384:
317:
405:
20:
603:
1185:
325:
242:. The oxygen atoms, which bears some negative charge, link to other cations (M). This Si-O-M-O-Si linkage is strong and rigid, which properties are manifested in the rock-like silicates. The silicates can be classified according to the length and crosslinking of the silicate anions.
391:
Double-chain silicates, the other category of inosilicates, occur when tetrahedra form a double chain (not always but mostly) by sharing two or three oxygen atoms each. Common minerals for this group are
577:
are important industrial and household chemicals. Silicates of non-alkali cations, or with sheet and tridimensional polymeric anions, generally have negligible solubility in water at normal conditions.
1243:
and its various protonated forms. Such equilibria are relevant to the processes occurring on geological time scales. Some plants excrete ligands that dissolve silicates, a step in
416:, tetrahedra all share three oxygen atoms each and in turn link to form two-dimensional sheets. This structure does lead to minerals in this group having one strong cleavage plane.
456:
Although the tetrahedron is a common coordination geometry for silicon(IV) compounds, silicon may also occur with higher coordination numbers. For example, in the anion
176:. The name "silicate" is sometimes extended to any anions containing silicon, even if they do not fit the general formula or contain other atoms besides oxygen; such as
1216:
1260:
1541:"Contribution of construction activity to aggressive ground conditions causing the thaumasite form of sulfate attack to concrete in pyritic ground"
947:
1229:
Silicates are generally inert chemically. Hence they are common minerals. Their resiliency also recommends their use as building materials.
1620:
Knight, Christopher T. G.; Balec, Raymond J.; Kinrade, Stephen D. (2007). "The
Structure of Silicate Anions in Aqueous Alkaline Solutions".
1427:
1168:
1239:
Equilibria involving hydrolysis of silicate minerals are difficult to study. The chief challenge is the very low solubility of SiO
1209:
1445:
1410:
1202:
194:
For diverse manufacturing, technological, and artistic needs, silicates are versatile materials, both natural (such as
1429:
The thaumasite form of sulfate attack in concretes containing a source of carbonate ions—A microstructural overview
1079:
1074:
907:
708:
1366:
902:
1189:
1136:
284:
Two or more silicon atoms can share oxygen atoms in various ways, to form more complex anions, such as
1579:
1540:
1501:
1462:
376:, tetrahedra link to form a chain by sharing two oxygen atoms each. A common mineral in this group is
1130:
789:
332:
With two shared oxides bound to each silicon, cyclic or polymeric structures can result. The cyclic
173:
676:
496:
1657:
G. B. Alexander (1953): "The
Reaction of Low Molecular Weight Silicic Acids with Molybdic Acid".
912:
784:
1356:
1101:
926:
177:
1275:
in considerably longer time. In particular, the reaction is not observed with suspensions of
1402:
664:
696:
558:
440:, each tetrahedron shares all 4 oxygen atoms with its neighbours, forming a 3D structure.
8:
1371:
618:
562:
161:
24:
1683:
1151:
1141:
992:
958:
875:
868:
779:
628:
457:
169:
1556:
1517:
1478:
1637:
1599:
1595:
1560:
1521:
1482:
1441:
1406:
1323:
1288:
1268:
1244:
1156:
1066:
735:
669:
594:
383:
316:
188:
1310:, soluble silicate anions also play a major role in the polymerization mechanism of
525:
At very high pressure, such as exists in the majority of the Earth's crust, even SiO
1660:
1629:
1591:
1552:
1513:
1474:
1433:
1394:
1276:
1116:
1106:
1086:
703:
623:
157:
47:
1319:
1292:
1233:
982:
858:
772:
740:
570:
413:
320:
Depiction of a metasilicate chain, emphasizing the tetrahedral silicate subunits.
207:
1659:
Journal of the
American Chemical Society, volume 75, issue 22, pages 5655–5657.
1342:
1338:
1327:
1124:
987:
974:
828:
801:
796:
508:
404:
19:
1677:
1603:
1564:
1525:
1486:
1318:
aluminosilicates whose production requires less energy than that of ordinary
1146:
1091:
931:
894:
757:
715:
686:
681:
437:
251:
235:
80:
1641:
1633:
1361:
1161:
838:
833:
815:
633:
538:
479:
arrangement. This structure is also seen in the hexahydroxysilicate anion
333:
285:
124:
102:
1111:
1096:
1039:
953:
720:
652:
373:
328:
Alternative depiction of a metasilicate chain emphasizing the Si-O bonds.
231:
1664:
602:
1334:
1311:
691:
574:
530:
492:
476:
393:
239:
219:
495:, a mineral found rarely in nature but sometimes observed among other
1315:
1304:
1256:
1034:
1027:
921:
767:
725:
542:
421:
230:
In most silicates, silicon atom occupies the center of an idealized
1296:
1282:
1272:
1232:
When treated with calcium oxides and water, silicate minerals form
1022:
1012:
747:
730:
504:
472:
445:
377:
324:
1437:
1300:
1264:
1017:
942:
863:
752:
638:
566:
425:
366:
358:
267:
211:
195:
51:
1463:"The occurrence of thaumasite in modern construction – A review"
1046:
554:
534:
519:
500:
441:
234:
whose corners are four oxygen atoms, connected to it by single
203:
199:
55:
529:
adopts the six-coordinated octahedral geometry in the mineral
1307:
1287:
The nature of soluble silicates is relevant to understanding
762:
516:
417:
215:
165:
1577:
1267:
orthosilicate was found to react completely in 75 seconds;
880:
819:
512:
1580:"The thaumasite form of sulfate attack-breaking the rules"
1578:
Sims, Ian; Huntley (née
Hartshorn), Sarah A (2004-10-01).
451:
565:, are fairly soluble in water. They form several solid
428:
have very weak layers that can be peeled off in sheets.
1619:
369:silicate anions of can exist also as long chains.
16:Any polyatomic anion containing silicon and oxygen
1502:"The thaumasite form of sulfate attack in the UK"
1425:
1393:
1675:
1283:Zeolite formation and geopolymers polymerisation
557:cations and small or chain-like anions, such as
372:In single-chain silicates, which are a type of
187:. Most commonly, silicates are encountered as
1210:
541:of the Earth and also formed by shock during
1532:
1493:
1454:
1419:
1426:Crammond, N. J.; Halliwell, M. A. (1995).
1217:
1203:
569:when crystallized from solution. Soluble
1538:
1653:
1651:
1615:
1613:
1547:. Thaumasite in Cementitious Materials.
1508:. Thaumasite in Cementitious Materials.
1499:
1460:
471:, the silicon atom is surrounded by six
403:
382:
323:
315:
225:
18:
1622:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
1571:
1389:
1387:
1271:pyrosilicate in 10 minutes; and higher
1255:Silicate anions in solution react with
1676:
548:
452:Silicates with non-tetrahedral silicon
1648:
1610:
1295:, such as the industrially important
1263:complexes. In a typical preparation,
245:
1384:
436:In a framework silicate, known as a
266:. A common mineral in this group is
58:, usually with the general formula
13:
156:). The name is also used for any
14:
1695:
1326:could contribute to limiting the
507:structures submitted to a severe
1596:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.01.002
1184:
1183:
601:
1432:. American Concrete Institute.
948:microbial calcite precipitation
573:and mixtures thereof, known as
1584:Cement and Concrete Composites
1545:Cement and Concrete Composites
1539:Longworth, T. I (2003-12-01).
1506:Cement and Concrete Composites
1467:Cement and Concrete Composites
1461:Crammond, Norah (2002-06-01).
1:
1557:10.1016/S0958-9465(03)00124-0
1518:10.1016/S0958-9465(03)00106-9
1500:Crammond, N. J (2003-12-01).
1479:10.1016/S0958-9465(01)00092-0
1377:
908:marine biogenic calcification
168:containing the corresponding
46:is any member of a family of
1250:
581:
431:
7:
1348:
1137:Biomineralising polychaetes
903:amorphous calcium carbonate
589:Part of a series related to
420:fall into this group. Both
10:
1700:
1169:Burgess Shale preservation
206:) and artificial (such as
1399:Chemistry of the Elements
1397:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
1131:Cupriavidus metallidurans
497:calcium silicate hydrates
399:
311:
174:tetramethyl orthosilicate
1367:Carbonate-silicate cycle
852:Teeth, scales, tusks etc
412:In this group, known as
387:Double chain tetrahedra.
254:anions have the formula
160:of such anions, such as
1333:emissions in the Earth
1259:anions yielding yellow
913:calcareous nannofossils
709:Choanoflagellate lorica
533:, a dense polymorph of
499:artificially formed in
79:. The family includes
1634:10.1002/anie.200702986
1357:Alkali-silica reaction
1102:Magnetotactic bacteria
927:oolitic aragonite sand
785:scaly-foot snail shell
409:
388:
329:
321:
39:
1403:Butterworth-Heinemann
1395:Greenwood, Norman N.
1291:and the synthesis of
407:
386:
327:
319:
226:Structural principles
22:
1665:10.1021/ja01118a054
1372:Ocean acidification
829:Vertebrate skeleton
619:Mineralized tissues
549:Chemical properties
515:grounds containing
448:are in this group.
162:sodium metasilicate
1324:geopolymer cements
1314:. Geopolymers are
993:diatomaceous earth
959:Great Calcite Belt
876:Scale microfossils
869:otolithic membrane
780:small shelly fauna
753:echinoderm stereom
629:Biocrystallization
458:hexafluorosilicate
410:
389:
330:
322:
246:Isolated silicates
178:hexafluorosilicate
40:
1628:(43): 8148–8152.
1447:978-0-87031-652-4
1412:978-0-08-037941-8
1289:biomineralization
1245:biomineralization
1227:
1226:
1157:permineralization
1142:Mineral nutrients
1067:Mineral evolution
736:foraminifera test
595:Biomineralization
238:according to the
189:silicate minerals
48:polyatomic anions
23:Structure of the
1691:
1668:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1551:(8): 1005–1013.
1536:
1530:
1529:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1401:(2nd ed.).
1391:
1293:aluminosilicates
1277:colloidal silica
1219:
1212:
1205:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1107:Magnetoreception
1087:Ballast minerals
682:Cephalopod shell
677:Brachiopod shell
624:Remineralisation
605:
586:
585:
571:sodium silicates
490:
489:
488:
470:
469:
468:
408:Sheet silicates.
356:
355:
354:
346:
345:
307:
306:
305:
297:
296:
280:
265:
264:
263:
186:
155:
148:
141:
140:
139:
136:
122:
115:
114:
113:
110:
100:
93:
92:
91:
88:
78:
70:
69:
68:
38:
37:
36:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1656:
1649:
1618:
1611:
1576:
1572:
1537:
1533:
1498:
1494:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1392:
1385:
1380:
1351:
1341:caused by this
1331:
1320:Portland cement
1285:
1261:silicomolybdate
1253:
1242:
1234:Portland cement
1223:
1182:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1061:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1007:
999:
998:
997:
983:biogenic silica
977:
967:
966:
965:
950:
938:
917:
897:
887:
886:
885:
853:
845:
844:
843:
823:
808:
807:
806:
773:gastropod shell
741:testate amoebae
731:diatom frustule
656:
645:
644:
643:
613:
584:
553:Silicates with
551:
528:
491:that occurs in
487:
484:
483:
482:
480:
467:
464:
463:
462:
460:
454:
434:
414:phyllosilicates
402:
364:
353:
350:
349:
348:
344:
341:
340:
339:
337:
314:
304:
301:
300:
299:
295:
292:
291:
290:
288:
279:
275:
271:
262:
259:
258:
257:
255:
248:
228:
208:Portland cement
184:
180:
150:
143:
137:
134:
133:
131:
127:
117:
111:
108:
107:
105:
95:
89:
86:
85:
83:
72:
67:
62:
61:
60:
59:
35:
32:
31:
30:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1697:
1687:
1686:
1670:
1669:
1647:
1609:
1590:(7): 837–844.
1570:
1531:
1512:(8): 809–818.
1492:
1473:(3): 393–402.
1453:
1446:
1418:
1411:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1343:greenhouse gas
1339:global warming
1329:
1284:
1281:
1252:
1249:
1240:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1127:
1122:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1080:immobilization
1077:
1075:mineralization
1069:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
996:
995:
990:
988:siliceous ooze
985:
979:
978:
975:Silicification
973:
972:
969:
968:
964:
963:
962:
961:
956:
951:
939:
937:
936:
935:
934:
929:
918:
916:
915:
910:
905:
899:
898:
893:
892:
889:
888:
884:
883:
878:
873:
872:
871:
861:
855:
854:
851:
850:
847:
846:
842:
841:
836:
831:
825:
824:
814:
813:
810:
809:
805:
804:
799:
797:Sponge spicule
794:
793:
792:
790:estuary shells
787:
782:
777:
776:
775:
770:
765:
755:
745:
744:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
713:
712:
711:
701:
700:
699:
694:
689:
679:
674:
673:
672:
667:
658:
657:
651:
650:
647:
646:
642:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
615:
614:
611:
610:
607:
606:
598:
597:
591:
590:
583:
580:
550:
547:
526:
509:sulfate attack
485:
465:
453:
450:
433:
430:
401:
398:
362:
351:
342:
313:
310:
302:
293:
277:
273:
260:
247:
244:
236:covalent bonds
227:
224:
182:
170:chemical group
129:
63:
50:consisting of
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1696:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1654:
1652:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1614:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1449:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1303:. Along with
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1191:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1152:Fossilization
1150:
1148:
1147:Microbial mat
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1092:Magnetofossil
1090:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1056:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1003:
1002:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
976:
971:
970:
960:
957:
955:
952:
949:
946:
945:
944:
941:
940:
933:
932:aragonite sea
930:
928:
925:
924:
923:
920:
919:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
900:
896:
895:Calcification
891:
890:
882:
879:
877:
874:
870:
867:
866:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
849:
848:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
826:
821:
817:
816:Endoskeletons
812:
811:
803:
800:
798:
795:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
760:
759:
758:mollusc shell
756:
754:
751:
750:
749:
746:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
718:
717:
716:Protist shell
714:
710:
707:
706:
705:
702:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
687:cirrate shell
685:
684:
683:
680:
678:
675:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
660:
659:
654:
649:
648:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
616:
609:
608:
604:
600:
599:
596:
593:
592:
588:
587:
579:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
559:sodium ortho-
556:
546:
544:
540:
537:found in the
536:
532:
523:
521:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
478:
474:
459:
449:
447:
443:
439:
438:tectosilicate
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
406:
397:
395:
385:
381:
379:
375:
370:
368:
360:
335:
326:
318:
309:
287:
282:
269:
253:
252:orthosilicate
243:
241:
237:
233:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
190:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
153:
146:
126:
120:
104:
98:
82:
81:orthosilicate
76:
66:
57:
53:
49:
45:
26:
25:orthosilicate
21:
1658:
1625:
1621:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1438:10.14359/963
1428:
1421:
1398:
1362:Carbon cycle
1286:
1254:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1162:petrifaction
1129:
1117:
1112:Microfossils
859:Limpet teeth
839:Ossification
834:Bone mineral
768:chiton shell
653:Exoskeletons
634:Biointerface
563:metasilicate
552:
539:lower mantle
524:
513:argillaceous
475:atoms in an
455:
435:
411:
390:
371:
334:metasilicate
331:
286:pyrosilicate
283:
249:
229:
193:
151:
144:
125:pyrosilicate
118:
103:metasilicate
96:
74:
64:
43:
41:
1312:geopolymers
1097:Magnetosome
1040:phosphorite
1006:Other forms
954:calcite sea
721:coccosphere
665:exoskeleton
374:inosilicate
232:tetrahedron
1378:References
1335:atmosphere
692:cuttlebone
661:Arthropod
575:waterglass
531:stishovite
493:thaumasite
477:octahedral
394:amphiboles
240:octet rule
220:waterglass
172:, such as
1684:Silicates
1604:0958-9465
1565:0958-9465
1526:0958-9465
1487:0958-9465
1316:amorphous
1305:aluminate
1297:catalysts
1273:oligomers
1265:monomeric
1257:molybdate
1251:Detection
1118:engrailed
1035:Phosphate
1028:oil shale
922:Aragonite
726:coccolith
582:Reactions
545:impacts.
543:meteorite
446:feldspars
432:Framework
422:muscovite
367:Polymeric
250:Isolated
164:; or any
1678:Category
1642:17886822
1349:See also
1337:and the
1301:zeolites
1190:Category
1071:In soil
1023:alginite
1013:Bone bed
748:Seashell
655:(shells)
567:hydrates
517:oxidized
505:concrete
473:fluorine
378:pyroxene
212:ceramics
181:[SiF
71:, where
44:silicate
1299:called
1269:dimeric
1060:Related
1018:Kerogen
943:Calcite
864:Otolith
697:gladius
670:cuticle
639:Biofilm
612:General
426:biotite
359:hexamer
272:(Mg,Fe)
268:olivine
196:granite
123:), and
52:silicon
1640:
1602:
1563:
1524:
1485:
1444:
1409:
1322:. So,
1308:anions
1188:
1047:Pyrena
704:Lorica
555:alkali
535:silica
520:pyrite
501:cement
481:Si(OH)
442:Quartz
400:Sheets
361:of SiO
312:Chains
218:, and
204:garnet
202:, and
200:gravel
77:< 2
56:oxygen
27:anion
1125:Druse
820:bones
763:nacre
418:Micas
357:is a
336:ring
216:glass
166:ester
147:= 0.5
1638:PMID
1600:ISSN
1561:ISSN
1522:ISSN
1483:ISSN
1442:ISBN
1407:ISBN
1120:gene
881:Tusk
802:Test
561:and
503:and
444:and
424:and
158:salt
73:0 ≤
54:and
1661:doi
1630:doi
1592:doi
1553:doi
1514:doi
1475:doi
1434:doi
511:in
461:SiF
365:.
281:).
276:SiO
256:SiO
222:).
154:= 2
121:= 1
106:SiO
101:),
99:= 0
84:SiO
29:SiO
1680::
1650:^
1636:.
1626:46
1624:.
1612:^
1598:.
1588:26
1586:.
1582:.
1559:.
1549:25
1543:.
1520:.
1510:25
1504:.
1481:.
1471:24
1469:.
1465:.
1440:.
1405:.
1386:^
1345:.
1328:CO
1279:.
1247:.
1236:.
522:.
396:.
380:.
352:18
338:Si
308:.
289:Si
214:,
210:,
198:,
191:.
149:,
135:6−
128:Si
109:2−
87:4−
42:A
1663::
1644:.
1632::
1606:.
1594::
1567:.
1555::
1528:.
1516::
1489:.
1477::
1450:.
1436::
1415:.
1330:2
1241:4
1218:e
1211:t
1204:v
822:)
818:(
527:2
486:6
466:6
363:3
347:O
343:6
303:7
298:O
294:2
278:4
274:2
270:(
261:4
185:]
183:6
152:n
145:x
142:(
138:7
132:O
130:2
119:x
116:(
112:3
97:x
94:(
90:4
75:x
65:n
34:4
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