonic France, 1789–1815". In Merrick, Jeffrey; Ragan, Bryant T. (eds.).
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Les cinq girouettes ou servitudes & souplesse de son
Altesse Sérénissime le Prince Archichancelier de l'Empire Jean-Jacques Régis de Cambacérès duc de Parme
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Cambacérès was considered too conservative to be one of the five
Directors who took power in the coup of 1795 and, finding himself in opposition to the
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When the Empire fell in 1814, Cambacérès retired to private life but was later called upon during Napoléon's brief return to power in 1815. During the
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Cambacérès was a member of the Committee of General Defence from 1793 until the end of 1794, and later became a member of its infamous successor, the
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Cambaceres was admitted to the lodge of "Les Amis Fidèles" in Montpellier in 1775. During Napoleon's reign, he was charged by the Emperor to monitor
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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In 1774, Cambacérès graduated in law from the college d'Aix and succeeded his father as Councillor in the court of accounts and finances in
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In revolutionary terms, Cambacérès was a moderate republican and sat left of center during the National Convention. During the trial of
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Under Napoleon, he was a force for moderation and reason, opposing adventures such as the Spanish affairs in 1808 and the
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Cambacérès disapproved of Bonaparte's accumulation of power into his own hands (culminating in the proclamation of the
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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recruited a woman for a mission, Napoleon responded with, "my compliments, so you have come closer to women?".
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974:. Paris: Éditions Klincksieck. Bevat: T. 1: Janvier 1802 - juillet 1807 ; T. 2: Avril 1808 - avril 1814
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The common belief that Cambacérès is responsible for decriminalizing homosexuality in France is in error.
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741:) in 1804. In the end, the Napoleonic Code was the work of Cambacérès and a commission of four lawyers.
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under Bonaparte. He owed this appointment to his vast legal knowledge and his reputation as a moderate
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Sibali, Michael (2006). "The Age of Enlightenment and Revolution". In Aldrich, Robert (ed.).
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Saunier, Eric, ed. (2007). "La Franc-maçonnerie sous l'Emprire : un age d'or ?".
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from 2 June, to 7 July 1815. He also became a prince of the Empire and in 1808 was made
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A portrait of the three Consuls, from left to right: Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès,
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737:; France's first modern legal code). The Code was promulgated by Bonaparte (as
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in 1791 and got rid of a variety of offenses inspired by religion, including
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The Napoleonic Code dealt with Civil Law; other codes ensued for Penal Law,
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Cambacérès : Unificateur de la franc-maçonnerie sous le Premier Empire
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1073:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 80–81.
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Gouvernements, ministères et constitutions de la France depuis cent ans
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Cambacérès coat of arms as dignitary and nobleman of the French Empire.
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678:. His remarkable debating skills gave him a spot as a councilor of the
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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19th-century erotic interpretation of Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès
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Cambacérès: Le Premier surveillant de la franc-maçonnerie impériale
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warning or held in prison for, at most, a few weeks or months. The
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François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt
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Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution
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on 18 May 1804) but retained high office under Napoleon:
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Antoine Jacques Claude Joseph, comte Boulay de la Meurthe
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1463:(in French). Editions maçonniques de France. p. .
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in France. From 1805 to 1815, he was the assistant of
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List of people associated with the French Revolution
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and lived quietly in Paris until his death in 1824.
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
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a machine-translated version of the French article.
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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242:{{Translated|fr|Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès}}
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16:French nobleman, lawyer and statesman (1753–1824)
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3848:Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen
1403:. London: Thames & Hudson. pp. 117–119.
1167:. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 120–155.
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555:Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès, Duke of Parma
1890:Significant civil and political events by year
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1303:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.
776:(which was never under Napoleon' control) and
230:accompanying your translation by providing an
192:Click for important translation instructions.
179:expand this article with text translated from
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1511:French Council of State website on Cambacérès
1147:. University of Michigan Library. p. 94.
1091:. New York: Harper and Brothers. p. 132.
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1677:Jacques Antoine Hippolyte, Comte de Guibert
725:In December 1799, Cambacérès was appointed
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1108:Historical Dictionary of France: 1799–1815
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4312:Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau
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1446:Histoire de la franc-maçonnerie en France
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1431:La Franc maçonnerie et l'Etat napoleonien
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1208:Napoleon Bonaparte; An Intimate Biography
459:7 October 1794 – 22 October 1794
272:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
6786:People on the Committee of Public Safety
5097:Alexandre Louis Joseph, comte de Laborde
4744:
2028:Nationalization of the Church properties
1104:
1059:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
895:
794:
708:
4973:Historiography of the French Revolution
4244:Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville
3955:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
1473:
1428:
1351:
1294:
1245:
336:12 December 1799 – 18 May 1804
6801:Members of the Council of Five Hundred
6713:
6081:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord
5682:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord
5144:Charles Marie Gabriel Cousin (1883–85)
3980:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord
3935:Other significant figures and factions
1458:
1444:Faucher, Jean André; Ricker, Achille.
1416:A Dictionary of Napoleon and His Times
1398:
1205:
1192:. St. Martin's Press. pp. 36, 66.
1162:
1145:A Dictionary of Napoleon and His Times
1086:
972:Lettres inédites à Napoléon, 1802-1814
657:
644:
6791:Presidents of the National Convention
6736:19th-century heads of state of France
6731:18th-century heads of state of France
6467:
6455:French Provisional Government of 1815
6334:Armand Augustin Louis de Caulaincourt
6311:French government of the Hundred Days
6283:
5961:
5739:Jean-Baptiste Annibal Aubert du Bayet
5610:François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy
5572:(2 November 1795 to 10 November 1799)
5542:
5001:
4848:
4743:
4027:François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy
3933:
3783:James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez
3722:Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
3680:Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth
3283:
2529:
2160:Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary
1888:
1791:
1765:
1586:
1401:Gay Life and Culture: A World History
1187:
1031:
744:The Code was a minor revised form of
561:
6441:Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano
6223:Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano
5600:Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux
5493:
4181:Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux
3593:Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno
3284:
2380:Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III
1354:Who's who in Gay and Lesbian History
1317:
1220:
1201:
1199:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1111:. Westport, CT: Greenwood. pp.
1100:
1098:
447:President of the National Convention
161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
5523:
4849:
3788:Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth
1637:François-Séraphin Régnier-Desmarais
1629:Honorat de Bueil, seigneur de Racan
1225:. Marchal et Billard. p. 100.
1019:from the original on 26 August 2017
637:which assembled and proclaimed the
13:
6503:
6493:
5389:Christian Pozzo di Borgo (1988–89)
4978:Influence of the French Revolution
4968:Symbolism in the French Revolution
3732:Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen
3693:Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc
1948:Convocation of the Estates General
1407:
909:once mentioned in a speech to the
752:still current in northern France (
704:
417:20 March 1815 – 22 June 1815
389:20 March 1815 – 22 June 1815
99:"Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès"
14:
6852:
6841:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
6806:Members of Parliament for Hérault
5913:Georges René Le Peley de Pléville
5769:Edmond Louis Alexis Dubois-Crancé
5718:Charles Joseph Mathieu Lambrechts
5102:Emmanuel Dieudonné Pons (1842–47)
5073:Prince Jean Jacques de Cambacérès
4620:Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes
4352:Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville
3654:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
3436:François Christophe de Kellermann
2675:Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)
1486:
1380:from the original on 16 July 2011
1196:
1181:
1151:
1095:
1065:Cambacérès, Jean Jacques Régis de
563:[ʒɑ̃ʒakʁeʒisdəkɑ̃baseʁɛs]
387:18 May 1804 – 14 April 1814
34:This article has multiple issues.
6761:Dukes of the First French Empire
6751:19th-century French LGBTQ people
6746:18th-century French LGBTQ people
6405:Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès
6340:
6204:Pierre-Alexandre-Laurent Forfait
6097:Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès
6048:Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès
6022:
5991:(10 November 1799 – 18 May 1804)
5831:Jean-Marie Sotin de La Coindière
5805:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
5723:Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès
5713:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
5703:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
5653:
5615:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
5522:
5513:
5512:
5503:
5502:
5492:
5481:
5108:Marie-Auguste Desanlis (1849–51)
5050:Alexandre Roëttiers de Montaleau
4347:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
4254:Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
4224:Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot
4115:Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière
3893:
3858:
3828:
3803:
3760:
3634:
3511:Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise
3292:
2064:Civil Constitution of the Clergy
1685:Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès
1459:Pinaud, Pierre-François (1999).
1341:. Paris: Gillimard. p. 603.
1047:
693:(in November 1799) that brought
540:
290:Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès
166:
64:
23:
6369:Nicolas François, Count Mollien
6313:(20 March 1815 to 22 June 1815)
5795:Dominique-Vincent Ramel-Nogaret
5754:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer
5469:Christophe Habas (2016–present)
5141:Antoine de Saint Jean (1872–83)
4685:Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil
4432:Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne
4357:Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas
3568:Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier
3563:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer
3543:Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon
3371:Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine
2289:Marie Antoinette is guillotined
1467:
1452:
1437:
1422:
1392:
1360:
1345:
1330:
1311:
1288:
1239:
1089:The Court and Camp of Bonaparte
964:
864:
813:President of the House of Peers
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
5759:Louis Marie de Milet de Mureau
4958:Women in the French Revolution
4560:Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien
3737:Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló
3401:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
3030:French invasion of Switzerland
1478:. Grands caractères. p. .
1299:Homosexuality in Modern France
1214:
1165:Napoleon and His Collaborators
1001:
944:
872:Before the French Revolution,
791:Life with Napoleon (1804–1815)
240:You may also add the template
1:
6199:Marc-Antoine Bourdon de Vatry
5923:Marc-Antoine Bourdon de Vatry
5908:Laurent Jean François Truguet
5882:François Sébastien Letourneux
5338:Alexandre Chevalier (1965–66)
4963:Incroyables and merveilleuses
4782:Pierre Claude François Daunou
4570:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé
3701:Maximilian Baillet de Latour
3672:Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze
2969:Naval Engagement off Brittany
2722:Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies
2696:Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)
2505:Constitution of the Year VIII
2240:Committee of General Security
2125:National Legislative Assembly
1980:National Constituent Assembly
1418:. London Cassell. p. 95.
994:
879:National Constituent Assembly
809:Arch-Chancellor of the Empire
594:, into a family of the legal
585:
6756:Politicians from Montpellier
6357:Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin
6147:Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin
5851:Claude Sébastien Bourguignon
5785:Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin
5708:Jean Joseph Victor Génissieu
5635:Jean-François-Auguste Moulin
5436:Bernard Brandmeyer (2003–05)
5175:Jean-Baptiste Antoine Blatin
4881:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
4675:Charles Alexandre de Calonne
4565:Louis Henri, Prince of Condé
4462:Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte
4362:Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier
4052:Charles Malo François Lameth
3727:Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich
3558:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr
3501:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey
2701:Second Battle of Wissembourg
2388:Constitution of the Year III
613:. He was a supporter of the
600:Étienne Hubert de Cambacérès
375:Archchancellor of the Empire
7:
6821:LGBTQ legislators in France
6741:19th-century dukes of Parma
6269:First Cabinet of Napoleon I
5826:Jean-Jacques Lenoir-Laroche
5821:Charles Cochon de Lapparent
5800:Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet
5590:Étienne-François Letourneur
4777:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
4402:Antoine Christophe Saliceti
4337:Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois
4297:Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
4176:Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet
4161:Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve
4156:Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
3965:Isaac René Guy le Chapelier
3818:William V, Prince of Orange
2688:First Battle of Wissembourg
2645:(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)
2361:Closing of the Jacobin Club
2230:(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)
2187:(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)
2047:Abolition of the Parlements
2020:Women's March on Versailles
1653:Michel Poncet de La Rivière
1474:Delbert, Jean-Paul (2005).
1414:Richardson, Hubert (1920).
1337:Gueniffey, Patrice (2016).
1143:Richardson, Hubert (1920).
933:in 1813 and Spain in 1822.
855:restoration of the monarchy
10:
6857:
5790:Guillaume-Charles Faipoult
5677:Charles-François Delacroix
5416:Simon Giovanaï (1999–2000)
5105:Laurent Bertrand (1847–49)
4912:French Republican calendar
4467:Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel
4092:Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac
3446:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
3396:Charles François Dumouriez
3386:Jacques François Dugommier
3200:League of Armed Neutrality
3033:(28 January – 17 May 1798)
2985:Battle of the Bay of Cádiz
2808:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)
2787:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)
2451:Second Congress of Rastatt
2235:Committee of Public Safety
2222:(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)
1576:(as Emperor of the French)
664:Committee of Public Safety
204:Machine translation, like
6701:
6646:
6501:
6447:
6435:
6423:
6411:
6399:
6387:
6375:
6363:
6351:
6338:
6328:
6318:
6257:
6247:Jean François Aimé Dejean
6241:
6229:
6217:
6191:
6165:
6153:
6141:
6115:
6089:
6076:Charles-Frédéric Reinhard
6068:
6061:
6035:
6020:
5996:
5935:
5900:
5864:
5813:
5777:
5731:
5695:
5687:Charles-Frédéric Reinhard
5669:
5662:
5651:
5577:
5476:
5423:
5407:Jacques Lafouge (1996–97)
5398:Gilbert Abergel (1992–94)
5311:Paul Chevallier (1952–53)
5284:Frédéric Estèbe (1930–31)
5248:Georges Corneau (1913–20)
5202:
5059:
5044:Prince Philippe d’Orléans
5036:
4927:Cult of the Supreme Being
4855:
4844:
4750:
4739:
4698:
4532:
4525:
4410:
4267:
4189:
4100:
4087:Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
3993:
3942:Patriotic Society of 1789
3940:
3929:
3891:
3856:
3826:
3801:
3758:
3745:Karl Philipp Sebottendorf
3667:Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg
3632:
3623:
3601:
3306:
3290:
3279:
3248:
3211:
3184:Convention of Alessandria
3166:
3073:
3020:
2951:
2821:
2795:
2712:
2609:
2536:
2525:
2481:
2470:Law of 22 Floréal Year VI
2462:
2435:
2372:
2308:
2203:
2136:
2085:
2039:
1931:What Is the Third Estate?
1922:
1895:
1884:
1799:
1623:
1569:
1547:
1531:Three Provisional Consuls
1528:
1523:
1448:(in French). p. 231.
1318:Bory, Jean-Louis (1979).
1210:. pp. 176, 193, 283.
570:and statesman during the
548:
536:
526:
509:
496:
491:
487:
475:
463:
452:
445:
433:
421:
410:
403:
393:
380:
373:
363:
350:
329:
322:
318:
302:
288:
181:the corresponding article
6781:Heads of state of France
6133:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
6123:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
5764:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
5439:Gérard Pappalardo (2005)
5320:Robert Richard (1958–59)
5293:Adrien Pouriau (1934–36)
5239:Georges Bouley (1910–11)
5136:Léonide Babaud-Laribière
5118:Lucien, 3rd Prince Murat
5091:Antoine-Guillaume Rampon
4635:Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target
4600:Joséphine de Beauharnais
4482:Stanislas-Marie Maillard
4452:François-Nicolas Vincent
4437:Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
3611:Charles-Alexandre Linois
3506:Jean Victor Marie Moreau
3486:François Séverin Marceau
3466:François Joseph Lefebvre
3361:Jean-Étienne Championnet
3336:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
3331:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
3326:Alexandre de Beauharnais
3316:Eustache Charles d'Aoust
3038:French Invasion of Egypt
2916:Second Battle of Bassano
2650:Battle of Kaiserslautern
2424:Conspiracy of the Equals
2117:The Constitution of 1791
1988:Storming of the Bastille
1701:Jacques-François Ancelot
1559:Bonaparte (First Consul)
1433:(in French). Dervy: 141.
1356:. Routledge. p. 95.
1352:Aldrich, Robert (2000).
1246:Roberts, Andrew (2014).
1206:Cronin, Vincent (1972).
911:French National Assembly
6107:Claude Ambroise Régnier
5887:François de Neufchâteau
5877:François de Neufchâteau
5625:Jean Baptiste Treilhard
5620:François de Neufchâteau
5466:Daniel Keller (2013–16)
5314:Francis Viaud (1953–56)
5308:Francis Viaud (1949–52)
5305:Louis Bonnard (1948–49)
5302:Francis Viaud (1945–48)
5258:Général Augustin Gérard
5067:Prince Joseph Bonaparte
4615:Jacques-Donatien Le Ray
4487:Charles-Philippe Ronsin
4447:Antoine-François Momoro
4442:Charles-Philippe Ronsin
4259:François de Neufchâteau
4209:Charles-François Lebrun
4151:Jean Baptiste Treilhard
4032:Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas
3908:Luis Firmin de Carvajal
3714:Rudolf Ritter von Otto
3709:Karl Mack von Leiberich
3341:Jean-Baptiste Bessières
3155:Second Battle of Zurich
3046:Irish Rebellion of 1798
2892:First Battle of Bassano
2730:Second Battle of Boulou
2531:Revolutionary campaigns
2489:Coup of 30 Prairial VII
2404:Council of Five Hundred
2192:First republic declared
2128:(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)
2109:Declaration of Pillnitz
1833:Constitutional monarchy
1562:Charles-François Lebrun
1549:Head of State of France
1501:14 October 2016 at the
1496:The House of Cambacérès
1105:Connelly, Owen (1985).
1070:Encyclopædia Britannica
1013:Encyclopædia Britannica
787:, and civil procedure.
719:Charles-François Lebrun
590:Cambacérès was born in
359:(as Provisional Consul)
344:Charles-François Lebrun
324:Second Consul of France
251:For more guidance, see
6836:Regicides of Louis XVI
6816:French gay politicians
6771:French Roman Catholics
6703:* denotes titular Duke
6508:
6235:François Barbé-Marbois
6009:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
5918:Étienne Eustache Bruix
5892:Nicolas Marie Quinette
5630:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
5443:Jean-Michel Quillardet
5377:Paul Gourdot (1981–86)
5323:Marcel Ravel (1959–61)
5317:Marcel Ravel (1956–58)
5263:Arthur Mille (1922–25)
5252:Charles Marie Debierre
5243:Charles Marie Debierre
5165:Paul Viguier (1892–93)
5130:Général Émile Mellinet
5124:Général Bernard Magnan
5030:Grand Orient de France
4944:
4903:
4879:
4860:
4372:Prieur de la Côte-d'Or
4367:Jean-Pierre-André Amar
4277:Maximilien Robespierre
4110:Jacques Pierre Brissot
3975:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
3406:Louis-Charles de Flers
3391:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
3356:Jean François Carteaux
3131:First Battle of Zurich
3094:(20 Mar – 21 May 1799)
3049:(23 May – 23 Sep 1798)
3009:Treaty of Campo Formio
2755:Glorious First of June
2683:(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)
2642:Expedition to Sardinia
2320:Desmoulins guillotined
2255:Assassination of Marat
2247:Fall of the Girondists
2219:Revolutionary Tribunal
2211:Execution of Louis XVI
2101:Champ de Mars massacre
2004:Abolition of Feudalism
1669:Antoine-Léonard Thomas
1188:Lyons, Martyn (1994).
1163:Woloch, Isser (2002).
959:Grand Orient de France
921:as "Tante Urlurette".
901:
800:
722:
697:Bonaparte to power as
668:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
531:Père Lachaise Cemetery
357:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
6507:
5595:Jean-François Rewbell
5380:Roger Leray (1986–87)
5374:Roger Leray (1979–81)
5365:Serge Behar (1975–77)
5028:Grand Masters of the
4817:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
4082:Jean-Charles Pichegru
4062:Jean-François Rewbell
3548:Jean-Charles Pichegru
3431:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
3421:Jacques Maurice Hatry
3192:Battle of Hohenlinden
3065:(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)
2900:Battle of Emmendingen
2847:Battle of Castiglione
2734:(30 Apr – 1 May 1794)
2665:Battle of Hondschoote
2336:Thermidorian Reaction
2300:(throughout the year)
2073:Fête de la Fédération
1999:(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)
1983:(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)
1967:(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)
1645:Bernard de la Monnoye
899:
798:
712:
639:First French Republic
559:French pronunciation:
338:Serving with
253:Knowledge:Translation
224:copyright attribution
6826:LGBTQ heads of state
6429:Louis-Nicolas Davout
6183:Jean-Antoine Chaptal
6173:Pierre-Simon Laplace
5360:Jean-Pierre Prouteau
5148:Jean-Claude Colfavru
5112:Saint-Albin Berville
4745:Influential thinkers
4492:Jean-François Varlet
4392:Jean-Lambert Tallien
4387:Jean Bon Saint-André
4214:Pierre-Joseph Cambon
4136:Marquis de Condorcet
3985:Nicolas de Condorcet
3750:Dagobert von Wurmser
3583:Louis-Gabriel Suchet
3526:Pierre-Jacques Osten
3441:Jean-Baptiste Kléber
3376:Louis-Nicolas Davout
3366:Chapuis de Tourville
2908:Battle of Schliengen
2855:Battle of Theiningen
2776:Battle of Aldenhoven
2660:Battle of Wattignies
2629:Battle of Neerwinden
2443:Coup of 18 Fructidor
1956:Death of the Dauphin
1339:Bonaparte: 1759-1802
311:Jean-Baptiste Greuze
84:improve this article
6102:André Joseph Abrial
5997:Provisional consuls
5941:National Convention
5744:Claude Louis Petiet
5640:Louis-Jérôme Gohier
5393:Jean-Robert Ragache
5384:Jean-Robert Ragache
4832:Mary Wollstonecraft
4610:Jean Sylvain Bailly
4397:Pierre Louis Prieur
4342:Jean-Henri Voulland
4317:Jacques-Louis David
4249:Jean Joseph Mounier
3950:Jean Sylvain Bailly
3588:Belgrand de Vaubois
3476:Jean-Antoine Marbot
3416:Emmanuel de Grouchy
3221:Treaty of Lunéville
2860:Battle of Neresheim
2805:Siege of Luxembourg
2784:Siege of Luxembourg
2739:Battle of Tourcoing
2670:Siege of Bellegarde
2497:Coup of 18 Brumaire
2409:Council of Ancients
2184:National Convention
2176:September Massacres
2152:Brunswick Manifesto
2144:France declares war
1911:Assembly of Vizille
1221:Muel, Leon (1891).
883:French criminal law
805:First French Empire
687:Executive Directory
682:from 1795 to 1799.
658:Rise under Napoleon
645:National Convention
641:in September 1792.
635:National Convention
482:Pierre Louis Prieur
405:Minister of Justice
313:, late 18th century
6509:
6436:Secretary of State
6242:War Administration
6218:Secretary of State
6043:Napoleon Bonaparte
6004:Napoleon Bonaparte
5488:Society portal
5411:Philippe Guglielmi
5348:Jacques Mitterrand
5327:Jacques Mitterrand
4670:Loménie de Brienne
4645:Madame de Lamballe
4580:Napoléon Bonaparte
4377:Prieur de la Marne
4292:Camille Desmoulins
4146:Marie Jean Hérault
4022:Jean-Sifrein Maury
4017:Arnaud de La Porte
3873:Alexander Korsakov
3659:Count of Clerfayt
3578:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
3491:Auguste de Marmont
3346:Napoléon Bonaparte
3237:Algeciras campaign
3229:Treaty of Florence
3107:Battle of Stockach
2940:Ireland expedition
2924:Battle of Calliano
2884:Battle of Rovereto
2876:Battle of Würzburg
2328:Law of 22 Prairial
2297:Anti-clerical laws
2272:The Death of Marat
2093:Flight to Varennes
1614:Académie française
1524:Political offices
1249:Napoleon the Great
957:, Grand Master of
902:
891:Russian Revolution
859:Académie Française
834:invasion of Russia
801:
785:criminal procedure
723:
672:Kingdom of Prussia
369:Republic abolished
340:Napoléon Bonaparte
232:interlanguage link
6811:French Freemasons
6708:
6707:
6639: (1854–1859)
6615: (1808-1814)
6614:
6601: (1808-1814)
6600:
6587: (1765–1802)
6551: (1694–1727)
6533: (1592–1622)
6461:
6460:
6412:Navy and Colonies
6277:
6276:
6253:
6252:
6192:Navy and Colonies
5955:
5954:
5931:
5930:
5901:Navy and Colonies
5846:Jean-Pierre Duval
5536:
5535:
5085:Étienne Macdonald
4995:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4869:Cockade of France
4840:
4839:
4802:Antoine Lavoisier
4792:Benjamin Franklin
4772:Anacharsis Cloots
4735:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4655:Louis de Breteuil
4497:Theophile Leclerc
3925:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3878:Alexander Suvorov
3619:
3618:
3553:Józef Poniatowski
3471:Étienne Macdonald
3275:
3274:
3176:Battle of Marengo
3139:Battle of Trebbia
3123:Battle of Cassano
3115:Battle of Magnano
3099:Battle of Ostrach
3001:Battle of Neuwied
2763:Battle of Fleurus
2747:Battle of Tournay
2624:War in the Vendée
2560:Royalist Revolts
2521:
2520:
2078:
2054:Abolition of the
1972:Tennis Court Oath
1964:National Assembly
1793:French Revolution
1759:
1758:
1749:Danièle Sallenave
1725:Théodore Gosselin
1581:
1580:
1570:Succeeded by
1516:The Code Napoléon
1259:978-1-84614-027-3
1174:978-0-393-32341-2
676:Batavian Republic
615:French Revolution
572:French Revolution
552:
551:
282:
281:
274:
264:
263:
193:
189:
160:
159:
152:
134:
57:
6848:
6776:French Consulate
6695:* (2010–present)
6608:
6594:
6488:
6481:
6474:
6465:
6464:
6344:
6304:
6297:
6290:
6281:
6280:
6263:French Directory
6178:Lucien Bonaparte
6066:
6065:
6026:
5989:French Consulate
5982:
5975:
5968:
5959:
5958:
5947:French Consulate
5667:
5666:
5657:
5570:French Directory
5563:
5556:
5549:
5540:
5539:
5526:
5525:
5516:
5515:
5506:
5505:
5496:
5495:
5486:
5485:
5449:Pierre Lambicchi
5297:Arthur Groussier
5288:Arthur Groussier
5279:Arthur Groussier
5267:Arthur Groussier
5234:Frédéric Desmons
5222:Frédéric Desmons
5210:Frédéric Desmons
5187:Frédéric Desmons
5154:Frédéric Desmons
5022:
5015:
5008:
4999:
4998:
4949:
4937:Temple of Reason
4908:
4884:
4865:
4846:
4845:
4797:Thomas Jefferson
4741:
4740:
4660:de Chateaubriand
4590:Joseph Bonaparte
4585:Lucien Bonaparte
4575:Marie Antoinette
4530:
4529:
4517:Sylvain Maréchal
4472:François Hanriot
4307:Louis Philippe I
4234:Louis Philippe I
4229:Philippe Égalité
4171:Olympe de Gouges
4141:Charlotte Corday
4131:Étienne Clavière
3931:
3930:
3913:Antonio Ricardos
3898:
3897:
3883:Andrei Rosenberg
3863:
3862:
3833:
3832:
3808:
3807:
3778:Ralph Abercromby
3765:
3764:
3740:
3717:
3704:
3696:
3688:
3675:
3662:
3639:
3638:
3630:
3629:
3534:
3481:Marcellin Marbot
3304:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3285:Military leaders
3281:
3280:
3268:
3260:
3256:Treaty of Amiens
3241:
3233:
3225:
3204:
3196:
3188:
3180:
3159:
3158:(25–26 Sep 1799)
3151:
3143:
3142:(17–20 Jun 1799)
3135:
3127:
3126:(27–28 Apr 1799)
3119:
3111:
3103:
3102:(20–21 Mar 1799)
3095:
3087:
3083:Second Coalition
3066:
3058:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2993:Treaty of Leoben
2989:
2981:
2980:(14–15 Jan 1797)
2977:Battle of Rivoli
2973:
2965:
2961:Italian campaign
2944:
2936:
2935:(15–17 Nov 1796)
2932:Battle of Arcole
2928:
2920:
2912:
2904:
2896:
2888:
2880:
2872:
2868:Battle of Amberg
2864:
2851:
2843:
2839:Battle of Lonato
2835:
2831:Italian campaign
2809:
2788:
2780:
2767:
2759:
2751:
2743:
2735:
2726:
2705:
2704:(26–27 Dec 1793)
2692:
2684:
2646:
2638:
2634:Battle of Famars
2602:
2527:
2526:
2509:
2501:
2493:
2474:
2455:
2447:
2428:
2420:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2365:
2357:
2349:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2267:
2259:
2251:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2172:
2164:
2156:
2148:
2129:
2121:
2113:
2105:
2097:
2096:(20–21 Jun 1791)
2076:
2068:
2060:
2051:
2032:
2024:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1915:
1907:
1903:Day of the Tiles
1886:
1885:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1744:
1736:
1728:
1720:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1688:
1680:
1672:
1664:
1656:
1648:
1640:
1632:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1529:Preceded by
1521:
1520:
1509:
1494:
1480:
1479:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1379:
1373:. p. 5371.
1372:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1271:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1203:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1160:
1149:
1148:
1140:
1127:
1126:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1075:
1074:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1005:
955:Joseph Bonaparte
826:duché grand-fief
754:Coutume de Paris
739:Emperor Napoleon
565:
560:
544:
516:
492:Personal details
478:
466:
457:
436:
424:
415:
385:
366:
353:
334:
307:
286:
285:
277:
270:
243:
237:
210:Google Translate
191:
187:
170:
169:
162:
155:
148:
144:
141:
135:
133:
92:
68:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
6856:
6855:
6851:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6845:
6711:
6710:
6709:
6704:
6697:
6642:
6633: (1849–54)
6627: (1847–49)
6621: (1814–47)
6581: (1748–65)
6575: (1740–48)
6569: (1735–40)
6563: (1731–35)
6557: (1727–31)
6545: (1646–94)
6539: (1622–46)
6527: (1586–92)
6521: (1556–86)
6515: (1545–47)
6497:
6492:
6462:
6457:
6443:
6431:
6419:
6407:
6395:
6383:
6371:
6359:
6347:
6345:
6336:
6329:Foreign Affairs
6324:
6320:Head of state:
6314:
6308:
6278:
6273:
6249:
6237:
6225:
6213:
6187:
6161:
6149:
6137:
6111:
6085:
6069:Foreign Affairs
6057:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6018:
5992:
5986:
5956:
5951:
5927:
5896:
5872:Pierre Bénézech
5860:
5836:Nicolas Dondeau
5809:
5773:
5727:
5691:
5670:Foreign Affairs
5658:
5649:
5573:
5567:
5537:
5532:
5480:
5472:
5419:
5354:Frédéric Zeller
5198:
5055:
5032:
5026:
4996:
4987:
4862:La Marseillaise
4851:
4850:Cultural impact
4836:
4746:
4727:
4694:
4650:Madame du Barry
4640:Catherine Théot
4630:Thérésa Tallien
4521:
4512:Gracchus Babeuf
4457:François Chabot
4414:
4406:
4327:Georges Couthon
4322:Marquis de Sade
4287:Jean-Paul Marat
4263:
4219:Bertrand Barère
4185:
4096:
4077:Boissy d'Anglas
4072:Madame de Staël
4037:Antoine Barnave
4005:
3998:
3989:
3936:
3917:
3892:
3887:
3857:
3852:
3827:
3822:
3802:
3797:
3759:
3754:
3738:
3715:
3702:
3694:
3686:
3673:
3660:
3649:József Alvinczi
3633:
3615:
3597:
3538:Nicolas Oudinot
3528:
3461:Claude Lecourbe
3456:Charles Leclerc
3351:Guillaume Brune
3321:Pierre Augereau
3291:
3286:
3271:
3266:
3264:Treaty of Paris
3258:
3244:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3207:
3202:
3194:
3186:
3178:
3162:
3157:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3093:
3085:
3069:
3064:
3056:
3048:
3040:
3032:
3016:
3011:
3003:
2995:
2987:
2979:
2971:
2963:
2947:
2942:
2934:
2926:
2918:
2910:
2902:
2894:
2886:
2878:
2870:
2862:
2849:
2841:
2833:
2817:
2807:
2791:
2786:
2778:
2765:
2757:
2749:
2741:
2733:
2724:
2708:
2703:
2690:
2682:
2680:Siege of Toulon
2644:
2636:
2619:First Coalition
2605:
2596:
2532:
2517:
2507:
2499:
2491:
2477:
2472:
2458:
2453:
2445:
2431:
2426:
2418:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2368:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2338:
2330:
2322:
2304:
2299:
2291:
2283:
2281:Law of Suspects
2275:
2265:
2257:
2249:
2229:
2227:Reign of Terror
2221:
2213:
2199:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2132:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2103:
2095:
2081:
2066:
2058:
2049:
2035:
2030:
2022:
2014:
2007:(4–11 Aug 1789)
2006:
1998:
1990:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1958:
1950:
1942:
1940:Réveillon riots
1934:
1918:
1913:
1905:
1891:
1880:
1795:
1790:
1760:
1755:
1747:
1739:
1733:Georges Duhamel
1731:
1723:
1715:
1707:
1699:
1693:Louis de Bonald
1691:
1683:
1675:
1667:
1661:Jacques Hardion
1659:
1651:
1643:
1635:
1627:
1619:
1611:
1577:
1575:
1566:
1564:(Third Consul)
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1507:
1503:Wayback Machine
1492:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1472:
1468:
1457:
1453:
1442:
1438:
1427:
1423:
1412:
1408:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1350:
1346:
1335:
1331:
1316:
1312:
1293:
1289:
1273:
1272:
1260:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1219:
1215:
1204:
1197:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1161:
1152:
1141:
1130:
1123:
1103:
1096:
1087:Harper (1835).
1085:
1078:
1063:, ed. (1911). "
1048:
1046:
1045:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1007:
1006:
1002:
997:
967:
947:
907:Robert Badinter
867:
844:Napoleonic Wars
793:
735:Napoleonic Code
707:
705:Napoleonic Code
660:
647:
619:Estates-General
602:later became a
588:
580:Napoleonic Code
558:
518:
514:
501:
500:18 October 1753
476:
464:
458:
453:
434:
428:Charles Dambray
422:
416:
411:
388:
386:
381:
364:
351:
346:
335:
330:
314:
298:
291:
278:
267:
266:
265:
260:
259:
258:
241:
235:
194:
171:
167:
156:
145:
139:
136:
93:
91:
81:
69:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6854:
6844:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6766:Occitan people
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6706:
6705:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6690:
6684:
6678:
6672:
6666:
6660:
6654:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6634:
6628:
6622:
6616:
6602:
6588:
6582:
6576:
6570:
6564:
6558:
6552:
6546:
6540:
6534:
6528:
6522:
6516:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6495:Dukes of Parma
6491:
6490:
6483:
6476:
6468:
6459:
6458:
6453:• Followed by
6448:
6445:
6444:
6439:
6437:
6433:
6432:
6427:
6425:
6421:
6420:
6415:
6413:
6409:
6408:
6403:
6401:
6397:
6396:
6391:
6389:
6385:
6384:
6379:
6377:
6373:
6372:
6367:
6365:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6353:
6349:
6348:
6339:
6337:
6332:
6330:
6326:
6325:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6307:
6306:
6299:
6292:
6284:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6271:
6265:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6245:
6243:
6239:
6238:
6233:
6231:
6227:
6226:
6221:
6219:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6195:
6193:
6189:
6188:
6186:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6169:
6167:
6163:
6162:
6157:
6155:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6143:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6093:
6091:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6083:
6078:
6072:
6070:
6063:
6059:
6058:
6056:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6039:
6037:
6033:
6032:
6021:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6000:
5998:
5994:
5993:
5985:
5984:
5977:
5970:
5962:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5949:
5943:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5904:
5902:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5868:
5866:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5817:
5815:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5699:
5697:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5673:
5671:
5664:
5660:
5659:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5581:
5579:
5575:
5574:
5566:
5565:
5558:
5551:
5543:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5520:
5510:
5500:
5490:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5467:
5464:
5458:
5452:
5446:
5440:
5437:
5434:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5408:
5405:
5402:Patrick Kessel
5399:
5396:
5390:
5387:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5372:
5366:
5363:
5357:
5351:
5345:
5342:Paul Anxionnaz
5339:
5336:
5333:Paul Anxionnaz
5330:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5309:
5306:
5303:
5300:
5294:
5291:
5285:
5282:
5276:
5273:Joseph Brenier
5270:
5264:
5261:
5255:
5249:
5246:
5240:
5237:
5231:
5228:Louis Lafferre
5225:
5219:
5216:Louis Lafferre
5213:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5190:
5184:
5178:
5172:
5166:
5163:
5157:
5151:
5145:
5142:
5139:
5133:
5127:
5121:
5115:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5094:
5088:
5082:
5079:Pierre de Ruel
5076:
5070:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5047:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5025:
5024:
5017:
5010:
5002:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4932:Cult of Reason
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4876:
4874:Flag of France
4871:
4866:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4702:
4700:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4680:Jacques Necker
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4536:
4534:
4527:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4502:Claire Lacombe
4499:
4494:
4489:
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4427:Jacques Hébert
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4126:Henri Grégoire
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3147:Battle of Novi
3144:
3136:
3134:(4–7 Jun 1799)
3128:
3120:
3112:
3104:
3096:
3088:
3079:
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2842:(3–4 Aug 1796)
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2260:
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2168:10th of August
2165:
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2114:
2106:
2098:
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2080:
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2069:
2061:
2052:
2050:(Feb–Jul 1790)
2043:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2034:
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2025:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1953:
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1937:
1926:
1924:
1920:
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1709:Ernest Legouvé
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1487:External links
1485:
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1061:Chisholm, Hugh
1030:
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915:age of consent
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6689:* (1977–2010)
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6658:
6655:
6653:* (1859–1907)
6652:
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6626:
6625:Charles Louis
6623:
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6393:Joseph Fouché
6390:
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6381:Lazare Carnot
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6159:Joseph Fouché
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6128:Lazare Carnot
6126:
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5856:Joseph Fouché
5854:
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5585:Lazare Carnot
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5369:Michel Baroin
5367:
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5193:Louis Lucipia
5191:
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5181:Louis Lucipia
5179:
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4928:
4925:
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4917:Metric system
4915:
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4716:Panthéon Club
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4605:Joachim Murat
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4382:Gilbert Romme
4380:
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1552:Second Consul
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1543:Joseph Sieyes
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1056:public domain
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939:Père Lachaise
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817:Duke of Parma
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727:Second Consul
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527:Resting place
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188:(August 2020)
184:
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177:You can help
173:
164:
163:
154:
151:
143:
140:February 2011
132:
129:
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118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101: –
100:
96:
95:Find sources:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
6619:Marie Louise
6610:
6596:
6449:Preceded by
6417:Denis Decrès
6267:Followed by
6261:Preceded by
6209:Denis Decrès
6030:First Consul
5945:Followed by
5939:Preceded by
5749:Lazare Hoche
5424:21st century
5203:20th century
5169:Henri Thulié
5160:Henri Thulié
5060:19th century
5037:18th century
4953:Phrygian cap
4898:Bastille Day
4812:Thomas Paine
4767:Edmund Burke
4762:Beaumarchais
4756:Les Lumières
4754:
4595:Joseph Fesch
4507:Pauline Léon
4477:Jacques Roux
4416:
4000:
3426:Lazare Hoche
3411:Paul Grenier
3381:Louis Desaix
3240:(8 Jul 1801)
3224:(9 Feb 1801)
3195:(3 Dec 1800)
3118:(5 Apr 1799)
2919:(6 Nov 1796)
2895:(8 Sep 1796)
2887:(4 Sep 1796)
2879:(3 Sep 1796)
2850:(5 Aug 1796)
2779:(2 Oct 1794)
2758:(1 Jun 1794)
2500:(9 Nov 1799)
2446:(4 Sep 1797)
2383:(1 Apr 1795)
2353:White Terror
2346:guillotined
2323:(5 Apr 1794)
2270:
2250:(2 Jun 1793)
2120:(3 Sep 1791)
2071:
2031:(2 Nov 1789)
2023:(5 Oct 1789)
1951:(5 May 1789)
1929:
1906:(7 Jun 1788)
1873:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1831:
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1817:
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1469:
1460:
1454:
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1439:
1430:
1424:
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1400:
1394:
1382:. Retrieved
1362:
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1319:
1313:
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1290:
1248:
1241:
1222:
1216:
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1189:
1183:
1164:
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1107:
1088:
1068:
1021:. Retrieved
1012:
1003:
971:
965:Bibliography
948:
935:
927:
923:
919:Palais-Royal
903:
871:
868:
865:Private life
851:Hundred Days
848:
838:
831:
824:
821:duc de Parme
820:
802:
782:
753:
743:
724:
699:First Consul
684:
680:Five Hundred
661:
648:
608:
589:
576:First Empire
554:
553:
515:(1824-03-08)
513:8 March 1824
477:Succeeded by
470:André Dumont
454:
435:Succeeded by
412:
382:
365:Succeeded by
331:
309:Portrait by
293:
283:
268:
228:edit summary
219:
186:
178:
146:
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
6726:1824 deaths
6721:1753 births
6687:Carlos Hugo
6683:* (1974–77)
6677:* (1959–74)
6671:* (1950–59)
6665:* (1939–50)
6659:* (1907–39)
6631:Charles III
6543:Ranuccio II
6014:Roger Ducos
5645:Roger Ducos
5528:WikiProject
5461:José Gulino
5455:Guy Arcizet
5431:Alain Bauer
5195:(1898–1900)
5052:(1795–1804)
5046:(1771–1792)
4822:Abbé Sieyès
4807:Montesquieu
4723:Social Club
4665:Jean Chouan
4555:Louis XVIII
4332:Roger Ducos
4302:Paul Barras
4269:Montagnards
4199:Abbé Sieyès
4002:monarchiens
3810:Netherlands
3739:(Hungarian)
3687:(Hungarian)
3603:French Navy
3529: [
3451:Jean Lannes
3308:French Army
3086:(1798–1802)
3057:(1798–1800)
3041:(1798–1801)
2771:Chouannerie
2732:(Pyrenees)
2597: [
2564:Chouannerie
2356:(Fall 1794)
2344:Robespierre
1539:Roger Ducos
1508:(in French)
1493:(in French)
1326:. p. .
951:Freemasonry
945:Freemasonry
766:Netherlands
691:18 Brumaire
592:Montpellier
503:Montpellier
465:Preceded by
423:Preceded by
352:Preceded by
6715:Categories
6591:Cambacérès
6567:Charles II
6531:Ranuccio I
6513:Pier Luigi
4711:Cordeliers
4625:Talleyrand
4550:Louis XVII
4412:Hébertists
4166:Jean Debry
3996:Feuillants
3625:Opposition
3521:Michel Ney
2943:(Dec 1796)
2551:Thionville
2454:(Dec 1797)
2427:(May 1796)
2419:5 Oct 1795
2396:Directoire
2276:(painting)
2179:(Sep 1792)
2163:(Jun 1792)
1996:Great Fear
1935:(Jan 1789)
1826:Revolution
1717:René Bazin
1573:Napoleon I
1567:1799–1804
1252:. London.
995:References
731:republican
627:department
623:Versailles
586:Early life
398:Napoleon I
110:newspapers
39:improve it
6675:Robert II
6585:Ferdinand
6561:Charles I
6549:Francesco
6525:Alexander
6062:Ministers
6028:Bonaparte
5663:Ministers
5578:Directors
5518:Templates
5463:(2012–13)
5457:(2010–12)
5451:(2008–10)
5445:(2005–08)
5433:(2000–03)
5413:(1997–99)
5404:(1994–96)
5395:(1989–92)
5386:(1987–88)
5371:(1977–79)
5362:(1973–75)
5356:(1971–73)
5350:(1969–71)
5344:(1966–69)
5335:(1964–65)
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5075:(1806–14)
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4545:Louis XVI
4540:Charles X
4191:The Plain
4102:Girondins
4042:Lafayette
3703:(Walloon)
3685:Pál Kray
3661:(Walloon)
3203:(1800–02)
3054:Quasi-War
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1536:Bonaparte
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45:talk page
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4827:Voltaire
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4533:Figures
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3716:(Saxon)
3674:(Swiss)
3641:Austria
1617:seat 30
1384:30 July
1058::
990:(t. 2))
970:1973 -
931:Bavaria
770:Belgium
633:at the
631:Hérault
394:Monarch
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6693:Carlos
6681:Xavier
6663:Joseph
6651:Robert
6607:
6605:Lebrun
6593:
6579:Philip
6388:Police
6154:Police
5814:Police
4526:Others
3865:Russia
3299:France
2964:(1797)
2834:(1796)
2569:Vendée
2546:Verdun
2373:1795–6
2316:Danton
1875:Museum
1805:Causes
1751:(2011)
1743:(1966)
1735:(1935)
1727:(1932)
1719:(1903)
1711:(1855)
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1266:
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874:sodomy
774:Quebec
764:, the
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750:Franks
670:, the
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6669:Elias
6657:Henry
6597:Parma
5498:Media
4983:Films
3900:Spain
3533:]
2601:]
2594:Namur
2579:Lille
2556:Valmy
1378:(PDF)
1371:(PDF)
1307:–101.
1113:94–95
762:Italy
520:Paris
206:DeepL
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4415:and
3999:and
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3022:1798
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2823:1796
2797:1795
2714:1794
2611:1793
2538:1792
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2309:1794
2204:1793
2137:1792
2086:1791
2040:1790
1923:1789
1896:1788
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1282:link
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