1162:
1686, the Qing sent another force of 3,000 troops (chiefly cavalry and including 30-40 "newly cast" cannons), supported by 150 supply boats manned by 3,000 to 6,000 more men, to retake the fort from the garrison of 736 Russian soldiers and militia (who had 11 cannons). The
Russians rejected a Qing demand for surrender, and another battle ensued on July 18. Over the next few weeks, the Qing made various attempts to take the fort, but were always driven back with heavy losses, while Russian combat losses were negligible. The Russians even began sallying out for counterattacks to destroy Qing siege engines, one sally killing 150 Chinese troops for the loss of only 21 Russians. The Qing were befuddled by the design of the fort which, like contemporary European artillery forts, often left the Chinese soldiers caught in crossfires when they attempted to place their siege lines and artillery according to traditional tactics. The Qing general, Langtan, abandoned assaults in August and instead decided to starve the fort out by blocking Russian access to the nearby river. Eventually, the Qing investment in Albazin became so large that the fortifications of the siege camps dwarfed those of Albazin itself. Moscow sent elite musketeers to relieve the fort but the Qing controlled all approaches and no sled or sleigh could slip in. Both armies suffered from disease and starvation: Russian combatants and civilians alike died en masse from scurvy, typhus, and cholera, while the Chinese starved and froze outside the walls and were sometimes driven to
1242:" Thereupon he ordered all our marines to take off their clothes and jump into the water. Each wore a rattan shield on his head and held a huge sword in his hand. Thus they swam forward. The Russians were so frightened that they all shouted: 'Behold, the big-capped Tartars!' Since our marines were in the water, they could not use their firearms. Our sailors wore rattan shields to protect their heads so that enemy bullets and arrows could not pierce them. Our marines used long swords to cut the enemy's ankles. The Russians fell into the river, most of them either killed or wounded. The rest fled and escaped. Lin Hsing-chu had not lost a single marine when he returned to take part in besieging the city." written by Yang Hai-Chai who was related to Marquis Lin, a participant in the war
1158:) were used. Three thousand Qing soldiers initially assailed the fort. A detachment made a feint on the south of the fort, while other soldiers secretly moved Hongyipao to the north of the fort and to its sides, to carry out a pincer attack. In total, the Qing force included 100-150 light artillery, 40-50 large siege guns, and 100 musketeers, with the rest of the men using traditional weapons. On the first day, 100 Russians were killed or wounded by the massive artillery barrage. After the wooden walls were set ablaze, the Russians surrendered and acknowledged Qing suzerainty.
422:
377:
320:
308:
296:
283:
266:
253:
241:
144:
410:
365:
224:
214:
204:
186:
176:
110:
1268:
1260:
511:
432:
391:
344:
332:
155:
131:
121:
1122:
1166:. By November, 600 Russian men and more than 1,500 Qing soldiers had died. In October 1686, Russian envoys arrived in Beijing from Moscow requesting peace. In December, a messenger from the Qing emperor arrived at the siege lines announcing a pause to the siege, and that his men, as a show of good faith, were to offer food and medicine to the remaining Russians, of which there were only 24.
38:
1904:
1016:
was left in charge with about 400-500 men. They had little difficulty plundering the natives and defeating the local Qing troops. The Qing responded with two policies. First they ordered the local population to withdraw, thereby ending the grain production that had attracted the
Russians in the first
1250:
at Peking. The
Chinese withdrew from the area, but the Russians, hearing of this, returned with 800 men under Aleksei Tolbuzin and reoccupied the fort. Their original purpose was merely to harvest the local grain, a rare commodity in this part of Siberia. From June 1686, the fort was again besieged.
1161:
After this, the
Russian garrison was ordered to build more powerful walls. With the help of Prussian soldier Afanasii Ivanovich Beiton (who was second in command of the fort), the walls were eventually built up to a height of five and a half meters and a thickness of seven and a half meters. In July
1153:
After extensive reconnaissance, the Qing made their first attempt to conquer
Albazin in 1685. At the time Albazin was a wooden fort with only 300 muskets, 3 cannons, and low stocks of gunpowder; regardless, the Chinese concluded that it could not be taken from its tiny garrison unless "red barbarian
930:
was accompanied by massacres due to indigenous resistance to colonization by the
Russian Cossacks, who violently suppressed the natives. The Russian Cossacks were named luocha (羅剎), after Demons found in Buddhist mythology, by the Amur natives because of their cruelty towards the Amur tribes people,
1113:
and the deserted land became a haven for outlaws and renegade
Cossacks. In 1660 a large band of Russians was destroyed. They had some difficulty pursuing the Cossacks since their own policy had removed most of the local food. In the 1670s the Chinese attempted to drive the Russians away from the
1251:
Either the siege was raised in
December when the armies learned that the two empires were engaged in peace negotiations, or the fort was captured after an 18-month siege and Tolbuzin was killed. At that time less than 100 defenders were left alive.
967:
and about 1500 Daurs and
Duchers led by the Manchu general known as Haise (海色), or Izenei (Изеней or Исиней). Haise was later executed for his poor performance. As soon as the ice broke up Khabarov withdrew upriver and built winter quarters at
1215:), former Koxinga followers, and these rattan shield troops did not suffer a single casualty when they defeated and cut down Russian forces traveling by rafts on the river, only using the rattan shields and swords while fighting naked.
1025:. In 1657 he built more than 40 ships at the village of Ula (modern Jilin).. In 1658 a large Qing fleet under Sarhuda caught up with Stepanov and killed him and about 220 Cossacks. A few escaped and became freebooters.
1227:
in the siege of
Albazin. The Russians were fought against by the Taiwan based former soldiers of Koxinga. The nautical military understanding of the former Taiwan sailors were the reason for their participation in the
2815:
1105:. In a naval battle in the Amur a few miles downstream from the mouth of the Sungari (July 10, 1658). The 11-ship Russian flotilla is destroyed (the survivors flee on just one ship), and Stepanov himself dies.
1125:
The Amur Basin with modern national borders. Nerchinsk is on the lower Shilka, Albazin on the northern loop of the Amur, Kumarsk somewhat downstream, Aigun at the mouth of the Zeya and Achansk at Khabarovsk.
4511:
1146:. In 1670 it was unsuccessfully attacked. In 1672 Albazin received the Czar's pardon and was officially recognized. From 1673 to 1683 the Qing dynasty were tied up suppressing a rebellion in the south, the
940:
823:
764:
963:. Again there was fighting and the natives called for the assistance of the Qing. On 24 March 1652, Achansk was unsuccessfully attacked by a large Qing force consisting of 600 Manchu soldiers from
907:
found a better route to the upper Amur and quickly returned to Yakutsk where he recommended that a larger force be sent to conquer the region. He returned the same year and built winter quarters at
2879:
466:
3435:
2713:
652:
was twice contested between Russia and China. Hydrologically, the Stanovoy Range separates the rivers that flow north into the Arctic from those that flow south into the
3474:
4506:
1199:
to reinforce Albazin against the Russians. Kangxi was impressed by a demonstration of their techniques and ordered 500 of them to defend Albazin, under Lin Xingzhu (
1169:
Albazin was eventually ceded to the Qing in the 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk, in exchange for trading privileges in Beijing and the right to keep the city of Nerchinsk.
935:
2172:
3868:
459:
257:
4560:
2808:
4609:
3479:
3315:
972:. In the spring of 1653 reinforcements arrived under Dmitry Zinoviev. The two quarreled, Khabarov was arrested and escorted to Moscow for investigation.
1965:
452:
949:
217:
207:
1996:
4898:
4575:
3905:
3154:
227:
717:
In 1643, Russian adventurers spilled over the Stanovoy Range, but by 1689 they were driven back by the Qing. The land was populated by some 9,000
4694:
2894:
312:
514:
The region of the conflict depicted on a British map about a century after the events, when most of it became parts of the Chinese provinces of
4772:
4439:
4131:
4883:
4548:
3299:
3270:
2889:
2345:
1412:
L. Carrington Godrich, Chaoying Fang (editors), "Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644". Volume I (A-L). Columbia University Press, 1976.
4903:
4789:
2971:
1071:
336:
287:
1607:(Regarding the fortification techniques used in the settlements of the Amur Valley tribes in the mid-17th century, and the meaning of the
4913:
4501:
4496:
3756:
2510:
2278:
1. Page 133 -152 China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia By Peter C. Perdue Published by Harvard University Press, 2005
4893:
4417:
3817:
1706:
2852:
2959:
2944:
2171:
Kang, Hyeokhweon (2012). "Big Heads and Buddhist Demons: The Korean Military Revolution and Northern Expeditions of 1654 and 1658".
1744:
4873:
4043:
2646:
3734:
3898:
3883:
1701:
324:
4878:
4858:
4649:
4580:
3873:
3807:
3682:
3021:
270:
4177:
3713:
2954:
2311:
2292:
2268:
2185:
2106:
2087:
2060:
1948:
1914:
1651:
1555:
1513:
1471:
1435:
Description géographique, historique, chronologique, politique et physique de l'empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise
4918:
4528:
4518:
3812:
3183:
2934:
2847:
2571:
274:
1670:
4553:
2756:
2586:
982:
girls and women were raped by Russian Cossacks under Yerofey Khabarov when he invaded the Amur river basin in the 1650s.
668:
2191:
4767:
4599:
4486:
3965:
3399:
2768:
2641:
2465:
1754:
1391:
China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia By Peter C. Perdue Published by Harvard University Press, 2005
1085:
1658 : Big warships capable of fighting Russian ships were built by Han Chinese shipbuilders for the Qing forces.
664:. Various Chinese dynasties would claim sovereignty, build forts and collect tribute when they were strong enough. The
2211:
Marginal constituencies: Qing borderland policies and vernacular histories of five tribes on the Sino-Russian frontier
4709:
4328:
4274:
4269:
4217:
4212:
4202:
4167:
4162:
4152:
4142:
4120:
4115:
4092:
4087:
4062:
4038:
4033:
4018:
3878:
3688:
3529:
3404:
2761:
2338:
2006:
1887:
1796:(三手) in the 17th century, and the issues related to the Korean troops' participation in the Manchus' Amur campaigns)
1783:Корейская пехотная тактика самсу в XVII веке и проблема участия корейских войск в Амурских походах маньчжурской армии
1598:К вопросу о характере укреплений поселков приамурских племен середины XVII века и значении нанайского термина «гасян»
1417:
660:
with some areas good for agriculture. Socially and politically, from about 600 AD, it was the northern fringe of the
1726:
1668:Август 1652 г. Из отписки приказного человека Е.П. Хабарова якутскому воеводе Д.А. Францбекову о походе по р. Амуру.
1600:
4311:
4247:
4072:
3985:
3499:
762:
December 1639-May 1640 : 1st battle - the native siberians and the Qing participated in the Battle of Gualar (
4868:
4853:
4704:
4464:
4449:
4390:
3749:
3616:
2859:
2546:
2432:
1147:
4604:
4888:
4172:
4136:
3200:
3066:
2834:
2581:
2520:
2490:
2480:
2154:
1860:
1785:
4587:
4338:
3893:
3843:
3634:
3409:
3265:
2949:
2939:
2924:
2919:
2751:
2701:
2681:
2621:
1352:
1973:
4664:
4634:
4629:
4570:
4459:
4454:
4422:
4363:
4284:
4242:
4125:
3393:
3171:
3038:
2904:
2798:
2408:
2398:
2331:
1332:
4863:
4799:
4782:
4654:
4523:
4491:
4427:
4316:
4207:
4192:
4028:
3310:
3293:
2803:
2778:
2741:
2651:
2611:
2363:
1935:
1843:
1342:
1337:
1195:
and who specialized at fighting with rattan shields and swords (Tengpaiying) 藤牌营 were recommended to the
1143:
927:
20:
1433:
1040:
628:
with disputes over the Amur region. The hostilities culminated in the Qing siege of the Cossack fort of
4699:
4237:
4227:
4197:
4187:
3802:
3742:
3693:
3139:
1279:, the Russians abandoned the whole Amur country including Albazin. The frontier was established as the
1067:
1877:
1695:
1298:, Russia annexed the land between the Stanovoy Range and the Amur (commonly referred to in Russian as
4538:
4432:
4232:
3703:
3422:
3351:
3144:
2676:
2601:
2470:
2388:
1327:
566:) was the Manchus' forward base for the attacks on Albazin (which itself is not shown on this map);
4679:
4385:
3960:
3764:
3624:
3444:
3178:
3149:
2899:
817:
September 1640 : 2nd battle - the native Siberians and the Qing participated in the Battle of
2001:. Published for the Association for Asian Studies by the University of Arizona Press. p. 80.
4592:
4321:
3940:
3220:
2686:
2671:
2505:
2403:
1034:
1021:(who himself was from the Nierbo village from the mouth of Sungari) as the garrison commander at
994:
491:
486:
4908:
4794:
4469:
3990:
3925:
3601:
3489:
3370:
3195:
2413:
1429:
792:
4182:
2304:
Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Maps
4724:
4684:
4444:
4373:
3822:
3675:
3534:
3494:
3161:
3123:
3011:
2991:
2909:
2708:
2691:
2556:
2525:
2460:
2222:
2129:
1940:
1303:
1043:
were included into Manchu-led troops. The campaigns became known in Korean historiography as
687:
2143:
890:
to its mouth and then north along the Okhotsk coast, returning to Yakutsk three years later.
4257:
3930:
3827:
3797:
3606:
3573:
3539:
3484:
3364:
3346:
3056:
2986:
2793:
2576:
1690:
1135:
748:
In 1859/60 the area was annexed by Russia and quickly filled up with a Russian population.
1314:, an area that had not been in contention in the 17th century. Those treaties allowed the
1055:
January 1654 : the first time a Korean contingent arrived to join a Manchu army near
8:
4832:
4762:
4619:
4147:
4082:
3853:
3659:
3509:
3449:
3381:
3061:
2914:
2869:
2616:
2495:
2475:
2383:
1276:
1224:
866:
Winter 1643 - Spring 1644 : a detachment of a Russian expedition led by the Cossack
633:
89:
1677:
An excerpt from Khabarov's report to the Yakutsk Voivode D.A.Frantsbekov, August 1652.)
1462:
Li, Gertraude Roth (2002). "State Building before 1644". In Peterson, Willard J. (ed.).
4822:
4804:
4757:
4739:
4719:
4358:
4110:
4008:
3980:
3863:
3848:
3544:
3255:
3250:
3076:
3016:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2820:
2666:
2485:
2066:
1930:
1452:. There seem to be few, if any, mentions of this project in other available literature.
1280:
680:
591:
1267:
4729:
4669:
4476:
4402:
4380:
4279:
4157:
3970:
3950:
3945:
3935:
3770:
3554:
3549:
3524:
3469:
3464:
3387:
3335:
3240:
3071:
2976:
2874:
2773:
2736:
2661:
2591:
2561:
2515:
2307:
2288:
2264:
2247:
2239:
2214:
2181:
2150:
2121:
2102:
2083:
2056:
2002:
1944:
1910:
1883:
1750:
1647:
1551:
1509:
1467:
1413:
1288:
1259:
1163:
1006:
1655 : Russian Tsardom has established a "military governor of the Amur region".
954:
661:
617:
409:
364:
223:
213:
203:
185:
175:
113:
109:
1587:
G. Patrick March, Eastern Destiny: the Russians in Asia and the North Pacific, 1996.
1246:
Most of the Russians withdrew to Nerchinsk, but a few joined the Qing, becoming the
120:
4714:
4659:
4565:
4306:
4077:
4047:
4013:
3858:
3708:
3591:
3514:
3454:
3260:
2981:
2842:
2788:
2631:
2596:
2500:
2425:
2393:
2048:
1466:. Cambridge History of China. Vol. 9. Cambridge University Press. p. 14.
1247:
1208:
1200:
1182:
1098:
1013:
987:
979:
916:
904:
896:
875:
827:
804:
796:
768:
691:
496:
193:
189:
179:
1028:
510:
4734:
4481:
4333:
4301:
3975:
3955:
3723:
3669:
3519:
3504:
3328:
2783:
2746:
2696:
2656:
2606:
2551:
2420:
1730:
1674:
1641:
1604:
1441:
1347:
1315:
1295:
1236:
1192:
867:
859:
2226:
2133:
444:
4817:
4644:
4407:
4397:
3774:
3586:
3459:
3225:
3188:
2636:
2626:
2566:
1667:
1608:
1307:
1284:
1219:
May–July 1685 : The siege of Albazin - The Qing used former Ming loyalist
1196:
1138:
murdered the voyvoda of Ilimsk and fled to the Amur and reoccupied the fort at
738:
707:
649:
245:
2070:
2052:
1998:
A Documentary Chronicle of Sino-Western Relations, 1644-1820: Translated texts
4847:
4777:
4614:
4252:
3698:
3664:
3629:
3245:
3235:
3051:
2442:
2251:
2218:
2125:
1789:
843:
699:
575:
538:) was the main early base of Qing river fleets, which was later relocated to
382:
853:
May 1643 : 3rd battle - the native tribes submitted to the Qing Empire.
4533:
4057:
4023:
3778:
3718:
3415:
3357:
3046:
3028:
2884:
2354:
2302:
Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, Darrell T., eds. (1996).
1357:
1188:
835:
784:
776:
737:
toward the river mouth. The first Russians to hear of Dauria were probably
734:
665:
609:
583:
515:
421:
376:
319:
307:
295:
282:
265:
252:
240:
148:
143:
124:
69:
42:
4294:
1746:
Black Dragon River: A Journey Down the Amur River Between Russia and China
1694:
1506:
A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990
756:
130:
4639:
4368:
4289:
4222:
4052:
3654:
3375:
3096:
3091:
1782:
1723:
1597:
1311:
1220:
1001:
976:
969:
839:
780:
775:) : between 2 regiments of Manchu bannermen and a detachment of 500
742:
718:
703:
676:
4674:
4624:
4543:
4412:
3322:
3166:
3116:
3086:
2929:
2243:
1291:
confirmed and clarified this border and regulated Russo-Chinese trade.
1115:
960:
887:
883:
871:
722:
711:
653:
543:
2323:
4262:
3111:
3101:
1155:
1110:
596:
73:
19:
For the 1969 border conflict between the Soviet Union and China, see
2118:
The Heritage of Han: The Gelaohui and the 1911 Revolution in Sichuan
1845:
The Heritage of Han: The Gelaohui and the 1911 Revolution in Sichuan
1029:
1654-1658 : The Sino-Korean allied expeditions against Russians
911:
at the northernmost point on the river. He occupied the Daur's fort
4827:
4689:
3596:
3341:
3288:
3230:
3106:
3081:
1658:(Although this particular book seems to misspell 海色 as 海包 (Haibao))
1094:
629:
624:
in which the latter tried and failed to gain the land north of the
621:
348:
134:
1394:
656:. Ecologically, the area is the southeastern edge of the Siberian
3581:
1174:
1139:
1102:
1090:
1086:
1063:
1056:
1022:
1018:
964:
948:
Next summer he sailed down the Amur and built a fort near modern
912:
908:
879:
847:
818:
726:
695:
645:
608:(1652–1689) were a series of intermittent skirmishes between the
535:
300:
46:
1294:
In 1858, almost two centuries after the fall of Albazin, by the
586:) were the two other main Manchu centers in northern Manchuria.
3766:
2180:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. pp. 26–47.
1121:
1075:
800:
788:
730:
613:
159:
3305:
2864:
1808:
Ravenstein, The Russians on the Amur, 1860(sic), Google Books
1445:
1444:. Du Halde refers to the Yongle-era fort, the predecessor of
1440:
Numerous later editions are available as well, including one
1079:
975:
Cattle and horses in the hundreds were looted and 243 ethnic
672:
657:
563:
523:
2174:
Emory Endeavors in History: Transnational Encounters in Asia
1271:
Changes in the Russo-Chinese border in the 17-19th centuries
1142:, which became the center of a petty kingdom which he named
1039:
In the following operations significant Korean forces under
757:
1639-1643 : Qing Campaign against the indigenous rulers
3475:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
2964:
1062:
July 1654 : Battle of Hutong (on lower reaches of the
625:
1823:
1811:
1172:
675:, and established an administrative seat at Telin, modern
570:, was Aigun's original site on the left bank of the Amur.
37:
1070:) between a joint Korean-Manchu army of 1500 men led by
1749:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Penguin. p. 187.
870:
explored the stream of the Jingkiri river, present-day
2145:
Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat
1906:
Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat
1438:. Vol. IV. Paris: P.G. Lemercier. pp. 15–16.
1302:, i.e. the "Lands along the Amur"). In 1860, with the
1017:
place. Second they appointed the experienced general
4561:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
1548:
The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians
1150:. In 1682 or 1684 a voyvoda was appointed by Moscow.
1109:
By 1658 the Chinese had wiped out the Russians below
803::Bomboguoer) while the second native leader Bardači (
2301:
2261:
Russia and China: Their Diplomatic Relations to 1728
2099:
White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian
2080:
White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian
1879:
Russia and China: their diplomatic relations to 1728
1400:
3480:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
2043:Andrade, Tonio (2017). "The Renaissance Fortress".
2030:
John J. Stephen, The Russian Far East, 1994,page 31
2142:
1763:
1621:
1231:July–October 1686 : The siege of New Albazin.
702:there was little land fit for agriculture, except
2236:The Unsullied Dynasty & the Kʻang-hsi Emperor
1862:The Unsullied Dynasty & the Kʻang-hsi Emperor
1841:
1191:loyalist Han Chinese troops who had served under
714:which was nominally subject to the Qing dynasty.
671:built a fort on the Northern bank of the Amur at
474:
4845:
4576:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
3906:List of battles involving the Russian Federation
2047:. Princeton University Press. pp. 211–234.
1097:sails down the Sungari into the Amur, and meets
4695:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
4610:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)
985:
894:
2880:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
857:
4549:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
3750:
3300:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
3271:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
2339:
1093:, including a large Korean contingent led by
694:in 1582. By 1643 they reached the Pacific at
460:
436:32 (7 killed, 24 injured, 1 died from wounds)
1875:
1114:Okhotsk coast, reaching as far north as the
16:Series of conflicts between China and Russia
4502:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)
4497:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)
1902:
1869:
1835:
1223:naval specialists who had served under the
3818:Military history of the Russian Federation
3757:
3743:
2346:
2332:
1923:
1858:
1722:Оксана ГАЙНУТДИНОВА (Oksana Gainutdinova)
1374:
1372:
959:(Wuzhala (乌扎拉)) probably near present-day
467:
453:
4068:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)
2960:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
1994:
1896:
1882:. Harvard University Press. p. 338.
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
395:200 gunners; 60 officers and interpreters
2809:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
1707:United States Government Printing Office
1428:
1266:
1258:
1120:
915:after subduing the Daurs led by Arbaši (
509:
4899:17th-century military history of Russia
4029:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)
3899:List of wars involving the Soviet Union
3416:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
2353:
2282:
2258:
2115:
2042:
1852:
1829:
1817:
1742:
1639:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1545:
1503:
1369:
600:is the site of the treaty negotiations.
4846:
4650:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
4581:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944
4440:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)
4418:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919
4132:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)
3808:Military history of the Russian Empire
2096:
2077:
1988:
1929:
1689:
1590:
1522:
1480:
1422:
1380:Late Imperial Chinese Armies 1520-1840
636:in 1689 which gave the land to China.
4800:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)
4178:Russian colonization of North America
3738:
3714:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
2955:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
2327:
2140:
1964:Jenne, Jeremiah (September 6, 2016).
1963:
1310:(i.e. the "Maritime Region") down to
1129:
448:
4884:Wars involving the Tsardom of Russia
3813:Military history of the Soviet Union
2935:Ministry of Posts and Communications
2170:
1769:
1711:Haise was executed for this disgrace
1702:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
1627:
1564:
4554:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
3683:History of Qing (People's Republic)
2233:
2208:
1966:"Settling Siberia: Nerchinsk, 1689"
1775:
1716:
1683:
1661:
1406:
1009:1657 : 2nd Battle of Sharhody.
669:Nurgan Regional Military Commission
612:of China, with assistance from the
13:
4600:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
3966:1993 Russian constitutional crisis
3400:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
2769:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
2762:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
2642:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
2466:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
1461:
1401:Wurm, Mühlhäusler & Tryon 1996
14:
4930:
4894:History of the Cossacks in Russia
4465:Red Army intervention in Mongolia
3689:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
3530:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
3405:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
2557:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
1865:. Mark One Printing. p. 270.
1848:. University of Iowa. p. 18.
1640:Gong, Shuduo; Liu, Delin (2007).
4519:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
4312:Russian conquest of Central Asia
4248:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
4044:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)
3986:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
3500:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
2816:Articles of Favourable Treatment
2572:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
2149:(illustrated ed.). Dk Pub.
729:downstream and several thousand
430:
420:
408:
389:
375:
363:
342:
330:
318:
306:
294:
281:
264:
251:
239:
222:
212:
202:
184:
174:
153:
142:
129:
119:
108:
36:
4904:China–Russia military relations
4874:Wars involving the Qing dynasty
4805:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)
4450:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan
4391:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine
2547:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
2433:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
2285:The Russian Far East: A History
2024:
2015:
1957:
1802:
1736:
1633:
1148:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
1082:: 邊岌) against 400-500 Russians.
690:began with the conquest of the
4914:China–Russian Empire relations
4487:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)
4137:War of the Austrian Succession
3201:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
2491:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
1596:А.М.Пастухов (A.M. Pastukhov)
1508:. Cambridge University Press.
1455:
1385:
931:who were subjects of the Qing.
1:
4879:Wars involving Imperial China
4859:Military history of Manchuria
4710:South Ossetia war (1991–1992)
4588:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
4339:Russian invasion of Manchuria
4329:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
4275:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
4270:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
4213:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
4203:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
4168:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
4163:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
4153:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
4143:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
4121:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
4116:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)
4093:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)
4088:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)
4063:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)
4039:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)
4034:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)
4019:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)
3894:List of wars involving Russia
3889:Sino-Russian border conflicts
3635:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
3410:Islam during the Qing dynasty
3266:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
2950:Provincial military commander
2940:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
2925:Imperial Household Department
2752:Preparative Constitutionalism
2456:Sino-Russian border conflicts
2287:. Stanford University Press.
1733:(The mystery of Fort Achansk)
1363:
1353:Russian invasion of Manchuria
639:
606:Sino-Russian border conflicts
476:Russian-Qing border conflicts
31:Sino-Russian border conflicts
4665:Eritrean War of Independence
4635:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
4630:East German uprising of 1953
4571:Eastern Front (World War II)
4460:Red Army invasion of Georgia
4455:Red Army invasion of Armenia
4423:Estonian War of Independence
4364:Russian occupation of Tabriz
4285:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
4243:War of the Seventh Coalition
4126:War of the Polish Succession
4073:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
3394:Researches on Manchu Origins
2799:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
2409:Transition from Ming to Qing
2399:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
2263:. Harvard University Press.
1550:. Cornell University Press.
1333:Transition from Ming to Qing
632:in 1686 and resulted in the
45:forces storming the fort of
7:
4919:Imperial Russian war crimes
4705:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
4655:Sino-Soviet border conflict
4524:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
4492:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
4428:Latvian War of Independence
4317:Russian conquest of Bukhara
4208:War of the Fourth Coalition
4193:War of the Second Coalition
3294:Changzhou School of Thought
2804:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
2779:Railway Protection Movement
2757:1909 Parliamentary election
2742:British expedition to Tibet
2652:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
2612:Self-Strengthening Movement
2587:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
2209:Kim, Loretta Eumie (2009).
2116:Felsing, Robert H. (1979).
1936:The Search for Modern China
1343:Sino-Soviet border conflict
1338:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
1321:
1254:
928:Russian conquest of Siberia
751:
554:are the Amur and the Zeya.
21:Sino-Soviet border conflict
10:
4935:
4700:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
4238:War of the Sixth Coalition
4228:War of the Fifth Coalition
4198:War of the Third Coalition
3803:Military history of Russia
3765:Armed conflicts involving
3694:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
2582:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
2521:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
2511:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
2481:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
1842:Robert H. Felsing (1979).
1792:" (Korean infantry tactic
1546:Lincoln, W. Bruce (2007).
1180:
1032:
992:
886:. He then sailed down the
431:
426:several hundreds (debated)
390:
343:
331:
154:
18:
4813:
4748:
4539:Soviet invasion of Poland
4349:
4233:French invasion of Russia
4101:
3999:
3918:
3844:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars
3836:
3793:
3786:
3704:Names of the Qing dynasty
3647:
3615:
3572:
3565:
3434:
3352:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
3279:
3211:
3132:
3037:
2833:
2724:
2682:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
2677:Gongche Shangshu movement
2622:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
2534:
2471:Chinese Rites controversy
2441:
2371:
2362:
2283:Stephan, John J. (1994).
2053:10.1515/9781400874446-016
1743:Ziegler, Dominic (2016).
1724:Загадка Ачанского городка
1464:The Ch'ing Empire to 1800
1328:Manchuria under Qing rule
1212:
1204:
920:
903:1650-1651 : In 1649
831:
808:
772:
482:
402:
381:3,000 men including both
357:
165:
101:
52:
35:
30:
4680:South African Border War
4605:Guerrilla war in Ukraine
4507:Chechen uprising of 1932
4188:Russo-Persian War (1796)
3625:Great Qing Treasure Note
3445:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
3155:Administrative divisions
2972:Administrative divisions
2900:Flag of the Qing dynasty
1000:March–April 1655 :
834:): between the natives (
644:The southeast corner of
385:and Han Chinese soldiers
4322:Khivan campaign of 1873
4173:Russo-Polish War (1792)
3221:Chengde Mountain Resort
3022:Three Eastern Provinces
2672:First Sino-Japanese War
2647:Northern Chinese Famine
2506:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
2404:Qing invasion of Joseon
1909:. DK Pub. p. 179.
1646:. 知書房出版集團. p. 66.
1504:Forsyth, James (1994).
1430:Du Halde, Jean-Baptiste
1035:Battle of Hutong (1658)
995:Battle of Hutong (1654)
936:Battle of Achansky fort
874:, and the Amur rivers.
706:, the land between the
4869:History of Amur Oblast
4854:17th-century conflicts
4795:Western Libya campaign
4470:East Karelian uprising
3991:Wagner Group rebellion
3926:Uprising of Bolotnikov
3602:Great Qing Copper Coin
3490:Convention of Tientsin
3423:Annotated Bibliography
3371:Qing official headwear
2414:Battle of Shanhai Pass
2259:Mancall, Mark (1971).
2097:Bisher, Jamie (2006).
2078:Bisher, Jamie (2006).
1272:
1264:
1263:The Amur Basin in 1860
1244:
1225:Zheng family in Taiwan
1126:
1101:'s smaller fleet from
934:March 24, 1652 :
688:expansion into Siberia
601:
594:" of Russian records.
166:Commanders and leaders
4889:Wars involving Joseon
4790:Intervention in Syria
4725:Tajikistani Civil War
4433:Lithuanian–Soviet War
4374:Battle of Robat Karim
3823:Post-Soviet conflicts
3676:Draft History of Qing
3535:Treaty of Shimonoseki
3316:performance criticism
2920:Imperial Commissioner
2910:Great Qing Legal Code
2709:Eight-Nation Alliance
2692:Third plague pandemic
2602:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
2526:White Lotus Rebellion
2306:. Mouton de Gruyter.
2238:. Mark One Printing.
2141:Grant, R. G. (2005).
1876:Mark Mancall (1971).
1691:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
1306:, Russia annexed the
1304:Convention of Beijing
1270:
1262:
1240:
1173:1685-1687 : The
1124:
513:
403:Casualties and losses
4773:Annexation of Crimea
4477:Central Asian Revolt
4386:Ukrainian–Soviet War
4258:Russo-Circassian War
3941:Pugachev's Rebellion
3884:Russo-Ukrainian Wars
3828:Russian Armed Forces
3798:Early modern warfare
3607:Great Qing Gold Coin
3540:Treaty of Tarbagatai
3485:Convention of Peking
3365:Pentaglot Dictionary
3347:Literary inquisition
3057:Ever Victorious Army
2890:Deliberative Council
2794:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
2747:1905 Batang uprising
2687:Hundred Days' Reform
2577:Small Swords Society
2234:Lux, Louise (1998).
1970:The World of Chinese
1903:R. G. Grant (2005).
1136:Nikifor Chernigovsky
662:Chinese-Manchu world
4833:Sphere of influence
4763:Russo-Ukrainian War
4620:First Indochina War
4593:Soviet–Japanese War
4529:Xinjiang War (1937)
4398:Kazakhstan Campaign
4183:Kościuszko Uprising
4083:Second Northern War
3961:Coup attempt (1991)
3854:Soviet-Finnish wars
3660:Anti-Qing sentiment
3510:Treaty of the Bogue
3450:Treaty of Nerchinsk
3382:Complete Tang Poems
3062:Green Standard Army
2945:Provincial governor
2915:Imperial Clan Court
2895:Diplomatic missions
2870:Consultative Bureau
2617:Tongzhi Restoration
2496:Afaqi Khoja revolts
2476:Ten Great Campaigns
2384:Jurchen unification
1939:. Norton. pp.
1931:Spence, Jonathan D.
1859:Louise Lux (1998).
1832:, pp. 225–230.
1820:, pp. 221–222.
1277:Treaty of Nerchinsk
1089:'s Qing fleet from
1066:at the present-day
634:Treaty of Nerchinsk
90:Treaty of Nerchinsk
4864:History of Siberia
4823:Russian Revolution
4758:Russo-Georgian War
4740:Second Chechen War
4720:Georgian Civil War
4359:Russo-Japanese War
4111:Great Northern War
4009:Russo-Crimean Wars
3981:Second Chechen War
3879:Russo-Turkish wars
3874:Russo-Swedish wars
3864:Russo-Persian Wars
3849:Russo-Crimean Wars
3545:Treaty of Tientsin
3256:Western Qing tombs
3251:Eastern Qing tombs
3077:Peking Field Force
2821:Manchu Restoration
2714:Declaration of war
2667:Jindandao incident
2486:Lhasa riot of 1750
1995:Lo-shu Fu (1966).
1976:on August 20, 2020
1729:2007-08-13 at the
1673:2011-10-04 at the
1603:2011-10-01 at the
1273:
1265:
1130:1665-1689: Albazin
1127:
681:Nikolaevsk-on-Amur
616:of Korea, and the
602:
4841:
4840:
4730:First Chechen War
4685:Soviet–Afghan War
4670:Angolan Civil War
4445:Polish–Soviet War
4403:Finnish Civil War
4381:Russian Civil War
4280:November Uprising
4218:Anglo-Russian War
4158:Bar Confederation
3971:First Chechen War
3951:Russian Civil War
3946:Decembrist revolt
3936:Bulavin Rebellion
3931:Razin's Rebellion
3914:
3913:
3869:Russo-Polish Wars
3837:Lists by opponent
3732:
3731:
3643:
3642:
3555:Treaty of Whampoa
3550:Treaty of Wanghia
3525:Treaty of Nanking
3495:Li–Lobanov Treaty
3470:Chefoo Convention
3465:Burlingame Treaty
3336:Kangxi Dictionary
3241:Old Summer Palace
3072:Firearm Battalion
2875:Cup of Solid Gold
2829:
2828:
2774:Manchurian plague
2737:Late Qing reforms
2728:(1901–1912)
2662:Sikkim expedition
2592:Panthay Rebellion
2562:Taiping Rebellion
2538:(1801–1900)
2516:Sino-Nepalese War
2461:Dzungar–Qing Wars
2447:(1683–1799)
2375:(1616–1683)
2313:978-3-11-013417-9
2294:978-0-8047-2701-3
2270:978-0-674-78115-3
2187:978-1-4751-3879-5
2108:978-1-135-76596-5
2089:978-1-135-76595-8
2062:978-1-4008-7444-6
2045:The Gunpowder Age
1950:978-0-393-30780-1
1916:978-0-7566-1360-0
1781:A.M. Pastukhov, "
1653:978-986-7151-64-3
1557:978-0-8014-8922-8
1515:978-0-521-47771-0
1473:978-0-521-24334-6
1289:Treaty of Kyakhta
1047:(나선정벌, literally
986:1654-1658 :
895:1649-1653 :
858:1643-1644 :
799:: 博木博果爾 or 博穆博果爾
618:Tsardom of Russia
505:
504:
443:
442:
114:Tsardom of Russia
97:
96:
4926:
4715:Transnistria War
4660:War of Attrition
4566:Continuation War
4515:
4307:January Uprising
4148:Seven Years' War
4048:Time of Troubles
4014:Russo-Kazan Wars
3859:Russo-Kazan Wars
3791:
3790:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3736:
3735:
3709:New Qing History
3592:Qianlong Tongbao
3570:
3569:
3515:Treaty of Canton
3455:Unequal treaties
3261:Fuling Mausoleum
2860:Advisory Council
2789:Wuchang Uprising
2729:
2632:Tianjin Massacre
2597:Second Opium War
2539:
2501:Sino-Burmese War
2448:
2426:Battle of Penghu
2394:Seven Grievances
2376:
2369:
2368:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2298:
2274:
2255:
2230:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2196:
2190:. Archived from
2179:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2148:
2137:
2112:
2093:
2074:
2031:
2028:
2022:
2021:March, chapter 5
2019:
2013:
2012:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1972:. Archived from
1961:
1955:
1954:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1740:
1734:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1698:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1562:
1561:
1543:
1520:
1519:
1501:
1478:
1477:
1459:
1453:
1439:
1426:
1420:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1376:
1275:In 1689, by the
1248:Albazin Cossacks
1214:
1206:
1183:Siege of Albazin
1099:Onufriy Stepanov
1049:Russian campaign
1045:Naseon Jeongbeol
1014:Onufriy Stepanov
988:Onufriy Stepanov
958:
944:
922:
905:Yerofei Khabarov
897:Yerofey Khabarov
876:Vassili Poyarkov
833:
826:
810:
774:
767:
692:Khanate of Sibir
477:
469:
462:
455:
446:
445:
435:
434:
433:
425:
424:
412:
394:
393:
392:
383:Manchu Bannermen
380:
379:
367:
347:
346:
345:
335:
334:
333:
323:
322:
311:
310:
299:
298:
286:
285:
269:
268:
256:
255:
244:
243:
226:
216:
206:
198:
190:Onufriy Stepanov
188:
180:Yerofey Khabarov
178:
158:
157:
156:
147:
146:
133:
123:
112:
54:
53:
40:
28:
27:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4809:
4750:
4744:
4735:War of Dagestan
4509:
4482:August Uprising
4351:
4345:
4334:Boxer Rebellion
4302:Amur Annexation
4103:
4097:
4001:
3995:
3976:War of Dagestan
3956:August Uprising
3910:
3832:
3782:
3763:
3733:
3728:
3724:Willow Palisade
3670:Chuang Guandong
3639:
3611:
3561:
3520:Treaty of Kulja
3505:Treaty of Aigun
3438:
3430:
3329:History of Ming
3281:
3275:
3213:
3207:
3133:Special regions
3128:
3067:Imperial Guards
3033:
2825:
2784:1911 Revolution
2730:
2727:
2720:
2697:Boxer Rebellion
2657:Sino-French War
2607:Amur Annexation
2552:First Opium War
2540:
2537:
2530:
2449:
2446:
2437:
2421:Great Clearance
2377:
2374:
2358:
2352:
2321:
2314:
2295:
2271:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2177:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2109:
2090:
2063:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2009:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1874:
1870:
1857:
1853:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1741:
1737:
1731:Wayback Machine
1721:
1717:
1709:. p. 632.
1696:"Šarhûda"
1688:
1684:
1678:
1675:Wayback Machine
1666:
1662:
1654:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1611:word "гасян" (
1605:Wayback Machine
1595:
1591:
1586:
1565:
1558:
1544:
1523:
1516:
1502:
1481:
1474:
1460:
1456:
1442:on Google Books
1427:
1423:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1370:
1366:
1348:Amur Annexation
1324:
1316:Amur Annexation
1296:Treaty of Aigun
1257:
1237:Outer Manchuria
1193:Zheng Chenggong
1185:
1179:
1132:
1037:
1031:
997:
991:
952:
938:
900:
868:Vasili Poyarkov
863:
860:Vasili Poyarkov
822:
814:) kept neutral.
763:
759:
754:
642:
508:
507:
506:
501:
478:
475:
473:
439:
429:
419:
398:
388:
374:
353:
341:
329:
317:
305:
293:
280:
263:
250:
238:
232:
218:Alexei Tolbuzin
208:Afanasy Pashkov
194:
152:
151:
141:
76:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4932:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4818:Russian Winter
4814:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4760:
4754:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4645:Vlora incident
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4546:
4541:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4415:
4410:
4408:Sochi conflict
4405:
4400:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4366:
4361:
4355:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4331:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4134:
4129:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4005:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3762:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3739:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3621:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3587:Kangxi Tongbao
3584:
3578:
3576:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3460:Boxer Protocol
3452:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3390:
3385:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3308:
3303:
3296:
3291:
3285:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3226:Forbidden City
3223:
3217:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3189:General of Ili
3186:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3172:List of ambans
3169:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2974:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2839:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2637:Margary Affair
2634:
2629:
2627:Mudan incident
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2567:Nian Rebellion
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2373:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2328:
2319:
2318:
2312:
2299:
2293:
2276:
2275:
2269:
2256:
2231:
2206:
2186:
2168:
2155:
2138:
2113:
2107:
2094:
2088:
2075:
2071:j.ctvc77j74.18
2061:
2033:
2032:
2023:
2014:
2007:
1987:
1956:
1949:
1922:
1915:
1895:
1888:
1868:
1851:
1834:
1822:
1810:
1801:
1788:2012-07-08 at
1774:
1762:
1756:978-0143109891
1755:
1735:
1715:
1693:, ed. (1943).
1682:
1660:
1652:
1632:
1620:
1589:
1563:
1556:
1521:
1514:
1479:
1472:
1454:
1421:
1405:
1403:, p. 828.
1393:
1384:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1287:. In 1727 the
1285:Stanovoy Range
1256:
1253:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1207:) and He You (
1197:Kangxi Emperor
1181:Main article:
1178:
1175:Albazin/Yakesa
1171:
1131:
1128:
1107:
1106:
1083:
1060:
1033:Main article:
1030:
1027:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1002:Siege of Komar
993:Main article:
990:
984:
946:
945:
932:
899:
893:
892:
891:
878:traveled from
862:
856:
855:
854:
851:
815:
773:селение Гуалар
758:
755:
753:
750:
743:Maxim Perfilev
739:Ivan Moskvitin
708:Stanovoy Range
698:. East of the
650:Stanovoy Range
641:
638:
614:Joseon dynasty
568:Aihom ruin(e)d
503:
502:
500:
499:
494:
489:
483:
480:
479:
472:
471:
464:
457:
449:
441:
440:
438:
437:
427:
416:
414:
405:
404:
400:
399:
397:
396:
386:
371:
369:
360:
359:
355:
354:
352:
351:
339:
327:
315:
303:
291:
278:
261:
248:
246:Kangxi Emperor
235:
233:
231:
230:
228:Afanasy Beiton
220:
210:
200:
182:
171:
168:
167:
163:
162:
139:
138:
137:
127:
104:
103:
99:
98:
95:
94:
93:
92:
82:
78:
77:
68:
66:
62:
61:
58:
50:
49:
33:
32:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4931:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4909:Eight Banners
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4784:
4783:2022 invasion
4781:
4779:
4778:War in Donbas
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4747:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4615:Ili Rebellion
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4348:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4253:Caucasian War
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
3998:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3760:
3755:
3753:
3748:
3746:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3699:Manchu people
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3665:Canton System
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3630:Hubu Guanpiao
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3280:Society &
3278:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3246:Summer Palace
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3236:Mukden Palace
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3212:Palaces &
3210:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3052:Eight Banners
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2905:Grand Council
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2725:20th century
2723:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2535:19th century
2533:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2197:on 2020-12-07
2193:
2189:
2183:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2158:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2101:. Routledge.
2100:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2082:. Routledge.
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2027:
2018:
2010:
2008:9780816501519
2004:
2000:
1999:
1991:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1918:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1899:
1891:
1889:9780674781153
1885:
1881:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1846:
1838:
1831:
1826:
1819:
1814:
1805:
1795:
1791:
1790:archive.today
1787:
1784:
1778:
1772:, p. 31.
1771:
1766:
1758:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1692:
1686:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1655:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1636:
1630:, p. 26.
1629:
1624:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1593:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1559:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1517:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1475:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1418:0-231-03801-1
1415:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1388:
1381:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1269:
1261:
1252:
1249:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1005:
1003:
999:
998:
996:
989:
983:
981:
978:
973:
971:
966:
962:
956:
951:
942:
937:
933:
929:
925:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
901:
898:
889:
885:
882:south to the
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
864:
861:
852:
849:
845:
841:
837:
829:
825:
820:
816:
813:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
770:
766:
761:
760:
749:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
700:Yenisei River
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
667:
663:
659:
658:boreal forest
655:
651:
648:south of the
647:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
599:
598:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
481:
470:
465:
463:
458:
456:
451:
450:
447:
428:
423:
418:
417:
415:
411:
407:
406:
401:
387:
384:
378:
373:
372:
370:
366:
362:
361:
356:
350:
340:
338:
328:
326:
321:
316:
314:
313:Lin Hsing-chu
309:
304:
302:
297:
292:
289:
284:
279:
276:
272:
267:
262:
259:
254:
249:
247:
242:
237:
236:
234:
229:
225:
221:
219:
215:
211:
209:
205:
201:
199:
197:
191:
187:
183:
181:
177:
173:
172:
170:
169:
164:
161:
150:
145:
140:
136:
132:
128:
126:
122:
118:
117:
116:
115:
111:
106:
105:
100:
91:
88:
87:
86:
85:Qing victory
83:
80:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:
63:
59:
56:
55:
51:
48:
44:
39:
34:
29:
22:
4534:World War II
4067:
4058:Smolensk War
4024:Livonian War
3888:
3719:Treaty ports
3681:
3674:
3648:Other topics
3421:
3414:
3392:
3380:
3363:
3358:Peiwen Yunfu
3356:
3334:
3327:
3298:
3047:Beiyang Army
3029:Zongli Yamen
2885:Da-Qing Bank
2702:Red Lanterns
2455:
2355:Qing dynasty
2320:
2303:
2284:
2277:
2260:
2235:
2210:
2199:. Retrieved
2192:the original
2173:
2160:. Retrieved
2144:
2117:
2098:
2079:
2044:
2036:
2035:
2026:
2017:
1997:
1990:
1978:. Retrieved
1974:the original
1969:
1959:
1934:
1925:
1905:
1898:
1878:
1871:
1861:
1854:
1844:
1837:
1830:Andrade 2017
1825:
1818:Andrade 2017
1813:
1804:
1798:(in Russian)
1793:
1777:
1765:
1745:
1738:
1718:
1710:
1700:
1685:
1679:(in Russian)
1663:
1642:
1635:
1623:
1617:(in Russian)
1612:
1592:
1547:
1505:
1463:
1457:
1449:
1434:
1424:
1408:
1396:
1387:
1379:
1358:Jaxa (state)
1299:
1293:
1274:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1189:Ming dynasty
1186:
1168:
1160:
1152:
1133:
1108:
1048:
1044:
1041:King Hyojong
1038:
1012:
974:
947:
923:
811:
809:巴爾達齊 or 巴爾達奇
747:
745:about 1640.
716:
685:
666:Ming dynasty
643:
610:Qing dynasty
605:
603:
595:
588:Houmar River
587:
579:
572:Mergenkhotun
571:
567:
559:
555:
551:
548:Saghalien R.
547:
539:
531:
527:
519:
195:
149:Qing dynasty
107:
102:Belligerents
84:
70:Heilongjiang
4640:Vietnam War
4510: [
4369:World War I
4290:Crimean War
4223:Finnish War
4139:(1740–1748)
4128:(1733–1738)
4053:Ingrian War
3769:(including
3655:Aisin Gioro
3617:Paper money
3376:Qing poetry
3097:Wuwei Corps
3092:Shuishiying
2853:Family tree
2037:Works cited
1980:October 22,
1378:CJ. Peers,
1312:Vladivostok
1281:Argun River
1221:Han Chinese
1164:cannibalism
953: [
939: [
783:led by the
677:Tyr, Russia
552:Tchikiri R.
43:Qing Empire
4848:Categories
4675:Ogaden War
4625:Korean War
4544:Winter War
4413:Heimosodat
4000:Tsardom of
3323:Four Wangs
3214:mausoleums
3167:Golden Urn
3140:Inner Asia
3117:Xiang Army
3087:Hushenying
3012:Liangguang
2992:Liangjiang
2930:Lifan Yuan
2835:Government
2244:B0029LDCSA
2213:(Thesis).
2201:2023-04-17
2156:0756613604
2120:(Thesis).
1364:References
1154:cannons" (
1116:Maya River
1072:Byeon Geup
961:Khabarovsk
888:Amur River
884:Zeya River
846:) and the
723:Zeya River
712:Amur River
654:Amur River
640:Background
626:Amur River
544:Jilin City
540:Kiring Ula
492:2nd Hutong
413:c. 800 men
337:Byeon Geup
288:Minggadari
4295:Åland War
4263:Murid War
4102:18th–19th
3145:Manchuria
3112:Huai Army
3102:Yong Ying
2987:Shaan-Gan
2443:High Qing
2389:Later Jin
2252:606335604
2227:304891316
2219:426251942
2134:302906101
2126:192098907
1770:Kang 2012
1628:Kang 2012
1300:Priamurye
1235:see also
1156:Hongyipao
1111:Nerchinsk
824:‹See Tfd›
812:Bā'ěrdáqí
765:‹See Tfd›
725:, 14,000
597:Nerczinsk
584:Qiqiha'er
580:Tcitcisar
560:Ula Hotum
556:Saghalien
520:Tcitcisar
516:Qiqiha'er
368:2,000 men
74:Priamurye
60:1652–1689
4828:Cold War
4690:Gulf War
4046:and the
3919:Internal
3775:Imperial
3597:Hongqian
3566:Currency
3436:Treaties
3342:Kaozheng
3289:Booi Aha
3231:Hetu Ala
3184:Timeline
3179:Xinjiang
3150:Mongolia
3107:Chu Army
3082:New Army
3039:Military
2977:Viceroys
2223:ProQuest
2130:ProQuest
1933:(1991).
1786:Archived
1727:Archived
1671:Archived
1601:Archived
1432:(1735).
1322:See also
1308:Primorye
1283:and the
1255:Treaties
1228:battles.
1177:Campaign
1134:In 1665
1095:Shin Ryu
980:Mongolic
924:Ā'ěrbāxī
793:Bombogor
752:Timeline
710:and the
686:Russian
622:Cossacks
590:is the "
576:Nenjiang
358:Strength
349:Shin Ryu
135:Cossacks
65:Location
4768:Outline
4751:century
4352:century
4104:century
3787:Related
3771:Tsarist
3582:Zhiqian
3574:Coinage
3311:Economy
3282:culture
3017:Yun-Gui
3007:Min-Zhe
3002:Sichuan
2997:Huguang
2843:Emperor
2364:History
1209:Chinese
1201:Chinese
1187:Former
1140:Albazin
1103:Albazin
1091:Ninguta
1087:Sarhuda
1064:Sungari
1057:Ninguta
1023:Ninguta
1019:Sarhuda
970:Kumarsk
965:Ninguta
926:). The
917:Chinese
913:Albazin
909:Albazin
880:Yakutsk
848:Manchus
828:Russian
805:Chinese
797:Chinese
791:leader
769:Russian
727:Duchers
721:on the
696:Okhotsk
646:Siberia
630:Albazin
620:by the
536:Ninguta
532:Nimguta
497:Albazin
301:Sarhuda
196:†
47:Albazin
4078:Deluge
4002:Russia
3781:times)
3779:Soviet
3767:Russia
3196:Taiwan
2372:Early
2357:topics
2310:
2291:
2267:
2250:
2242:
2225:
2217:
2184:
2162:23 May
2153:
2132:
2124:
2105:
2086:
2069:
2059:
2005:
1947:
1913:
1886:
1753:
1650:
1613:gasyan
1554:
1512:
1470:
1416:
1211::
1203::
1076:Hangul
919::
844:Oroqen
807::
801:pinyin
735:Nivkhs
731:Tungus
704:Dauria
679:above
578:) and
522:) and
487:Hutong
290:(明安达理)
192:
160:Joseon
81:Result
4514:]
3388:Queue
3306:Dibao
3162:Tibet
2982:Zhili
2865:Amban
2195:(PDF)
2178:(PDF)
2067:JSTOR
1794:samsu
1609:Nanai
1450:Aykom
1448:, as
1446:Aigun
1080:Hanja
1078:: 변급
1068:Yilan
957:]
950:Achan
943:]
836:Solon
819:Yaksa
789:Evenk
785:Solon
781:Daurs
777:Solon
719:Daurs
673:Aigun
592:Komar
564:Aigun
558:, or
528:Kirin
524:Jilin
325:Ho Yu
258:Haise
4749:21st
4350:20th
3777:and
3124:Navy
2965:Ejen
2848:List
2308:ISBN
2289:ISBN
2265:ISBN
2248:OCLC
2240:ASIN
2215:OCLC
2182:ISBN
2164:2014
2151:ISBN
2122:OCLC
2103:ISBN
2084:ISBN
2057:ISBN
2003:ISBN
1982:2016
1945:ISBN
1911:ISBN
1884:ISBN
1751:ISBN
1648:ISBN
1552:ISBN
1510:ISBN
1468:ISBN
1414:ISBN
1382:, 33
1144:Jaxa
977:Daur
921:阿尔巴西
872:Zeya
840:Daur
832:Якса
741:and
733:and
604:The
550:and
271:Hife
260:(海色)
125:Jaxa
72:and
57:Date
2049:doi
1943:–.
1643:图说清
1615:))
1205:林兴珠
1051:).
546:).
530:).
4850::
4512:ru
3773:,
2246:.
2221:.
2128:.
2065:.
2055:.
1968:.
1941:56
1705:.
1699:.
1566:^
1524:^
1482:^
1371:^
1318:.
1213:何佑
1118:.
955:ru
941:ru
842:,
838:,
830::
771::
683:.
275:希福
3758:e
3751:t
3744:v
2347:e
2340:t
2333:v
2316:.
2297:.
2273:.
2254:.
2229:.
2204:.
2166:.
2136:.
2111:.
2092:.
2073:.
2051::
2011:.
1984:.
1953:.
1919:.
1892:.
1759:.
1656:.
1560:.
1518:.
1476:.
1074:(
1059:.
850:.
821:(
795:(
787:-
779:-
582:(
574:(
562:(
542:(
534:(
526:(
518:(
468:e
461:t
454:v
277:)
273:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg){kind=small}
