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schemes, both of which would have kept the Cloth Hall and the
Cathedral in ruins, but one scheme would allow rebuilding houses around the Grand Place, whereas the other would have created a belt of trees surrounding the Hall and Cathedral. By early September 1920, the decision had been made by the British Government that the
1018:
There is not a single half-acre in Ypres that is not sacred. There is not a single stone which has not sheltered scores of loyal young hearts, whose one impulse and desire was to fight and, if need be, to die for
England. Their blood has drenched its cloisters and its cellars, but if never a drop had
1264:
soldiers who fought and died there. During the Second World War the ceremony was prohibited by the occupying German forces, but was resumed on the very evening of liberation – 6 September 1944 – notwithstanding the heavy fighting still underway in other parts of the town. The Last Post ceremony was,
1030:
proposed to leave Ypres as a mausoleum, with the rightful owners to be deprived from regaining their land. By early March 1919, the
Belgian scheme was to leave the Cathedral and Cloth Hall and the buildings around them in ruins. By November 1919, the Belgian government was seriously considering two
1005:
states that in the 1920s, British veterans set up the Ypres League and made the city the symbol of all that they believed
Britain was fighting for and gave it a holy aura in their minds. The Ypres League sought to transform the horrors of trench warfare into a spiritual quest in which British and
922:
east of the city at a terrible cost of lives. After months of fighting, this battle resulted in nearly half a million casualties to all sides, and only a few miles of ground won by Allied forces. During the course of the war the town was all but obliterated by the artillery fire.
1284:, in a joint effort by the Belgian, Flemish and Australian governments, the lions were temporarily returned to the Menin Gate. Exact replicas are now installed, in their original position, guarding the approach to Menin Gate on its eastern side.
808:
Ypres had long been fortified to keep out invaders. Parts of the early ramparts, dating from 1385, still survive near the
Rijselpoort (Lille Gate). Over time, the earthworks were replaced by sturdier masonry and earth structures and a partial
682:
was built in the 13th century. Also during this time cats, then the symbol of the devil and witchcraft, were thrown off Cloth Hall, possibly because of the belief that this would get rid of evil demons. Today, this act is commemorated with a
1480:), until the company went bankrupt. Since then, the office area had many difficult years, where a big share of the offices were unused. However, those years are mostly over, and currently, the area offers about 1000 employees a job.
1387:("Kattenstoet") takes place every three years on the second Sunday of May. It involves the throwing of stuffed toy cats from the belfry and a colourful parade of cats and witches. The latest Cat Parade took place on 13 May 2018.
1255:
soldiers would have taken heading towards the fighting – many never to return. Every evening since 1929, at precisely eight o'clock, traffic around the imposing arches of the Menin Gate
Memorial has been stopped while the
1078:, with the main square, including the Cloth Hall and town hall, being rebuilt as close to the original designs as possible (the rest of the rebuilt town is more modern in appearance). The Cloth Hall today is home to
2133:
880:, which continued until 25 May 1915. They captured high ground east of the town. The first gas attack occurred against Canadian, British, and French soldiers, including both metropolitan French soldiers as well as
1142:
was built in the 13th century and was one of the largest commercial buildings of the Middle Ages. The structure which stands today is the exact copy of the original medieval building, rebuilt after the war. The
1019:
been spilt, if never a life had been lost in defence of Ypres still would Ypres have been hallowed, if only for the hopes and the courage it has inspired and the scenes of valour and sacrifice it has witnessed.
1113:. The city governments of Ypres and Hiroshima advocate that cities should never be targets again and campaign for the abolition of nuclear weapons. Ypres hosts the international campaign secretariat of
484:
1575:(1617–1673), Baroque painter, draughtsman and printmaker. He was first active in Antwerp, where he worked in the workshop of Rubens, and later became court painter at the Habsburg court in Vienna.
853:
into the war. The German army surrounded the city on three sides, bombarding it throughout much of the war. To counterattack, British, French, and allied forces made costly advances from the
503:
469:
837:
Ypres occupied a strategic position during the First World War because it stood in the path of
Germany's planned sweep across the rest of Belgium and into France from the north (the
1221:, a site which marks the farthest point reached by Commonwealth forces in Belgium until nearly the end of the war. Other New Zealand casualties are commemorated on memorials at
1880:
1217:
during the First World War before 16 August 1917 and who have no known grave. United
Kingdom and New Zealand servicemen who died after that date are named on the memorial at
663:
in Kievan Rus' in the early 12th century. In 1241, a major fire ruined much of the old city. The powerful city was involved in important treaties and battles, including the
2130:
1866:
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since its creation in 1965. It is organized by the Auto Club Targa Florio. Some of the drivers to have taken part are among the best-known names in rallying, such as
2769:
2456:
1934:
1229:. The Menin Gate records only soldiers for whom there is no known grave. As graves are identified, the names of those buried in them are removed from the Gate.
926:
English-speaking soldiers often referred to Ieper/Ypres by the deliberate mispronunciation "Wipers". British soldiers even published a wartime newspaper called
1469:
759:
2563:
910:
Of the battles, the largest, best-known, and most costly in human suffering was the Third Battle of Ypres (31 July to 10 November 1917, also known as the
1054:; the Germans had forbidden the ceremony when they occupied Ypres in 1940; from January 1941 until the liberation, the daily commemoration took place in
1461:
Though Ypres is an historic city, and generates significant income from tourism, it also has a number of industrial areas. The biggest one is along the
246:
234:
932:. The same style of deliberate mispronunciation was applied to other Flemish place names in the Ypres area for the benefit of British troops, such as
1620:
1607:
1272:, were presented to Australia in 1936 by the people of Belgium, as acknowledgement of Australia's sacrifice during the war. They now reside in the
744:
in 1709 intended to capture Ypres, at the time a major French fortress, but changed his mind owing to the long time and effort it had taken him to
778:
ordered parts of the walls torn down. This destruction, which was only partly repaired, made it easier for the French to capture the city in the
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2762:
1556:
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1097:. Ypres these days has the title of "city of peace" and maintains a close friendship with another town on which war had a profound impact:
1970:
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3345:
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3335:
1046:
On
September 6, 1944, the 1st Polish Armoured Division liberated the town of Ypres after four years of occupation, and the nightly '
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2755:
2376:
1361:
1117:, an international Mayoral organization mobilizing cities and citizens worldwide to abolish and eliminate nuclear weapons by 2020.
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presented the Cross in a special ceremony in the city, and in 1925 it was added to the city's coat of arms, along with the French
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3299:
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1055:
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Ypres became a pilgrimage destination for
Britons to imagine and share the sufferings of their men and gain a spiritual benefit.
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184:
2018:
1984:
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War graves, both of the Allied side and the Central Powers, cover the landscape around Ypres. The largest number of dead are at
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1245:
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commemorates those soldiers of the British Commonwealth – with the exception of Newfoundland and New Zealand – who fell in the
1035:
and its immediate surroundings would be used as a memorial, by which time, the Belgians had already begun to rebuild the area.
659:), Ypres played an important role in the history of the textile industry. Textiles from Ypres could be found in the markets of
2089:
1531:, a commander of Flemish mercenaries in England who was reckoned among the more able of the military commanders fighting for
1226:
951:
1038:
In the 100th anniversary period more attempts were being made to preserve the First World War heritage in and around Ypres.
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commemorates the British and Commonwealth soldiers who died in the five battles fought for Ypres during First World War.
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to the City of Ypres, one of only two awards of this decoration to a municipality during World War I, the other being to
607:
302:
291:
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1166:, built in 1221, was also completely reconstructed after the war, but now with a higher spire. It houses the tombs of
899:, also called Yperite from the name of this town, was also used for the first time near Ypres, in the autumn of 1917.
270:
2747:
2520:
2154:
2028:
1994:
1945:
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2426:
818:
2605:– A comprehensive English language guide to Ypres (Ieper); includes history, sightseeing and Belgian beer culture.
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During World War Two, the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) would fight the Germans in a delaying action at the
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Abbott, Peter Edward; Tamplin (1981). British Gallantry Awards (2nd ed.). London, UK: Nimrod Dix and Co.;
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and the French. Major works were completed at the end of the 17th century by the French military engineer
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is most commonly used in English. The municipality comprises the city of Ypres/Ieper and the villages of
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is connected to the industrial area. That office area started as the site of speech recognition company
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1519:
It can also be accessed from Brussels, linking to Eurostar, and takes about 75 minutes with two stops.
783:
664:
1251:
The memorial's location is especially poignant, as it lies on the eastward route from the town, which
864:(19 October to 22 November 1914), the Allies captured the town from the Germans. The Germans had used
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1588:
1260:" is sounded beneath the gate by the buglers of the Last Post Association in honour of the memory of
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in the first century BC. It is first mentioned by name in 1066 and is probably named after the river
611:
Excerpt from the chronicle of Ypres, with numerous legends and anecdotes. Written in the 18th century
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75:
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17:
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instead, hosted daily at Brookwood Military Cemetery in England for the duration of that period.
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1679:(1925–2017), from 1954 to 2015 chief bugler at the Menin Gate for the daily Last Post ceremony.
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1572:
1546:
1179:
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877:
813:. Ypres was further fortified in the 17th and 18th centuries while under the occupation of the
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and apprehension of disease spreading in his army in the poorly drained land around Ypres (see
512:
71:
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802:
3240:
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2231:
Connelly, "The Ypres League and the Commemoration of the Ypres Salient, 1914–1940", pp. 51–76
1505:
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Ypres holds an annual canoe polo tournament in which teams come from all over Europe to play.
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1007:
959:
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2538:
Association for World War Archaeology; information about World War I excavations near Ypres
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258:
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The gate is called "Menin Gate" because it is situated on the road to the Flemish city of
1908:
8:
3202:
2512:
2218:
Mark Connelly, "The Ypres League and the Commemoration of the Ypres Salient, 1914–1940",
2168:"Award of Military Cross to City of Ypres, Imperial War Museum Accessed: 8 November 2018"
1280:. In 2017, for the 100th anniversary memorial services of the Third Battle of Ypres, or
1159:
1152:
919:
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1465:
canal, which hosts room for around 120 companies and a wind farm in the north of Ypres.
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from May to August 1383, until French relief forces arrived. After the destruction of
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2024:
1990:
1964:
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1101:. Both towns witnessed warfare at its worst: Ypres was one of the first places where
1066:
1027:
869:
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1881:"Kroniek van Ieper, 180-1695, met talrijke legendarische of anecdotische onderdelen"
1859:
1419:
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1676:
1581:(1754– 1799), Abbess of the Ypres Benedictine convent during the French Revolution.
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Then there are also various other, smaller industrial areas like the area around
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After the war the town was extensively rebuilt using money paid by Germany in
979:
962:) fought at Ypres in the First World War and later visited the town during the
850:
462:
454:
251:
60:
2602:
2475:"Taalkeuze – Choix de langue – Choose your language – Wählen Sie Ihre Sprache"
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31:
1617:(1855–1901) Minister of Industry and Labour, Lawyer, University Professor,
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2434:
2289:
2106:
1584:
1550:
1536:
1445:, one of the biggest European festivals in the hardcore metal subculture.
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Ypres is a small city in the very western part of Belgium, the so-called
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The stone lions bearing the Ypres coat-of-arms, which once flanked the
1210:
1203:
1198:
1032:
873:
849:, was guaranteed by Britain; Germany's invasion of Belgium brought the
752:). In 1713 it was handed over to the Habsburgs, and became part of the
559:, and Zuidschote. Together, they are home to about 34,900 inhabitants.
544:
2131:"TV review: The Wipers Times, BBC2 – A bit like Blackadder, only true"
1694:
Jo Lernout and Pol Hauspie, founders of the speech technology company
3273:
3255:
3163:
3151:
3136:
3131:
3102:
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1845:
1813:
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1415:
1257:
1175:
1167:
1098:
1082:, dedicated to Ypres's role in the First World War and named for the
814:
733:
constructed his typical fortifications that can still be seen today.
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2082:
The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume I The Armée du Nord
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On 9 July 2014, the 101st Tour de France started stage 5 in Ypres.
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1340:. The countryside around Ypres is featured in the famous poem by
954:, one of the actions that allowed the Allied retreat to Dunkirk.
885:
881:
798:
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227:
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for the first time on 22 April 1915 marked the beginning of the
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2290:"The Western Front | Kingston upon Hull War Memorial 1914-1918"
1827:
1809:
1070:
The fountain in the Grote Markt, Ypres, opposite the Cloth Hall
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794:
730:
656:
829:
634:
city with a population of 40,000 in 1200 AD, renowned for its
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2362:
2234:
1839:
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1448:
From 11 - 13 July 2023, a conference for micronations called
1439:
During the last weekend of August each year, Ypres hosts the
915:
652:
635:
2873:
2561:
in Oral Histories of the First World War: Veterans 1914–1918
2474:
2457:"Bedrijventerrein langs Ieperleekanaal breidt uit met 9 ha"
1509:
1006:
imperial troops were purified by their sacrifice. In 1920,
810:
615:
Ypres is an ancient town, known to have been raided by the
428:
2547:
797:
Epoch was named on the basis of geology in the region by
2270:
2258:
2246:
2194:"Heraldry of the world: Iper. Accessed: 8 November 2018"
389:
2590:
2537:
2392:
1476:, and was named "Flanders Language Valley" (mimicking
891:(light infantry) from French Africa. The gas used was
2076:
943:
Ypres was one of the sites that hosted an unofficial
566:, Ypres (or "Wipers" as it was commonly known by the
437:
425:
422:
2313:. Brookwood Last Post Association. 6 September 2019
1244:on 24 July 1927. It was built and is maintained by
416:
42:
City and municipality in Flemish Community, Belgium
1134:Cloth Hall and Grote Markt (Great Market) at night
2509:Missing: The Need for Closure after the Great War
3312:
2574:Mayors For Peace International Secretariat Ypres
2084:. USA: Pickle Partners Publishing. p. 317.
857:into the German lines on the surrounding hills.
1664:(1907–1990), nun, social worker, co-founder of
1565:(1585–1638), bishop of Ypres and father of the
638:trade with England, which was mentioned in the
2104:
1292:"Who will remember, passing through this Gate,
1174:and father of the religious movement known as
2763:
2624:
1452:took place in Ypres with 70 people attending.
947:in 1914 between German and British soldiers.
763:Siege of Ypres in 1794 by General Pichegru, (
717:was elevated to cathedral. On 25 March 1678,
2638:
2599:and limited information available in English
1691:(born 1949), emeritus dean Leuven university
1182:, nicknamed "The Lion of Flanders", who was
991:
534:
533:is the official one, the city's French name
2016:
1754:(born 1993), professional basketball player
528:
52:
2770:
2756:
2631:
2617:
1867:"Bevolking per gemeente op 1 januari 2022"
969:
397:
2503:
2276:
2264:
2252:
2240:
1903:
1901:
1727:(born 1959), politician, Belgian minister
1147:that surmounts the hall houses a 49-bell
1494:
1371:
1352:
1197:
1129:
1109:, while Hiroshima suffered the debut of
1065:
901:
828:
758:
606:
594:
3300:Municipalities with language facilities
2333:"Mayors for Peace 2020 Vision Campaign"
1014:captured the mood of the Ypres League:
14:
3313:
2553:Pilgrimage to Ypres and Sanctuary Wood
1989:. Fundación El legado andalusì. 2006.
1969:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1898:
1709:(born, 1957), MD and stem cell pioneer
1703:(born 1956), classical baritone singer
1246:The Commonwealth War Graves Commission
833:Ypres's shell-blasted Cloth Hall burns
623:on the banks of which it was founded.
325:131.45 km (50.75 sq mi)
2751:
2612:
1909:"A History of Ypres (Ieper): Origins"
1151:. The whole complex was designated a
495:
461:
448:
299: • Governing party/ies
2646:
2174:from the original on 7 November 2018
1295:The unheroic Dead who fed the guns?"
667:, the Battle at Mons-en-Pévèle, the
1041:
918:, and French forces recaptured the
914:), in which the British, Canadian,
709:, Ypres became the seat of the new
24:
2222:(2009) 16#1 pp. 51–76, quote p. 55
2020:Life & Work in Medieval Europe
1338:Tyne Cot Commonwealth war cemetery
1211:Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing
1008:Lieutenant-Colonel Beckles Willson
824:
25:
3357:
2531:
1658:(1895–1954), university professor
1633:(1881–1959), politician, minister
1623:(1859–1910) engineer, builder of
1604:(1812–1884), politician, minister
1522:
647:As the third largest city in the
3346:Vauban fortifications in Belgium
3341:Recipients of the Military Cross
3336:World War I memorials in Belgium
2872:
2711:
2694:
2686:
2669:
2579:Webpage about the fortifications
2311:"Ypres 75th Liberation Ceremony"
2200:from the original on 9 June 2012
2017:Boissonnade (5 September 2013).
1838:
1820:
1798:
1783:
1765:
1685:(1931–2019), molecular biologist
872:on 3 January 1915. Their use of
765:Musée de la Révolution française
412:
220:
166:
143:
136:
108:
98:
83:
3331:Municipalities of West Flanders
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2449:
2419:
2410:
2385:
2368:
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2325:
2303:
2282:
2225:
2212:
2186:
2160:
2143:
2124:
1745:(born 1982), lead guitarist of
1227:Messines Ridge British Cemetery
1051:
1012:The Holy Ground of British Arms
845:of Belgium, established by the
725:. It remained French under the
2570:at Library and Archives Canada
2098:
2070:
2052:"See chapter 5.6.2 (in Dutch)"
2044:
2010:
1977:
1927:
1873:
1758:
1672:John French, 1st Earl of Ypres
1390:Ypres is also the home of the
1362:Saint George's Memorial Church
1357:Saint George's Memorial Church
1232:The memorial, designed by Sir
1125:
1061:
1050:' ceremony was resumed at the
819:Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban
27:City in West Flanders, Belgium
13:
1:
2712:
2670:
2584:Coat of arms of Ieper (Ypres)
2496:
2140:Independent 12 September 2013
1721:(born 1957), fashion designer
1591:from 1871 to 1878 and in 1884
1334:Langemark German war cemetery
1327:
1193:
738:War of the Spanish Succession
144:
89:Cloth Hall in the Grand Place
2695:
2687:
1834:, Pas-de-Calais (since 1969)
1490:
1392:Belgium Ypres Westhoek Rally
697:, led by the English bishop
357:8900, 8902, 8904, 8906, 8908
7:
2595:– Information available in
1715:(born 1957), opera composer
1639:(1803–1881), music theorist
1223:Buttes New British Cemetery
1056:Brookwood Military Cemetery
936:becoming "White Sheet" and
10:
3362:
2559:The Second Battle of Ypres
1739:(born 1975), racing driver
1456:
784:War of the First Coalition
665:Battle of the Golden Spurs
590:
585:
29:
3282:
3219:
3177:
3117:
3060:
3006:
2923:
2881:
2870:
2801:
2644:
2566:30 September 2007 at the
2543:In Flanders Fields Museum
2136:25 September 2015 at the
1733:(born 1959), jazz pianist
1589:Prime Minister of Belgium
1587:(1810–1886), politician,
1468:The office area known as
1367:
1316:On Passing the Menin Gate
1120:
1080:In Flanders Fields Museum
630:, Ypres was a prosperous
527:. Though the Dutch name
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94:
82:
69:
47:
2639:Places adjacent to Ypres
1852:
1595:Alphonse Vandenpeereboom
1164:Saint Martin's Cathedral
940:becoming "Plug Street".
570:) was the centre of the
51:
2105:Goode, Dominic (2006).
1533:King Stephen of England
1487:in the south of Ypres.
1274:Australian War Memorial
970:War memory and memorial
912:Battle of Passchendaele
479:
346:270/km (690/sq mi)
2591:Ieper official website
2337:2020visioncampaign.org
1645:(1883–1915), cricketer
1573:Jan Thomas van Ieperen
1559:(1522–1595), architect
1547:Jacob Clemens non Papa
1502:
1379:
1358:
1236:with sculpture by Sir
1206:
1135:
1071:
1021:
992:
907:
878:Second Battle of Ypres
847:First Treaty of London
834:
768:
612:
604:
535:
529:
492:
458:
53:
3241:Langemark-Poelkapelle
2661:Langemark-Poelkapelle
2548:Last Post Association
2416:Australian Government
2078:Phipps, Ramsay Weston
1696:Lernout & Hauspie
1512:has hourly trains to
1506:Ieper railway station
1500:Ieper railway station
1498:
1474:Lernout & Hauspie
1375:
1356:
1201:
1133:
1069:
1016:
974:On 12 February 1920,
960:Chancellor of Germany
905:
862:First Battle of Ypres
832:
762:
715:Saint Martin's Church
610:
598:
543:, Brielen, Dikkebus,
160:Location of Ypres in
2379:15 June 2011 at the
2243:, pp. 173, 176.
2111:Fortified-places.com
1707:Catherine Verfaillie
988:Field Marshal French
906:Ruins of Ypres, 1919
754:Austrian Netherlands
750:Battle of Malplaquet
343: • Density
200:50.85083°N 2.88500°E
157:Location in Belgium
2513:Pen and Sword Books
2507:(30 October 2019).
1951:on 3 September 2015
1848:, Upper West Region
1794:, Kent (since 1964)
1470:Ieper Business Park
1155:by UNESCO in 1999.
1153:World Heritage Site
952:Ypres-Comines Canal
920:Passchendaele Ridge
803:André Hubert Dumont
780:1794 Siege of Ypres
742:Duke of Marlborough
723:Louis XIV of France
719:Ypres was conquered
196: /
2603:Ypres Travel Guide
2505:van Emden, Richard
2437:on 30 October 2020
2058:. 23 November 1914
1942:isites.harvard.edu
1668:, Papua New Guinea
1662:Simona Noorenbergh
1503:
1380:
1359:
1347:In Flanders Fields
1240:, was unveiled by
1234:Reginald Blomfield
1207:
1136:
1072:
908:
835:
769:
727:Treaty of Nijmegen
703:Ypres was besieged
699:Henry le Despenser
649:County of Flanders
613:
605:
335: • Total
322: • Total
287: • Mayor
30:For the film, see
3308:
3307:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2431:Kattenstoet Ieper
2393:"CWGC – Homepage"
2091:978-1-908692-24-5
1915:. 10 October 2011
1719:Edouard Vermeulen
1537:19-year civil war
1312:Siegfried Sassoon
1238:William Reid Dick
1188:Count of Flanders
1180:Robert of Bethune
1028:Winston Churchill
870:Battle of Bolimov
776:Emperor Joseph II
721:by the forces of
405:
404:
240:Flemish Community
205:50.85083; 2.88500
125:Location of Ypres
16:(Redirected from
3353:
2876:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2730:Comines-Warneton
2715:
2714:
2698:
2697:
2690:
2689:
2673:
2672:
2647:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2610:
2609:
2594:
2593:
2526:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2433:. Archived from
2423:
2417:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2389:
2383:
2372:
2366:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2343:on 18 April 2011
2339:. Archived from
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2223:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2164:
2158:
2147:
2141:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1950:
1944:. Archived from
1939:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1863:
1843:
1842:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1790:United Kingdom:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1677:Antoon Verschoot
1657:
1616:
1603:
1579:Clementine Lynch
1563:Cornelius Jansen
1549:(c. 1510–1556),
1529:William of Ypres
1186:(1273–1322) and
1115:Mayors for Peace
1103:chemical warfare
1042:Second World War
997:
964:Battle of France
929:The Wipers Times
711:Diocese of Ypres
673:Battle of Cassel
641:Canterbury Tales
572:Battles of Ypres
538:
532:
507:
506:
505:
499:
497:[ˈyːpɐn]
487:
473:
472:
471:
465:
452:
447:
440:
435:
434:
431:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
401:
396:
393:
391:
226:
224:
223:
211:
210:
208:
207:
206:
201:
197:
194:
193:
192:
189:
170:
147:
146:
140:
112:
102:
87:
64:
56:
45:
44:
21:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3278:
3215:
3173:
3113:
3056:
3044:Oostende/Ostend
3002:
2919:
2877:
2868:
2797:
2776:
2746:
2741:
2699:
2640:
2637:
2589:
2588:
2568:Wayback Machine
2534:
2529:
2523:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2463:. 28 June 2011.
2455:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2438:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2399:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2381:Wayback Machine
2373:
2369:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2148:
2144:
2138:Wayback Machine
2129:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1937:
1935:"Archived copy"
1933:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1837:
1821:
1819:
1799:
1797:
1784:
1782:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1651:
1643:Edward Phillips
1637:Camille Durutte
1610:
1597:
1541:Empress Matilda
1525:
1493:
1459:
1370:
1330:
1196:
1184:Count of Nevers
1172:bishop of Ypres
1128:
1123:
1111:nuclear warfare
1064:
1044:
1026:After the war,
1010:'s guide book,
994:Croix de Guerre
972:
945:Christmas Truce
839:Schlieffen Plan
827:
825:First World War
746:capture Tournai
695:Norwich Crusade
593:
588:
564:First World War
501:
500:
483:
467:
466:
463:[ˈipər]
445:
438:
415:
411:
388:
370:
358:
221:
219:
204:
202:
198:
195:
190:
187:
185:
183:
182:
176:
175:
174:
173:
172:
171:
164:
155:
154:
153:
152:
148:
127:
126:
118:
117:
116:
115:
106:
105:
90:
78:
65:
58:
50:
43:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3359:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3293:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3264:
3259:
3252:
3243:
3238:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2983:
2980:Spiere-Helkijn
2976:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2929:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2887:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2779:Municipalities
2775:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2727:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2685:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2600:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2533:
2532:External links
2530:
2528:
2527:
2521:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2479:Belgianrail.be
2466:
2448:
2418:
2409:
2384:
2367:
2354:
2324:
2302:
2281:
2279:, p. 181.
2277:van Emden 2019
2269:
2267:, p. 180.
2265:van Emden 2019
2257:
2255:, p. 178.
2253:van Emden 2019
2245:
2241:van Emden 2019
2233:
2224:
2220:War in History
2211:
2185:
2159:
2142:
2123:
2097:
2090:
2069:
2043:
2029:
2009:
1995:
1976:
1926:
1913:Greatwar.co.uk
1897:
1872:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1835:
1817:
1795:
1780:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1752:Emma Meesseman
1749:
1743:Isaac Delahaye
1740:
1734:
1731:Erik Vermeulen
1728:
1725:Renaat Landuyt
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1669:
1659:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1621:Julien Nyssens
1618:
1608:Albert Nyssens
1605:
1592:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1560:
1554:
1544:
1524:
1523:Notable people
1521:
1492:
1489:
1478:Silicon Valley
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1420:François Duval
1404:Henri Toivonen
1396:Juha Kankkunen
1388:
1369:
1366:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1262:British Empire
1195:
1192:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1063:
1060:
1043:
1040:
986:. In May 1920
980:Military Cross
971:
968:
851:British Empire
826:
823:
690:through town.
669:Peace of Melun
592:
589:
587:
584:
568:British troops
555:, Voormezele,
403:
402:
386:
382:
381:
378:
372:
371:
368:
366:
360:
359:
356:
354:
348:
347:
344:
340:
339:
336:
332:
331:
327:
326:
323:
319:
318:
314:
313:
300:
296:
295:
290:Emmily Talpe (
288:
284:
283:
279:
278:
273:
271:Arrondissement
267:
266:
261:
255:
254:
252:Flemish Region
249:
243:
242:
237:
231:
230:
217:
213:
212:
178:
177:
165:
159:
158:
156:
150:
149:
142:
141:
135:
134:
133:
132:
129:
128:
124:
123:
120:
119:
113:
107:
103:
97:
96:
95:
92:
91:
88:
80:
79:
70:
67:
66:
48:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3358:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2824:Bruges/Brugge
2821:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2787:West Flanders
2784:
2780:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2761:
2759:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2693:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2622:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2592:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2524:
2522:9781526760968
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2413:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2358:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2312:
2306:
2291:
2285:
2278:
2273:
2266:
2261:
2254:
2249:
2242:
2237:
2228:
2221:
2215:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2156:
2155:9780902633742
2152:
2146:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2032:
2030:9781136196416
2026:
2023:. Routledge.
2022:
2021:
2013:
1998:
1996:9788496556348
1992:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1972:
1966:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1930:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1902:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1868:
1862:
1858:
1847:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1796:
1793:
1792:Sittingbourne
1781:
1778:
1774:
1763:
1762:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1737:David Saelens
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1713:Nicholas Lens
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1689:Marc Vervenne
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1631:Albert Devèze
1629:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1497:
1488:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1430:among others.
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1365:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1270:original gate
1266:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1215:Ypres Salient
1212:
1205:
1200:
1191:
1190:(1305–1322).
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1138:The imposing
1132:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1068:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1003:Mark Connelly
999:
996:
995:
989:
985:
981:
977:
976:King George V
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
948:
946:
941:
939:
935:
931:
930:
924:
921:
917:
913:
904:
900:
898:
894:
890:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
858:
856:
855:Ypres Salient
852:
848:
844:
840:
831:
822:
820:
816:
812:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
789:In 1850, the
787:
785:
781:
777:
774:
766:
761:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
713:in 1561, and
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
689:
686:
681:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
643:
642:
637:
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
609:
603:(around 1775)
602:
599:Ypres on the
597:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
537:
531:
526:
525:West Flanders
522:
518:
514:
511:
504:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
477:
470:
464:
460:
456:
451:
450:[ipʁ]
443:
442:
433:
409:
400:
395:
387:
383:
379:
377:
373:
367:
365:
361:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
324:
320:
315:
312:
308:
304:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
277:
274:
272:
268:
265:
264:West Flanders
262:
260:
256:
253:
250:
248:
244:
241:
238:
236:
232:
229:
218:
214:
209:
181:Coordinates:
179:
169:
163:
162:West Flanders
139:
130:
121:
111:
101:
93:
86:
81:
77:
73:
68:
62:
55:
46:
40:
36:
34:
19:
3295:
3286:
3266:
3254:
3246:
3245:
3234:
3233:
3208:
3201:
3156:
3142:Oostrozebeke
3101:
3092:Lichtervelde
3079:
3075:Ingelmunster
3049:
3042:
3025:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2954:
2947:
2912:
2890:
2851:
2842:Knokke-Heist
2829:
2822:
2817:Blankenberge
2815:
2691:
2558:
2508:
2482:. Retrieved
2478:
2469:
2460:
2451:
2439:. Retrieved
2435:the original
2430:
2421:
2412:
2400:. Retrieved
2396:
2387:
2370:
2357:
2347:13 September
2345:. Retrieved
2341:the original
2336:
2327:
2315:. Retrieved
2305:
2293:. Retrieved
2284:
2272:
2260:
2248:
2236:
2227:
2219:
2214:
2202:. Retrieved
2188:
2176:. Retrieved
2162:
2145:
2126:
2114:. Retrieved
2110:
2100:
2081:
2072:
2062:13 September
2060:. Retrieved
2055:
2046:
2034:. Retrieved
2019:
2012:
2000:. Retrieved
1985:
1979:
1953:. Retrieved
1946:the original
1941:
1929:
1919:13 September
1917:. Retrieved
1912:
1888:. Retrieved
1885:lib.ugent.be
1884:
1875:
1861:
1816:(since 1967)
1779:(since 2012)
1701:Henk Lauwers
1683:Walter Fiers
1518:
1504:
1482:
1467:
1460:
1440:
1360:
1345:
1331:
1315:
1267:
1250:
1231:
1208:
1157:
1137:
1094:
1092:
1073:
1045:
1037:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1011:
1000:
978:awarded the
973:
956:Adolf Hitler
949:
942:
927:
925:
909:
859:
836:
807:
788:
771:In 1782 the
770:
735:
692:
677:
646:
639:
625:
614:
601:Ferraris map
561:
551:, Sint-Jan,
517:municipality
476:West Flemish
407:
406:
352:Postal codes
114:Coat of arms
76:municipality
39:
32:
3235:Ieper/Ypres
3038:Middelkerke
2461:Kw.knack.be
2056:Ethesis.net
1759:Twin cities
1652: [
1611: [
1598: [
1585:Jules Malou
1557:Georg Robin
1551:Renaissance
1428:Freddy Loix
1424:Craig Breen
1412:Jimmy McRae
1408:Colin McRae
1400:Bruno Thiry
1342:John McCrae
1242:Lord Plumer
1126:Town centre
1088:John McCrae
1076:reparations
1062:Ypres today
938:Ploegsteert
897:Mustard gas
889:tirailleurs
793:Age of the
782:during the
736:During the
693:During the
678:The famous
628:Middle Ages
626:During the
562:During the
553:Vlamertinge
203: /
3315:Categories
3298:indicates
3289:indicates
3229:Heuvelland
3203:Nieuwpoort
3187:Alveringem
2914:Lo-Reninge
2864:Zuienkerke
2725:Heuvelland
2656:Lo-Reninge
2497:References
2427:"Welcome!"
2178:7 November
1986:IBN JALDUN
1955:17 January
1869:. Statbel.
1832:Saint-Omer
1814:Westphalia
1773:Kazakhstan
1649:Paul Sobry
1385:Cat Parade
1377:Cat Parade
1328:War graves
1282:Passendale
1204:Menin Gate
1194:Menin Gate
1140:Cloth Hall
1052:Menin Gate
1033:Menin Gate
1001:Historian
934:Wytschaete
882:Senegalese
874:poison gas
843:neutrality
801:geologist
707:Thérouanne
688:Cat Parade
680:Cloth Hall
671:, and the
545:Elverdinge
376:Area codes
330:Population
303:Open Ieper
292:Open Ieper
282:Government
191:02°53′06″E
188:50°51′03″N
3274:Zonnebeke
3256:Poperinge
3164:Wielsbeke
3152:Ruiselede
3137:Meulebeke
3132:Dentergem
3103:Roeselare
3097:Moorslede
3062:Roeselare
3051:Oudenburg
2967:Lendelede
2949:Harelbeke
2908:Kortemark
2903:Koekelare
2898:Houthulst
2892:Diksmuide
2883:Diksmuide
2703:Zonnebeke
2681:Poperinge
2484:5 October
2402:5 October
2295:21 August
2036:5 October
2002:5 October
1890:27 August
1625:Zeebrugge
1567:Jansenism
1539:with the
1491:Transport
1442:Ieperfest
1416:Marc Duez
1258:Last Post
1178:, and of
1176:Jansenism
1168:Jansenius
1099:Hiroshima
1048:Last Post
815:Habsburgs
685:triennial
557:Zillebeke
549:Hollebeke
485:‹See Tfd›
235:Community
3326:Ypresian
3262:Vleteren
3197:Koksijde
3192:De Panne
3070:Hooglede
3033:Ichtegem
2998:Zwevegem
2993:Wevelgem
2956:Kortrijk
2943:Deerlijk
2925:Kortrijk
2859:Zedelgem
2847:Oostkamp
2791:Flanders
2783:Province
2651:Vleteren
2564:Archived
2397:Cwgc.org
2377:Archived
2198:Archived
2172:Archived
2157:, p. 221
2134:Archived
2116:12 April
2080:(2011).
1965:cite web
1627:harbour.
1569:movement
1553:composer
1514:Kortrijk
1463:Ieperlee
1450:MicroCon
1278:Canberra
1219:Tyne Cot
1149:carillon
1107:employed
1095:Westhoek
893:chlorine
886:Algerian
866:tear gas
791:Ypresian
773:Habsburg
661:Novgorod
621:Ieperlee
582:forces.
574:between
541:Boezinge
521:province
364:NIS code
259:Province
18:Sint-Jan
3169:Wingene
3127:Ardooie
3087:Ledegem
3021:De Haan
3016:Bredene
2987:Waregem
2938:Avelgem
2933:Anzegem
2853:Torhout
2837:Jabbeke
2811:Beernem
2795:Belgium
2781:in the
2441:18 July
2107:"Ypres"
1844:Ghana:
1806:Germany
1535:in his
1508:run by
1485:Picanol
1457:Economy
1253:Entente
1162:-style
958:(later
868:at the
860:In the
841:). The
799:Belgian
651:(after
632:Flemish
591:Origins
586:History
519:in the
510:Belgian
508:) is a
446:French:
385:Website
311:Vooruit
228:Belgium
216:Country
3296:Italic
3291:cities
3268:Wervik
3210:Veurne
3179:Veurne
3147:Pittem
3109:Staden
3081:Izegem
3027:Gistel
3008:Ostend
2962:Kuurne
2803:Bruges
2519:
2317:24 May
2204:30 May
2153:
2088:
2027:
1993:
1828:France
1825:
1810:Siegen
1803:
1788:
1770:
1368:Events
1160:Gothic
1145:belfry
1121:Sights
984:Verdun
795:Eocene
740:, the
731:Vauban
729:, and
657:Bruges
617:Romans
580:Allied
576:German
489:German
392:.ieper
338:35,039
247:Region
225:
57:
35:(film)
3321:Ypres
3248:Mesen
3221:Ypres
3158:Tielt
3119:Tielt
2973:Menen
2831:Damme
2692:Ypres
2597:Dutch
2363:Menen
1949:(PDF)
1938:(PDF)
1853:Notes
1777:Semey
1747:Epica
1656:]
1615:]
1602:]
916:ANZAC
653:Ghent
636:linen
536:Ypres
530:Ieper
493:Ypern
459:Ieper
455:Dutch
408:Ypres
369:33011
276:Ypres
151:Ypres
61:Dutch
54:Ieper
49:Ypres
33:Ypres
3287:Bold
2517:ISBN
2486:2014
2443:2016
2404:2014
2349:2013
2319:2022
2297:2022
2206:2012
2180:2018
2151:ISBN
2118:2014
2086:ISBN
2064:2013
2038:2014
2025:ISBN
2004:2014
1991:ISBN
1971:link
1957:2022
1921:2013
1892:2020
1666:Fane
1510:NMBS
1426:and
1383:The
1336:and
1225:and
1209:The
1202:The
1158:The
1105:was
1084:poem
884:and
811:moat
655:and
578:and
515:and
513:city
480:Yper
441:-prə
317:Area
307:N-VA
104:Flag
74:and
72:City
2785:of
2734:WHT
1310:--
1276:in
1086:by
523:of
394:.be
390:www
380:057
3317::
2793:,
2789:,
2515:.
2511:.
2477:.
2459:.
2429:.
2395:.
2335:.
2196:.
2170:.
2109:.
2054:.
1967:}}
1963:{{
1940:.
1911:.
1900:^
1883:.
1846:Wa
1830::
1812:,
1808::
1775::
1654:nl
1613:nl
1600:nl
1516:.
1422:,
1418:,
1414:,
1410:,
1406:,
1402:,
1398:,
1350:.
1344:,
1314:,
1248:.
1170:,
1090:.
1058:.
998:.
966:.
895:.
821:.
805:.
786:.
756:.
701:,
675:.
644:.
547:,
491::
482:;
478::
474:;
457::
453:;
444:,
439:EE
420:iː
309:,
305:,
2771:e
2764:t
2757:v
2736:)
2732:(
2632:e
2625:t
2618:v
2525:.
2488:.
2445:.
2406:.
2365:.
2351:.
2321:.
2299:.
2208:.
2182:.
2120:.
2094:.
2066:.
2040:.
2006:.
1973:)
1959:.
1923:.
1894:.
1543:.
1256:"
767:)
432:/
429:ə
426:r
423:p
417:ˈ
414:/
410:(
294:)
63:)
59:(
37:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
