898:
the PAVN mounted counter-attacks in an attempt to recapture the lost positions. Afterwards, fighting was gradually reduced to sporadic artillery duels and skirmishes. According to U.S. intelligence reports, Vietnamese forces failed to retake the eight hills. As the result, the PLA occupied 29 points within
Vietnamese territory, including Hills 1509 and 772 west of the Lô River, as well as Hills 1250 and 1030 and Mount Si-La-Ca in the east. Along the 11-kilometre (6.8 mi) border segment, the deepest Chinese intrusion was made at Hills 685 and 468 located approximately 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the south. However, the Chinese failed to advance any further than 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) southward, despite their outnumbering force. The heights continued to be contested in a string of later engagements, which lasted until 1986.
945:
1100 and the Thanh Thủy Bridge. This development was possibly a
Chinese reaction either to the Soviet Union's refusal to raise pressure on Vietnam to withdraw from Cambodia, or to Vietnamese plans for military activity in Cambodia during the dry season. In January 1987, China fired some tens of thousands of shells (60,000 shells on 7 January alone) and launched 15 division-sized attacks against Vietnamese positions on Hills 233, 685, 1509, and 1100. Vietnam put the number of Chinese casualties in these attacks at 1,500. The Chinese, on the other hand, claimed to have inflicted 500 casualties on the Vietnamese; they also denied the Vietnamese claim, but admitted that Chinese forces had suffered "considerable losses". On 5 October 1987, a
1440:). According to B. P. Mahony, at least three Chinese divisions participated in the attack (B. P. Mahony, "Sino-Vietnamese Security Issues: Second Lesson Versus Stalemate", meeting of the Asian Studies Association of Australia, University of Sydney, 12–16 May 1986). Other sources have identified the PLA 31st Division of the 11th Army as the unit that assaulted Hill 1200. It is possible both divisions were involved. Even if only two Chinese divisions had been present, they would still have outnumbered Vietnamese forces, with about 24,000 Chinese troops against probably 10,000 soldiers of the PAVN 313th Division.
165:
178:
1007:
Laoshan and
Zheyinshan. The withdrawal had been gradually carried out since 1989. Atop Laoshan, the Chinese built concrete bunkers and a memorial after the conflict. Only earthen structures remained on the Vietnamese sector, which has been delineated and returned to Vietnam under the 2009 Border Agreement between the two countries. China and Vietnam negotiated the normalization of their relations in a secretive summit in
642:(PLA) withdrew from Vietnam in March 1979 after the war, China announced that they were not ambitious for "any square inch of the territory of Vietnam". However, Chinese troops occupied an area of 60 square kilometres (23 sq mi), which was disputed land controlled by Vietnam before hostilities broke out. In some places such as the area around
1843:
671:
imminent threat of another invasion by the northern neighbor impelled
Vietnam to build up an enormous defending force. During the 1980s, around 600,000–800,000 Vietnamese regulars and paramilitaries were estimated to have been deployed in the frontier areas, confronted by some 200,000–400,000 Chinese troops.
897:
After 28 April, fighting remained continued in other places such as Hills 1509 (Laoshan), 772, 233, 1200 (Zheyinshan) and 1030, over which control constantly changed hands. The battle paused on 15 May, as
Chinese forces had virtually secured these hills, but resumed on 12 June and again on 12 July as
824:
Although the conflict raged on, China did not want to escalate and only deployed border guard units instead of regular troops into the battles. Western observers assessed that China was unlikely to teach
Vietnam a "lesson" like in 1979, especially when Vietnam had strengthened its regular forces in
944:
However, amid positive diplomatic signals, the situation at the frontier suddenly intensified. On 14 October 1986, Vietnam accused China of firing 35,000 shells into Vị Xuyên and making a territorial encroachment. The
Vietnamese also claimed to have repelled three Chinese charges against Hill
909:
In June, the
Vietnamese claimed to have annihilated one regiment and eight battalions of the PLA, equivalent to about 5,500 Chinese casualties. They raised the number to 7,500 by August. In contrast, the Chinese reported they had inflicted approximately 2,000 casualties on Vietnamese forces, while
856:. Despite mobilizing a large force, the Chinese were either beaten back or forced to abandon captured positions by the next day. Chinese documents later revealed that the ground attacks primarily served the diversionary objective, with their scales much lower than that reported by Western sources.
843:
whose bases were being overrun by the
Vietnamese Army during the K5 dry season offensive, China had conducted the heaviest artillery barrage since 1979 against the Vietnamese border region, with 60,000 shells pounding 16 districts in Lạng Sơn, Cao Bằng, Hà Tuyên, and Hoàng Liên Sơn Provinces. This
768:
The
Chinese shelling did not aim at any strategic military target or create any substantial damage in Vietnam. Vietnam felt that the conduct of military operations on a larger scale was beyond Chinese capabilities, and that this gave them a free hand to conduct military operations in Cambodia. The
54:
1006:
From April 1987, the PLA began to scale down their military operations, yet still routinely patrolled the Laoshan and Zheyinshan areas. From April 1987 to October 1989, they conducted only 11 attacks, mostly artillery strikes. By 1992, China had formally pulled out its troops from
901:
To defend the captured area, the PLA stationed two armies in the Vị Xuyên region, consisting of four infantry divisions, two artillery divisions, and several tank regiments. Chinese artillery positioned on the hills included 130 millimetres (5.1 in) field guns, 152 millimetres (6.0 in)
670:
After 1979, there were at least six clashes on the Sino-Vietnamese border in June and October 1980, May 1981, April 1983, April 1984, June 1985, and from October 1986 to January 1987. According to Western observers, all were initiated or provoked by the Chinese to serve political objectives. The
653:
The Chinese occupation of border territory angered Vietnam, and this ushered in a series of border conflicts between Vietnam and China to gain control of the area. These conflicts continued until 1988, peaking in the years 1984–1985. By the early 1990s, along with the withdrawal of Vietnam from
1014:
Thousands of people from both sides were killed in these border clashes. At the military cemetery in Vị Xuyên, there are more than 1,600 graves of Vietnamese soldiers killed during the conflict. Vietnam acknowledged 4,000 killed and 9,000 wounded in the area between 1984 and 1989. The Chinese
910:
losing 939 soldiers and 64 laborers killed during the five-week offensive campaign in Laoshan. 1,080–3,000 Vietnamese deaths was additionally claimed by the Chinese after the action on 12 July. The Vietnamese admitted that the PAVN 356th Division alone suffered 600 killed on that day.
925:
In 1985, the Chinese fired more than 800,000 shells into Vị Xuyên of about one million shells targeted at Vietnamese border regions; this activity, however, significantly dropped in the period from 1986 to early 1987, with only several tens of thousands of rounds fired per month. In 1986,
1117:
765:, Yunnan Province on 30 September and 1 October, in which 3 Chinese border guards or militiamen were killed. The Chinese launched a retaliatory assault against Vietnamese positions in the same area on 15 October, in which they killed 42 Vietnamese troops and captured 3.
998:
During the five-year period from 1984 to 1989, the Chinese had fired over 2 million artillery rounds in Hà Giang Province, mainly in the area of 20 square kilometres (7.7 sq mi) of Thanh Thủy and Thạnh Đức Communes. The situation was quiet at the town of
964:. Despite heavy clashes in Vị Xuyên, the situation in other border provinces was relatively calm, and the Chinese did not deploy any of their regular units into the fight. The order of battle of both sides remained unchanged during this period of the conflict.
889:) took Hill 1200 on the eastern bank. The Vietnamese defenders, including the PAVN 313th Division and 168th Artillery Brigade, were forced to retreat from the hills. PLA troops captured the hamlet of Na La, as well as Hills 233, 685 and 468, creating a
990:. The battle saw at least 64 Vietnamese soldiers killed and three Vietnamese naval vessels lost. The battle resulted in Chinese control over the Johnson South Reef. Five other reefs in the Spratly Islands were also occupied by China in the same year.
814:) by the Chinese, on 7 May. Bloody engagements claimed hundreds of lives from each side. To justify this military operation, China announced that the attacks were in response to acts of aggression by Vietnam during the first quarter of that year.
821:, Yunnan Province; Chinese newspapers reported that 85 Vietnamese soldiers, including 2 officers, were killed. Throughout the battles at Fakashan and Koulinshan, Chinese reports claimed a total of 1,200 Vietnamese personnel killed or wounded.
893:
of 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) thrusting into Vietnam. These positions were shielded by steep cliffs covered by dense forests along the Thanh Thủy River, and could only be accessed by crossing the exposed eastern side of the Lô River valley.
761:. Small-scale skirmishes also took place along the border later in the year, with seven incidents occurring in the first half of October. China accused Vietnam of conducting cross-border raids against Chinese positions in the Luojiaping area,
741:
area in northwestern Laos near the Sino-Laotian border. Vietnam responded by increasing forces stationed at the Sino-Vietnamese border, and China no longer had the overwhelming numerical superiority as it did in its campaign in February 1979.
1114:
865:) by the Chinese. Laoshan is a string of mountains running from the western part of Hill 1800 to another hill at an elevation of 1,200 m in the east. This easternmost hill has been referred to by the Chinese as either Dongshan (
884:
The PLA launched their assault at 05:00 on 28 April after intense artillery bombardment. The PLA 40th Division of the 14th Army crossed the border section to the west of the Lô River, while the 49th Division (probably from the
825:
border areas and had a clear advantage in terms of equipment. Other analysts pointed out that the upcoming rainy season and the recent cuts in its military budget would preclude China's carrying out a large-scale invasion.
453:
441:
650:, Chinese troops occupied territories which had little military value but important symbolic value. Elsewhere, Chinese troops occupied the strategic positions of military importance as springboards to attack Vietnam.
1778:
361:
662:, the relationship between the two countries gradually returned to normality. By 1991, the two countries proclaimed the normalization of their diplomatic relations, thereby ending the border conflicts.
698:. From 1984 to 1989, at least 14 Chinese armies had been substitutionally committed to the fight in the area (1st, 12th, 13th, 14th, 16th, 20th, 23rd, 26th, 27th, 38th, 41st, 42nd, 47th, and 67th).
1198:
Carlyle A. Thayer, "Security Issues in Southeast Asia: The Third Indochina War", Conference on Security and Arms Control in the North Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, August 1987.
1528:
1290:
753:
during the pursuit of the defeated Khmer Rouge. Despite swift Vietnamese withdrawal from Thai territory, the Vietnamese incursion made China feel that it had to act to support its allies,
354:
791:
festival. While this proposal was rejected by China on 20 January, the two sides continued the exchange of prisoners of war. The situation was relatively calm for the next few months.
2308:
347:
927:
817:
Starting on 10 May, Vietnamese forces carried out counterattacks against Chinese troops. A Vietnamese infantry company also struck the Mengdong co-operative commune in
757:
and the Khmer Rouge. From 28 June to 6 July, in addition to outspoken criticism of Vietnam in diplomatic announcements, the Chinese continuously shelled the Vietnamese
1894:
2334:
2303:
1971:
17:
1997:
725:
forces over the Cambodia-Thailand border. To put pressure on Vietnam to withdraw military forces from Cambodia, China had garrisoned several armies along the
498:
1626:
2104:
702:
1525:
1159:
Nayan Chanda, p. 10. The most symbolic part was a 300-meter section of railroad track between the Friendship Gate and the Vietnamese border post.
1828:
1597:
1287:
421:
409:
1651:
2409:
1075:
1756:
1345:
906:, while infantry regiments were equipped with 85 millimetres (3.3 in) guns and 100-D mortars. The PLA used tanks in some of the battles.
713:. From 1985, Chinese support for these insurgents began to shrink, as the Laotian government initiated normalization of relations with China.
840:
2027:
458:
446:
808:) to the Chinese and Hill 400 to the Vietnamese, and an attack against a strategic peak designated as Hill 1688, or named Koulinshan (
886:
491:
2329:
1962:
1863:
784:
1922:
1891:
1838:
Path, Kosal. "The Sino-Vietnamese Dispute over Territorial Claims, 1974-1978: Vietnamese Nationalism and its Consequences."
1806:
686:(the 266th/341st) of Vietnamese forces were involved on this battlefield in the mid-1980s. On the Chinese side, armies from
690:
were rotated through this area to "touch the tiger's butt", a euphemism for obtaining combat experiences given by Chinese
750:
578:
484:
2068:
1800:
573:
1916:
1750:
1729:
1694:
1940:
769:
Chinese shelling was indicative of the type of conflict the Sino-Vietnamese border would see for the next 10 years.
2404:
2214:
983:
598:
859:
In Hà Tuyên, from April to July 1984, Chinese forces struck a strip of hills in Vị Xuyên District, named Laoshan (
2339:
2220:
659:
1141:, 16 March 1979, p. 10. Chanda quoted Chinese officials on announcement of withdrawal on 5 March 1979.
2399:
520:
2244:
2208:
2086:
2003:
1618:
950:
844:
was accompanied by a wave of infantry battalion-sized attacks on 6 April. The largest of them took place in
2414:
2394:
2092:
845:
568:
2280:
2143:
2098:
1955:
1825:
1593:
1024:
973:
919:
746:
639:
603:
465:
59:
2354:
2344:
2116:
1886:
Womack, Brantly. "Asymmetry and systemic misperception: China, Vietnam and Cambodia during the 1970s."
1775:
426:
414:
273:
266:
62:
officer Ma Quanbin reports to his command after a battle against Vietnamese forces on 14 October 1986.
2379:
2202:
1872:
Reddick, Zachary N. "A Sacrifice for Chinese Unity: The Sino-Vietnamese War through Domestic Media."
1648:
903:
1449:
B.> . Mahony, "Sino-Vietnamese Security Issues: Second Lesson Versus Stalemate", p. 14.
2384:
2374:
2349:
2080:
1740:
1071:
979:
941:
to conduct negotiations on Cambodia in the ninth round of negotiations between the USSR and China.
849:
100:
799:
675:
134:
2389:
2364:
2062:
946:
2369:
2359:
2074:
2038:
1948:
287:
1770:
McGregor, Charles. "China, Vietnam, and the Cambodian conflict: Beijing's end game strategy."
259:
2015:
802:, when the PLA launched a regiment-sized attack on 5 May against a height known as Fakashan (
758:
721:
Since early 1980, China had orchestrated military operations during the dry season to sweep
2274:
1003:, 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) south of the battle sites, without any considerable barrage.
795:
726:
436:
292:
138:
8:
2250:
2056:
687:
679:
632:
628:
583:
561:
552:
529:
41:
339:
280:
249:
2262:
2110:
1015:
confirmed their corresponding casualty figure as 4,100, including over 2,000 war dead.
890:
848:, Lạng Sơn Province, with several Chinese battalions assaulting Hills 820 and 636 near
778:
593:
393:
2268:
2021:
1991:
1970:
1912:
1859:
1852:
1796:
1746:
1725:
1690:
1310:
Zhang, p. 146. "In a 3.5-hour fight they killed 42 enemy troops and captured 3."
930:
834:
547:
401:
1908:
Deng Xiaoping's Long War: The Military Conflict between China and Vietnam, 1979–1991
2009:
1677:
International Relations in Southeast Asia. Between Bilateralism and Multilateralism
933:
called for the normalization of relations between Vietnam and China in a speech in
691:
2190:
1906:
1898:
1832:
1790:
1782:
1684:
1655:
1532:
1294:
1121:
987:
954:
853:
734:
643:
145:
104:
1370:
Michael Weisskopf and Howard Simmons, "A Slow Burn on the Sino-Vietnam Border",
647:
2196:
1983:
788:
508:
1881:
The third Indochina war: conflict between China, Vietnam and Cambodia, 1972–79
242:
133:
Temporary Chinese occupation of several areas within Vietnamese territory, in
2323:
2232:
2155:
818:
762:
695:
219:
198:
1707:
China's Quest: The History of the Foreign Relations of the People's Republic
297:
938:
730:
706:
682:(the 313th, 314th, 325th, 328th, 354th, 356th, and 411th) and one separate
960:
According to Carlyle A. Thayer, this wave of fighting had the nature of a
2170:
1792:
Chinese Military Strategy in the Third Indochina War: The Last Maoist War
934:
722:
678:
had been the most violent front. According to cursory examination, seven
538:
212:
205:
1011:
in September 1990 and officially normalized ties in November 1991.
1000:
878:
709:) to wage unconventional warfare against the governments of Vietnam and
2164:
961:
738:
226:
53:
1854:
Harvesting Pa Chay's Wheat: The Hmong and America's Secret War in Laos
1820:
Path, Kosal. "China's Economic Sanctions against Vietnam, 1975–1978."
1722:
La Tentation impériale - Politique extérieure de la Chine depuis 1949
231:
729:. China also provided military training for some 5,000 anti-Laotian
1526:"Hàng nghìn chiến sĩ thương vong ngày cao điểm trận chiến Vị Xuyên"
754:
683:
655:
45:
1675:
Amer, Ramses. "Cambodia and Vietnam: A troubled relationship." in
2236:
1594:"Vietnam protesters denounce China on anniversary of navy battle"
1008:
624:
476:
183:
1679:(Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2010): 92–110.
1346:"AROUND THE WORLD; Chinese Reportedly Kill 85 Vietnamese Troops"
772:
701:
Besides the use of regular forces, China also armed and trained
2043:
828:
2309:
Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China
2182:
1975:
1288:"Armed skirmishes on the border between China and Vietnam..."
877:), and was also the only position on the eastern bank of the
620:
170:
928:
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
120:
Normalization of relations between China and Vietnam in 1991
27:
Series of border and naval clashes between China and Vietnam
2135:
1591:
710:
91:(12 years, 8 months, 2 weeks and 1 day)
937:. In October 1986, China also succeeded in persuading the
117:
Conflict subsides without the outbreak of a full-scale war
1649:"The Sino-Vietnamese War: A Scar on the Tropic of Cancer"
369:
978:
On 14 March 1988, a naval battle was fought between the
1714:
Dragons Entangled: Indochina and the China-Vietnam War
1501:, 7 August 1984. Referenced from the Hanoi Radio.
1137:
Nayan Chanda, "End of the Battle but Not of the War",
1115:"Hơn 4.000 chiến sĩ hy sinh bảo vệ biên giới Vị Xuyên"
619:
were a series of border and naval clashes between the
2304:
Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
1551:, 6 October 1986. Referenced from the AFP in Beijing.
967:
1851:
1682:
631:in 1979. These clashes lasted from the end of the
454:Chengdu Military District rotation against Vietnam
442:Beijing Military District rotation against Vietnam
1662:, 5 April 2009, p. 34. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
1194:
913:
2321:
1683:Brecher, Michael; Wilkenfield, Jonathan (2000).
1518:
1516:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1879:Westad, Odd Arne, and Sophie Quinn-Judge, eds.
1585:
1107:
1105:
1668:
1438:Counter-Attack in Self-Defence against Vietnam
315:c. 600,000–800,000 (including irregular units)
312:c. 200,000–400,000 (including irregular units)
2335:Wars involving the People's Republic of China
1956:
1513:
1452:
1171:
1072:"Chinese Invasion of Vietnam – February 1979"
872:
866:
860:
809:
803:
773:1981: Battle of Hill 400 (Battle of Fakashan)
716:
492:
355:
1102:
829:1984: Battle of Vị Xuyên (Battle of Laoshan)
2028:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
794:In May 1981, ferocious fighting erupted in
1963:
1949:
1788:
1274:
1272:
1095:
1093:
589:Sino-Vietnamese border and naval conflicts
499:
485:
362:
348:
1619:"China and Vietnam settle border dispute"
1253:John McBeth, "Squeezing the Vietnamese",
850:the routes taken during the 1979 invasion
635:until the normalization of ties in 1991.
1408:
1313:
1222:
1220:
1201:
674:Throughout the conflict, the Vietnamese
1858:. Eastern Washington University Press.
1269:
1090:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
839:From 2 to 27 April 1984, in support of
14:
2322:
1911:. University of North Carolina Press.
1849:
1840:International Journal of Asian Studies
1719:
1641:
1485:Paul Quinn-Judge, "Borderline Cases",
785:Vietnamese Ministry of Foreign Affairs
617:Sino-Vietnamese conflicts of 1979–1991
1944:
1904:
1629:from the original on 26 November 2022
1573:Brecher and Wilkenfield, p. 161.
1217:
1162:
480:
374:Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1979–1991)
343:
35:Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1979–1991)
1745:. The University Press of Kentucky.
1742:A History of the Modern Chinese Army
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1041:
737:and used this force to sabotage the
144:Chinese capture of six reefs in the
18:Sino-Vietnamese conflicts, 1979–1991
1592:Martin Petty; Simon Cameron-Moore.
1564:, 2 November 1986, p. 11.
1257:, 19 December 1980, p. 9.
24:
1738:
1383:Michael Weisskopf (from Beijing),
1078:from the original on 26 April 2020
506:
25:
2426:
2410:History of Vietnam (1945–present)
1874:Southeast Review of Asian Studies
1057:
968:1988: Johnson South Reef Skirmish
751:crossed the Thai–Cambodian border
1689:. University of Michigan Press.
787:proposed a ceasefire during the
599:FULRO insurgency against Vietnam
176:
163:
52:
1925:from the original on 2023-03-13
1809:from the original on 2023-03-13
1759:from the original on 2023-03-13
1724:. Paris: Imprimerie nationale.
1611:
1600:from the original on 2017-05-19
1576:
1567:
1554:
1542:
1504:
1492:
1489:, 21 June 1984, p. 26
1479:
1466:
1443:
1426:
1399:
1390:
1377:
1374:, 22 May 1981, p. 24.
1364:
1338:
1329:
1304:
1281:
1260:
1247:
1238:
1229:
953:was shot down over the Chinese
660:dissolution of the Soviet Union
209:Chairman of the SCNPC (1979–83)
2330:Wars between China and Vietnam
1560:"A Crescendo for Withdrawal",
1153:
1144:
1131:
13:
1:
2004:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
1352:. New York Times. 23 May 1981
1030:
984:People's Liberation Army Navy
665:
625:Socialist Republic of Vietnam
202:Chairman of the CMC (1981–89)
141:(returned to Vietnam in 1992)
1888:Journal of Strategic Studies
1432:O'Dowd, p. 100, citing from
1385:International Herald Tribune
1035:
993:
284:Chairman of the CS (1987–91)
256:Chairman of the CS (1981–87)
7:
2281:Johnson South Reef Skirmish
2144:Sino-Soviet border conflict
2099:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
1669:Sources and further reading
1487:Far Eastern Economic Review
1474:Far Eastern Economic Review
1255:Far Eastern Economic Review
1139:Far Eastern Economic Review
1018:
974:Johnson South Reef Skirmish
920:Operation Blue Sword (1986)
334:4,000 killed, 9,000 wounded
263:General Secretary (1986–91)
246:General Secretary (1979–86)
82:– 1 November 1991
10:
2431:
2117:Third Taiwan Strait Crisis
1976:People's Republic of China
1789:O'Dowd, Edward C. (2007).
1344:
971:
951:Vietnam People's Air Force
917:
832:
776:
717:1980: Shelling of Cao Bằng
621:People's Republic of China
74:17 February 1979
2296:
2257:Sino-Vietnamese conflicts
2230:
2180:
2153:
2133:
2126:
2037:
1982:
1720:Joyaux, François (1994).
904:multiple rocket launchers
902:howitzers, and 40-barrel
881:where fighting occurred.
873:
867:
861:
810:
804:
516:
383:
328:2,000 dead, 2,100 wounded
319:
306:
189:
156:
66:
51:
39:
34:
2209:Daulat Beg Oldi incident
1905:Zhang, Xiaoming (2015).
1582:O'Dowd, p. 105-106.
747:People's Army of Vietnam
703:ethnic resistance groups
640:People's Liberation Army
253:General Secretary (1986)
2405:20th century in Vietnam
1795:. New York: Routledge.
1405:Zhang, p. 151-152.
1074:. Global Security.org.
1025:China–Vietnam relations
783:On 2 January 1981, the
604:Thai–Laotian Border War
2340:Wars involving Vietnam
2221:Sino-Indian skirmishes
1850:Quincy, Keith (2000).
1824:212 (2012): 1040-1058
841:Cambodian rebel forces
727:Sino–Vietnamese border
688:seven military regions
569:Khmer Rouge–Vietnamese
190:Commanders and leaders
101:Sino-Vietnamese border
2400:20th century in China
1998:Kuomintang insurgency
1774:30.3 (1990): 266-283
1739:Li, Xiaobing (2007).
980:Vietnam People's Navy
705:(especially from the
579:Cambodian–Thai border
320:Casualties and losses
2275:Project Blue Sword-B
2215:Sino-Indian Standoff
2203:Sino-Indian skirmish
1890:26.2 (2003): 92–119
1423:O’Dowd, p. 100.
1244:Quincy, p. 441.
1214:O'Dowd, p. 101.
1168:Joyaux, p. 242.
1128:, 14 July 2016.
957:, Guangxi Province.
914:1986–87: "Phony war"
437:Project Blue Sword-B
390:Shelling of Cao Bằng
2415:Third Indochina War
2395:Sino-Vietnamese War
2251:Sino-Vietnamese War
2087:Yijiangshan Islands
2039:Cross-Taiwan Strait
1510:Zhang, p. 156.
1396:O’Dowd, p. 98.
1335:O'Dowd, p. 94.
1326:Zhang, p. 147.
1278:O'Dowd, p. 93.
1266:O'Dowd, p. 92.
1235:O'Dowd, p. 70.
1150:O’Dowd, p. 91.
1099:Zhang, p. 161.
949:fighter jet of the
846:Tràng Định District
633:Sino-Vietnamese War
629:Sino-Vietnamese War
553:Cambodian Civil War
277:President (1980–81)
270:President (1979–80)
223:President (1988–91)
216:President (1983–88)
42:Third Indochina War
2263:Battle of Fakashan
2093:Dachen Archipelago
2049:(after 1 Oct 1949)
1897:2020-07-12 at the
1883:(Routledge, 2006).
1831:2020-07-15 at the
1781:2023-03-13 at the
1716:(ME Sharpe, 1993).
1709:(2018) pp 383–400.
1654:2018-09-16 at the
1625:. 1 January 2009.
1623:The New York Times
1549:The Canberra Times
1531:2018-07-23 at the
1350:The New York Times
1301:, 16 October 1980.
1293:2019-10-21 at the
1120:2018-08-07 at the
779:Battle of Fakashan
745:In June 1980, the
574:Cambodian Conflict
466:Johnson South Reef
2355:Conflicts in 1990
2345:Conflicts in 1979
2317:
2316:
2292:
2291:
2269:Battle of Laoshan
2050:
2022:Xinjiang conflict
1992:Chinese Civil War
1865:978-0-910055-61-1
1842:8.2 (2011): 189+
1686:A Study of Crisis
1499:The Nation Review
931:Mikhail Gorbachev
871:) or Zheyinshan (
835:Battle of Laoshan
800:Lạng Sơn Province
759:Cao Bằng Province
676:Vị Xuyên District
646:near the city of
638:When the Chinese
612:
611:
548:Laotian Civil War
474:
473:
338:
337:
152:
151:
139:Hà Giang Province
135:Vị Xuyên District
16:(Redirected from
2422:
2380:1980s in Vietnam
2131:
2130:
2048:
2016:Tibetan uprising
2010:Battle of Chamdo
1965:
1958:
1951:
1942:
1941:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1869:
1857:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1735:
1712:Hood, Steven J.
1705:Garver, John W.
1700:
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1502:
1496:
1490:
1483:
1477:
1476:, 2 August 1984.
1472:"Intelligence",
1470:
1464:
1463:Li, p. 260.
1461:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1430:
1424:
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1226:Li, p. 263.
1224:
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1199:
1196:
1169:
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1160:
1157:
1151:
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1142:
1135:
1129:
1113:
1109:
1100:
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1088:
1087:
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1083:
1068:
1055:
1054:Li, p. 259.
1052:
876:
875:
870:
869:
864:
863:
813:
812:
807:
806:
796:Cao Lộc District
692:paramount leader
594:Hmong insurgency
511:
501:
494:
487:
478:
477:
462:
450:
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418:
378:
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364:
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182:
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89:
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81:
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68:
67:
56:
32:
31:
21:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2385:1990 in Vietnam
2375:1979 in Vietnam
2350:1980s conflicts
2320:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2288:
2245:Paracel Islands
2226:
2191:Sino-Indian War
2176:
2149:
2122:
2081:Dongshan Island
2047:
2041:
2033:
1978:
1972:Armed conflicts
1969:
1938:
1936:
1928:
1926:
1919:
1899:Wayback Machine
1866:
1833:Wayback Machine
1822:China Quarterly
1812:
1810:
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1783:Wayback Machine
1762:
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1539:, 25 July 2014.
1533:Wayback Machine
1523:(in Vietnamese)
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1122:Wayback Machine
1112:(in Vietnamese)
1111:
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988:Spratly Islands
976:
970:
955:Longzhou County
923:
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854:Friendship Gate
837:
831:
781:
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735:Yunnan Province
719:
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644:Friendship Gate
613:
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584:Sino-Vietnamese
512:
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456:
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293:Đàm Quang Trung
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146:Spratly Islands
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2387:
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2102:
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2025:
2024:(1980–present)
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
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1984:Mainland China
1980:
1979:
1974:involving the
1968:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1945:
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1934:
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833:Main article:
830:
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789:Lunar New Year
777:Main article:
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733:insurgents in
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2368:
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2360:1979 in China
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2233:South Vietnam
2229:
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2069:Hainan Island
2067:
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2063:Dengbu Island
2061:
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2029:
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2020:
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2014:
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1918:9781469621258
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1731:2-11-081331-8
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819:Malipo County
815:
801:
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792:
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780:
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766:
764:
763:Maguan County
760:
756:
752:
748:
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736:
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728:
724:
714:
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704:
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697:
696:Deng Xiaoping
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
663:
661:
657:
651:
649:
645:
641:
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634:
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482:
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464:
460:
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452:
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443:
440:
438:
435:
432:
428:
423:
422:Operation M-2
420:
416:
411:
410:Operation M-1
408:
405:
403:
400:
397:
395:
392:
389:
387:Triton Island
386:
385:
382:
376:
365:
360:
358:
353:
351:
346:
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342:
333:
330:
327:
324:
323:
318:
314:
311:
310:
305:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
288:Văn Tiến Dũng
286:
282:
279:
275:
272:
268:
267:Tôn Đức Thắng
265:
261:
258:
255:
251:
248:
244:
241:
240:
238:
233:
230:
228:
225:
221:
220:Yang Shangkun
218:
214:
211:
207:
204:
200:
199:Deng Xiaoping
197:
196:
194:
193:
188:
185:
174:
172:
161:
160:
155:
147:
143:
140:
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2259:(1979–1991)
2256:
2075:Nanri Island
1937:
1927:. Retrieved
1907:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1853:
1839:
1821:
1811:. Retrieved
1791:
1772:Asian Survey
1771:
1761:. Retrieved
1741:
1721:
1713:
1706:
1685:
1676:
1659:
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1622:
1613:
1602:. Retrieved
1587:
1578:
1569:
1561:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1481:
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1468:
1445:
1437:
1434:Ziwei Huanji
1433:
1428:
1401:
1392:
1384:
1379:
1371:
1366:
1354:. Retrieved
1349:
1340:
1331:
1306:
1298:
1283:
1262:
1254:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1164:
1155:
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1013:
1005:
997:
977:
959:
943:
939:Soviet Union
924:
908:
900:
896:
883:
858:
838:
823:
816:
793:
782:
767:
744:
720:
707:Hmong people
700:
673:
669:
652:
637:
616:
614:
588:
560:
559:
537:
536:
530:
521:
372:
331:
325:
250:Trường Chinh
157:Belligerents
40:Part of the
29:
2223:(2020-2021)
2205:(1986-1987)
2173:(1965–1973)
2171:Vietnam War
2167:(1950–1953)
2006:(1950–1958)
2000:(1949–1961)
1633:26 November
1596:. Reuters.
1356:12 November
986:within the
962:"phony war"
935:Vladivostok
723:Khmer Rouge
457: [
445: [
425: [
413: [
281:Võ Chí Công
213:Li Xiannian
206:Ye Jianying
127:Territorial
2324:Categories
2165:Korean War
2158:and allies
1929:2019-08-19
1876:39 (2017).
1813:2019-08-19
1763:2020-10-03
1604:2017-07-02
1031:References
922:, ], and ]
918:See also:
739:Muang Sing
666:Background
406:Zheyinshan
398:Koulinshan
227:Yang Dezhi
86:1991-11-01
78:1979-02-17
2119:(1995–96)
2107:(1960–61)
2057:Kuningtou
1994:(1927–50)
1647:Zhou Yu,
1537:VnExpress
1126:VnExpress
1036:Citations
994:Aftermath
887:16th Army
680:divisions
522:Masterdom
433:Phony war
332:Vị Xuyên:
326:Vị Xuyên:
232:Xu Shiyou
2297:See also
2111:Dong-Yin
1923:Archived
1895:Archived
1829:Archived
1807:Archived
1779:Archived
1757:Archived
1652:Archived
1627:Archived
1598:Archived
1562:Asiaweek
1529:Archived
1372:Asiaweek
1291:Archived
1118:Archived
1076:Archived
1019:See also
1001:Hà Giang
982:and the
879:Lô River
755:Thailand
684:regiment
658:and the
656:Cambodia
648:Lạng Sơn
623:and the
394:Fakashan
307:Strength
103:and the
96:Location
58:Chinese
46:Cold War
44:and the
2237:Vietnam
1082:7 April
1009:Chengdu
891:salient
852:at the
749:(PAVN)
402:Laoshan
243:Lê Duẩn
184:Vietnam
129:changes
84: (
76: (
2283:(1988)
2277:(1986)
2271:(1984)
2265:(1981)
2253:(1979)
2247:(1974)
2217:(2017)
2211:(2013)
2199:(1967)
2193:(1962)
2146:(1969)
2113:(1965)
2101:(1958)
2095:(1955)
2089:(1955)
2083:(1953)
2077:(1952)
2071:(1950)
2065:(1949)
2059:(1949)
2044:Taiwan
2030:(1989)
2018:(1959)
2012:(1950)
1915:
1892:online
1862:
1844:online
1826:online
1799:
1776:online
1749:
1728:
1693:
947:MiG-21
539:Second
298:Vũ Lập
181:
168:
112:Result
2183:India
731:Hmong
562:Third
531:First
461:]
449:]
429:]
417:]
171:China
2136:USSR
2042:(vs
1913:ISBN
1860:ISBN
1797:ISBN
1747:ISBN
1726:ISBN
1691:ISBN
1635:2022
1358:2023
1084:2016
711:Laos
615:The
71:Date
2231:vs
2181:vs
2154:vs
2134:vs
1299:UPI
874:者阴山
811:扣林山
805:法卡山
60:PLA
2326::
2046:)
1921:.
1805:.
1755:.
1658:,
1621:.
1535:,
1515:^
1454:^
1410:^
1348:.
1315:^
1297:,
1271:^
1219:^
1203:^
1173:^
1124:,
1104:^
1092:^
1059:^
1043:^
868:东山
862:老山
798:,
694:,
459:zh
447:zh
427:zh
415:zh
137:,
2235:/
1964:e
1957:t
1950:v
1932:.
1901:.
1868:.
1846:.
1835:.
1816:.
1785:.
1766:.
1734:.
1699:.
1637:.
1607:.
1436:(
1360:.
1086:.
500:e
493:t
486:v
363:e
356:t
349:v
88:)
80:)
20:)
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