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432:. Nevasa in 1500 BC also provides evidence of silk weaving, Arthashastra written around 4th century BC mentions a guild of silk weavers. Gupta inscriptions also mention this guild. Most of the silk was exported using Indian ocean trade and India was a major silk exporter during the Gupta periods. Romans imported all of their silk from India but Persians created a monopoly of the Indian silk trade hence Byzantine empire sought Silk route to not only import silk but introduce silk weaving in Western Asia and Europe.
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combined with tulips, poppies, primulas, roses and lilies. A lot of figurative motifs were also used in the Mughal era such as deer, horses, butterflies, peacocks and insects. The Mughal kings played a vital role in the enhancement of jamawar by putting their inspirations into the cloth's designing and visiting the weavers on a regular basis to supervise its making. Shining, decorative pallus were jals were the main designs of this time. The borders were usually woven with silk and zari.
606:(a thread prepared by twisting a different number of silk filaments) brocades. Pot-thans are lighter in textures (lower thread count) than kinkhwabs but closely woven in silk and all or certain portions of the pattern are in gold or silver zaris. These fabrics are mostly used for making expensive garments and sarees. Very often the satin ground weave is particularly used for garments fabrics. These fabrics are characterized by their jals which are normally made out of silk and tilla.
451:
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1035:(1665) do not mention the manufacture of brocades in Banaras. Ralph Fitch (1583â91) describes Banaras as a thriving sector of the cotton textile industry. The earliest mention of the brocade and Zari textiles of Banaras is found in the 19th century. With the migration of silk weavers from Gujarat during the famine of 1603, it is likely that silk brocade weaving started in Banaras in the 17th century and developed in excellence during the 18th and 19th century.
654:, which is woven from silk and zari on silk to produce variegated designs, woven on the principle of extra weft. Himru can be very pretty with a pseudo-rich effect in general. It continued to be in popular demand on the account of its low price as compared to the pure silk brocades. Another point in its favor is that it can be woven very fine so as to give it a soft feel, thus making it more suitable as a fabric for personal wear than the true brocade.
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provided to these naqsha-bandhs by the wholesalers and are thus plotted on the graph. The use of various threads in the pattern such as zari, resham, polyester, etc. are separated on the graph with the help of colours indicated on a key chart. The wholesalers later decide the main colours and this information are forwarded to the weavers. The naqsha-bandhs do not have say in the designing of the motifs and patterns. They do what they are told to do.
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which resulted in the loss of its natural luster and smoothness. Therefore, weaving with Badla Zari was difficult and required great skill. Often a touch of Badla was given to floral motives to enhance the beauty. This type of zari has mostly gone out of favor amongst the contemporary weavers and they mostly depend on polyester or pure silk as a substitute.
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worked with the local weavers and imparted their skills to the locals. This intermingling of creative techniques brought about a great transformation in the textile weaving industry. The exquisite latifa (beautiful) buti was the outcome of the fusion of
Persian and Indian designs. Brocades produced at the royal workshops of other well-known
815:
shimmering tapestry of intricate design, in colours that range from the traditionally deep, rich shades to delicate pastels. A minimum of four months of patient effort goes into the creation of each jamawar saree. Many of the jamawar sarees now have matching silk shawls attached to them, creating elegant ensembles fit for royalty.
626:(the literal meaning of which is âflower like bodyâ) was a known variety of mushru (cotton and silk) popular in the late 19th century. Sangi, Ganta, Ilaycha were types of mashru too. These were popular since ancient times and were known to be woven at all leading silk centres. One reason for their popularity was
802:
Complex patterns were developed only when additional decorative elements were included in the basic pattern. During later periods, the gap between the motifs was also filled with smaller motifs or geometrical forms. The iris and narcissus flowers became the most celebrated motifs of this era and were
1186:
Currently, two kinds of kinkhwab (jamawar) are available in the markets. Mughal jamawar and self jamawar. Mughal jamawar has a distinct characteristic of the use of gold and silver zari with silk, the use of gold zari with silver zari and the use of zari with polyester. Self jamawar does not involve
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Depending on the intricacy of its designs and patterns, a saree can take from 15 days to a month and sometimes up to six months to complete. Banarasi sarees are mostly worn by Indian women on important occasions such as when attending a wedding and are expected to be complemented by the woman's best
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In this way, the pattern or motif is drawn on the graph paper to provide the weaver with the exact picture of each thread making up the design in the process of weaving. The designs and patterns are then transferred from the graph paper on a wooden frame and are referred to as the naqsha. The naqsha
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The Indian motifs were greatly influenced by nature like the sun, moon, stars, rivers, trees, flowers, birds etc. The figural and geometrical motifs such as trees, lotus flower, bulls, horses, lions, elephants, peacocks, swans, eagles, the sun, stars, diagonal or zigzag lines, squares, round shapes,
727:
Due to its rich and fine raw materials, the rich and powerful merchants used jamawar and noblemen of the time, who could not only afford it but could even commission the weavers to make the fabric for them, as in the case of the
Mughals. Emperor Akbar was one of its greatest patrons. He brought many
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and power loom. There is a vast difference between the outputs of the three types of looms. The power looms cannot match the intricacy that can be achieved using the pit or jacquard loom. This is the reason for the far superior workmanship that can be found in the earlier designs dating back to the
810:
Another big change was brought about in 1985, where the source of inspiration was the
Chinese Shanghai cloth. The patterns of the Chinese Shanghai were amended in accordance to the weave construction of the jamawar cloth and introduced in the cloth. This proved to be a very successful change and is
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figures in combat or represented in roundels were also commonly used motifs. These motifs have remained in existence for more than two thousand years. However, new patterns have consistently been introduced; sometimes some of these are even an amalgamation of the existing patterns. Such attempts at
682:
Gyasar is a silk fabric of a kinkhwab structure with ground, in which the gold thread is profusely used with
Tibetan designs. The fabric is especially popular with Tibetans and used extensively in their dresses as well as in decorative hangings, prayer mats, etc. Its has slandered width of 24 to 28
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The brocade weaving centres of India developed in and around the capitals of kingdoms or holy cities because of the demand for expensive fabrics by the royal families and temples. Rich merchants of the trading ports or centres also contributed to the development of these fabrics. Besides trading in
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Katan is a thread, prepared by twisting a different number of silk filaments according to requirement gives a firm structure to the background fabric. Katan is a plain woven fabric with pure silk threads. It consists of two threads twisted together and is mostly used for the warp of light fabrics.
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Their special characteristics are Mughal inspired designs such as intricate intertwining floral and foliate motifs, kalga and bel, a string of upright leaves called jhallar at the outer, edge of border is a characteristic of these sarees. Other features are gold work, compact weaving, figures with
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The bull or the swan, arranged between vertical and diagonal stripes can still be found in the silk jamawar sarees of India. Patterns with small flowers and two-coloured squares (chess board design) are seen, used both as a garment and as furnishing material â bed spreads with same kind of pattern
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was originally an elegant, heavy silk fabric with a floral or figured pattern known most for its butis and jals woven with silk as the warp and tilla as the weft, produced in China and Japan. Tilla in the earlier times was known as kasab. It was a combination of silver and tamba (copper) which was
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Gujrati builders and weavers were brought by Akbar to the royal workshops in 1572 AD. Akbar took an active role in overseeing the royal textile workshops, established at Lahore, Agra and
Fatehpur Sikri where skilled weavers from different backgrounds worked. Expert weavers from those distant lands
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is a saree made in
Varanasi, a city which is also called Benares or Banaras. The sarees are among the finest sarees in India and are known for their gold and silver brocade or zari, fine silk and opulent embroidery. The sarees are made of finely woven silk and are decorated with intricate design,
723:
Traders introduced this
Chinese silk cloth to India, mainly from Samarkand and Bukhara and it gained immense popularity among the royalty and the aristocracy. King and nobles bought the woven fabric by the yard, wearing it as a gown or using it as a wrap or shawl. Jamawar weaving centres in India
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is generally of two types Badla and Kala batto. Badla Zari was made of flattened gold or silver wire with the ancient method of making zari from pure metal without any core thread. This accounted for its peculiar stiffness. Sometimes cracks would develop in the metal during the process of weaving
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When the figure work is in silver threads with a background of gold threads it is called âTashi
Kinkhwabâ. This is a variety of kinkhwab which has a ground worked with an extra warp of gold and the pattern created with an extra weft of silver badla zari or vice versa. A satin weave is very often
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produces 9,000 metric tons of mulberry silk of a total of 14,000 metric tons produced in the country, thus contributing to nearly 70% of the country's total mulberry silk. In
Karnataka, silk is mainly grown in the Mysore district. In the second half of the 20th century, it revived and the Mysore
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A specific person who is called a naqsha-bandh first draws the patterns or designs on paper which are then transferred on a graph paper on a comparatively much bigger scale. Every square in the graph signifies a specific number of threads on the loom. The unfinished, rough ideas and sketches are
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This is a mixed fabric with a woven stripe or zigzag pattern. The warp and weft used were of two different materials (silk and cotton, cotton and linen, silk and wool or wool and cotton) in different colours. It was used mostly for lower garments such as trousers, the lining of the heavy brocade
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means a dream and it is said that even with such a name âIts beauty, splendor and elegance can be hardly dreamt ofâ. Kinkhwabs are heavy fabrics or several layers of warp threads with an elaborate all-over pattern of extra weft, which may be of silk, gold and / or silver threads or combinations.
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which is then sold to the weavers. The pure silk yarn, before it can be used, has to undergo treatment such as bleaching or washing (in soap) and then dyeing. In its raw state, the silk is hard due to the sericlan; therefore it has to be removed. A single filament of the silk yarn is not strong
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The jamawar weaving technique is often defined as âembroidery weavingâ or âloom embroideryâ. This technique can also be applied on other fibres but jamawar is generally restricted to rich silk threads. Currently, any of the major textile fibres may be used in a wide range of quality and price.
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In recent years, the Indian government has attempted a modest revival of this art by setting up a shawl-weaving centre at
Kanihama in Kashmir. Efforts to revive this art have also been made by bringing in innovations like the creation of jamawar sarees by craftsmen in Varanasi. Each saree is a
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Silk brocade of Banaras, Ahmedabad and Surat were well known in the 17th century. While Banaras continues to be a centre of production of silk brocades, Ahmedabad and Surat have practically nothing to show today. On the other hand, silk brocade weaving has gained ground in the south of India.
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Kinkhwabs today are typically ornate, jacquard-woven fabrics. The pattern is usually emphasized by contrasting surfaces and colours and appears on the face of the fabric, which is distinguished easily from the back. Uses include apparel, draperies, upholstery and other decorative purposes.
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After the Mughal period, the figurative motifs were discouraged by the Muslims and more floral and paisleys were introduced. However, inspiration was taken from these figurative motives and put into designs as in the case of using only the peacock feathers instead of the complete figure.
715:. This fabric is widely used in the country for bridal and special occasion outfits. The texture and weave of patterns is such that the fabric often gets caught when rubbed against rough surfaces (metallic embroidery, jewellery etc.) it must therefore be handled delicately when worn.
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work on the saree. Kanchipuram attracts large number of people, both from India and abroad, who come specifically to buy the silk sarees. Most of the sarees are still hand woven by workers in the weaving unit. More than 5000 families still indulge in silk weaving.
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Gyanta is a silk fabric of kinkhwab structure of a satin body with or without the use of gold thread. These sometimes have a tantric design (which is also known as tchingo) of human heads with three eyes woven in gold and silver threads on a black satin ground.
515:, sericulture and silk-weaving received special encouragement and silk cloth produced in the Punjab came to be prized throughout the world. Lahore and Multan developed into major centres of silk industry. The tradition continues.
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used, resulting in a smooth ground for the fabric. The heavy fabric appears to be in layers, as the warp ends are crammed drawing three, four and up to seven ends per dent for the Tipara, Chaupara up to Satpara respectively.
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Jamawar dating back to the Mughal era however contained big, bold and realistic patterns, which were rather simple with ample space between the motifs. The designs stood out prominently against the background of the cloth.
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Kinkhwabs fabrics of India have earned a great reputation for their craftsmanship and grandeur. By and large, still continue to do so, even in the face of fierce competition from other types of woven and printed fabrics.
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Atlas: Atlas is a pure satin body. Relative to other fabrics, Atlas is thicker, heavier and is shinier than other fabrics because of the extra use of zari. It is also known as gilt, because it is even shinier than the
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Satan Tanchoi is the satin weave (four ends and eight picks or five ends and five picks satin) with the warp in one color and the weft in one or more colors. The extra weft in the design may also be used as body weft.
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that is made with cotton threads is a smaller sample of the actual design, which is to be woven on the loom. The warp is then taken for the weaving process, which is carried out, on various looms such as the pit loom,
1278:
491:, Fatehpur Sikri, Varanasi, Mau, Azamgarh and Murshidabad were the main centres for brocade weaving. Northern weavers were greatly influenced by the brocade weaving regions of eastern and southern Persia,
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Katan Butidar Paga Saree: Saree with Katan warp, resham weft, small butis all over body, closely spaced (about 10 cm (4") apart), about 5 cm (2") wide border and 30â55 cm (12-22") wide
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and reeling as that of the Chinese. Scanning electron micrographs of the fibre revealed that some fibres were spun after the silk moth was allowed to escape from the cocoon, similar to the
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Plain woven body with one color extra weft, one color weft and one color warp. Relative to the jamawar, it is lighter and softer. Tanchoi could be further classified into the following:
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One of the main reasons for the diversity in the designs of the jamawar cloth was the migratory nature of its weavers. Ideas from almost all parts of the world influenced these designs.
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meaning seven layers). Kin means golden in Chinese. Its specialty is in profusely using the gold and silver thread in a manner that sometimes leaves the silk background hardly visible.
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Katan Brocade: This is a fabric with Katan warp and Katan weft with figures in gold thread with or without mina, with the traditional styles being âkatrawanâ, âkardhwanâ and âFekvaâ.
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etc. can be traced through the entire history of jamawar and are still being used but in a rather different form in terms of intricacy and compositions, thus creating new patterns.
708:. The brocaded parts are woven in similar threads of silk and polyester. Most of the designs seen today are floral, with the kairy (i.e. the paisley) as the predominant motif.
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1027:) is situated on the Calcutta / Delhi rail route 760 km (470 mi) from Calcutta. It has always been a big textile centre of silk weaving. European travellers like
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coated with a veneer of gold and silver. Kinkhwabs have also been known as âKimkhabsâ, âKamkhwabsâ, âKincobsâ, âZar-baftâ (Gold Woven), zartari, zarkashi, mushaiar.
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the finished product, they advanced money to the weavers to buy the costly raw materials that is silk and zari. The ancient centres were situated mainly in Gujarat,
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The cloth was distinguished by its butis woven in circular shapes that gave an impression of ashrafis (gold coins). The ashrafis were usually woven in gold zari.
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silk denotes the three major types of indigenous wild silks produced in Assamâgolden muga, white pat and warm eri silk. The Assam silk industry, now centred in
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evolving new designs were particularly noticeable from the 10th century onwards, when patterns were altered to meet the specific demands of the Muslim rulers.
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stand out from others due to its intricate weaving patterns and the quality of the silk itself. Kanchipuram silk sarees are large and heavy owing to the
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and North Bangalore, the upcoming site of a US$ 20 million "Silk City", contribute to a majority of silk production. Another emerging silk producer is
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Mushabbar: The cloth is distinguished by its jal woven as bushes and branches of trees. The normal association with the design was that of a jungle.
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inches. It is popular as ritualistic textile in Buddhist religion. It is not possible to weave on power-loom. It is a complete hand-loom product.
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Katrawan: A technique or design in which the floating portions of the extra weft (laid from selvege to selvege) at the back of the fabric is cut.
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developed in the holy cities and the trade centres. The most well known jamawar weaving centres were in Assam, Gujrat, Malwa and South India.
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about the silk weavers of the town during the pre-independence period. The film won the Best Film Award at the annual National Film Awards.
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Satan Jari Tanchoi: Satan Tanchoi with weft in the order of one silk and one gold thread (Jari), or two silk (double) and one gold thread.
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Katan Jal Set: Over the years with minor innovations and influences from other materials, Jangla is now known as âKatan Jal Setâ.
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Satan Jari Katrawan Tanchoi: Satan Jari tanchoi in which the floating, extra weft, gold thread at the back is cut and removed.
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661:(four squares) jal. These are woven like kinkhwabs, but without the use of kala battu (zari) instead badla zari is used.
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Jangla: Plain fabric of Katan warp and Katan weft, with all-over floral designs in an extra weft of either silk or zari.
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Katan Butidar: Fabric with Katan warp and weft with butis (designs and patterns) in gold or resham (untwisted silk).
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Pakistan makes its own yarn from the imported cocoons that come from China. The yarn is cultivated in areas like
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enough to be woven on its own; therefore, it needs to be twisted in order to give it strength and hold.
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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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Varadarajan, Lotika (1988), "Silk in Northeastern and Eastern India: The Indigenous Tradition",
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The following are considered to be the main characteristics of the brocade fabrics of Banaras.
420:. The fibres were dated to around 2450â2000 BCE and were processed using similar techniques of
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1950:
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Katan Buti Zari Resham: Katan Butidar has evolved over time to become Katan Buti Zari Resham.
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dating between 2450 BC and 2000 BC. The Indus silks were obtained from more than one species
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Katan Butidar Mina: Katan Butidar with Mina work (design made out of zari thread) in butis.
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8:
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small details, metallic visual effects, pallus, jal (a net like pattern), and mina work.
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from Varanasi (Banaras), silk and gold-wrapped silk yarn with supplementary weft brocade
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Indian weaver predominantly used a wide variety of classical motifs such as the swan (
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Banarasi brocade produced two sub-variants from its original structure namely:
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Chottopadhoyaya, Annapurna (1980), "Some crafts of Ancient Bengal (Textile)",
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Katan Stripe and Katan Check are also popular variants found in the markets.
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These days the currently used designs and motifs involving Katan are:
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who examined the silk fibre excavated from two Indus valley cities of
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1454:"Molecular architecture of silk fibroin of Indian golden silkmoth,
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634:(literally meaning permitted) became very popular amongst Muslims.
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zari and basically is either silk on silk or silk with polyester.
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such as winged lions, centaurs, griffins, decorative of ferocious
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were widely used. These findings were published in the journal
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were the first locations to have automated silk reeling units.
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from the original on 11 May 2018 – via www.thehindu.com.
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in the place in where mulberry cultivation is concentrated in
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Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution
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511:, Turkey and Persia were also exported to India. Under the
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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Katan Katrawan Mina: A fabric in Katrawan style with Mina.
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The sarees are often part of an Indian bride's trousseau.
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State became the top multivoltine silk producer in India.
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Colours of India â silk yarn waiting to be made into
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in proprietorship of Sualkuchi Tat Silpa Unnayan Samity"
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and, because of these engravings, are relatively heavy.
2018:
1431:"From 2016, Sualkuchi textile products has a trademark
1297:"New evidence for early silk in the Indus civilization"
1271:"Tamil Nadu's first automatic silk reeling unit opened"
886:
In 2015, Adarsh Gupta K of Nagaraju's research team at
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is mostly silk, with perhaps an addition of a little
700:"Jama" means robe and "war" is yard. The base of the
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There may be three to seven layers of warp threads. (
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1376:"Blue Silk Brocade 473 Fabric | NY Designer Fabrics"
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Katan can be further classified into the following:
630:. Since Islam does not allow men to wear pure silk,
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India, where it usually takes two months to weave a
89:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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532:, texturally, are divided mainly into two groups:
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1038:
875:, is a labour-intensive industry. Its registered
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1295:Good, I.L.; Kenoyer, J.M.; Meadow, R.H. (2009).
1793:Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods
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1423:
852:
2034:
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888:Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics
1798:Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
1478:Global Silk Industry: A Complete Source Book
657:The cloth is distinguished by its intricate
317:
1512:
1451:
939:, the capital of Tamil Nadu. From the past
52:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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2027:
1591:
1577:
1551:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
795:are still woven in some parts of Gujarat.
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1343:
1290:
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1224:"Sericulture - Brief Note on Sericulture"
225:Learn how and when to remove this message
207:Learn how and when to remove this message
149:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1008:
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728:weavers from East Turkestan to Kashmir.
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253:In India, about 97% of the raw mulberry
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1386:from the original on 1 September 2016
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346:Recent archaeological discoveries in
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711:Today, the best jamawar is woven in
257:is produced in the Indian states of
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87:adding citations to reliable sources
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17:
13:
1851:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
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1506:
1319:
1259:from the original on 15 July 2015.
1249:"Silk city to come up near B'lore"
326:Silk merchants in the 19th century
14:
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1326:Ball, Philip (19 February 2009).
98:"Silk in the Indian subcontinent"
33:This article has multiple issues.
2003:
1598:
1464:from the original on 2016-12-20.
1441:from the original on 2016-11-10.
1313:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2008.00454.x
642:A type of Indian brocade is the
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2206:Silk in the Indian subcontinent
1437:. Intellectual Property India.
1178:Contemporary designs and motifs
74:needs additional citations for
41:or discuss these issues on the
1481:. APH Publishing. p. 17.
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1368:
1263:
1241:
1216:
1039:Distinguishing characteristics
911:
819:Weaving of jamawar in Pakistan
1:
1409:(First ed.). USA: Lulu.
1209:
857:
1929:Conservation and restoration
1407:Silk Fabrics from the Orient
770:), flowing floral creepers (
664:
597:
7:
1992:Textile manufacturing terms
1328:"Rethinking silk's origins"
1004:
968:
853:Significant regions of silk
811:still appreciated by many.
618:garments or as furnishing.
10:
2294:
2263:Commodity markets in India
1956:Mathematics and fiber arts
1172:
1145:
1057:figures have small details
972:
861:
695:
562:means little or scarcely.
439:
312:
2224:
2216:Silk industry of Cheshire
2198:
2102:
2056:
2000:
1974:
1916:
1806:
1753:
1740:
1606:
1527:10.1017/S0026749X00009689
1380:www.nydesignerfabrics.com
935:is located very close to
899:
718:
686:
677:
609:
372:Indus Valley civilisation
318:Indus Valley Civilisation
2273:Textile arts of Pakistan
2048:
1303:(Submitted manuscript).
1084:
1066:jal (a net like pattern)
1060:metallic visual effects
941:Kanchipuram Silk sarees
754:), the vase of plenty (
571:means three layers and
408:by archaeologists from
370:during the time of the
2211:Silk industry in China
1747:
1206:
1017:
997:jewellery. it is from
929:
467:
343:
327:
250:
187:by rewriting it in an
2268:Textile arts of India
1831:Australian Aboriginal
1761:Clothing and textiles
1746:
1193:
1012:
919:
746:), the tree of life (
575:means four layers to
453:
333:
325:
240:
1966:Units of measurement
1515:Modern Asian Studies
896:Scientific Reports
393:Antheraea assamensis
366:species, existed in
362:threads from native
83:improve this article
2237:Tenun Pahang Diraja
2010:Clothing portal
1807:Regional and ethnic
1781:Indian subcontinent
1405:York, Neil (2016).
1255:. 17 October 2009.
982:Banarasi silk saree
780:Legendary creatures
519:Types of silk cloth
495:, Central Asia and
338:, on the 'Southern
1939:wearable fiber art
1748:
1475:R.k.datta (2007).
1277:. 24 August 2008.
1207:
1018:
959:made a Tamil film
951:In 2008 the noted
930:
548:Kimkhwab (brocade)
507:centres in Syria,
468:
410:Harvard University
344:
328:
251:
189:encyclopedic style
176:is written like a
2245:
2244:
2016:
2015:
1452:Adarsh Gupta. K.
1416:978-1-365-31798-9
778:) and many more.
762:), the elephant (
646:, a specialty of
602:These are called
303:Gobichettipalayam
235:
234:
227:
217:
216:
209:
159:
158:
151:
133:
56:
2285:
2160:Murshidabad silk
2043:
2036:
2029:
2020:
2019:
2008:
2007:
1724:Textile printing
1593:
1586:
1579:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1545:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1456:Antheraea assama
1449:
1443:
1442:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1347:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1253:deccanherald.com
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1226:. Archived from
1220:
1031:(1271â1295) and
920:Weaving silk in
479:. In the north,
334:Weaving silk in
230:
223:
212:
205:
201:
198:
192:
169:
168:
161:
154:
147:
143:
140:
134:
132:
91:
67:
59:
48:
26:
25:
18:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2220:
2194:
2098:
2064:History of silk
2052:
2047:
2017:
2012:
2002:
1996:
1970:
1912:
1802:
1749:
1738:
1602:
1597:
1509:
1507:Further reading
1504:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1473:
1469:
1450:
1446:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1387:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1345:10.1038/457945a
1324:
1320:
1293:
1286:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1180:
1175:
1148:
1087:
1054:compact weaving
1041:
1007:
977:
971:
928:, India in 2010
914:
902:
866:
860:
855:
821:
721:
698:
689:
680:
667:
640:
612:
600:
550:
526:
521:
454:Tradition silk
448:
438:
320:
315:
231:
220:
219:
218:
213:
202:
196:
193:
185:help improve it
182:
170:
166:
155:
144:
138:
135:
92:
90:
80:
68:
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
2291:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2125:Byzantine silk
2122:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1754:History of ...
1751:
1750:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1546:
1521:(3): 561â570,
1508:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1488:978-8131300879
1487:
1467:
1444:
1422:
1415:
1397:
1367:
1318:
1284:
1262:
1240:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1101:
1098:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1040:
1037:
1006:
1003:
999:Banarasi saree
973:Main article:
970:
967:
955:film director
913:
910:
901:
898:
862:Main article:
859:
856:
854:
851:
820:
817:
742:), the lotus (
720:
717:
697:
694:
688:
685:
679:
676:
666:
663:
639:
636:
611:
608:
599:
596:
549:
546:
545:
544:
539:
525:
522:
520:
517:
464:Banarasi saree
437:
434:
430:Mahatma Gandhi
319:
316:
314:
311:
299:Andhra Pradesh
263:Andhra Pradesh
233:
232:
215:
214:
173:
171:
164:
157:
156:
71:
69:
62:
57:
31:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2290:
2279:
2278:Silk in India
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2170:Rajshahi silk
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2150:Japanese silk
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2089:Silk throwing
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2011:
2006:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1951:Manufacturing
1949:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1679:Passementerie
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1490:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1426:
1418:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1338:(7232): 945.
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1289:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1230:on 2012-05-27
1229:
1225:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1011:
1002:
1000:
994:
991:
987:
984:
983:
976:
966:
964:
963:
958:
954:
949:
946:
942:
938:
934:
927:
923:
918:
909:
906:
897:
895:
894:
889:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
865:
850:
847:
846:jacquard loom
841:
837:
834:
830:
826:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
789:
785:
781:
777:
774:), peacocks (
773:
769:
766:), the lion (
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
732:
729:
725:
716:
714:
709:
707:
703:
693:
684:
675:
671:
662:
660:
655:
653:
649:
645:
638:Himru or Amru
635:
633:
629:
625:
624:
619:
615:
607:
605:
595:
591:
588:
584:
580:
578:
574:
570:
565:
561:
557:
554:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
533:
531:
524:Silk brocades
516:
514:
510:
506:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
465:
461:
457:
452:
447:
443:
436:Ancient India
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
406:
401:
400:
395:
394:
389:
385:
384:
379:
378:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
354:suggest that
353:
349:
341:
337:
332:
324:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
248:
244:
239:
229:
226:
211:
208:
200:
190:
186:
180:
179:
174:This article
172:
163:
162:
153:
150:
142:
139:December 2009
131:
128:
124:
121:
117:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100: â
99:
95:
94:Find sources:
88:
84:
78:
77:
72:This article
70:
66:
61:
60:
55:
53:
46:
45:
40:
39:
34:
29:
20:
19:
16:
2205:
2135:Chinese silk
2130:Burmese silk
1987:Sewing terms
1982:Dyeing terms
1780:
1607:Fundamentals
1600:Textile arts
1554:
1550:
1518:
1514:
1492:. Retrieved
1477:
1470:
1455:
1447:
1432:
1425:
1406:
1400:
1388:. Retrieved
1379:
1370:
1335:
1331:
1321:
1304:
1301:Archaeometry
1300:
1274:
1265:
1252:
1243:
1232:. Retrieved
1228:the original
1218:
1185:
1181:
1152:
1149:
1130:
1104:
1092:
1088:
1072:
1042:
1019:
995:
992:
988:
981:
978:
960:
957:Priyadarshan
950:
931:
903:
891:
885:
880:
867:
849:Mughal era.
842:
838:
822:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
737:
733:
730:
726:
722:
710:
699:
690:
681:
672:
668:
658:
656:
643:
641:
622:
620:
616:
613:
603:
601:
592:
586:
585:
581:
576:
572:
568:
563:
559:
558:
551:
541:
536:
527:
501:
469:
428:promoted by
405:Archaeometry
403:
397:
391:
381:
375:
358:, employing
345:
252:
221:
203:
194:
175:
145:
136:
126:
119:
112:
105:
93:
81:Please help
76:verification
73:
49:
42:
36:
35:Please help
32:
15:
2185:Tussar silk
2165:Mysore silk
2110:Ahimsa silk
2074:Sericulture
1887:Indonesian
1669:NĂ„lebinding
1557:: 133â141,
1494:January 22,
1433:Sualkuchi's
1200:Kanchipuram
1198:weaving at
962:Kanchivaram
933:Kanchipuram
922:Kanchipuram
912:Kanchipuram
881:SUALKUCHI'S
497:Afghanistan
477:South India
446:Tussar silk
426:ahimsa silk
356:sericulture
293:districts.
271:West Bengal
247:Kanchipuram
2252:Categories
2199:Industries
2120:Atlas silk
2115:Assam silk
2094:Silk waste
1975:Glossaries
1704:Rug making
1674:Needlework
1634:Embroidery
1307:(3): 457.
1234:2016-03-20
1210:References
1204:Tamil Nadu
1029:Marco Polo
926:Tamil Nadu
864:Assam silk
858:Assam silk
772:lata patra
659:char-khana
652:Aurangabad
442:Assam silk
440:See also:
418:Chanhudaro
383:Philosamia
368:South Asia
352:Chanhudaro
307:Tamil Nadu
291:Dharmapuri
279:Tamil Nadu
267:Tamil Nadu
109:newspapers
38:improve it
2190:Wild silk
2180:Thai silk
2084:Silk Road
2079:Silk mill
2069:Magnanery
1961:Recycling
1934:Fiber art
1776:Byzantine
1684:Patchwork
1543:145059684
1275:The Hindu
1069:mina work
1033:Tavernier
953:Malayalee
905:Karnataka
877:trademark
873:Sualkuchi
706:polyester
665:Kinkhwabs
648:Hyderabad
623:Gul badan
598:Pot-thans
542:Pot-thans
456:handlooms
422:degumming
399:A. paphia
377:Antheraea
360:wild silk
340:Silk Road
295:Hyderabad
259:Karnataka
44:talk page
2225:Products
2175:Sea silk
2155:Lao silk
2145:Pat silk
2140:Eri silk
1946:Industry
1924:Blocking
1891:Balinese
1835:Burmese
1766:Quilting
1714:Spinning
1694:Quilting
1654:Knitting
1619:Beadwork
1614:Appliqué
1563:44141834
1462:Archived
1439:Archived
1390:9 August
1384:Archived
1354:19238684
1279:Archived
1257:Archived
1116:Kardhwan
1025:Varanasi
975:Banarasi
969:Banarasi
829:Shershah
713:Varanasi
573:Chaupara
553:Kimkhwab
537:Kimkhwab
530:brocades
460:Varanasi
388:eri silk
364:silkworm
197:May 2009
2057:General
1917:Related
1881:Oaxacan
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1861:Mapuche
1814:African
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513:Mughals
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313:History
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