684:
732:
718:, being relatively few in number, eventually adopted a form of Sindarin: a southern dialect (of which the purest and most archaic variety was used in Doriath ruled by Thingol). This they used in daily speech, and even adapted their own personal names to its form. But the Sindarin of the High-elves was (naturally) somewhat affected by Quenya, and contained some Quenya elements. Sindarin is also loosely applied to the related languages of the Elves of the same origin as the Grey Elves of Beleriand, who lived in
2083:
659:-pottery, Numerorean medicine and philosophy, and so on would interfere with the narrative , or swell the Appendices. So too, would complete grammars and lexical collection of the languages. Any attempt at bogus 'completeness' would reduce the thing to a 'model', a kind of imaginary dolls house of pseudo-history. Much hidden and unexhibited work is needed to give the nomenclature a 'feel' of verisimilitude. But this story is not the place for technical phonology and grammatical history.
640:
Beleriand, e.g. Doriathrin and the other dialects, were not as much based on Welsh as
Noldorin was, and Tolkien wanted his new "tongue of Beleriand" to be a Welsh-type language. In Tolkien's words, "The changes worked on Sindarin very closely (and deliberately) resemble those which produced the modern and medieval Welsh from ancient Celtic, so that in the result Sindarin has a marked Welsh style, and the relations between it and Quenya closely resemble those between Welsh and Latin."
927:, it contained many unique words and was not fully intelligible to the other Elves. The Northern dialect was in many ways more conservative, and later divided itself into a North-Western dialect (Hithlum, Mithrim, Dor-lómin) and a North-Eastern dialect (the highlands of Dorthonion, and the wide plains of Ard-galen to the north of the highlands). This language was at first adopted by the exiled
747:, the forested area in the centre. Falathrin was the dialect of the Falas, the coastal region to the West. The North-Western dialect was spoken in Hithlum, Mithrim, and Dor-lómin, north of the Ered Wethrin mountains (top left). The North-Eastern dialect was spoken in Ard-galen (before its ruin), and the highlands of Dorthonion (Taur-nu-Fuin) (top centre).
5231:, from issue 11 (1995)—are exclusively devoted to the editing and publishing of Tolkien's gigantic mass of unpublished linguistic papers. These are published at a slow pace and the editors have not published a comprehensive catalogue of these unpublished linguistic papers. Access to the original documents is severely limited as
5248:
to write in
Sindarin began in the 1970s, when the total corpus of published Elvish was only a few hundred words. Since then, usage of Elvish has flourished in poems and texts, phrases and names, and tattoos. But Tolkien himself never intended to make his languages complete enough for conversation; as
1032:
In the hidden city of
Gondolin, an isolated land, a peculiar dialect developed: "This differed from the standard (of Doriath) (a) in having Western and some Northern elements, and (b) in incorporating a good many Noldorin-Quenya words in more a less Sindarized forms. Thus the city was usually called
639:
Tolkien created
Sindarin in around 1944. He used much of Noldorin and blended it with "Ilkorin Doriathrin" and added in some new features. On that matter, he wrote a side note on his "Comparative Tables": "Doriath, etc. = Noldorin ((?)viz. as it used to be)". The Ilkorin tongues of 1930–50 spoken in
515:
or 'Littleheart' (and he was so named for the youth and wonder of his heart) those names and words that are used in these tales from either the tongue of the Elves of Kor as at the time spoken in the Lonely Isle, or from that related one of the
Noldoli their kin whom they wrested from Melko. Here
866:
had left
Doriath he kept a Doriathrin accent until his death, which immediately pinpointed his origin to speakers of other dialects of Sindarin. "The post-war 'Beleriandic' as lingua franca and as a language of Noldor was strongly influenced by Doriath." Tolkien set out much about Doriathrin
783:, Olwë's elder brother, acknowledged as high-king of all the Teleri in Beleriand, even after he withdrew to the guarded realm of Doriath. But Círdan and his people remained in many ways distinct from the rest of the Sindar. They retained the old name Teleri (in later Sindarin form
714:"Sindarin (Grey-elven) is properly the name of the languages of the Elvish inhabitants of Beleriand, the later almost drowned land west of the Blue Mountains. Quenya was the language of the Exiled High-Elves returning to Middle-earth. The
3535:
The nasal mutation however does not affect 'd' and 'g' when found in the clusters 'dr', 'gr', 'gl' or 'gw'. By Salo's admission, the liquid mutation is speculative and not attested in
Tolkien's writings at the time he wrote
475:
or "Gnomish" in
English. He wrote a substantial dictionary of Gnomish and a grammar. This is the first conceptual stage of the Sindarin language. At the same time Tolkien conceived a History of the Elves and wrote it in the
675:. He wanted to infuse in them a kind of life, while fitting them to a very personal aesthetic taste. He wanted to build languages primarily to satisfy his personal urge and not because he had some universal design in mind.
1012:"It was the Noldor who in fact stabilized and made improvements to the 'Common Sindarin' of the days of the Wars, and it was based on West Sindarin. The old North dialect practically died out except in place names as
593:. This is the "late conceptual Noldorin". At the same time, Tolkien was developing the Ilkorin tongues of the Elves of the Third Clan who remained in Beleriand (those same Elves whom Tolkien would much later name
908:
in
English), is the other dialect of the Southern Sindarin group. It remained close to the tongue of Doriath because there was great trade between the two groups up to the time of the Wars of Beleriand.
5923:
6261:
Parma
Eldalamberon ... The Book of Elven Tongues ... is a journal of linguistic studies of fantasy literature, especially of the Elvish languages and nomenclature in the works of J.R.R. Tolkien.
1008:
With the exception of Doriathrin, Sindarin adopted some Quenya features after the return of the Noldor, as well as unique sound changes devised by the Noldor (who loved changing languages):
2250:
The other system of number was called by Tolkien 2nd plural or collective number. The nouns in this system form it usually by adding a suffix to the plural (as in Welsh); for example
1079:, which arose in the Third Age as a language heavily influenced by Sindarin. In Gondor at the end of the Third Age, Sindarin was still spoken daily by a few noble Men in the city
7528:
3748:
609:, that were spoken in Beleriand. The Noldorin Elves wanted to speak a distinct tongue from the First Clan Elves who also lived with them and spoke Quenya, and so they developed
871:"Doriathrin preserved in common use the dual of nouns, pronouns, and verbal personal inflexions, as well as a clear distinction between 'general' or 'collective' plurals (as
4792:), though the two systems seem to have coexisted. The numbers 1–12 are presented below (reconstructed forms are marked with an asterisk *), as well as a few higher numbers.
879:). ... But it was none-the-less in a few but important points of phonology marked by changes not universal in Sindarin. Most notable among these was the spirantalizing of
5843:
Gilson, Christopher. "Gnomish is Sindarin: The Conceptual Evolution of an Elvish Language." In Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on the History of Middle-earth, edited by
5254:
336:
words but differing greatly in grammar and structure. Sindarin is said to be more changeful than Quenya, and there were during the First Age a number of regional
585:
word already sparingly used for his Gnomish tongue). This is the second conceptual stage of Sindarin. Tolkien composed then a grammar of this new Noldorin, the
8006:
7895:
1067:
of all Elves and many Men, and as the language of the Noldor in exile, was based on Western Sindarin but was strongly influenced by Doriathrin. During the
6794:
1962:
t); IPA . Tolkien had described dialects (such as Doriathrin) and variations in pronunciations (such as that of Gondor), and other pronunciations of
312:), Sindarin was the language most commonly spoken by most Elves in the Western part of Middle-earth. Sindarin is the language usually referred to as
1103:. Stress is as in Latin: on the penult if that is heavy (a closed syllable, long vowel or diphthong) and on the antepenult if the penult is light.
923:, the northernmost group of the Grey-elves. It differed from the Central Sindarin of Beleriand in many aspects. Originally spoken in Dorthonion and
410:
and Sindar. By the Third Age, however, the Dwarves were estranged from the Elves and no longer routinely learned their language, preferring to use
7064:
6274:
4059:
to the same place of articulation as the consonant it now precedes. The consonant then experiences what could be called a "backwards mutation":
7937:
5897:
2376:
2941:
Hard mutation is due to the gemination of an original initial consonant because of precedence of a closely connected word ending in a plosive.
2194:
nouns correspond to the singular/plural number system just as of English. Sindarin noun plurals are unpredictable and formed in several ways.
887:, the nasality of which was, however, never lost in Doriathrin proper until after the dissolution of the "Hidden Realm". ... The changes of
7917:
3218:
proposes a more complex set of mutations, based on extrapolation from the Sindarin corpus, as follows (empty cells indicate no change):
7018:
2938:
Soft mutation is triggered by a closely connected word ending in a vowel; the consonant then assumes the form it should have medially.
7642:
6803:
1020:, who had moved east. So that in the days of the Wars, Sindarin was really divided into 'West Sindarin' (including all the Noldor of
448:
235:
775:
Elf, one of the highest of those who were not transported to Valinor but became known as the Sindar, the Grey-elves; he was akin to
7922:
7881:
6787:
5241:. Many new-found words of Sindarin, Noldorin and Ilkorin have been published and the grammar rules of these languages disclosed.
7927:
275:. Their language became estranged from that of their kin who sailed over sea. Sindarin derives from an earlier language called
5214:
6690:
6658:
6521:
6445:
6338:
6176:
5828:
3986:. This leaves the bare stem, which, because of Sindarin's phonological history, causes the vowel of the stem to become long:
1778:
2241:, "Dark-Elves". Still others form their plurals through some combination of the two, and a few do not change in the plural:
7942:
7912:
1386:
1300:
569:
A few years later, c. 1925, Tolkien began anew the grammar and lexicon of the tongue of his Gnomes. He abandoned the words
630:
7057:
5262:
2062:
1783:
1392:
1372:
214:
2916:
7026:
6780:
6562:
5782:
1984:
1790:
7932:
7888:
6244:
5762:
1072:
17:
3789:
Tolkien wrote that Quenya inflections were pretty regular, but that "Sindarin verbal history is complicated." About
7154:
7104:
2391:
was lost, leaving the changed root vowel(s) as the sole marker of the plural. (This process is very similar to the
779:, one of the two kings of the Teleri, and lord of those who departed over the Great Sea. He was thus also akin to
7991:
7662:
6540:
6324:
4007:
The past tense of basic verbs is very complicated and poorly attested. One common reconstructed system is to use
1267:
1016:, etc. but for a few scattered and hidden clans of the old Northern group and except in so far as adopted by the
687:
668:
204:
137:
1024:
and Fingon), 'East Sindarin' (of the North dialect) was only preserved by the house of Feanor; and 'Central' or
8001:
7050:
6740:
2050:
2021:
2004:
1804:
6703:(2007). Gilson, Christopher (ed.). "Words, Phrases and Passages in Various Tongues in The Lord of the Rings".
4290:. Endings for all persons except for the first person singular can be added without any further modification:
7960:
6483:
6432:
6182:
844:
North-Eastern dialect, spoken in Ard-galen (before its ruin), and the highlands of Dorthonion (Taur-nu-Fuin).
6361:
429:
One internal, consisting of the sequence of events within the fictional history of Tolkien's secondary world
178:
7955:
6932:
2077:
1847:
1293:
1273:
406:
to others, so they learned both Quenya and Sindarin in order to communicate with the Elves, especially the
2904:
2900:
1837:
An acute signifies a long vowel (á, é, etc.). In a monosyllabic word, a circumflex is used (â, ê, etc.).
1707:
1703:
1697:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1664:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1588:
1565:
1557:
1533:
1517:
1513:
332:
returned to Middle-earth, they adopted the Sindarin language. Quenya and Sindarin were related, with many
7986:
7334:
6677:
5237:
2016:
1812:
1752:
1318:
6530:
Marmor, Paula, Laurence Krieg, and David Strecker. "Initial Consonant Mutation in Celtic and Sindarin."
7471:
6811:
6577:
5820:
2057:
2045:
2038:
2033:
2009:
1989:
1827:
1585:
1379:
1311:
1280:
1226:
1211:
7965:
7000:
6282:
5205:, "the Thousand Caves", although this could technically be a base-12 "thousand" (i.e., 12 or 1,728).
1845:
1757:
683:
564:
463:
392:
6469:
5893:
3795:, the 3rd person past tense ending of Sindarin, he wrote: "it is rather like that of Medieval Welsh
7364:
7109:
6502:
4056:
4052:
2106:... because it seems to fit the rather 'Celtic' type of legends and stories told of its speakers".
1764:
1336:
702:. After Beleriand's near-total destruction, Sindarin continued to be spoken in Middle-earth in the
6308:
3920:
For all persons except the third person singular, the present tense is formed by the insertion of
2102:
Tolkien wrote that he gave Sindarin "a linguistic character very like (though not identical with)
791:) and remained in many ways a separate folk, speaking even in later days a more archaic language."
7224:
2404:
2141:
1286:
1243:
1232:
1217:
3191:
Many of the mutations of Noldorin were taken into Sindarin a few years later. The Sindarin word
7694:
7131:
7031:
6609:
6376:
Gilson, Christopher. "Gnomish is Sindarin: The Conceptual Evolution of an Elvish Language." In
6357:
5777:
2907:, meaning that it is possible for some words to have the same form in the singular and plural.
2371:"affection of vowels". In an earlier stage of the language, plurals were marked by the suffix
2121:
tendencies. It can be distinguished from Quenya by the rarity of vowel endings, and the use of
2110:
948:
867:
morphology, and how it contrasts with the other Sindarin dialects, in his linguistic writings:
818:
744:
691:
634:
341:
6555:
Gateway to Sindarin: a grammar of an Elvish language from J. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings
5985:
5945:
Phonemically it patterns with velars, but phonetically it should be whatever <ch> is in
375:
and Arnor, continued to speak Sindarin in the Third Age. Sindarin was first written using the
7818:
7397:
7179:
7121:
6849:
6615:
6583:
3982:. The third person singular, because it has a zero-ending, does not require the insertion of
3734:
These are subjective forms used in conjugation. Sindarin used objective detached forms, like
2087:
1342:
1182:
1173:
858:
Doriathrin preserved many archaic features. Unlike the other dialects, it remained free from
715:
308:
5946:
2229:, "lore master, sage" (obsolete as a tribal name before the Noldor came back to Beleriand);
7828:
7443:
7409:
7284:
7073:
6898:
2948:
The following table outlines how different consonants are affected by the three mutations.
2197:
Some Sindarin (and Noldorin) nouns of one syllable form the plural with an ending (usually
1249:
1071:
Sindarin was a lingua franca for all Elves and their friends (thus it was used to inscribe
652:
546:
444:
284:
133:
81:
7712:
643:
Tolkien did not provide a detailed description of the language in published works such as
8:
7996:
7463:
7426:
7194:
7116:
6672:
6640:
6427:
6347:
Derzhanski, Ivan A. "Peth i dirathar aen: Some Notes on Eldarin Relative Constructions."
5293:
5232:
2623:
939:
features, and partially because of the love of the Noldor for making linguistic changes.
757:
group and a Southern group. The Southern group had a much larger territory, and included
2323:, Sindarin words meaning 'multitude', 'host', and 'people' respectively, are added to a
731:
7813:
7732:
7722:
7562:
7548:
7289:
7269:
7214:
7092:
6715:
6705:
6532:
6489:
6319:
5710:
5621:
5391:
5374:
5344:
5330:
5308:
5227:
3894:
2187:
2183:
1193:
1126:
487:
478:
422:
For Tolkien's constructed languages one must distinguish two timelines of development:
360:
296:
251:
91:
6735:
1890:). This vowel later came to be pronounced and is therefore transcribed as such (e.g.
194:
7582:
7554:
7518:
7481:
7414:
7294:
7087:
6956:
6946:
6686:
6654:
6624:
6592:
6558:
6517:
6499:
6478:
6466:
6454:
6441:
6423:
6385:
6334:
6216:
6172:
5848:
5824:
5758:
4115:
before any pronominal endings. These examples show the transformations step-by-step:
2118:
2114:
1159:
1146:
1131:
544:) ere the world grew, and some of these dwelt after in the world and ere the Gods or
352:, was said by many Grey-elves to be the highest and most noble form of the language.
86:
7669:
4091:. The matter is complicated even further when pronominal endings are added. Because
2893:
as is common at the end of Sindarin words; "a" actually changes to "ei" before "ai")
1017:
210:
7768:
7727:
7717:
7607:
7587:
7508:
7496:
7382:
7299:
7126:
6951:
6751:
6700:
6682:
6668:
6650:
6645:
6636:
6620:
6604:
6588:
6572:
5889:
5705:
5614:
5435:
5386:
5366:
5321:
3744:
3548:
One source is used for the Sindarin pronouns, another for the possessive suffixes.
2619:
2133:
1866:
1772:
1541:
1141:
1121:
1116:
672:
499:
494:
was the other tongue spoken by the great majority of the Elves of the Lonely Isle.
459:
396:
239:
48:
3773:"for/to me". The first person singular pronoun suffixes could combine with nouns:
7874:
7622:
7602:
7501:
7279:
6836:
5979:
5885:
5752:
4798:
2392:
2145:
2129:
1326:
1167:
1136:
601:(the Welsh-style language) was at that time conceived as having evolved from the
452:
6393:
5249:
a result, newly invented Elvish texts, such as dialogue written by the linguist
271:. These were Elves of the Third Clan who remained behind in Beleriand after the
7737:
7254:
7174:
6971:
6831:
6459:
6381:
6349:
6330:
5844:
5748:
5245:
5221:
4803:
4761:
2122:
2103:
1798:
862:
influences. The "accent" of Doriath was also quite recognisable, so that after
466:
280:
276:
243:
141:
112:
395:, and Sindarin displays some of the consonant mutations that characterize the
295:. Even before that the Eldar Elves spoke the original speech of all Elves, or
7980:
7867:
7861:
7773:
7567:
7476:
7344:
7249:
7219:
7097:
6993:
6628:
5258:
2082:
1064:
443:
Tolkien was interested in languages from an early age, and developed several
272:
171:
6772:
6730:
7823:
7304:
7199:
7013:
6976:
6873:
6825:
6596:
6503:"The Two Phonetic Values of ll in Elvish Sindarin in the Lord of the Rings"
1080:
932:
699:
447:
while still a teenager. Eventually, as a young adult, he created an entire
247:
70:
6248:
935:
at Losgar. Later Noldorin Sindarin changed, much owing to the adoption of
162:
7783:
7778:
7533:
7453:
7431:
7264:
7259:
7242:
7230:
7169:
6762:
6757:
6481:"I Lam na Ngoldathon: The Grammar and Lexicon of the Gnomish Tongue." In
2380:
1746:
1734:
1360:
799:, before the return of the Noldor, there were four dialects of Sindarin:
751:
The divergence of Sindarin (Old Sindarin) begun first into a Northern or
426:
One external, in which Tolkien's linguistic taste and conceptions evolved
287:
before their divisions, e.g., those Elves who decided to follow the Vala
7042:
6514:
A Fan's Guide to Neo-Sindarin: A Textbook for the Elvish of Middle-earth
4777:
533:
368:
7753:
7319:
7209:
6966:
6961:
6550:
5919:
5250:
5151:) appears in the King's Letter, but at the time the roots for ten were
4773:
3866:
3211:
2590:
2384:
2363:
1821:
1739:
1068:
356:
349:
7647:
7612:
7354:
6868:
2927:
The mutations of "early conceptual Noldorin" are defined in Tolkien's
605:
spoken in Valinor to the many (not Welsh-like) dialects, later called
364:
7702:
7689:
7572:
7538:
7387:
7184:
6541:"Light and Tree: A Survey Through the External History of Sindarin."
6493:
6437:
5201:
2096:
1976:
1545:
1261:
1100:
1088:
796:
740:
736:
703:
695:
471:
388:
303:
268:
187:
155:
31:
7617:
5306:
I-Lam na-Ngoldathon: The Grammar and Lexicon of the Gnomish Tongue.
768:
667:
Tolkien wrote many pieces in Sindarin. He made an effort to give to
384:
7763:
7679:
7592:
7491:
7436:
7402:
7372:
7329:
7324:
7309:
7189:
6766:
5932:
4752:
4724:
4696:
4668:
4640:
4635:
4607:
4579:
4551:
4523:
4495:
4467:
4439:
4411:
4406:
2358:
1605:
955:"Chief characteristics (of North Sindarin was the) preservation of
458:
One of these languages was created in around 1915, inspired by the
337:
222:
7637:
7597:
6747:
863:
288:
7843:
7788:
7707:
7684:
7632:
7486:
7419:
7377:
7007:
6916:
6888:
6883:
6878:
4781:
4746:
3086:
2594:
2092:
1205:
1084:
1076:
944:
924:
891:, also proceeded earlier and further than in the other dialects."
841:
North-Western dialect, spoken in Hithlum, Mithrim, and Dor-lómin;
719:
560:
411:
403:
380:
379:, an Elvish runic alphabet. Later, it was usually written in the
345:
333:
292:
218:
119:
2217:, Púkel-Men". Others form the plural through vowel change, e.g.
780:
776:
7838:
7674:
7652:
7627:
7577:
7523:
7513:
7314:
7274:
6911:
6819:
6457:"The 'King's Letter': An Historical and Comparative Analysis."
3914:
2354:
2191:
1021:
936:
928:
859:
772:
656:
582:
407:
372:
329:
325:
267:
for Grey-elven, since it was the language of the Grey Elves of
264:
6741:
Thorsten Renk's Pedin Edhellen: a Sindarin-Course (gz archive)
507:, gives a good example of both languages (Gnomish and Elfin):
7833:
7758:
7392:
7349:
7339:
7237:
6906:
2214:
2157:
1729:
940:
830:
511:"Here is set forth by Eriol at the teaching of Bronweg's son
376:
123:
6378:
Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on the History of Middle-earth
6219:
5866:
2492:(female dwarves) (originally became œ, which later became e)
1856:. Although this was meant to be distinct from the diphthong
743:, before the return of the Noldor. Doriathrin was spoken in
7793:
7448:
7164:
5754:
Perilous Realms: Celtic and Norse in Tolkien's Middle-earth
5610:
5608:
5606:
5604:
4369:
As of 2008, about 25,000 Elvish words have been published.
2170:
519:
27:
Fictional language in the fantasy works of J. R. R. Tolkien
6199:
6197:
661:
I hope to leave these things firmly sketched and recorded.
617:: "the tongue of those who left Middle-earth, and came to
221:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
7204:
6713:
Welden, Bill. "On the Formation of Plurals in Sindarin."
6470:"The Past-Tense Verb in the Noldorin of the Etymologies."
6014:
6012:
5994:, p. 94, section 6.2 (see also sections 4.33, 4.37).
5722:
5720:
5268:, require conjecture and sometimes coinage of new words.
3089:, and is not necessarily written. Those forms of lenited
5959:
5957:
5601:
3743:
Sindarin pronouns could combine with prepositions as in
2091:, a poem in Sindarin composed by Tolkien and written in
900:
The language of the followers of the Elf Círdan, called
6194:
6125:
6101:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5792:
1954:
respectively in the same syllable as one pronounces an
7896:
La Ricerca della Lingua Perfetta nella Cultura Europea
6089:
6036:
6009:
5997:
5717:
2262:, "all the stars (in the sky)", but not always, as in
1934:). If the last diphthong finishes a word, it is spelt
1540:, "the halflings") which becomes . Old Sindarin, like
438:
383:(Quenya for 'letters') – a script invented by the elf
250:. Sindarin is one of the many languages spoken by the
5954:
5193:, so that this older form must be updated. The word *
2899:
Vowels not listed do not undergo any change, such as
1946:
with no English counterparts, similar to pronouncing
1840:
In Old Sindarin, there was a vowel similar to German
651:"A precise account, with drawings and other aids, of
631:
The Etymologies (Tolkien) § Stage of development
6167:
According to the French linguist Edouard Kloczko in
5789:
3206:
2136:. Early Sindarin formed plurals by the addition of
589:. In the early 1930s Tolkien wrote a new grammar of
524:, first among these those ones in the Gnome-speech (
6149:
6137:
6113:
6077:
5215:
Elvish languages (Middle-earth) § Bibliography
1087:, raised in the safety of the Elvish stronghold of
6247:. The Elvish Linguistic Fellowship. Archived from
6067:
6065:
6063:
6048:
6024:
5912:
5854:
4764:have extended Sindarin to enable it to be spoken.
4760:lack modern vocabulary (television, motor, etc.).
2247:, "Beleriandic-Elf/Elves" is singular and plural.
6388:, 95-104. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood, 2000.
6266:
5817:Encyclopedia of Fictional and Fantastic Languages
3819:is the 3rd person singular past tense. Cf. Welsh
7978:
5884:
2600:a with consonant cluster following #3 > ei –
2569:a with consonant cluster following #2 > ai –
951:as he spoke the North Sindarin of his homeland.
367:spoke Sindarin fluently. Their descendants, the
6060:
5815:Conley, Tim; Cain, Stephen (2006). "Sindarin".
2546:a with consonant cluster following #1 > e –
5194:
5188:
5182:
5176:
5170:
5164:
5158:
5152:
5146:
5140:
5122:
5105:
5089:
5072:
5056:
5044:
5038:
5028:
5022:
5010:
5000:
4988:
4978:
4966:
4956:
4944:
4934:
4922:
4912:
4900:
4890:
4878:
4868:
4856:
4846:
4834:
4824:
4714:
4686:
4658:
4625:
4597:
4569:
4541:
4513:
4485:
4457:
4429:
4392:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4339:The imperative is formed with the addition of
4331:
4325:
4319:
4297:
4291:
4266:The future tense is formed by the addition of
4038:
4012:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3977:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3937:
3931:
3925:
3908:
3902:
3880:
3874:
3812:
3804:
2922:
2910:
2881:
2872:
2851:
2841:
2829:
2820:
2804:
2791:
2778:
2768:
2755:
2745:
2732:
2722:
2709:
2699:
2686:
2676:
2663:
2653:
2640:
2630:
2610:
2601:
2580:
2570:
2557:
2547:
2534:
2524:
2506:
2496:
2483:
2473:
2460:
2450:
2437:
2427:
2414:
2408:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2297:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2263:
2257:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2208:
2202:
2163:
2155:
2149:
1881:
1871:
1058:
918:
824:
812:
758:
752:
8007:Constructed languages introduced in the 1940s
7058:
6802:
6788:
6731:English <=> Sindarin translation online
6426:(2013) . "Languages Invented by Tolkien". In
5477:
5475:
3924:, and the proper enclitic pronominal ending:
1706:everywhere except finally where it is always
5969:
5504:
5502:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5456:
4730:
4702:
4674:
4646:
4613:
4585:
4557:
4529:
4501:
4473:
4445:
4417:
3913:. The infinitive is not used as a noun; the
2290:, "Dwarf"). There exist another such ending
2272:, used especially to indicate a race-group:
2174:. Sindarin forms plurals in multiple ways.
1572:aligns with the other velar consonants like
1038:
258:
5757:. University of Toronto Press. p. 21.
5519:
5517:
5415:
5413:
3852:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3128:are affected differently by the mutations:
2944:Nasal mutation is due to a preceding nasal.
1594:
532:now these were great beings who dwelt with
7065:
7051:
6795:
6781:
6191:, Introduction: "What is 'Neo' Sindarin?".
5814:
5472:
4772:According to Tolkien, the elves preferred
1681:) and represents mutation of word-initial
1568:in later Sindarin. Phonemically, Sindarin
1532:, "swan") or when used to spell a lenited
624:
7072:
6422:
6391:
6318:
6095:
5975:
5802:
5559:
5499:
5453:
5431:
5208:
2523:a with one consonant following > ai –
690:mapped to kindreds and migrations in the
6736:Thorsten Renk's page on Elvish Languages
6571:
6511:
6188:
5851:, 95-104. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2000.
5619:Lam na Ngoluith. Early Noldorin Grammar.
5571:
5514:
5410:
3811:"make marks of signs, write, inscribe",
2081:
1099:Sindarin was designed with a Welsh-like
829:or "West Sindarin", the language of the
730:
682:
7882:Conlanging: The Art of Crafting Tongues
6699:
6667:
6635:
6603:
6394:"Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus"
6309:"Noldorin Plurals in the Etymologies."
5771:
5726:
5693:
5681:
5669:
5657:
5645:
5633:
5595:
5583:
5547:
5535:
5523:
5508:
5493:
5481:
5466:
5447:
5419:
5404:
5288:
2934:Mutation is triggered in various ways:
2929:Lam na Ngoluith, Early Noldorin Grammar
2919:, varying between dialects as follows.
1852:), which Tolkien mostly transcribed as
497:The beginning of the "Name-list of the
391:and some of the grammar of Sindarin on
215:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
140:. Sindarin was influenced primarily by
14:
7979:
6356:
5878:
5860:
4723:
4695:
4667:
4639:
4634:
4606:
4578:
4550:
4522:
4494:
4466:
4438:
4410:
4405:
4274:is also inserted between the stem and
4099:did not survive medially, they become
2889:(seas) (presumably changed further to
2419:.) The resulting plural patterns are:
2144:the preceding vowels (as in Welsh and
536:as the Elves name him (but the Gnomes
482:. Gnomish was spoken by the Gnomes or
242:for use in his fantasy stories set in
7046:
6776:
6486:: Scholarship and Critical Assessment
6215:
5900:from the original on 20 December 2003
5747:
5574:, book 1, ch. 12 "Flight to the Ford"
1075:), until it was displaced for Men by
621:, the hill of the Elves in Valinor."
6549:
6272:
6203:
6155:
6143:
6131:
6119:
6107:
6083:
6071:
6054:
6042:
6030:
6018:
6003:
5991:
5963:
5918:
5872:
5741:
4021:actually remains is after a stem in
3740:(2nd pers. formal/polite singular).
2278:"the race of the Dwarves", from pl.
1003:
678:
433:
6758:Helge Fauskanger's page on Sindarin
5550:, Appendix A "The Númenórean Kings"
5112:one hundred and forty-four (gross)
4302:. The first person singular ending
4107:. In addition, past tense stems in
2268:. Another ending of the 2nd pl. is
2186:, it has like Welsh two systems of
1516:is voiced to when final or before
694:. Sindarin was initially spoken in
516:first are they which appear in the
439:Golgogrin and other early languages
24:
7027:Sound and language in Middle-earth
5783:The Complete Guide to Middle-earth
5562:, #230 to Rhona Beare, 8 June 1961
5484:, ch. 13 "Last Writings", "Círdan"
3652:used only by speakers from Doriath
2128:, rare in Quenya found only after
25:
8018:
7889:In the Land of Invented Languages
6724:
5225:, from issue 39 (July 1998), and
3207:Mutations found in Salo's grammar
2061:
2056:
2049:
2044:
2037:
2032:
2020:
2015:
2008:
2003:
1988:
1983:
1826:
1811:
1803:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1763:
1756:
1751:
1391:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1341:
1335:
1317:
1310:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1279:
1272:
1266:
1248:
1242:
1231:
1225:
1216:
1210:
1192:
1181:
1172:
917:North Sindarin was spoken by the
912:
291:and undertook the Great March to
6224:The Elvish Linguistic Fellowship
5235:omitted them from his 12-volume
2403:, and closer still to the Welsh
2395:that produced the English forms
2367:. The Noldorin term for this is
875:), and 'particular' plurals (as
417:
348:, King of the Sindar), known as
6415:: Sindarin and British-Welsh."
6362:"Sindarin and Quenya Phonology"
6325:The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien
6237:
6209:
6161:
5699:
5687:
5675:
5663:
5651:
5639:
5627:
5589:
5577:
5565:
5553:
5541:
5529:
5487:
5441:
5425:
5398:
5380:
5360:
5351:
3646:
2348:
2182:While Sindarin does not have a
1721:
1584:, etc. but is phonetically the
1496:
1484:
1472:
1455:
1443:
1431:
1419:
1407:
449:family of constructed languages
6754:'s site on Tolkien's languages
6327:: Revised and Expanded Edition
5837:
5808:
5337:
5315:
5300:
5282:
4262:before any pronominal endings.
4236:before any pronominal endings.
4017:. However, the only time this
3860:
1860:, it was often simply printed
1635:(long vowel) everywhere else.
13:
1:
7961:List of constructed languages
6539:Martínez, Helios De Rosario.
6492:, pp. 291–92. New York:
6484:J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia
6433:J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia
5357:Still unpublished as of 2011.
5271:
4364:
2375:, to which the root vowel(s)
2113:Quenya, Sindarin is mainly a
1897:
1106:
1043:) with simple replacement of
853:
58:
6933:Elvish Linguistic Fellowship
6557:. University of Utah Press.
6171:, Le Pré aux Clercs (2008),
5735:
5422:, p. 61, letter to a reader.
5175:. This was later changed to
4206:with any pronominal endings.
4164:with any pronominal endings.
4142:with any pronominal endings.
3104:Noldorin words beginning in
2078:Celtic influences on Tolkien
1938:. There are also diphthongs
1627:when initial before vowels,
1560:), which was transcribed as
1094:
1063:'Beleriandic' Sindarin as a
895:
7:
6678:The Peoples of Middle-earth
5238:The History of Middle-earth
5199:is extracted from the name
4767:
3543:
3116:, which descend from older
2923:Mutations found in Noldorin
2911:Initial consonant mutations
2741:(mountains) (in some cases)
2327:to form a 2nd plural, e.g.
1059:In the Second and Third Age
726:
554:
136:, but related to the other
10:
8023:
6578:The Fellowship of the Ring
6300:
5821:Greenwood Publishing Group
5276:
5212:
4776:counting (base 12) to the
3942:. As with the infinitive,
2075:
2071:
1586:voiceless uvular fricative
628:
558:
522:and the Exiles of Gondolin
455:where these could evolve.
402:The Dwarves rarely taught
29:
7966:List of language creators
7951:
7905:
7854:
7806:
7746:
7547:
7462:
7363:
7153:
7142:
7080:
6985:
6925:
6897:
6861:
6810:
6804:Languages of Middle-earth
6392:Giraudeau, David (2011).
5708:, "Early Qenya Grammar",
5255:sung to the musical score
5163:, resulting in Sindarin *
4802:
4797:
4025:. After a stem ending in
3954:in the stem to umlaut to
3721:
3696:
3680:
3674:
3664:
3628:
3597:
3575:
3569:
3556:
2915:Sindarin has a series of
2361:and are characterised by
2333:"the Werewolf-horde" and
1975:
1825:
1716:
1520:, but remains written as
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1113:
991:was unlenited initially.
943:'s heritage was clear to
613:from what Tolkien called
565:The Etymologies (Tolkien)
236:the constructed languages
201:
185:
169:
153:
148:
129:
109:
76:
65:
54:
44:
39:
6512:Jallings, Fiona (2017).
6407:Hemmi, Yoko. "Tolkien's
6169:L'Encyclopédie des Elfes
5875:, pp. 23–24, 32–33.
5297:, ch. 10 "Of the Sindar"
5187:, resulting in Sindarin
4784:system (base 10: Quenya
3885:. This ending causes an
3784:
2423:In non-final syllables:
2177:
1595:Orthographic conventions
1524:. The sound is written
995:was preserved medially.
698:in the far Northwest of
30:Not to be confused with
7938:Interlingue/Interlingua
7105:International auxiliary
6765:(Dragon Flame port for
6719:1, no. 1 (1971): 10–11.
5195:
5189:
5183:
5177:
5171:
5165:
5159:
5153:
5147:
5141:
5123:
5106:
5090:
5073:
5057:
5045:
5039:
5029:
5023:
5011:
5001:
4989:
4979:
4967:
4957:
4945:
4935:
4923:
4913:
4901:
4891:
4879:
4869:
4857:
4847:
4835:
4825:
4731:
4715:
4703:
4687:
4675:
4659:
4647:
4626:
4614:
4598:
4586:
4570:
4558:
4542:
4530:
4514:
4502:
4486:
4474:
4458:
4446:
4430:
4418:
4393:
4357:
4351:
4345:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4298:
4292:
4101:-mm-, -mm-, -nn-, -nn-,
4039:
4013:
4000:
3994:
3988:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3909:
3903:
3881:
3875:
3813:
3805:
2882:
2873:
2852:
2842:
2830:
2821:
2805:
2792:
2779:
2769:
2756:
2746:
2733:
2723:
2710:
2700:
2687:
2677:
2664:
2654:
2641:
2631:
2611:
2602:
2581:
2571:
2558:
2548:
2535:
2525:
2507:
2497:
2484:
2474:
2461:
2451:
2438:
2428:
2415:
2409:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2298:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2264:
2258:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2209:
2203:
2164:
2156:
2150:
1882:
1872:
1673:word-finally (owing to
1469:depending on etymology.
1039:
997:tt, pp, kk > t, p, k
979:remained distinct – no
919:
825:
813:
763:or "Central Sindarin".
759:
753:
625:From Noldorin and Welsh
259:
69:The fictional world of
7992:Middle-earth languages
7643:Middle-earth languages
7032:Sundering of the Elves
6610:The Return of the King
5389:"Comparative Tables".
5371:Tengwesta Qenderinwa 1
5209:Scholarship and fandom
3853:
3839:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3765:
3759:
3753:
2860:(dwarves) (cf. German
2407:plurals in forms like
2099:
1073:the West-gate of Moria
1030:
1001:
931:after their return to
893:
793:
748:
724:
707:
692:Sundering of the Elves
671:the feel and taste of
665:
647:, but he did say that
635:Tolkien and the Celtic
552:
451:spoken by Elves and a
203:This article contains
8002:Constructed languages
7918:Esperanto/Interlingua
7819:Esperanto orthography
7398:Pan-Germanic language
7180:Communicationssprache
7074:Constructed languages
7021:The Lord of the Rings
7019:Pseudotranslation in
6850:A Elbereth Gilthoniel
6616:The Lord of the Rings
6584:The Lord of the Rings
6409:The Lord of the Rings
5598:, p. 26 and p. 45-46.
5213:Further information:
4278:, which again causes
3865:Basic verbs form the
3538:A Gateway to Sindarin
3216:A Gateway to Sindarin
3101:as mentioned above.
2754:(steadfast man) >
2579:(outline, shape)>
2339:"wolvish folk", from
2140:, which vanished but
2088:A Elbereth Gilthoniel
2085:
1970:undoubtedly existed.
1864:in publications like
1548:, also had a spirant
1091:, spoke it fluently.
1010:
953:
869:
765:
735:Sindarin dialects of
734:
712:
710:In Tolkien's words:
686:
649:
645:The Lord of the Rings
629:Further information:
559:Further information:
509:
486:, the Second Clan of
445:constructed languages
340:. The tongue used in
322:The Lord of the Rings
309:The Lord of the Rings
279:, which evolved from
82:constructed languages
7410:Pan-Romance language
7285:Latino sine flexione
6440:. pp. 332–344.
6428:Drout, Michael D. C.
6353:38 (1997): 9–13, 18.
6245:"Parma Eldalamberon"
3857:'they (will) play'.
3825:, "he played" (<
3093:that are pronounced
2662:(mortal woman) >
2520:In final syllables:
2482:(female dwarf) >
669:his Elvish languages
469:. Tolkien called it
387:. Tolkien based the
283:, the tongue of the
7427:Pan-Slavic language
6673:Christopher Tolkien
6641:Christopher Tolkien
6411:and His Concept of
6366:Mythcon Proceedings
6320:Carpenter, Humphrey
6206:, pp. 399–400.
6134:, pp. 112–113.
6110:, pp. 111–112.
5294:Quenta Silmarillion
5233:Christopher Tolkien
4093:-mp, -mb, -nt, -nd,
3799:, or modern Welsh
3700:imperious/familiar
3661:
3601:imperious/familiar
3553:
2917:consonant mutations
2589:(outlines, shapes)(
2505:(poplar tree) >
2387:); later the final
2109:Unlike the largely
1564:. This merged with
92:fictional languages
7987:Fusional languages
7814:Constructed script
7290:Lingua Franca Nova
7270:International Sign
6941:Parma Eldalamberon
6716:Parma Eldalamberon
6706:Parma Eldalamberon
6533:Parma Eldalamberon
6500:Hostetter, Carl F.
6490:Michael D.C. Drout
6479:Hostetter, Carl F.
6467:Hostetter, Carl F.
6455:Hostetter, Carl F.
6424:Hostetter, Carl F.
6307:Bellet, Bertrand.
6273:Wilonsky, Robert.
6217:Hostetter, Carl F.
6045:, pp. 99–100.
6021:, pp. 94–100.
6006:, pp. 95–100.
5711:Parma Eldalamberon
5622:Parma Eldalamberon
5392:Parma Eldalamberon
5375:Parma Eldalamberon
5345:Parma Eldalamberon
5331:Parma Eldalamberon
5324:"Name-list of the
5309:Parma Eldalamberon
5228:Parma Eldalamberon
4384:Quenya equivalent
3660:Possessive suffix
3659:
3551:
2188:grammatical number
2184:grammatical gender
2100:
1873:Nírnaeth Arnoediad
1631:(short vowel) and
1570:⟨ch⟩
1526:⟨ph⟩
1504:⟨hw⟩
1492:⟨rh⟩
1480:⟨ch⟩
1467:⟨ll⟩
1463:⟨lh⟩
1451:⟨dh⟩
1439:⟨th⟩
1415:⟨ng⟩
817:, the language of
749:
722:and further East."
708:
479:Book of Lost Tales
297:Primitive Quendian
87:artistic languages
7974:
7973:
7829:Tolkien's scripts
7802:
7801:
7519:Logopandecteision
7482:Dutton Speedwords
7415:Neolatino Romance
7295:Lingwa de planeta
7040:
7039:
6957:Carl F. Hostetter
6947:Anthony Appleyard
6701:Tolkien, J. R. R.
6692:978-0-395-82760-4
6669:Tolkien, J. R. R.
6660:978-0-395-25730-2
6637:Tolkien, J. R. R.
6605:Tolkien, J. R. R.
6573:Tolkien, J. R. R.
6523:978-0-9974321-1-4
6463:31 (1993): 12–34.
6447:978-0-415-86511-1
6386:Carl F. Hostetter
6340:978-0-35-865298-4
6279:Phoenix New Times
6275:"Talkin' Tolkien"
6177:978-2-84228-325-4
5966:, pp. 19–21.
5922:(26 April 2018).
5890:Tolkien, J. R. R.
5849:Carl F. Hostetter
5830:978-0-313-33188-6
5706:Tolkien, J. R. R.
5615:Tolkien, J. R. R.
5387:Tolkien, J. R. R.
5367:Tolkien, J. R. R.
5322:Tolkien, J. R. R.
5264:Lord of the Rings
5137:
5136:
4880:neil, nail, nelui
4836:mein, main, minui
4742:
4741:
4194:pronounced as in
4182:pronounced as in
3917:is used instead.
3757:"to/for us" from
3732:
3731:
3642:
3641:
3533:
3532:
3197:"shadow" becomes
3189:
3188:
3079:
3078:
2777:(pine tree) >
2115:fusional language
2095:, in the mode of
2069:
2068:
1906:(pronounced like
1878:Nírnaeth Arnœdiad
1835:
1834:
1714:
1713:
1675:⟨f⟩
1656:everywhere else.
1582:⟨w⟩
1578:⟨g⟩
1574:⟨c⟩
1522:⟨f⟩
1427:⟨c⟩
1403:
1402:
1162:
1155:
1014:Dorlomin, Hithlum
1004:Noldorin Sindarin
959:after nasals and
679:Internal timeline
673:natural languages
655:smith-practices,
550:as say the Elves.
434:External timeline
229:
228:
211:rendering support
207:phonetic symbols.
134:a priori language
66:Setting and usage
18:Sindarin language
16:(Redirected from
8014:
7923:Esperanto/Novial
7747:Ritual and other
7588:Elvish languages
7509:Lingua generalis
7497:Astrolinguistics
7151:
7150:
7067:
7060:
7053:
7044:
7043:
6952:Helge Fauskanger
6812:Elvish languages
6797:
6790:
6783:
6774:
6773:
6752:Helge Fauskanger
6710:
6696:
6683:Houghton Mifflin
6664:
6651:Houghton Mifflin
6646:The Silmarillion
6632:
6621:Houghton Mifflin
6600:
6589:Houghton Mifflin
6568:
6536:4 (1974): 12–16.
6527:
6451:
6404:
6398:
6373:
6372:(2). article 16.
6344:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6290:
6281:. Archived from
6270:
6264:
6263:
6258:
6256:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6220:"Vinyar Tengwar"
6213:
6207:
6201:
6192:
6186:
6180:
6165:
6159:
6153:
6147:
6141:
6135:
6129:
6123:
6117:
6111:
6105:
6099:
6093:
6087:
6081:
6075:
6074:, pp. 73–79
6069:
6058:
6052:
6046:
6040:
6034:
6028:
6022:
6016:
6007:
6001:
5995:
5989:
5983:
5973:
5967:
5961:
5952:
5951:
5942:
5940:
5916:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5886:Hostetter, David
5882:
5876:
5870:
5864:
5858:
5852:
5841:
5835:
5834:
5812:
5806:
5800:
5787:
5775:
5769:
5768:
5745:
5730:
5724:
5715:
5703:
5697:
5691:
5685:
5679:
5673:
5667:
5661:
5655:
5649:
5643:
5637:
5631:
5625:
5612:
5599:
5593:
5587:
5581:
5575:
5569:
5563:
5557:
5551:
5545:
5539:
5533:
5527:
5521:
5512:
5506:
5497:
5491:
5485:
5479:
5470:
5464:
5451:
5445:
5439:
5436:Houghton Mifflin
5429:
5423:
5417:
5408:
5402:
5396:
5384:
5378:
5364:
5358:
5355:
5349:
5341:
5335:
5326:Fall of Gondolin
5319:
5313:
5304:
5298:
5286:
5198:
5192:
5186:
5180:
5174:
5168:
5162:
5156:
5150:
5145:(extracted from
5144:
5126:
5109:
5093:
5076:
5060:
5048:
5042:
5032:
5026:
5014:
5004:
4992:
4982:
4970:
4960:
4948:
4946:enchui, enecthui
4938:
4926:
4916:
4904:
4894:
4882:
4872:
4860:
4850:
4838:
4828:
4799:Cardinal numbers
4795:
4794:
4744:The lexicons of
4734:
4727:
4720:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4650:
4643:
4641:[ˈdaɛ̯r]
4638:
4636:[ˈbɛlɛɡ]
4631:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4505:
4498:
4496:[ˈnaʊ̯r]
4491:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4449:
4442:
4440:[ˈmɛnɛl]
4435:
4421:
4414:
4412:[ˈkɛvɛn]
4409:
4398:
4372:
4371:
4360:
4354:
4348:
4335:
4329:
4323:
4301:
4295:
4042:
4016:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3981:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3912:
3906:
3884:
3878:
3856:
3847:is the Welsh 3p
3842:
3836:
3830:
3824:
3818:
3810:
3777:, "tongue" >
3768:
3762:
3756:
3745:Celtic languages
3662:
3658:
3653:
3650:
3554:
3550:
3221:
3220:
3203:, "the shadow".
3131:
3130:
2951:
2950:
2906:
2902:
2888:
2879:
2859:
2849:
2836:
2827:
2815:
2802:
2786:
2776:
2763:
2753:
2740:
2731:(mountain) >
2730:
2717:
2707:
2694:
2684:
2671:
2661:
2648:
2638:
2617:
2608:
2588:
2578:
2565:
2555:
2542:
2532:
2514:
2504:
2491:
2481:
2468:
2458:
2445:
2435:
2418:
2412:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2301:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2267:
2261:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2212:
2206:
2167:
2161:
2153:
2065:
2060:
2053:
2048:
2041:
2036:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2007:
1992:
1987:
1973:
1972:
1885:
1875:
1867:The Silmarillion
1851:
1830:
1815:
1807:
1793:
1786:
1781:
1767:
1760:
1755:
1726:
1725:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1599:
1598:
1590:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1542:Common Brittonic
1535:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1395:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1345:
1339:
1321:
1314:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1283:
1276:
1270:
1252:
1246:
1235:
1229:
1220:
1214:
1196:
1185:
1176:
1158:
1153:
1111:
1110:
1042:
922:
828:
816:
762:
756:
688:Elvish Languages
500:Fall of Gondolin
460:Celtic languages
397:Celtic languages
306:(the setting of
262:
240:J. R. R. Tolkien
197:
181:
165:
158:
138:Elvish languages
115:
60:
49:J. R. R. Tolkien
37:
36:
21:
8022:
8021:
8017:
8016:
8015:
8013:
8012:
8011:
7977:
7976:
7975:
7970:
7947:
7928:Ido/Interlingua
7901:
7875:Bridge of Words
7850:
7798:
7742:
7552:
7543:
7458:
7359:
7280:Langue nouvelle
7156:
7146:
7144:
7138:
7076:
7071:
7041:
7036:
7001:The Etymologies
6981:
6921:
6893:
6862:Other languages
6857:
6837:Respective case
6806:
6801:
6727:
6722:
6693:
6661:
6565:
6524:
6448:
6419:(2010): 147–74.
6417:Tolkien Studies
6413:Native Language
6396:
6341:
6322:, ed. (2023) .
6303:
6298:
6288:
6286:
6285:on 28 July 2012
6271:
6267:
6254:
6252:
6243:
6242:
6238:
6228:
6226:
6214:
6210:
6202:
6195:
6187:
6183:
6166:
6162:
6154:
6150:
6142:
6138:
6130:
6126:
6118:
6114:
6106:
6102:
6094:
6090:
6082:
6078:
6070:
6061:
6053:
6049:
6041:
6037:
6029:
6025:
6017:
6010:
6002:
5998:
5990:
5986:
5980:Naomi Mitchison
5974:
5970:
5962:
5955:
5938:
5936:
5917:
5913:
5903:
5901:
5883:
5879:
5871:
5867:
5859:
5855:
5842:
5838:
5831:
5813:
5809:
5801:
5790:
5776:
5772:
5765:
5749:Burns, Marjorie
5746:
5742:
5738:
5733:
5725:
5718:
5704:
5700:
5692:
5688:
5680:
5676:
5668:
5664:
5656:
5652:
5644:
5640:
5632:
5628:
5613:
5602:
5594:
5590:
5582:
5578:
5570:
5566:
5558:
5554:
5546:
5542:
5534:
5530:
5522:
5515:
5507:
5500:
5492:
5488:
5480:
5473:
5465:
5454:
5446:
5442:
5430:
5426:
5418:
5411:
5403:
5399:
5385:
5381:
5365:
5361:
5356:
5352:
5342:
5338:
5320:
5316:
5305:
5301:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5274:
5217:
5211:
4804:Ordinal numbers
4770:
4725:[ˈaʊ̯r]
4669:[ˈnɔsː]
4552:[ˈbɛsː]
4524:[ˈbɛnː]
4407:[ˈamar]
4367:
4045:-b, -d, -g, -v,
3893:in the stem to
3863:
3787:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3546:
3209:
3081:The apostrophe
2925:
2913:
2764:(steadfast men)
2393:Germanic umlaut
2383:(and raised if
2351:
2192:Singular/plural
2180:
2123:voiced plosives
2080:
2074:
1902:Diphthongs are
1900:
1724:
1719:
1677:being used for
1674:
1597:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1525:
1521:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1109:
1097:
1061:
1006:
963:. Intervocalic
915:
898:
856:
851:
838:Northern group
809:Southern group
729:
681:
637:
627:
587:Lam na Ngoluith
567:
557:
462:, particularly
453:secondary world
441:
436:
420:
246:, primarily in
209:Without proper
193:
177:
174:
161:
154:
116:
111:
105:
45:Created by
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8020:
8010:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7972:
7971:
7969:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7952:
7949:
7948:
7946:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7909:
7907:
7903:
7902:
7900:
7899:
7892:
7885:
7878:
7871:
7864:
7858:
7856:
7852:
7851:
7849:
7848:
7847:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7810:
7808:
7804:
7803:
7800:
7799:
7797:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7750:
7748:
7744:
7743:
7741:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7666:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7559:
7557:
7545:
7544:
7542:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7529:Real Character
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7505:
7504:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7468:
7466:
7460:
7459:
7457:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7440:
7439:
7434:
7424:
7423:
7422:
7417:
7407:
7406:
7405:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7369:
7367:
7361:
7360:
7358:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7246:
7245:
7235:
7234:
7233:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7161:
7159:
7148:
7140:
7139:
7137:
7136:
7135:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7114:
7113:
7112:
7102:
7101:
7100:
7095:
7084:
7082:
7081:Classification
7078:
7077:
7070:
7069:
7062:
7055:
7047:
7038:
7037:
7035:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7016:
7011:
7004:
6997:
6989:
6987:
6983:
6982:
6980:
6979:
6974:
6972:Arden R. Smith
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6937:Vinyar Tengwar
6929:
6927:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6903:
6901:
6895:
6894:
6892:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6865:
6863:
6859:
6858:
6856:
6855:
6854:
6853:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6834:
6832:Quenya grammar
6829:
6816:
6814:
6808:
6807:
6800:
6799:
6792:
6785:
6777:
6771:
6770:
6760:
6755:
6745:
6744:
6743:
6733:
6726:
6725:External links
6723:
6721:
6720:
6711:
6697:
6691:
6665:
6659:
6633:
6601:
6569:
6564:978-0874809121
6563:
6547:
6537:
6528:
6522:
6509:
6497:
6476:
6464:
6460:Vinyar Tengwar
6452:
6446:
6420:
6405:
6403:. version 1.2.
6389:
6382:Verlyn Flieger
6374:
6358:Foster, Robert
6354:
6350:Vinyar Tengwar
6345:
6339:
6331:Harper Collins
6316:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6296:
6265:
6251:on 9 July 2011
6236:
6208:
6193:
6181:
6160:
6158:, p. 121.
6148:
6146:, p. 115.
6136:
6124:
6122:, p. 114.
6112:
6100:
6096:Giraudeau 2011
6088:
6086:, p. 106.
6076:
6059:
6047:
6035:
6023:
6008:
5996:
5984:
5976:Carpenter 2023
5968:
5953:
5911:
5877:
5865:
5853:
5845:Verlyn Flieger
5836:
5829:
5807:
5803:Hostetter 2013
5788:
5778:Foster, Robert
5770:
5763:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5716:
5698:
5686:
5674:
5662:
5650:
5638:
5626:
5600:
5588:
5576:
5564:
5560:Carpenter 2023
5552:
5540:
5528:
5513:
5498:
5486:
5471:
5452:
5440:
5438:, 30 June 1955
5432:Carpenter 2023
5424:
5409:
5397:
5379:
5359:
5350:
5336:
5314:
5299:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5222:Vinyar Tengwar
5219:Two magazines—
5210:
5207:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5036:
5033:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5008:
5005:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4986:
4983:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4968:othui, odothui
4964:
4961:
4953:
4952:
4949:
4942:
4939:
4931:
4930:
4927:
4920:
4917:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4898:
4895:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4876:
4873:
4865:
4864:
4861:
4854:
4851:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4832:
4829:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4769:
4766:
4740:
4739:
4728:
4721:
4712:
4708:
4707:
4700:
4697:[ˈduː]
4693:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4644:
4632:
4623:
4619:
4618:
4611:
4608:[ˈsɔɡ]
4604:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4583:
4580:[ˈmad]
4576:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4527:
4520:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4483:
4479:
4478:
4471:
4468:[ˈnɛn]
4464:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4415:
4403:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4366:
4363:
4264:
4263:
4237:
4207:
4165:
4143:
3862:
3859:
3854:chwaraeant hwy
3786:
3783:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3711:formal/polite
3708:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3655:
3654:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3615:formal/polite
3612:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3545:
3542:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3208:
3205:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2924:
2921:
2912:
2909:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2871:aea > ei –
2869:
2838:
2817:
2788:
2765:
2742:
2719:
2696:
2673:
2672:(mortal women)
2650:
2627:
2598:
2567:
2544:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2515:(poplar trees)
2493:
2470:
2447:
2357:are formed by
2353:Most Sindarin
2350:
2347:
2179:
2176:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2054:
2042:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2013:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1980:
1979:
1899:
1896:
1833:
1832:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1809:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1596:
1593:
1508:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1471:
1454:
1442:
1430:
1418:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1277:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1223:
1221:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1179:
1177:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1096:
1093:
1060:
1057:
1005:
1002:
914:
913:North Sindarin
911:
897:
894:
855:
852:
850:
849:
848:
847:
846:
845:
842:
836:
835:
834:
822:
801:
795:So during the
728:
725:
680:
677:
626:
623:
556:
553:
503:", one of the
440:
437:
435:
432:
431:
430:
427:
419:
416:
404:their language
393:Literary Welsh
314:the Elf-Tongue
281:Common Eldarin
277:Common Telerin
227:
226:
213:, you may see
199:
198:
191:
183:
182:
175:
170:
167:
166:
159:
151:
150:
149:Language codes
146:
145:
131:
127:
126:
117:
113:Writing system
110:
107:
106:
104:
103:
102:
101:
100:
99:
80:
78:
74:
73:
67:
63:
62:
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8019:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7984:
7982:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7953:
7950:
7944:
7943:Lojban/Loglan
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7913:Esperanto/Ido
7911:
7910:
7908:
7904:
7898:
7897:
7893:
7891:
7890:
7886:
7884:
7883:
7879:
7877:
7876:
7872:
7870:
7869:
7868:A Secret Vice
7865:
7863:
7862:Esperantology
7860:
7859:
7857:
7853:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7831:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7811:
7809:
7805:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7774:Lingua ignota
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7751:
7749:
7745:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7697:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7645:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7568:Belter Creole
7566:
7564:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7556:
7550:
7546:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7503:
7500:
7499:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7477:Basic English
7475:
7473:
7470:
7469:
7467:
7465:
7461:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7429:
7428:
7425:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7412:
7411:
7408:
7404:
7401:
7400:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7366:
7362:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7345:Universalglot
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7250:Idiom Neutral
7248:
7244:
7241:
7240:
7239:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7158:
7155:International
7152:
7149:
7141:
7133:
7132:Philosophical
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7119:
7118:
7115:
7111:
7108:
7107:
7106:
7103:
7099:
7098:Language game
7096:
7094:
7091:
7090:
7089:
7086:
7085:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7068:
7063:
7061:
7056:
7054:
7049:
7048:
7045:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7022:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7009:
7005:
7003:
7002:
6998:
6995:
6994:A Secret Vice
6991:
6990:
6988:
6984:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6924:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6900:
6896:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6864:
6860:
6852:
6851:
6847:
6846:
6845:
6842:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6827:
6823:
6822:
6821:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6798:
6793:
6791:
6786:
6784:
6779:
6778:
6775:
6768:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6753:
6749:
6746:
6742:
6739:
6738:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6718:
6717:
6712:
6708:
6707:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6679:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6647:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6617:
6612:
6611:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6585:
6580:
6579:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6546:
6544:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6529:
6525:
6519:
6515:
6510:
6507:
6504:
6501:
6498:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6485:
6480:
6477:
6474:
6471:
6468:
6465:
6462:
6461:
6456:
6453:
6449:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6434:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6418:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6395:
6390:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6346:
6342:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6326:
6321:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6269:
6262:
6250:
6246:
6240:
6225:
6221:
6218:
6212:
6205:
6200:
6198:
6190:
6189:Jallings 2017
6185:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6164:
6157:
6152:
6145:
6140:
6133:
6128:
6121:
6116:
6109:
6104:
6097:
6092:
6085:
6080:
6073:
6068:
6066:
6064:
6057:, p. 95.
6056:
6051:
6044:
6039:
6033:, p. 98.
6032:
6027:
6020:
6015:
6013:
6005:
6000:
5993:
5988:
5981:
5977:
5972:
5965:
5960:
5958:
5950:
5948:
5935:
5934:
5929:
5927:
5921:
5915:
5899:
5895:
5894:"Sindarin ll"
5891:
5887:
5881:
5874:
5869:
5862:
5857:
5850:
5846:
5840:
5832:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5811:
5804:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5786:. Ballantine.
5785:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5766:
5764:0-8020-3806-9
5760:
5756:
5755:
5750:
5744:
5740:
5728:
5723:
5721:
5713:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5695:
5690:
5683:
5678:
5671:
5666:
5659:
5654:
5647:
5642:
5635:
5630:
5623:
5620:
5616:
5611:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5597:
5592:
5585:
5580:
5573:
5572:Tolkien 1954a
5568:
5561:
5556:
5549:
5544:
5537:
5532:
5525:
5520:
5518:
5510:
5505:
5503:
5495:
5490:
5483:
5478:
5476:
5468:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5449:
5444:
5437:
5433:
5428:
5421:
5416:
5414:
5406:
5401:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5363:
5354:
5347:
5346:
5340:
5333:
5332:
5327:
5323:
5318:
5311:
5310:
5303:
5296:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5281:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5260:
5259:Peter Jackson
5256:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5223:
5216:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5197:
5191:
5185:
5179:
5173:
5167:
5161:
5155:
5149:
5143:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5125:
5120:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5108:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5087:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5075:
5071:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5006:
5003:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4903:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4837:
4833:
4830:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4748:
4738:
4733:
4729:
4726:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4413:
4408:
4404:
4402:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4381:Pronunciation
4380:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4362:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4343:to the stem:
4342:
4337:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4294:
4289:
4286:to umlaut to
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4002:
3996:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3934:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3858:
3855:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3835:
3829:
3823:
3822:chwaraeodd ef
3817:
3816:
3809:
3808:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3782:
3781:"my tongue".
3780:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3763:'to/for' and
3761:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3649:
3645:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3549:
3541:
3539:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2920:
2918:
2908:
2892:
2887:
2885:
2878:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2856:
2848:
2846:
2840:au > oe –
2839:
2835:
2834:
2826:
2825:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2803:(monster>
2801:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2783:
2775:
2773:
2766:
2762:
2760:
2752:
2750:
2743:
2739:
2737:
2729:
2727:
2720:
2716:
2714:
2706:
2704:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2685:(child) >
2683:
2681:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2660:
2658:
2651:
2647:
2645:
2637:
2635:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2607:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2585:
2577:
2575:
2568:
2564:
2562:
2554:
2552:
2545:
2541:
2539:
2531:
2529:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2503:
2501:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2480:
2478:
2471:
2467:
2465:
2459:(queen) >
2457:
2455:
2448:
2444:
2442:
2434:
2432:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2326:
2325:singular noun
2322:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2111:agglutinative
2107:
2105:
2104:British-Welsh
2098:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1838:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1668:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1647:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1622:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1587:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1538:i-pheriannath
1531:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1458:
1446:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1104:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:lingua franca
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
967:remained. No
966:
962:
958:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
921:
910:
907:
903:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
868:
865:
861:
843:
840:
839:
837:
832:
827:
823:
820:
815:
811:
810:
808:
807:
806:
803:
802:
800:
798:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
764:
761:
755:
746:
742:
738:
733:
723:
721:
717:
711:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
676:
674:
670:
664:
662:
658:
654:
648:
646:
641:
636:
632:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
577:in favour of
576:
572:
566:
562:
551:
549:
548:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
521:
514:
508:
506:
502:
501:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
480:
474:
473:
468:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
428:
425:
424:
423:
418:Two timelines
415:
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
310:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
273:Great Journey
270:
266:
261:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
206:
200:
196:
192:
190:
189:
184:
180:
176:
173:
172:Linguist List
168:
164:
160:
157:
152:
147:
143:
139:
135:
132:
128:
125:
121:
118:
114:
108:
98:
95:
94:
93:
90:
89:
88:
85:
84:
83:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
57:
53:
50:
47:
43:
38:
33:
19:
7894:
7887:
7880:
7873:
7866:
7824:Sitelen Pona
7695:
7657:
7231:esperantidos
7200:Esperanto II
7122:Experimental
7020:
7014:Middle-earth
7006:
6999:
6977:Allan Turner
6940:
6936:
6874:Black Speech
6848:
6843:
6824:
6714:
6704:
6676:
6644:
6614:
6608:
6582:
6576:
6554:
6542:
6531:
6513:
6505:
6482:
6472:
6458:
6431:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6400:
6380:, edited by
6377:
6369:
6365:
6348:
6329:. New York:
6323:
6310:
6287:. Retrieved
6283:the original
6278:
6268:
6260:
6253:. Retrieved
6249:the original
6239:
6227:. Retrieved
6223:
6211:
6184:
6168:
6163:
6151:
6139:
6127:
6115:
6103:
6098:, p. 7.
6091:
6079:
6050:
6038:
6026:
5999:
5987:
5982:, April 1954
5971:
5944:
5937:. Retrieved
5931:
5925:
5914:
5902:. Retrieved
5880:
5868:
5856:
5839:
5816:
5810:
5781:
5773:
5753:
5743:
5727:Tolkien 2007
5709:
5701:
5694:Tolkien 2007
5689:
5682:Tolkien 2007
5677:
5670:Tolkien 2007
5665:
5658:Tolkien 2007
5653:
5646:Tolkien 2007
5641:
5634:Tolkien 2007
5629:
5618:
5596:Tolkien 2007
5591:
5584:Tolkien 2007
5579:
5567:
5555:
5548:Tolkien 1955
5543:
5536:Tolkien 2007
5531:
5524:Tolkien 2007
5509:Tolkien 2007
5494:Tolkien 2007
5489:
5482:Tolkien 1996
5467:Tolkien 2007
5448:Tolkien 2007
5443:
5427:
5420:Tolkien 2007
5405:Tolkien 2007
5400:
5390:
5382:
5370:
5362:
5353:
5343:
5339:
5329:
5325:
5317:
5307:
5302:
5292:
5289:Tolkien 1977
5284:
5263:
5246:Tolkien fans
5244:Attempts by
5243:
5236:
5226:
5220:
5218:
5200:
5138:
4790:quaistanótië
4789:
4785:
4771:
4762:Tolkien fans
4757:
4751:
4745:
4743:
4736:
4716:
4688:
4660:
4627:
4599:
4571:
4543:
4515:
4487:
4459:
4431:
4419:ambar, cemen
4400:
4394:
4368:
4340:
4338:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4265:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4053:metathesized
4048:
4044:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4008:
4006:
3983:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3921:
3919:
3898:
3890:
3886:
3870:
3864:
3848:
3844:
3831:'to play' +
3814:
3806:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3648:
3547:
3537:
3534:
3236:
3215:
3210:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3103:
3098:
3097:are written
3094:
3090:
3082:
3080:
2947:
2933:
2928:
2926:
2914:
2898:
2890:
2883:
2874:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2850:(dwarf)>
2844:
2832:
2823:
2819:û > ui –
2810:
2806:
2797:
2793:
2787:(pine trees)
2781:
2771:
2758:
2748:
2735:
2725:
2712:
2708:(lord) >
2702:
2689:
2679:
2666:
2656:
2643:
2639:(foot) >
2633:
2629:â > ai –
2612:
2609:(swan) >
2603:
2583:
2573:
2560:
2556:(saga) >
2550:
2537:
2533:(king) >
2527:
2509:
2499:
2486:
2476:
2463:
2453:
2440:
2436:(tree) >
2430:
2410:gair/geiriau
2400:
2396:
2388:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:vowel change
2352:
2349:Plural forms
2345:"werewolf".
2324:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2305:The endings
2304:
2292:
2291:
2269:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2198:
2196:
2181:
2169:
2137:
2125:
2108:
2101:
2086:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1722:Monophthongs
1652:when final,
1561:
1553:
1549:
1537:
1529:
1528:when final (
1512:The phoneme
1511:
1498:
1486:
1474:
1457:
1445:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1098:
1081:Minas Tirith
1062:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1013:
1011:
1007:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:mutation of
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
954:
933:Middle-earth
916:
905:
901:
899:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
870:
857:
804:
794:
788:
784:
766:
750:
713:
709:
700:Middle-earth
666:
660:
650:
644:
642:
638:
618:
614:
611:Old Noldorin
610:
606:
603:Old Noldorin
602:
598:
597:in Quenya).
594:
590:
586:
578:
574:
570:
568:
545:
541:
537:
529:
525:
517:
512:
510:
504:
498:
496:
491:
483:
477:
470:
457:
442:
421:
401:
354:
321:
318:Elven-Tongue
317:
313:
307:
301:
256:
248:Middle-earth
231:
230:
202:
186:
96:
71:Middle-earth
61:1915 to 1973
7906:Comparisons
7784:Palawa kani
7779:Medefaidrin
7454:Weltdeutsch
7444:Runyakitara
7432:Interslavic
7265:Interlingue
7260:Interlingua
7243:Interglossa
7170:Blissymbols
6748:Ardalambion
6551:Salo, David
6289:14 November
5920:Salo, David
5861:Foster 1971
5624:13, p. 120.
4858:taid, tadui
4655:race, tribe
4648:alta, halla
4628:beleg, daer
4306:causes the
4258:, becoming
4232:, becoming
4202:, becoming
4160:, becoming
4138:, becoming
4111:would have
4057:assimilated
3861:Basic verbs
3803:." So with
3722:3rd person
3717:-el, -elir
3706:-eg, -egir
3697:2nd person
3675:1st person
3629:3rd person
3624:-dh, -dhir
3621:-dh, -dhid
3598:2nd person
3579:-nc, -ngid
3570:1st person
2903:remains as
2880:(sea) >
2828:(dog) >
2790:u > y –
2767:ô > ŷ –
2744:ó > ý –
2721:o > e –
2698:o > y –
2675:ê > î –
2652:e > i –
2495:u > y –
2472:o > e –
2449:e > e –
2426:a > e –
2405:i-affection
2401:goose/geese
2379:, becoming
2377:assimilated
2369:prestanneth
2213:"wild men,
2146:Old English
1702:Represents
1669:Represents
1648:Represents
1623:Represents
1361:Approximant
1040:Ondolin(dë)
883:> nasal
575:lam Goldrin
526:lam Goldrin
324:. When the
238:devised by
217:instead of
7997:Grey Elves
7981:Categories
7933:Ido/Novial
7754:Balaibalan
7464:Engineered
7320:Pasilingua
7210:Mundolinco
7117:Engineered
6967:David Salo
6962:Tom Loback
6763:Hesperides
6681:. Boston:
6649:. Boston:
6619:. Boston:
6587:. Boston:
6543:Tengwestië
6516:. NEMVUS.
6506:Tengwestië
6473:Tengwestië
6311:Tengwestië
5978:, #144 to
5714:14, p. 56.
5434:, #165 to
5395:19, p. 23.
5377:18, p. 24.
5334:15, p. 20.
5272:References
5251:David Salo
5148:nelchaenen
5139:The form *
4786:maquanotië
4774:duodecimal
4622:big, great
4510:man (male)
4365:Vocabulary
4314:to become
3946:causes an
3869:by adding
3867:infinitive
3769:'we/us'.
3689:inclusive
3678:exclusive
3590:-m, -mmid
3587:inclusive
3573:exclusive
3353:(deleted)
3345:(deleted)
3212:David Salo
3085:indicates
2816:(monsters)
2695:(children)
2364:i-mutation
2117:with some
2076:See also:
1898:Diphthongs
1773:Near-close
1107:Consonants
1069:Second Age
1018:Fëanorians
999:medially."
889:mp, nt, ñk
854:Doriathrin
814:Doriathrin
760:Doriathrin
615:Koreldarin
505:Lost Tales
357:Second Age
350:Doriathrin
328:-speaking
234:is one of
122:(mainly),
7807:Neography
7733:Verdurian
7703:Syldavian
7698:languages
7696:Star Wars
7690:Spocanian
7573:Brithenig
7563:Atlantean
7549:Fictional
7539:Toki Pona
7388:Eurolengo
7225:Universal
7185:Esperanto
7157:auxiliary
7145:languages
7143:Specific
7093:Fictional
6926:Linguists
6629:519647821
6575:(1954a).
6494:Routledge
6438:Routledge
6401:Lambenórë
6255:1 January
6229:1 January
6204:Salo 2004
6179:, p. 145.
6156:Salo 2004
6144:Salo 2004
6132:Salo 2004
6120:Salo 2004
6108:Salo 2004
6084:Salo 2004
6072:Salo 2004
6055:Salo 2004
6043:Salo 2004
6031:Salo 2004
6019:Salo 2004
6004:Salo 2004
5992:Salo 2004
5964:Salo 2004
5873:Salo 2004
5736:Secondary
5648:, p. 132.
5586:, p. 135.
5526:, p. 133.
5511:, p. 134.
5450:, p. 127.
5407:, p. 135.
5202:Menegroth
5129:thousand
4958:odo, odog
4816:Sindarin
4810:Sindarin
4327:blebithon
4299:blebithar
4186:) > **
4055:and then
3667:singular
3610:-g, -gir
3559:singular
3529:chw /χw/
3526:chw /χw/
3523:chw /χw/
3520:chw /χw/
3517:chw /χw/
3426:n-g /ŋg/
3417:(n)g /g/
3397:(m)b /b/
3377:(n)d /d/
2624:fricative
2618:(swans) (
2336:Gaurwaith
2299:Nogothlir
2275:Nogothrim
2097:Beleriand
1977:Diphthong
1926:n ), and
1552:or nasal
1546:Old Irish
1262:Fricative
1101:phonology
1095:Phonology
1089:Rivendell
1037:(from Q.
906:Falassian
902:Falathrin
896:Falathrin
826:Falathrin
797:First Age
754:Mithrimin
741:First Age
737:Beleriand
704:Third Age
696:Beleriand
571:Goldogrin
472:Goldogrin
389:phonology
344:(home of
304:Third Age
269:Beleriand
257:The word
188:Glottolog
156:ISO 639-3
32:Singdarin
7764:Enochian
7723:Valyrian
7713:Tsolyáni
7680:Newspeak
7658:Sindarin
7593:Enchanta
7583:Dothraki
7555:artistic
7492:Kalaba-X
7437:Iazychie
7403:Tutonish
7373:Afrihili
7330:Solresol
7325:Sambahsa
7310:Nal Bino
7220:Romániço
7215:Reformed
7195:Arcaicam
7190:Adjuvilo
7147:by group
7088:Artistic
6844:Sindarin
6767:Mac OS X
6671:(1996).
6639:(1977).
6607:(1955).
6553:(2004).
6360:(1971).
5939:26 April
5933:Facebook
5926:no title
5898:Archived
5892:(2003).
5751:(2005).
5729:, p. 43.
5696:, p. 147
5636:, p. 41.
5496:, p. 132
5469:, p. 133
5142:nelchaen
4973:seventh
4819:English
4813:English
4778:Dúnedain
4768:Numerals
4758:Sindarin
4753:Noldorin
4378:Sindarin
4333:pedithon
4321:girithon
4293:giritham
4051:, it is
4043:. After
4033:becomes
3851:ending:
3815:teithant
3552:Pronoun
3544:Pronouns
3457:rh /r̥/
3432:ng /ŋg/
3423:ng /ŋg/
3412:mb /mb/
3406:mb /mb/
3403:mb /mb/
3392:nd /nd/
3386:nd /nd/
3383:nd /nd/
3224:Radical
3134:Radical
2954:Radical
2469:(queens)
2416:car/ceir
2330:Gaurhoth
2296:, as in
2256:, as in
2238:Moredhil
2232:Moredhel
2201:), e.g.
2142:affected
2119:analytic
1958:(as in p
1799:Open-mid
1502:written
1490:written
1478:written
1461:written
1449:written
1437:written
1425:written
1413:written
1127:Alveolar
1053:Goenglin
1035:Gondolin
805:Sindarin
789:Telerrim
727:Dialects
653:Dwarvish
607:Lemberin
599:Noldorin
591:Noldorin
579:Noldorin
555:Noldorin
534:Ilúvatar
518:Tale of
464:Literary
369:Dúnedain
338:dialects
260:Sindarin
232:Sindarin
223:Help:IPA
195:sind1281
97:Sindarin
40:Sindarin
7844:Tengwar
7789:Yerkish
7769:Eskayan
7728:Venedic
7718:Utopian
7708:Teonaht
7685:Simlish
7663:more...
7648:Adûnaic
7633:Lydnevi
7613:Kobaïan
7608:Klingon
7487:Ithkuil
7420:Romanid
7383:Efatese
7378:Budinos
7355:Volapük
7300:Mondial
7127:Musical
7008:Lhammas
6986:Related
6917:Tengwar
6899:Scripts
6889:Westron
6884:Valarin
6879:Khuzdul
6869:Adûnaic
6826:Namárië
6675:(ed.).
6643:(ed.).
6597:9552942
6545:(2005).
6508:(2003).
6496:, 2007.
6475:(2003).
6430:(ed.).
6301:Sources
5904:21 July
5780:(1978)
5684:, p. 38
5672:, p. 26
5660:, p. 46
5538:, p. 29
5277:Primary
5184:KWAY-AM
5096:thirty
5091:nelphae
5079:twelve
5063:eleven
4995:eighth
4907:fourth
4902:canthui
4863:second
4826:er, min
4782:decimal
4747:Gnomish
4375:Meaning
4250:> **
4246:> **
4242:> **
4224:> **
4220:> **
4216:> **
4212:> **
4198:) >
4174:> **
4170:> **
4152:> **
4148:> **
4130:> **
4126:> **
4122:> **
4083:become
4069:-p, -t,
4067:become
4061:-b, -d,
3976:, from
3843:'he').
3828:chwarae
3670:plural
3565:plural
3514:hw /ʍ/
3509:ch /χ/
3506:ch /χ/
3503:ch /χ/
3500:ch /χ/
3497:ch /χ/
3437:lh /ɬ/
3420:ng /ŋ/
3348:ng /ŋ/
3317:dh /ð/
3309:dh /ð/
3298:ch /χ/
3295:ch /χ/
3292:ch /χ/
3278:ph /f/
3275:ph /f/
3272:ph /f/
3258:th /θ/
3255:th /θ/
3252:th /θ/
3237:Liquid?
3200:i 'wath
3087:elision
2971:v (bh)
2718:(lords)
2595:plosive
2566:(sagas)
2543:(kings)
2446:(trees)
2397:man/men
2381:fronted
2355:plurals
2259:elenath
2134:liquids
2093:Tengwar
2072:Grammar
1910:sle ),
1886:(read:
1883:Goelydh
1876:(read:
1870:, e.g.
1602:Letter
1390:
1340:
1284:
1271:
1247:
1230:
1215:
1206:Plosive
1160:lateral
1154:central
1147:Glottal
1132:Palatal
1085:Aragorn
1077:Westron
1049:Goenlin
1026:Doriath
957:p, t, k
949:Doriath
945:Thingol
925:Hithlum
920:Mithrim
873:elenath
819:Doriath
773:Telerin
745:Doriath
739:in the
720:Eriador
561:Lhammas
542:Ilathon
513:Elfrith
484:Noldoli
412:Westron
381:Tengwar
365:Númenor
359:, many
355:In the
346:Thingol
342:Doriath
334:cognate
302:In the
293:Valinor
219:Unicode
130:Sources
120:Tengwar
77:Purpose
7956:Portal
7839:Sarati
7675:Nadsat
7653:Quenya
7628:Loxian
7623:Lapine
7618:Láadan
7603:Kiliki
7578:Dritok
7553:other
7524:Lojban
7514:Loglan
7502:Lincos
7315:Novial
7275:Kotava
7229:other
6912:Sarati
6820:Quenya
6689:
6657:
6627:
6595:
6561:
6520:
6488:, ed.
6444:
6337:
6313:(2005)
6175:
5827:
5761:
5253:to be
5051:tenth
5046:caenen
5040:paenui
5017:ninth
5012:nedrui
4990:tollui
4985:eight
4980:tolodh
4963:seven
4951:sixth
4929:fifth
4924:levnui
4885:third
4875:three
4870:neledh
4841:first
4538:female
4358:blabo!
4075:, and
3915:gerund
3895:umlaut
3849:plural
3807:teith-
3779:lammen
3494:h /h/
3489:h /h/
3480:h /h/
3477:s /s/
3472:r /r/
3469:r /r/
3466:r /r/
3463:r /r/
3460:r /r/
3452:l /l/
3449:l /l/
3446:l /l/
3443:l /l/
3440:l /l/
3429:g /g/
3409:b /b/
3400:m /m/
3389:d /d/
3380:n /n/
3370:v /v/
3363:v /v/
3360:m /m/
3342:g /g/
3335:v /v/
3330:m /m/
3327:v /v/
3324:b /b/
3312:n /n/
3306:d /d/
3301:g /g/
3289:g /g/
3286:c /k/
3281:b /b/
3269:b /b/
3266:p /p/
3261:d /d/
3249:d /d/
3246:t /t/
3241:Mixed
3230:Nasal
3143:Nasal
2963:Nasal
2837:(dogs)
2649:(feet)
2622:&
2620:liquid
2593:&
2320:-waith
2317:, and
2281:Nogoth
2265:Drúath
2244:Belair
2235:, pl.
2226:gelydh
2220:golodh
2207:, pl.
2168:, pl.
2154:, pl.
2148:): S.
2130:nasals
1892:Gelydh
1888:Gœlydh
1844:(IPA:
1730:Vowels
1717:Vowels
1610:Notes
1556:(IPA:
1142:Uvular
1122:Dental
1117:Labial
1047:, not
1022:Finrod
937:Quenya
929:Noldor
860:Quenya
771:was a
769:Círdan
716:Exiles
657:Hobbit
633:, and
595:Sindar
583:Quenya
538:Ilador
490:, and
408:Noldor
385:Fëanor
373:Gondor
330:Noldor
326:Quenya
265:Quenya
7855:Study
7834:Cirth
7759:Damin
7738:Wenja
7670:Naʼvi
7638:Mänti
7598:Kēlen
7393:Guosa
7365:Zonal
7350:Uropi
7340:Unish
7255:Intal
7238:Glosa
7175:Bolak
7110:Zonal
6907:Cirth
6709:(17).
6397:(PDF)
5947:Welsh
5266:films
5196:meneg
5178:KWAYA
5160:KAYAR
5154:KAYAN
5124:meneg
5058:minib
5007:nine
5002:neder
4919:five
4914:leben
4897:four
4892:canad
4683:night
4594:drink
4454:water
4447:menel
4432:menel
4401:ceven
4389:earth
4352:pado!
4346:giro!
4270:. An
4260:renn-
4254:>
4248:rendh
4244:redhn
4240:redh-
4234:lamm-
4228:>
4204:dang-
4162:penn-
4156:>
4140:camm-
4134:>
3973:pedir
3967:pedim
3961:pedin
3939:girir
3933:girim
3927:girin
3910:blab-
3907:from
3904:blebi
3879:from
3785:Verbs
3771:annin
3749:Welsh
3728:-ent
3684:-enc
3562:dual
3233:Stop
3227:Soft
3194:gwath
3140:Hard
3137:Soft
3124:, or
3112:, or
2960:Hard
2957:Soft
2864:>
2711:brenn
2701:brann
2591:nasal
2443:laidh
2314:-hoth
2287:Nogon
2284:(sg.
2215:Woses
2210:Drúin
2178:Nouns
2162:, S.
2158:Edain
2126:b d g
1850:]
1846:[
1747:Close
1735:Front
1619:j,ɪiː
1327:Trill
1168:Nasal
1137:Velar
941:Beren
864:Túrin
831:Falas
787:, or
785:Telir
547:Ainur
530:Ainon
492:Elfin
488:Elves
467:Welsh
377:Cirth
289:Oromë
285:Eldar
252:Elves
142:Welsh
124:Cirth
7794:Zaum
7449:Wede
7335:Sona
7165:Babm
6687:ISBN
6655:ISBN
6625:OCLC
6593:OCLC
6559:ISBN
6518:ISBN
6442:ISBN
6384:and
6335:ISBN
6291:2007
6257:2011
6231:2011
6173:ISBN
5941:2018
5906:2020
5847:and
5825:ISBN
5759:ISBN
5257:for
5172:caer
5166:caen
5157:and
5107:host
5074:ýneg
5035:ten
5030:caer
4941:six
4936:eneg
4853:two
4831:one
4756:and
4732:aure
4704:lóme
4676:nóre
4661:noss
4615:suc-
4600:sog-
4587:mat-
4572:mad-
4544:bess
4516:benn
4488:naur
4482:fire
4395:amar
4312:-tha
4282:and
4276:-tha
4268:-tha
4256:rend
4252:rend
4226:lamm
4222:lanm
4218:lanv
4214:lavn
4210:lav-
4200:danc
4196:sing
4188:dang
4176:dang
4172:dagn
4168:dag-
4158:pent
4154:pend
4150:pedn
4146:ped-
4136:camp
4132:camb
4128:canb
4124:cabn
4120:cab-
4113:-mm-
4103:and
4095:and
4087:and
4079:and
4071:and
4063:and
4040:toll
4014:darn
3995:blâb
3979:pad-
3882:gir-
3876:giri
3845:-ant
3837:and
3834:-odd
3801:-odd
3792:-ant
3775:Lamm
3754:inni
3725:-ed
3714:-el
3703:-eg
3692:-em
3681:-en
3635:-st
3632:nil
3618:-dh
3607:-ch
3582:-nc
3075:chw
3072:chw
3019:ngw
2665:eden
2655:adan
2489:gyth
2479:goth
2466:rith
2456:reth
2433:ladh
2413:and
2342:Gaur
2308:-rim
2293:-lir
2270:-rim
2253:-ath
2223:and
2171:Yrch
2165:Orch
2151:Adan
2132:and
1966:and
1942:and
1831:(ː)
1822:Open
1816:(ː)
1740:Back
1654:/ŋɡ/
1644:ŋ,ŋɡ
1633:/iː/
1544:and
1530:alph
1465:and
975:and
971:and
877:elin
781:Elwë
777:Olwë
573:and
563:and
520:Tuor
244:Arda
55:Date
7551:and
7472:aUI
7305:Neo
7205:Ido
5348:13.
5328:",
5312:11.
5261:'s
5190:pae
5043:or
5027:or
5024:pae
4848:tad
4788:, *
4780:'s
4717:aur
4711:day
4566:eat
4559:nís
4531:nér
4503:nár
4475:nén
4460:nen
4426:sky
4310:in
4230:lam
4184:men
4105:-ng
4097:-nc
4081:-dh
4049:-dh
4047:or
4035:-ll
4001:pâd
3989:gîr
3950:or
3897:to
3889:or
3797:-as
3737:dhe
3638:-r
3604:-g
3593:-m
3576:-n
3214:'s
3185:ng
3179:ng
3126:ng-
3122:nd-
3118:mb-
3069:gw
3066:cw
3061:ch
3058:ch
3047:th
3044:th
3033:ph
3030:ph
3016:gw
3013:’w
3010:gw
3005:ng
2985:dh
2905:/y/
2901:/y/
2891:air
2875:aea
2615:lph
2606:lph
2512:lys
2502:lus
2385:low
2302:.
2204:Drû
2199:-in
2190:.
1950:or
1918:),
1894:).
1880:),
1808:(ː)
1708:/v/
1704:/f/
1698:f,v
1687:/f/
1685:to
1683:/p/
1679:/v/
1671:/f/
1661:ph
1650:/ŋ/
1640:ng
1629:/ɪ/
1625:/j/
1606:IPA
1589:/χ/
1566:/v/
1558:/ṽ/
1534:/p/
1518:/n/
1514:/f/
1055:".
1051:or
977:i/e
947:of
619:Kór
581:(a
540:or
528:).
371:of
363:of
361:Men
320:in
316:or
263:is
254:.
205:IPA
179:sjn
163:sjn
7983::
7534:Ro
6939:,
6750:,
6685:.
6653:.
6623:.
6613:.
6591:.
6581:.
6436:.
6399:.
6368:.
6364:.
6333:.
6277:.
6259:.
6222:.
6196:^
6062:^
6011:^
5956:^
5943:.
5930:.
5896:.
5888:;
5823:.
5819:.
5791:^
5719:^
5617:,
5603:^
5516:^
5501:^
5474:^
5455:^
5412:^
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