3663:, both for adults over 60 years old and for adults under 60 years old. The study was a meta-analysis of 15 studies, which, combined, evaluated 47,471 adults over a period of 7 years. Individuals were divided into approximately equal quartiles. The lowest quartile averaged 3,553 steps/day, the second quartile 5,801 steps/day, the third quartile 7,842 steps/day and the fourth quartile 10,901 steps/day. The briskness of walking, adjusted for the volume of walking, did not affect mortality. However, the number of steps/day was clearly related to mortality. When risk of mortality for those over 60 years old was set at 1.0 for the lowest quartile of steps/day, the relative risk of mortality for the second, third and fourth quartiles were 0.56, 0.45, and 0.35, respectively. For those under 60 years of age, the results were less pronounced. For those under 60 years of age, with the first quartile risk of mortality set at 1.0, the second, third and fourth quartile relative risks of mortality were 0.57, 0.42 and 0.53, respectively. Thus, use of skeletal muscles in walking has a large effect, especially among older individuals, on mortality.
3775:
loop is stabilized by one architectural protein anchored to the enhancer and one anchored to the promoter, and these proteins are joined together to form a dimer (red zigzags). Specific regulatory transcription factors bind to DNA sequence motifs on the enhancer. General transcription factors bind to the promoter. When a transcription factor is activated by a signal (here indicated as phosphorylation shown by a small red star on a transcription factor on the enhancer), the enhancer is activated and can now activate its target promoter. The active enhancer is transcribed on each strand of DNA in opposite directions by bound RNAP IIs. Mediator (a complex consisting of about 26 proteins in an interacting structure) communicates regulatory signals from the enhancer DNA-bound transcription factors to the promoter.
3394:
3535:
1977:
3855:
1397:
3591:(2%) made up most of the remaining mononuclear cells of skeletal muscle. In addition, Cameron et al. also identified two types of myocyte cells, Type I and Type II. Each of the different types of cells in skeletal muscle was found to express different sets of genes. The median number of genes expressed in each of the nine different cell types was 1,331 genes. When a biopsy is taken from a thigh muscle, however, the biopsy contains all the different cell types. Mixed together, in a biopsy of human thigh skeletal muscle, there are 13,026 to 13,108 genes with detected expression.
716:(PCSA). This effect is known as fiber packing, and in terms of force generation, it more than overcomes the efficiency-loss of the off-axis orientation. The trade-off comes in overall speed of muscle shortening and in the total excursion. Overall muscle shortening speed is reduced compared to fiber shortening speed, as is the total distance of shortening. All of these effects scale with pennation angle; greater angles lead to greater force due to increased fiber packing and PCSA, but with greater losses in shortening speed and excursion. Types of pennate muscle are
3768:
1958:
7520:
3128:(e.g. marathons) involves activities of low intensity but long duration, during which the muscles used are below their maximal contraction strength. Aerobic activities rely on aerobic respiration (i.e. citric acid cycle and electron transport chain) for metabolic energy by consuming fat, protein, carbohydrates, and oxygen. Muscles involved in aerobic exercises contain a higher percentage of Type I (or slow-twitch) muscle fibers, which primarily contain mitochondrial and oxidation enzymes associated with aerobic respiration. On the contrary,
3889:(K) in their tails, some of which are subject to post-translational modifications consisting, usually, of acetylations and methylations {me}. The lysines (K) are designated with a number showing their position as, for instance, (K4), indicating lysine as the 4th amino acid from the amino (N) end of the tail in the histone protein. The particular acetylations and methylations {Me} shown are those that occur on nucleosomes close to, or at, some DNA regions undergoing transcriptional activation of the DNA wrapped around the nucleosome.
2457:. The aerobic energy systems take longer to produce the ATP and reach peak efficiency, and requires many more biochemical steps, but produces significantly more ATP than anaerobic glycolysis. Cardiac muscle on the other hand, can readily consume any of the three macronutrients (protein, glucose and fat) aerobically without a 'warm up' period and always extracts the maximum ATP yield from any molecule involved. The heart, liver and red blood cells will also consume lactic acid produced and excreted by skeletal muscles during exercise.
1985:
322:(myocytes). However, considerable numbers of resident and infiltrating mononuclear cells are also present in skeletal muscles. In terms of volume, myocytes make up the great majority of skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle myocytes are usually very large, being about 2–3 cm long and 100 μm in diameter. By comparison, the mononuclear cells in muscles are much smaller. Some of the mononuclear cells in muscles are endothelial cells (which are about 50–70 μm long, 10–30 μm wide and 0.1–10 μm thick),
5308:
42:
3647:. The study found that those individuals with lower skeletal muscle mass at the start of the study declined in their executive mental function considerably more sharply than those with higher muscle mass. Memory, as well as psychomotor speed, on the other hand, did not correlate with skeletal muscle mass. Thus, larger muscle mass, with a concomitantly larger secretome, appeared to have the endocrine function of protecting the executive mental function of individuals over the age of 65.
380:
368:
2397:
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exercising muscles, and the removal of several of the by-products of anaerobic metabolism, such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid. Some of these responses are governed by transcriptional control of the fast twitch (FT) glycolytic phenotype. For example, skeletal muscle reprogramming from an ST glycolytic phenotype to an FT glycolytic phenotype involves the Six1/Eya1 complex, composed of members of the Six protein family. Moreover, the hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (
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fiber type proportions through training and responding to the environment has served organisms well when placed in changing environments either requiring short explosive movements (higher fast twitch proportion) or long duration of movement (higher slow twitch proportion) to survive. Bodybuilding has shown that changes in muscle mass and force production can change in a matter of months. Some examples of this variation are described below.
3040:
3217:
2928:
2743:
2478:
2194:
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2092:), while the RyRs reside across the SR membrane. The close apposition of a transverse tubule and two SR regions containing RyRs is described as a triad and is predominantly where excitation–contraction coupling takes place. Excitation–contraction coupling occurs when depolarization of skeletal muscle cell results in a muscle action potential, which spreads across the cell surface and into the muscle fiber's network of
2566:, losses in converting energy from ATP into mechanical work inside the muscle, and mechanical losses inside the body. The latter two losses are dependent on the type of exercise and the type of muscle fibers being used (fast-twitch or slow-twitch). For an overall efficiency of 20 percent, one watt of mechanical power is equivalent to 4.3 kcal per hour. For example, one manufacturer of rowing equipment calibrates its
2408:. This occurs during strenuous exercise when high amounts of energy are needed but oxygen cannot be sufficiently delivered to muscle. (c) Aerobic respiration is the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen (O2) to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. Approximately 95 percent of the ATP required for resting or moderately active muscles is provided by aerobic respiration, which takes place in mitochondria.
1695:
632:
640:
3942:
3846:, while transcriptionally downregulated genes were associated with enhancers that had increased DNA methylation. Increased methylation was mainly associated with genes involved in structural remodeling of the muscle and glucose metabolism. Enhancers with decreased methylation were associated with genes functioning in inflammatory or immunological processes and in transcriptional regulation.
1442:. Early researchers believed humans to express a MHC IIb, which led to the ATPase classification of IIB. However, later research showed that the human MHC IIb was in fact IIx, indicating that the IIB is better named IIX. IIb is expressed in other mammals, so is still accurately seen (along with IIB) in the literature. Non human fiber types include true IIb fibers, IIc, IId, etc.
617:, an area specialised for the primary transmission of force. At the muscle-tendon interface, force is transmitted from the sarcomeres in the muscle cells to the tendon. Muscles and tendons develop in close association, and after their joining at the myotendinous junction they constitute a dynamic unit for the transmission of force from muscle contraction to the skeletal system.
3136:. The anaerobic activities predominately use Type II, fast-twitch, muscle fibers. Type II muscle fibers rely on glucogenesis for energy during anaerobic exercise. During anaerobic exercise, type II fibers consume little oxygen, protein and fat, produce large amounts of lactic acid and are fatigable. Many exercises are partially aerobic and anaerobic; for example,
1683:
3516:. The two types of EMG are intra-muscular EMG and the most common, surface EMG. The EMG signals are much greater when a skeletal muscle is contracting verses relaxing. However, for smaller and deeper skeletal muscles the EMG signals are reduced and therefore are viewed as a less valued technique for measuring the activation. In research using EMG, a
3051:), a transcriptional coactivator of nuclear receptors important to the regulation of a number of mitochondrial genes involved in oxidative metabolism, directly interacts with MEF2 to synergistically activate selective slow twitch (ST) muscle genes and also serves as a target for calcineurin signaling. A peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (
1790:
3687:, or else by studies investigating the secretome of muscle cells. Because many of the exercise-regulated genes are identified as secreted, this indicates that much of the effect of exercise has an endocrine rather than metabolic function. The main pathways found to be affected by secreted exercise-regulated proteins were related to
3930:
up-regulated and 176 genes down-regulated. Williams et al. identified 599 enhancer-gene interactions, covering 491 enhancers and 268 genes (multiple enhancers were found connected to some genes), where both the enhancer and the connected target gene were coordinately either upregulated or downregulated after exercise training.
1388:
high intensity endurance training which brings them to a level at which they are able to perform oxidative metabolism as effectively as slow twitch fibers of untrained subjects. This would be brought about by an increase in mitochondrial size and number and the associated related changes, not a change in fiber type.
1610:, have complementary muscles within the neck that show a potential inverse trend of fiber type percentages (one muscle has high percentage of fast twitch, while the complementary muscle will have a higher percentage of slow twitch fibers). The complementary muscles of turtles had similar percentages of fiber types.
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large numbers of type IIX fibers. Middle-distance event athletes show approximately equal distribution of the two types. This is also often the case for power athletes such as throwers and jumpers. It has been suggested that various types of exercise can induce changes in the fibers of a skeletal muscle.
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Paluch AE, Bajpai S, Bassett DR, Carnethon MR, Ekelund U, Evenson KR, Galuska DA, Jefferis BJ, Kraus WE, Lee IM, Matthews CE, Omura JD, Patel AV, Pieper CF, Rees-Punia E, Dallmeier D, Klenk J, Whincup PH, Dooley EE, Pettee
Gabriel K, Palta P, Pompeii LA, Chernofsky A, Larson MG, Vasan RS, Spartano N,
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Muscular, spinal and neural factors all affect muscle building. Sometimes a person may notice an increase in strength in a given muscle even though only its opposite has been subject to exercise, such as when a bodybuilder finds her left biceps stronger after completing a regimen focusing only on the
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and an increased proportion of ST fibers. Thus—through functional genomics—calcineurin, calmodulin-dependent kinase, PGC-1α, and activated PPARδ form the basis of a signaling network that controls skeletal muscle fiber-type transformation and metabolic profiles that protect against insulin resistance
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muscles are composed of 67% fast-twitch fibers and have a maximum dynamic force and power output 1.35 times higher than human muscles of similar size. Among mammals, there is a predominance of type II fibers utilizing glycolytic metabolism. Because of the discrepancy in fast twitch fibers compared to
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Sedentary men and women (as well as young children) have 45% type II and 55% type I fibers. People at the higher end of any sport tend to demonstrate patterns of fiber distribution e.g. endurance athletes show a higher level of type I fibers. Sprint athletes, on the other hand, require
728:. A unipennate muscle has similarly angled fibers that are on one side of a tendon. A bipennate muscle has fibers on two sides of a tendon. Multipennate muscles have fibers that are oriented at multiple angles along the force-generating axis, and this is the most general and most common architecture.
7476:
Chal J, Oginuma M, Al
Tanoury Z, Gobert B, Sumara O, Hick A, Bousson F, Zidouni Y, Mursch C, Moncuquet P, Tassy O, Vincent S, Miyanari A, Bera A, Garnier JM, Guevara G, Hestin M, Kennedy L, Hayashi S, Drayton B, Cherrier T, Gayraud-Morel B, Gussoni E, Relaix F, Tajbakhsh S, Pourquié O (August 2015).
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An active enhancer regulatory region is enabled to interact with the promoter region of its target gene by formation of a chromosome loop. This can allow initiation of messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) bound to the promoter at the transcription start site of the gene. The
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A study in Canada tested the effect of muscle mass on mental functions during aging. An expectation of the study was that the endocrine components of the secretome specific to skeletal muscle could protect cognitive functions. The skeletal muscle mass of arms and legs of 8,279 Canadians over the age
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The transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism during intense work requires that several systems are rapidly activated to ensure a constant supply of ATP for the working muscles. These include a switch from fat-based to carbohydrate-based fuels, a redistribution of blood flow from nonworking to
565:
Many nuclei are needed by the skeletal muscle cell for the large amounts of proteins and enzymes needed to be produced for the cell's normal functioning. A single muscle fiber can contain from hundreds to thousands of nuclei. A muscle fiber for example in the human biceps with a length of 10 cm
392:
There are more than 600 skeletal muscles in the human body, making up around 40% of body weight in healthy young adults. In
Western populations, men have on average around 61% more skeletal muscle than women. Most muscles occur in bilaterally-placed pairs to serve both sides of the body. Muscles are
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Contracting muscles produce vibration and sound. Slow twitch fibers produce 10 to 30 contractions per second (10 to 30 Hz). Fast twitch fibers produce 30 to 70 contractions per second (30 to 70 Hz). The vibration can be witnessed and felt by highly tensing one's muscles, as when making a
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Some authors define a fast twitch fiber as one in which the myosin can split ATP very quickly. These mainly include the ATPase type II and MHC type II fibers. However, fast twitch fibers also demonstrate a higher capability for electrochemical transmission of action potentials and a rapid
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that line the inside of capillary blood vessels; small fibro-adipogenic progenitor cells (FAPs) which are muscle-fiber-adjacent multipotent mesenchymal stem cells that under different conditions can differentiate into adipocytes, fibroblasts or osteocytes. Also shown are pericytes situated on the
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Contraction-induced changes in intracellular calcium or reactive oxygen species provide signals to diverse pathways that include the MAPKs, calcineurin and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV to activate transcription factors that regulate gene expression and enzyme activity in skeletal
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Environmental influences such as diet, exercise and lifestyle types have a pivotal role in proportions of fiber type in humans. Aerobic exercise will shift the proportions towards slow twitch fibers, while explosive powerlifting and sprinting will transition fibers towards fast twitch. In animals,
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Almost all multicellular animals depend on muscles to move. Generally, muscular systems of most multicellular animals comprise both slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle fibers, though the proportions of each fiber type can vary across organisms and environments. The ability to shift their phenotypic
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It is thought that by performing endurance type events for a sustained period of time, some of the type IIX fibers transform into type IIA fibers. However, there is no consensus on the subject. It may well be that the type IIX fibers show enhancements of the oxidative capacity after
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The total number of skeletal muscle fibers has traditionally been thought not to change. It is believed there are no sex or age differences in fiber distribution; however, proportions of fiber types vary considerably from muscle to muscle and person to person. Among different species there is much
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Slow oxidative (type I) fibers contract relatively slowly and use aerobic respiration to produce ATP. Fast oxidative (type IIA) fibers have fast contractions and primarily use aerobic respiration, but because they may switch to anaerobic respiration (glycolysis), can fatigue more quickly than slow
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and other peptides produced by skeletal muscle as signaling molecules. Iizuka et al., indicated that skeletal muscle is an endocrine organ because it "synthesizes and secretes multiple factors, and these muscle derived-factors exert beneficial effects on peripheral and remote organs." The altered
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has an inhibitory effect on ATP generation within the muscle. It can even stop ATP production if the intracellular concentration becomes too high. However, endurance training mitigates the buildup of lactic acid through increased capillarization and myoglobin. This increases the ability to remove
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to count burned calories as equal to four times the actual mechanical work, plus 300 kcal per hour, this amounts to about 20 percent efficiency at 250 watts of mechanical output. The mechanical energy output of a cyclic contraction can depend upon many factors, including activation timing, muscle
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tails set for transcriptional activation"). Biopsies of the vastus lateralis muscle showed expression of 13,108 genes at baseline before the exercise training program. Four days after the exercise program was completed, biopsies of the same muscles showed altered gene expression, with 641 genes
2400:(a) Some ATP is stored in a resting muscle. As contraction starts, it is used up in seconds. More ATP is generated from creatine phosphate for about 15 seconds. (b) Each glucose molecule produces two ATP and two molecules of pyruvic acid, which can be used in aerobic respiration or converted to
2905:
throughout the contraction, particularly at the end of the motion. In the example of throwing, the chest and front of the shoulder (anterior deltoid) contract to pull the arm forward, while the muscles in the back and rear of the shoulder (posterior deltoid) also contract and undergo eccentric
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In fish, different fiber types are expressed at different water temperatures. Cold temperatures require more efficient metabolism within muscle and fatigue resistance is important. While in more tropical environments, fast powerful movements (from higher fast-twitch proportions) may prove more
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of HIF-1α in skeletal muscle was associated with an increase in the activity of rate-limiting enzymes of the mitochondria, indicating that the citric acid cycle and increased fatty acid oxidation may be compensating for decreased flow through the glycolytic pathway in these animals. However,
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energy transfer. These mainly include the ATPase type I and MHC type I fibers. They tend to have a low activity level of ATPase, a slower speed of contraction with a less well developed glycolytic capacity. Fibers that become slow-twitch develop greater numbers of mitochondria and
1433:
When "type I" or "type II" fibers are referred to generically, this most accurately refers to the sum of numerical fiber types (I vs. II) as assessed by myosin ATPase activity staining (e.g. "type II" fibers refers to type IIA + type IIAX + type IIXA ... etc.).
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of 65 and in average health was measured at baseline and after three years. Of these individuals, 1,605 participants (19.4%) were considered to have a low skeletal muscle mass at baseline, with less than 7.30 kg/m for males, and less than 5.42 kg/m for females (levels defined as
3675:(vastus lateralis muscle) of eight 23-year old, originally sedentary, Caucasian males. Biopsies were taken both before and after a six-week long endurance exercise training program. The exercise consisted of riding a stationary bicycle for one hour, five days a week for six weeks.
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Ballin M, Nordström P, Nordström A, Anderssen SA, Hansen BH, Cochrane JA, Dwyer T, Wang J, Ferrucci L, Liu F, Schrack J, Urbanek J, Saint-Maurice PF, Yamamoto N, Yoshitake Y, Newton RL Jr, Yang S, Shiroma EJ, Fulton JE, et al. (Steps for Health
Collaborative) (March 2022).
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Since three factors affect muscular strength simultaneously and muscles never work individually, it is misleading to compare strength in individual muscles, and state that one is the "strongest". But below are several muscles whose strength is noteworthy for different reasons.
333:
Considerable research on skeletal muscle is focused on the muscle fiber cells, the myocytes, as discussed in detail in the first sections, below. However, recently, interest has also focused on the different types of mononuclear cells of skeletal muscle, as well as on the
3500:(EMG). Skeletal muscle has two physiological responses: relaxation and contraction. The mechanisms for which these responses occur generate electrical activity measured by EMG. Specifically, EMG can measure the action potential of a skeletal muscle, which occurs from the
2378:, the perception of body awareness, the "unconscious" awareness of where the various regions of the body are located at any one time. Several areas in the brain coordinate movement and position with the feedback information gained from proprioception. The cerebellum and
1530:. While ATPase activity is only one component of contraction speed, Type I fibers are "slow", in part, because they have low speeds of ATPase activity in comparison to Type II fibers. However, measuring contraction speed is not the same as ATPase fiber typing.
1344:, short term, glycolytic system for energy transfer and can contract and develop tension at 2–3 times the rate of slow twitch fibers. Fast twitch muscles are much better at generating short bursts of strength or speed than slow muscles, and so fatigue more quickly.
2053:(Ca), which then interacts with the regulatory protein troponin. Calcium-bound troponin undergoes a conformational change that leads to the movement of tropomyosin, subsequently exposing the myosin-binding sites on actin. This allows for myosin and actin ATP-dependent
1430:. These methods are closely related physiologically, as the MHC type is the primary determinant of ATPase activity. However, neither of these typing methods is directly metabolic in nature; they do not directly address oxidative or glycolytic capacity of the fiber.
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properties. The table below differentiates these types of properties. These types of properties—while they are partly dependent on the properties of individual fibers—tend to be relevant and measured at the level of the motor unit, rather than individual fiber.
2897:. Muscles are normally arranged in opposition so that when one group of muscles contracts, another group relaxes or lengthens. Antagonism in the transmission of nerve impulses to the muscles means that it is impossible to fully stimulate the contraction of two
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oxidative fibers. Fast glycolytic (type IIX) fibers have fast contractions and primarily use anaerobic glycolysis. The FG fibers fatigue more quickly than the others. Most skeletal muscles in a human contain(s) all three types, although in varying proportions.
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is pain or discomfort that may be felt one to three days after exercising and generally subsides two to three days later. Once thought to be caused by lactic acid build-up, a more recent theory is that it is caused by tiny tears in the muscle fibers caused by
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Fiber types are established during embryonic development and are remodelled later in the adult by neural and hormonal influences. The population of satellite cells present underneath the basal lamina is necessary for the postnatal development of muscle cells.
3643:, memory and psychomotor speed were each measured at baseline and after three years. Executive mental function was measured with standard tests, including the ability to say the sequence 1-A, 2-B, 3-C…, to name a number of animals in one minute, and with the
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waste products, like lactic acid, out of the muscles in order to not impair muscle function. Once moved out of muscles, lactic acid can be used by other muscles or body tissues as a source of energy, or transported to the liver where it is converted back to
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firm fist. The sound can be heard by pressing a highly tensed muscle against the ear, again a firm fist is a good example. The sound is usually described as a rumbling sound. Some individuals can voluntarily produce this rumbling sound by contracting the
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Of the 13,108 genes with detected expression in the muscle biopsies, 641 genes were upregulated after endurance training and 176 genes were downregulated. Of the 817 total altered genes, 531 were identified as being in the secretome by either or both of
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In addition to having a genetic basis, the composition of muscle fiber types is flexible and can vary with a number of different environmental factors. This plasticity can, arguably, be the strongest evolutionary advantage among organisms with muscle.
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If "strength" refers to the force exerted by the muscle itself, e.g., on the place where it inserts into a bone, then the strongest muscles are those with the largest cross-sectional area. This is because the tension exerted by an individual skeletal
2100:. The activated dihydropyridine receptors physically interact with ryanodine receptors to activate them via foot processes (involving conformational changes that allosterically activates the ryanodine receptors). As the ryanodine receptors open,
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content. Type I fibers appear red due to the high levels of myoglobin. Red muscle fibers tend to have more mitochondria and greater local capillary density. These fibers are more suited for endurance and are slow to fatigue because they use
3910:(a thigh muscle) biopsies before entering an exercise program (six weeks of 60-minute sessions of riding a stationary cycle, five days per week). Four days after this exercise program was completed, the expression of many genes was persistently
2893:(PCSA), and muscle velocity is proportional to muscle fiber length. The torque around a joint, however, is determined by a number of biomechanical parameters, including the distance between muscle insertions and pivot points, muscle size and
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than vertebrates, resulting in many more sites for actin and myosin to bind and thus much greater force per square centimeter at the cost of much slower speed. The force generated by a contraction can be measured non-invasively using either
3439:, involving prolonged periods of immobilization and weightlessness is known to result in muscle weakening and atrophy resulting in a loss of as much as 30% of mass in some muscles. Such consequences are also noted in some mammals following
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Below is a table showing the relationship between these two methods, limited to fiber types found in humans. Subtype capitalization is used in fiber typing vs. MHC typing, and some ATPase types actually contain multiple MHC types. Also, a
302:
Skeletal muscle comprises about 35% of the body of humans by weight. The functions of skeletal muscle include producing movement, maintaining body posture, controlling body temperature, and stabilizing joints. Skeletal muscle is also an
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nerve stimuli that do not always send signals all the way to the brain. In this case, the signal from the afferent fiber does not reach the brain, but produces the reflexive movement by direct connections with the efferent nerves in the
3055:)-mediated transcriptional pathway is involved in the regulation of the skeletal muscle fiber phenotype. Mice that harbor an activated form of PPARδ display an "endurance" phenotype, with a coordinated increase in oxidative enzymes and
1522:, fast vs. slow contraction time). As noted above, fiber typing by ATPase or MHC does not directly measure or dictate these parameters. However, many of the various methods are mechanistically linked, while others are correlated
1748:. In the sarcoplasm are the myofibrils. The myofibrils are long protein bundles about one micrometer in diameter. Pressed against the inside of the sarcolemma are the unusual flattened myonuclei. Between the myofibrils are the
7687:
Cameron A, Wakelin G, Gaulton N, Young LV, Wotherspoon S, Hodson N, Lees MJ, Moore DR, Johnston AP (December 2022). "Identification of underexplored mesenchymal and vascular-related cell populations in human skeletal muscle".
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of their target genes (see Figure "Regulation of transcription in mammals"). As reported by
Williams et al., the average distance in the loop between the connected enhancers and promoters of genes is 239,000 nucleotide bases.
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on only one leg during 3 months. The other leg was used as an untrained control leg. The training consisted of one-legged knee extension training for 3 month (45 min, 4 sessions per week). Skeletal muscle biopsies from the
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is the strongest muscle in the body" appears frequently in lists of surprising facts, but it is difficult to find any definition of "strength" that would make this statement true. The tongue consists of eight muscles, not
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ATPase staining of a muscle cross section. Type II fibers are dark, due to the alkaline pH of the preparation. In this example, the size of the type II fibers is considerably less than the type I fibers due to denervation
330:(12-15 ÎĽm in diameter). However, in terms of nuclei present in skeletal muscle, myocyte nuclei may be only half of the nuclei present, while nuclei from resident and infiltrating mononuclear cells make up the other half.
6350:
Grube, L; Dellen, R; Kruse, F (2 February 2018). "Mining the
Secretome of C2C12 Muscle Cells: Data Dependent Experimental Approach To Analyze Protein Secretion Using Label-Free Quantification and Peptide Based Analysis".
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3346:. Instead, muscles grow larger through a combination of muscle cell growth as new protein filaments are added along with additional mass provided by undifferentiated satellite cells alongside the existing muscle cells.
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embryos, the first muscle fibers to form are the slow twitch fibers. These cells will undergo migration from their original location to form a monolayer of slow twitch muscle fibers. These muscle fibers undergo further
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when energy is required for sustained, powerful contractions. Within the voluntary skeletal muscles, the glucose molecule can be metabolized anaerobically in a process called glycolysis which produces two ATP and two
2096:, thereby depolarizing the inner portion of the muscle fiber. Depolarization of the inner portions activates dihydropyridine receptors in the terminal cisternae, which are close to ryanodine receptors in the adjacent
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staining for myosin heavy chain (MHC) type. Myosin ATPase activity is commonly—and correctly—referred to as simply "fiber type", and results from the direct assaying of ATPase activity under various conditions (e.g.
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of hundreds of muscle genes. This includes genes producing proteins secreted into the systemic circulation, many of which may act as endocrine messengers. Six sedentary, about 23 years old, Caucasian males provided
1875:(muscle progenitor cells) either remain in the somite to form muscles associated with the vertebral column or migrate out into the body to form all other muscles. Myoblast migration is preceded by the formation of
5946:
Callister, Robert J.; Pierce, Patricia A.; McDonagh, Jennifer C.; Stuart, Douglas G. (April 2005). "Slow-tonic muscle fibers and their potential innervation in the turtle,Pseudemys (Trachemys)scripta elegans".
701:, in which the fibers are longitudinally arranged, but create a circle from origin to insertion. These different architectures, can cause variations in the tension that a muscle can create between its tendons.
697:. A convergent muscle has a triangular or fan-shape as the fibers converge at its insertion and are fanned out broadly at the origin. A less common example of a parallel muscle is a circular muscle such as the
6496:
3156:. In addition to increasing the level of lactic acid, strenuous exercise results in the loss of potassium ions in muscle. This may facilitate the recovery of muscle function by protecting against fatigue.
1945:
Muscle also functions to produce body heat. Muscle contraction is responsible for producing 85% of the body's heat. This heat produced is as a by-product of muscular activity, and is mostly wasted. As a
2861:. It is frequently said that they are "the strongest muscles for the job they have to do" and are sometimes claimed to be "100 times stronger than they need to be." However, eye movements (particularly
3599:
As pointed out in the
Introduction to this article, under different physiological conditions, subsets of 654 different proteins as well as lipids, amino acids, metabolites and small RNAs occur in the
6655:
Heymsfield, SB; Gallagher, D; Kotler, DP; Wang, Z; Allison, DB; Heshka, S (2002). "Body-size dependence of resting energy expenditure can be attributed to nonenergetic homogeneity of fat-free mass".
685:. In parallel muscles, the fascicles run parallel to the axis of force generation, but the fascicles can vary in their relationship to one another, and to their tendons. These variations are seen in
3823:(a thigh muscle) were taken both before training began and 24 hours after the last training session from each of the legs. The endurance-trained leg, compared to the untrained leg, had significant
3567:
Nuclei present in skeletal muscle are about 50% myocyte nuclei and 50% mononuclear cell nuclei. Mononuclear cells found in skeletal muscle tissue samples from mice and humans can be identified by
712:
reduces the effective force of any individual fiber, as it is effectively pulling off-axis. However, because of this angle, more fibers can be packed into the same muscle volume, increasing the
1075:
which are fast. Type II has two divisions of type IIA (oxidative), and type IIX (glycolytic), giving three main fiber types. These fibers have relatively distinct metabolic, contractile, and
3520:(MVC) is commonly performed on the skeletal muscle of interest, to have reference data for the rest of the EMG recordings during the main experimental testing for that same skeletal muscle.
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contraction to slow the motion down to avoid injury. Part of the training process is learning to relax the antagonist muscles to increase the force input of the chest and anterior shoulder.
1771:
are the pathways for action potentials to signal the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium, causing a muscle contraction. Together, two terminal cisternae and a transverse tubule form a
1670:
In rodents such as rats, the transitory nature of their muscle is highly prevalent. They have high percentage of hybrid muscle fibers and have up to 60% in fast-to-slow transforming muscle.
1332:
Fibers can also be classified on their twitch capabilities, into fast and slow twitch. These traits largely, but not completely, overlap the classifications based on color, ATPase, or MHC (
2046:, that make muscle contraction possible. These proteins are associated with actin and cooperate to prevent its interaction with myosin. Once a cell is sufficiently stimulated, the cell's
5517:
Smerdu V, Karsch-Mizrachi I, Campione M, Leinwand L, Schiaffino, S (December 1994). "Type IIx myosin heavy chain transcripts are expressed in type IIb fibers of human skeletal muscle".
1980:
When a sarcomere contracts, the Z lines move closer together, and the I band becomes smaller. The A band stays the same width. At full contraction, the thin and thick filaments overlap.
1622:
humans, chimpanzees outperform humans in power related tests. Humans, however, will do better at exercise in aerobic range requiring large metabolic costs such as walking (bipedalism).
7533:
Cè, E; Rampichini, S; Limonta, E; Esposito, F (10 December 2013). "Fatigue effects on the electromechanical delay components during the relaxation phase after isometric contraction".
6801:
2854:
is delivered, the entire uterus weighs about 1.1 kg (40 oz). During childbirth, the uterus exerts 100 to 400 N (25 to 100 lbf) of downward force with each contraction.
3309:
technique that measures muscle noise is undergoing experimentation to provide a way of monitoring neuromuscular disease. The sound produced by a muscle comes from the shortening of
3000:
links the motor neurons and signaling systems, coupling excitation and transcription regulation to promote the nerve-dependent induction of the slow program in regenerating muscle.
1518:
Further fiber typing methods are less formally delineated, and exist on more of a spectrum. They tend to be focused more on metabolic and functional capacities (i.e., oxidative vs.
2823:) for 2 seconds. What distinguishes the masseter is not anything special about the muscle itself, but its advantage in working against a much shorter lever arm than other muscles.
597:
and the sarcolemma of muscle fibers. These cells are normally quiescent but can be activated by exercise or pathology to provide additional myonuclei for muscle growth or repair.
4088:
7288:
Fuster G, Busquets S, Almendro V, López-Soriano FJ, Argilés JM (2007). "Antiproteolytic effects of plasma from hibernating bears: a new approach for muscle wasting therapy?".
5243:
Betts, J. Gordon; Young, Kelly A.; Wise, James A.; Johnson, Eddie; Poe, Brandon; Kruse, Dean H.; Korol, Oksana; Johnson, Jody E.; Womble, Mark; Desaix, Peter (6 March 2013).
4079:
Betts, J. Gordon; Young, Kelly A.; Wise, James A.; Johnson, Eddie; Poe, Brandon; Kruse, Dean H.; Korol, Oksana; Johnson, Jody E.; Womble, Mark; Desaix, Peter (6 March 2013).
6051:"Expression of multiple slow myosin heavy chain genes reveals a diversity of zebrafish slow twitch muscle fibres with differing requirements for Hedgehog and Prdm1 activity"
3121:, an increase in size of muscle due to an increase in the number of muscle fibers or cross-sectional area of myofibrils. Muscle changes depend on the type of exercise used.
3073:
hypoxia-mediated HIF-1α responses are also linked to the regulation of mitochondrial dysfunction through the formation of excessive reactive oxygen species in mitochondria.
2004:. The motor unit consists of a motor neuron and the many fibers that it makes contact with. A single muscle is stimulated by many motor units. Muscle fibers are subject to
5154:
5322:
Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (14 May 2023).
2800:
In ordinary parlance, muscular "strength" usually refers to the ability to exert a force on an external object—for example, lifting a weight. By this definition, the
7576:
Xu, Q; Quan, Y; Yang, L; He, J (January 2013). "An adaptive algorithm for the determination of the onset and offset of muscle contraction by EMG signal processing".
6891:
Gollnick PD, Armstrong RB, Saubert CW, Piehl K, Saltin B (September 1972). "Enzyme activity and fiber composition in skeletal muscle of untrained and trained men".
3338:
Independent of strength and performance measures, muscles can be induced to grow larger by a number of factors, including hormone signaling, developmental factors,
452:
Apart from the contractile part of a muscle consisting of its fibers, a muscle contains a non-contractile part of dense fibrous connective tissue that makes up the
778:
There are a number of terms used in the naming of muscles including those relating to size, shape, action, location, their orientation, and their number of heads.
7170:
1886:
Between the tenth and the eighteenth weeks of gestation, all muscle cells have fast myosin heavy chains; two myotube types become distinguished in the developing
2831:
does not vary much. Each fiber can exert a force on the order of 0.3 micronewton. By this definition, the strongest muscle of the body is usually said to be the
1559:, has three fiber types including fast twitch fibers, slow-twitch and slow-tonic fibers. Slow-tonic is a slow twitch-fiber that can sustain longer contractions (
1360:
Individual muscles tend to be a mixture of various fiber types, but their proportions vary depending on the actions of that muscle. For instance, in humans, the
7930:"Association of Low Muscle Mass With Cognitive Function During a 3-Year Follow-up Among Adults Aged 65 to 86 Years in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging"
3914:
altered. The alterations altered acetylations and deacetylations of the histone tails located in the enhancers controlling the genes with altered expression.
7874:
Williams K, Carrasquilla GD, Ingerslev LR, Hochreuter MY, Hansson S, Pillon NJ, Donkin I, Versteyhe S, Zierath JR, Kilpeläinen TO, Barrès R (November 2021).
3881:. Nucleosomes consist of four pairs of histone proteins in a tightly assembled core region plus up to 30% of each histone remaining in a loosely organized
3012:
implicated in nerve activity-dependent fiber-type specification in skeletal muscle, directly controls the phosphorylation state of the transcription factor
7731:
Rubenstein AB, Smith GR, Raue U, Begue G, Minchev K, Ruf-Zamojski F, Nair VD, Wang X, Zhou L, Zaslavsky E, Trappe TA, Trappe S, Sealfon SC (January 2020).
5358:
4752:
1767:. These cross the muscle fiber from one side to the other. In between two terminal cisternae is a tubular infolding called a transverse tubule (T tubule).
4663:
3024:
activity is also upregulated by slow motor neuron activity, possibly because it amplifies the slow-type calcineurin-generated responses by promoting MEF2
3016:, allowing for its translocation to the nucleus and leading to the activation of slow-type muscle proteins in cooperation with myocyte enhancer factor 2 (
307:. Under different physiological conditions, subsets of 654 different proteins as well as lipids, amino acids, metabolites and small RNAs are found in the
2132:
5408:
Johnson, M.A.; Polgar, J.; Weightman, D.; Appleton, D. (1973). "Data on the distribution of fibre types in thirty-six human muscles. An autopsy study".
4726:
3361:
is one of the body's major growth hormones, on average, men find hypertrophy much easier to achieve than women. Taking additional testosterone or other
2370:
convey information about the degree of muscle length and stretch to the central nervous system to assist in maintaining posture and joint position. The
3489:
is used to determine force and contraction speed at different frequencies related to fiber-type composition and mix within an individual muscle group.
2988:
Skeletal muscle fiber-type phenotype in adult animals is regulated by several independent signaling pathways. These include pathways involved with the
1405:
There are numerous methods employed for fiber-typing, and confusion between the methods is common among non-experts. Two commonly confused methods are
7372:
3433:
and its consequences. A decrease in muscle mass may be accompanied by a smaller number and size of the muscle cells as well as lower protein content.
3921:. Down-regulated genes were associated with the removal of epigenetic acetylations at H3K27 in nucleosomes located at their enhancers (see Figure "A
3508:
from nerve impulses sent to the muscle. EMG is used in research for determining if the skeletal muscle of interest is being activated, the amount of
6143:"Non Conservation of Function for the Evolutionarily Conserved Prdm1 Protein in the Control of the Slow Twitch Myogenic Program in the Mouse Embryo"
3790:. Enhancers are non-coding sequences in the genome that activate the expression of distant target genes, by looping around and interacting with the
5740:
3068:) has been identified as a master regulator for the expression of genes involved in essential hypoxic responses that maintain ATP levels in cells.
7127:
Wang, Y; Jardine, MJ (November 2011). "Benefits of exercise training in patients receiving haemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
1630:
Across species, certain gene sequences have been preserved, but do not always have the same functional purpose. Within the zebrafish embryo, the
1674:"exercise training" will look more like the need for long durations of movement or short explosive movements to escape predators or catch prey.
6050:
1890:– both expressing fast chains but one expressing fast and slow chains. Between 10 and 40 per cent of the fibers express the slow myosin chain.
5906:
4022:
Birbrair, Alexander; Zhang, Tan; Wang, Zhong-Min; Messi, Maria Laura; Enikolopov, Grigori N.; Mintz, Akiva; Delbono, Osvaldo (21 March 2013).
3731:, thus inhibiting access of other molecules to the DNA. Epigenetic alterations also often occur through acetylations or deacetylations of the
3076:
Other pathways also influence adult muscle character. For example, physical force inside a muscle fiber may release the transcription factor
1939:
1600:
In larger animals, different muscle groups will increasingly require different fiber type proportions within muscle for different purposes.
2460:
Skeletal muscle uses more calories than other organs. At rest it consumes 54.4 kJ/kg (13.0 kcal/kg) per day. This is larger than
1706:
Skeletal muscle exhibits a distinctive banding pattern when viewed under the microscope due to the arrangement of two contractile proteins
8210:"An integrative analysis reveals coordinated reprogramming of the epigenome and the transcriptome in human skeletal muscle after training"
3167:, or unaccustomed training levels. Since lactic acid disperses fairly rapidly, it could not explain pain experienced days after exercise.
1563:). In lobsters, muscles in different body parts vary in the muscle fiber type proportions based on the purpose of the muscle group.
969:
960:
756:. However, muscle cells cannot divide to produce new cells, and as a result there are fewer muscle cells in an adult than in a newborn.
3043:
Exercise-induced signaling pathways in skeletal muscle that determine specialized characteristics of slow- and fast-twitch muscle fibers
6965:
Monster AW, Chan H, O'Connor D (April 1978). "Activity patterns of human skeletal muscles: relation to muscle fiber type composition".
3917:
Up-regulated genes were associated with epigenetic acetylations added at histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27ac) of nucleosomes located at their
3604:
1883:. Myoblasts follow chemical signals to the appropriate locations, where they fuse into elongated multinucleated skeletal muscle cells.
414:
352:
6301:
Murach, KA; Fry, CS; Kirby, TJ; Jackson, JR; Lee, JD; White, SH; Dupont-Versteegden, EE; McCarthy, JJ; Peterson, CA (1 January 2018).
8275:
5595:
Staron, Robert S.; Johnson, Peter (November 1993). "Myosin polymorphism and differential expression in adult human skeletal muscle".
3021:
2996:) pathway, calcineurin, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV, and the peroxisome proliferator Îł coactivator 1 (PGC-1). The
2695:
2298:. However, the majority of muscle activity is volitional, and the result of complex interactions between various areas of the brain.
2088:(identified as dihydropyridine receptors, DHPRs). DHPRs are located on the sarcolemma (which includes the surface sarcolemma and the
1372:
within the muscle, however, have minimal variation between the fibers of that unit. It is this fact that makes the size principal of
1426:
staining is most accurately referred to as "MHC fiber type", e.g. "MHC IIa fibers", and results from determination of different MHC
7196:
4787:
Klein, CS; Marsh, GD; Petrella, RJ; Rice, CL (July 2003). "Muscle fiber number in the biceps brachii muscle of young and old men".
4244:
Janssen I, Heymsfield SB, Wang ZM, Ross R (July 2000). "Skeletal muscle mass and distribution in 468 men and women aged 18-88 yr".
7876:"Epigenetic rewiring of skeletal muscle enhancers after exercise training supports a role in whole-body function and human health"
8477:
5715:
6749:
950:
940:
8170:
Marsman J, Horsfield JA (2012). "Long distance relationships: enhancer-promoter communication and dynamic gene transcription".
3956:
910:
904:
736:
Muscle fibers grow when exercised and shrink when not in use. This is due to the fact that exercise stimulates the increase in
5565:
8546:
7229:
6709:
6285:
5498:
5389:
5331:
5290:
5143:
5106:
4675:
3756:
2842:
Because muscle strength is determined by cross-sectional area, a shorter muscle will be stronger "pound for pound" (i.e., by
740:
which increase the overall size of muscle cells. Well exercised muscles can not only add more size but can also develop more
456:
at each end. The tendons attach the muscles to bones to give skeletal movement. The length of a muscle includes the tendons.
7000:
Pattengale PK, Holloszy JO (September 1967). "Augmentation of skeletal muscle myoglobin by a program of treadmill running".
2558:
cost, as can be calculated from oxygen consumption. This low efficiency is the result of about 40% efficiency of generating
2111:
is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the local junctional space and diffuses into the bulk cytoplasm to cause a
1348:
1341:
8863:
916:
267:, repeated in units called sarcomeres, which are the basic functional, contractile units of the muscle fiber necessary for
17:
8894:
7621:"Sustained maximal voluntary contraction produces independent changes in human motor axons and the muscle they innervate"
934:
922:
6732:
4582:
Giordani L, He GJ, Negroni E, Sakai H, Law JY, Siu MM, Wan R, Corneau A, Tajbakhsh S, Cheung TH, Le Grand F (May 2019).
3534:
3393:
2714:. Significant reductions in muscle strength can indicate underlying pathology, with the chart at right used as a guide.
2890:
2262:
is responsible for conveying commands to the muscles and glands, and is ultimately responsible for voluntary movement.
1722:. The myosin forms the thick filaments, and actin forms the thin filaments, and are arranged in repeating units called
713:
5852:
Hamilton, Marc T.; Booth, Frank W. (1 January 2000). "Skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise: a century of progress".
5312:
3814:
In a study by
Lindholm et al., twenty-three individuals who were about 27 years old and sedentary volunteered to have
1740:
Every single organelle and macromolecule of a muscle fiber is arranged to ensure that it meets desired functions. The
1324:). Less oxidative Type II fibers are white due to relatively low myoglobin and a reliance on glycolytic enzymes.
8439:
6531:
6403:
6240:
5244:
5227:
5195:
4764:
4147:
2975:
2782:
2525:
2241:
2085:
928:
2957:
2507:
2223:
2097:
1340:
level of calcium release and uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The fast twitch fibers rely on a well-developed,
3849:
2949:
2865:
used on facial scanning and reading) do require high speed movements, and eye muscles are exercised nightly during
2857:
The external muscles of the eye are conspicuously large and strong in relation to the small size and weight of the
2760:
2499:
2215:
6075:
O'Neill, Matthew C.; Umberger, Brian R.; Holowka, Nicholas B.; Larson, Susan G.; Reiser, Peter J. (11 July 2017).
5817:
Sieck, Gary C. (1 January 2001). "Highlighted Topics series: Plasticity in
Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscle".
8352:
2065:
674:
5350:
4995:"Bioengineered constructs combined with exercise enhance stem cell-mediated treatment of volumetric muscle loss"
3759:, they usually cause loosening of the DNA around the nucleosome, leading to increased accessibility of the DNA.
2382:
in particular continuously sample position against movement and make minor corrections to assure smooth motion.
964:
3479:
2953:
2764:
2503:
2219:
8027:
Widmann M, NieĂź AM, Munz B (April 2019). "Physical
Exercise and Epigenetic Modifications in Skeletal Muscle".
2069:
1526:. For instance, ATPase fiber type is related to contraction speed, because high ATPase activity allows faster
670:
9127:
8564:
8357:
8268:
3486:
3159:
2691:
using tendon strain (if a prominent tendon is present), or be measured directly using more invasive methods.
6803:, Peak Performance – Endurance training: understanding your slow twitch muscle fibers will boost performance
3550:
outer surface of blood capillaries where they interact with the underlying endothelial cells. In addition,
7376:
4832:"With the greatest care, stromal interaction molecule (STIM) proteins verify what skeletal muscle is doing"
4513:
Von Walden F, Rea M, Mobley CB, Fondufe-Mittendorf Y, McCarthy JJ, Peterson CA, Murach KA (November 2020).
2670:) of force per square centimeter of muscle cross-sectional area when isometric and at optimal length. Some
1992:
Contraction is achieved by the muscle's structural unit, the muscle fiber, and by its functional unit, the
1853:
1636:
gene down-regulates the formation of new slow twitch fibers through direct and indirect mechanisms such as
769:
578:
where it is responsible for supporting the volume of cytoplasm in that particular section of the myofiber.
8208:
Lindholm ME, Marabita F, Gomez-Cabrero D, Rundqvist H, Ekström TJ, Tegnér J, Sundberg CJ (December 2014).
4219:
Brainard, Jean; Gray-Wilson, Niamh; Harwood, Jessica; Karasov, Corliss; Kraus, Dors; Willan, Jane (2011).
3202:. The cause of many myopathies is attributed to mutations in the various associated muscle proteins. Some
2886:
1527:
666:
8470:
8362:
8347:
5630:
Buchthal, F.; Schmalbruch, H. (August 1970). "Contraction times and fibre types in intact human muscle".
3501:
446:
442:
2914:
of the middle ear. The rumbling sound can also be heard when the neck or jaw muscles are highly tensed.
8899:
8422:
4562:
Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2002).
3839:
3357:
produced by the body increase. Natural hypertrophy normally stops at full growth in the late teens. As
989:
serve to fix a joint in a given position by stabilizing the prime mover whilst other joints are moving.
773:
765:
6813:
Gonyea WJ, Sale DG, Gonyea FB, Mikesky A (1986). "Exercise induced increases in muscle fiber number".
4459:
Florin A, Lambert C, Sanchez C, Zappia J, Durieux N, Tieppo AM, Mobasheri A, Henrotin Y (March 2020).
2901:
at any one time. During ballistic motions such as throwing, the antagonist muscles act to 'brake' the
2571:
strain trajectory, and rates of force rise & decay. These can be synthesized experimentally using
123:
6142:
3827:
changes at 4,919 sites across the genome. The sites of altered DNA methylation were predominantly in
3798:
2259:
1852:(which forms muscle). The myotome is divided into two sections, the epimere and hypomere, which form
7839:
7519:
7429:
Ebner N, Springer J, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Lainscak M, Doehner W, Anker SD, von Haehling S (July 2013).
3554:
are shown that can fuse with muscle fibers and contribute new myonuclei to muscle fibers, grow into
3275:
1976:
694:
519:
Skeletal muscle cells are the individual contractile cells within a muscle, and are often termed as
9122:
9117:
8530:
8261:
7084:
Robergs, R; Ghiasvand, F; Parker, D (2004). "Biochemistry of exercise-induced metabolic acidosis".
4115:
3854:
3475:
3342:, and disease. Contrary to popular belief, the number of muscle fibres cannot be increased through
3056:
3029:
2938:
2894:
2866:
2809:
2488:
2279:
2271:
2204:
1589:
284:
118:
94:
5552:
Pette, D; Staron, RS (15 September 2000). "Myosin isoforms, muscle fiber types, and transitions".
4584:"High-Dimensional Single-Cell Cartography Reveals Novel Skeletal Muscle-Resident Cell Populations"
3885:
tail (only one tail of each pair is shown). The pairs of histones, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4, each have
3235:
affect the muscles and their nervous control. In general, problems with nervous control can cause
2850:
layer of the uterus may be the strongest muscle by weight in the female body. At the time when an
2131:
by the action potential causes a cell-wide increase in calcium giving rise to the upstroke of the
1922:
that act as signalling molecules. Myokines in turn are believed to mediate the health benefits of
1311:
Traditionally, fibers were categorized depending on their varying color, which is a reflection of
686:
678:
9092:
8966:
8961:
6606:"Skeletal Muscle Metabolism in Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy-Implications for Therapies"
3966:
3907:
3820:
3672:
3490:
3470:
Myopathies have been modeled with cell culture systems of muscle from healthy or diseased tissue
3256:
3211:
3203:
2942:
2753:
2492:
2208:
2120:
7479:"Differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to muscle fiber to model Duchenne muscular dystrophy"
3850:
Exercise-induced long-term alteration of gene expression by histone acetylation or deacetylation
2404:. If oxygen is not available, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid, which may contribute to
570:
where the nucleus is centrally positioned, the myonucleus is elongated and located close to the
9132:
9050:
8879:
8519:
8509:
8463:
3971:
3961:
3252:
2559:
2417:
2267:
2077:
2047:
2013:
1880:
1857:
1845:
1829:
1756:
1575:
of vertebrate embryos, growth and formation of muscle happens in successive waves or phases of
1373:
1321:
690:
292:
194:
170:
130:
106:
7221:
7215:
6699:
5280:
2282:
and internal muscles all correspond with dedicated regions in the primary motor cortex of the
1347:
The slow twitch fibers generate energy for ATP re-synthesis by means of a long term system of
574:. The myonuclei are quite uniformly arranged along the fiber with each nucleus having its own
550:
of myoblasts each contributing a nucleus. Fusion depends on muscle-specific proteins known as
208:– bundles of muscle fibers. Each individual fiber, and each muscle is surrounded by a type of
7325:"Response of the neuromuscular unit to spaceflight: What has been learned from the rat model"
3624:
as well as the secretome of sedentary muscle appear to have many effects on distant tissues.
3528:
3248:
3232:
3199:
3185:
3164:
3077:
2911:
2539:
2334:
1813:
1730:
1572:
1396:
504:
6856:
Jansson E, Kaijser L (July 1977). "Muscle adaptation to extreme endurance training in man".
4701:
3571:
transcription of cell type markers. Cameron et al. identified nine cell types. They include
2464:(fat) at 18.8 kJ/kg (4.5 kcal/kg), and bone at 9.6 kJ/kg (2.3 kcal/kg).
8494:
7744:
7632:
7052:
6088:
5006:
4944:
Snijders, T; Aussieker, T; Holwerda, A; Parise, G; van Loon, LJC; Verdijk, LB (July 2020).
3715:
mechanisms in skeletal muscle responses to exercise. Epigenetic alterations often occur by
3113:, muscle and bone strength, and joint function. Exercise has several effects upon muscles,
2391:
2306:
2255:
1849:
1580:
1317:
5316:
5307:
2694:
The strength of any given muscle, in terms of force exerted on the skeleton, depends upon
1050:
means diagonal to the midline. Relative to the axis of the generation of force – types of
8:
8679:
8432:
8342:
3918:
3898:
3828:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3767:
3406:
3132:
is associated with activities of high intensity but short duration, such as sprinting or
2898:
1957:
1687:
1560:
1414:
662:
626:
438:
430:
7748:
7636:
6303:"Starring or Supporting Role? Satellite Cells and Skeletal Muscle Fiber Size Regulation"
6092:
5446:
Schiaffino, S; Reggiani, C (October 2011). "Fiber types in mammalian skeletal muscles".
5010:
3353:
in males, hypertrophy occurs at an accelerated rate as the levels of growth-stimulating
3349:
Biological factors such as age and hormone levels can affect muscle hypertrophy. During
8325:
8234:
8209:
8147:
8120:
8096:
8072:"Understanding the relationship between DNA methylation and histone lysine methylation"
8071:
8052:
8004:
7979:
7954:
7945:
7929:
7900:
7875:
7816:
7789:
7765:
7732:
7713:
7655:
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7601:
7558:
7508:
7458:
7354:
7270:
7152:
7109:
7061:
7036:
6943:
6927:
6869:
6838:
6680:
6632:
6605:
6581:
6548:
6455:
6428:
6327:
6302:
6193:
6168:
6119:
6076:
6024:
5999:
5980:
5885:
5796:
5691:
5666:
5643:
5577:
5071:
5054:
5027:
4994:
4970:
4945:
4921:
4908:
4883:
4856:
4831:
4812:
4539:
4514:
4485:
4460:
4433:
4408:
4384:
4359:
4269:
4196:
4171:
4081:"Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems"
4056:
4023:
3815:
3688:
3640:
3617:
3555:
3517:
3333:
3317:
3299:
3221:
3198:. Both can affect muscle function or cause muscle pain, and fall under the umbrella of
3129:
3118:
2425:
2286:, directly anterior to the central sulcus that divides the frontal and parietal lobes.
2089:
2054:
1971:
1903:
1841:
1764:
1760:
1423:
1368:
is ~80% type I. The orbicularis oculi muscle of the eye is only ~15% type I.
1333:
894:
492:
268:
7995:
7258:
1930:(IL-6) is the most studied myokine, other muscle contraction-induced myokines include
1864:. All other muscles, including those of the limbs are hypaxial, and innervated by the
9012:
8928:
8835:
8588:
8399:
8239:
8187:
8152:
8101:
8044:
8009:
7959:
7905:
7821:
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7717:
7705:
7660:
7593:
7550:
7500:
7450:
7411:
7346:
7341:
7324:
7305:
7274:
7262:
7225:
7144:
7101:
7066:
7017:
7013:
6982:
6947:
6908:
6873:
6830:
6784:
6705:
6672:
6637:
6586:
6568:
6527:
6478:
6460:
6409:
6399:
6368:
6332:
6281:
6236:
6198:
6124:
6106:
6029:
5972:
5964:
5877:
5869:
5834:
5788:
5780:
5734:
5696:
5647:
5612:
5608:
5569:
5534:
5530:
5494:
5471:
5425:
5421:
5385:
5327:
5286:
5223:
5191:
5102:
5076:
5032:
4975:
4925:
4913:
4861:
4804:
4760:
4671:
4644:
4605:
4544:
4490:
4438:
4389:
4360:"Skeletal Muscle as an Endocrine Organ: The Role of Myokines in Exercise Adaptations"
4340:
4292:
4261:
4201:
4143:
4061:
4043:
3720:
3621:
3580:
3551:
3524:
3343:
3339:
3244:
3114:
2726:
2648:(muscle size, cross sectional area, available crossbridging, responses to training),
2584:
2543:
2450:
2154:, to allow crossbridge cycling, producing force and, in some situations, motion. The
2116:
2050:
1876:
1809:
1763:
needed to cause a muscle contraction. Periodically, it has dilated end sacs known as
698:
594:
586:
457:
209:
8056:
7605:
7562:
7512:
7462:
7446:
7358:
7156:
6842:
6684:
6668:
5984:
4816:
8628:
8444:
8427:
8404:
8229:
8221:
8179:
8142:
8132:
8091:
8083:
8036:
7999:
7991:
7949:
7941:
7895:
7887:
7811:
7801:
7760:
7752:
7697:
7650:
7640:
7585:
7542:
7492:
7483:
7442:
7403:
7336:
7297:
7254:
7136:
7113:
7093:
7056:
7048:
7009:
6974:
6939:
6900:
6865:
6822:
6664:
6627:
6617:
6576:
6560:
6450:
6440:
6391:
6360:
6322:
6314:
6188:
6180:
6114:
6096:
6019:
6011:
5956:
5889:
5861:
5826:
5800:
5770:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5639:
5604:
5581:
5561:
5526:
5463:
5455:
5417:
5066:
5022:
5014:
4965:
4957:
4903:
4895:
4851:
4843:
4796:
4595:
4534:
4526:
4480:
4472:
4428:
4420:
4379:
4371:
4330:
4273:
4253:
4191:
4183:
4051:
4035:
3627:
3608:
3497:
3430:
3362:
3313:
3279:
3125:
3110:
2997:
2902:
2722:
2680:
2454:
1984:
1833:
1606:
1552:
496:
484:
406:
335:
304:
7980:"Daily steps and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of 15 international cohorts"
6364:
6184:
5664:
4530:
3799:
Exercise-induced alteration to gene expression by DNA methylation or demethylation
3751:
and one segment of DNA is connected to an adjacent DNA segment on a nucleosome by
8848:
8389:
8335:
8284:
8225:
8183:
8087:
7891:
7645:
7140:
6736:
4899:
4847:
4600:
4583:
4476:
4220:
3976:
3947:
3902:
3843:
3824:
3804:
3779:
3728:
3716:
3706:
3370:
3291:
3263:
3133:
2836:
2551:
2429:
2330:
2322:
2310:
2151:
1772:
1759:. The sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounds the myofibrils and holds a reserve of the
1013:
955:
829:
825:
709:
402:
205:
99:
70:
7790:"Fibro-Adipogenic Progenitors Cross-Talk in Skeletal Muscle: The Social Network"
6904:
5865:
5775:
5758:
4640:
4375:
4300:
3575:
that line capillaries (45% of cells), fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs)(20%),
2445:
molecules in the process (in aerobic conditions, lactate is not formed; instead
189:
are much longer than in the other types of muscle tissue, and are also known as
8913:
8889:
8394:
8303:
8137:
8040:
7756:
7701:
7589:
7407:
7301:
7097:
6318:
5459:
4946:"The concept of skeletal muscle memory: Evidence from animal and human studies"
4623:
4563:
4257:
3660:
3579:(14%) and endothelial-like pericytes (4%). Another 9% of mononuclear cells are
3513:
3422:
3382:
3320:, the muscle shortens along its length and expands across its width, producing
3025:
2699:
2684:
2461:
2453:). Muscle cells also contain globules of fat, which are used for energy during
2405:
2375:
2367:
2361:
2345:
2128:
2005:
1997:
1755:
While the muscle fiber does not have smooth endoplasmic cisternae, it contains
985:
945:
890:
705:
682:
644:
567:
508:
488:
162:
7037:"Protective effects of lactic acid on force production in rat skeletal muscle"
6564:
6000:"Limited expression of slow tonic myosin heavy chain in human cranial muscles"
5830:
41:
9111:
8978:
8486:
8313:
8298:
7806:
6729:
6572:
6445:
6110:
5968:
5873:
5838:
5784:
5299:
4424:
4047:
3986:
3644:
3568:
3455:
3283:
3141:
2989:
2858:
2817:
2813:
2664:
2660:
2314:
2290:
2124:
2112:
2009:
1927:
1817:
1741:
1410:
1406:
1365:
1017:
531:
500:
480:. Deep fascia also separates the groups of muscles into muscle compartments.
315:
229:
166:
158:
111:
6928:"Adaptation of human skeletal muscle to endurance training of long duration"
6218:
Born to Run: a hidden tribe, superathletes, and the Greatest Race Never Seen
6101:
5665:
Garnett, R.A.; O'Donovan, M.J.; Stephens, J.A.; Taylor, A. (February 1979).
4515:"The myonuclear DNA methylome in response to an acute hypertrophic stimulus"
4170:
Henderson, CA; Gomez, CG; Novak, SM; Mi-Mi, L; Gregorio, CC (18 June 2017).
3405:
Every day between one and two percent of muscle is broken down and rebuilt.
2656:(muscle's force angle on the lever, moment arm length, joint capabilities).
8657:
8610:
8243:
8191:
8156:
8105:
8048:
8013:
7963:
7909:
7825:
7774:
7709:
7664:
7618:
7597:
7554:
7504:
7478:
7454:
7415:
7309:
7266:
7148:
7105:
7070:
6978:
6750:"9.6 Forces and Torques in Muscles and Joints - College Physics | OpenStax"
6676:
6641:
6590:
6464:
6413:
6372:
6336:
6202:
6128:
6033:
5976:
5881:
5573:
5475:
5080:
5036:
4979:
4917:
4865:
4808:
4648:
4609:
4548:
4494:
4442:
4393:
4344:
4296:
4265:
4205:
4065:
3732:
3496:
The electrical activity associated with muscle contraction is measured via
3410:
3398:
3358:
3306:
3274:. Diagnostic procedures that may reveal muscular disorders include testing
3207:
3195:
3124:
Generally, there are two types of exercise regimes, aerobic and anaerobic.
2828:
2671:
2567:
2180:
declines back to resting levels, the force declines and relaxation occurs.
2001:
1865:
1861:
1793:
1749:
824:
means huge. These terms are often used after the particular muscle such as
741:
725:
656:
535:
379:
367:
280:
245:
233:
65:
7431:"Mechanism and novel therapeutic approaches to wasting in chronic disease"
7350:
7171:"Overview of Movement Disorders - Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders"
7021:
6951:
6912:
6834:
6788:
6775:
Barry, D. T. (1992). "Vibrations and sounds from evoked muscle twitches".
5792:
5651:
5616:
5538:
5429:
4039:
2652:(how strong or weak is the signal that tells the muscle to contract), and
1950:
response to extreme cold, muscles are signaled to trigger contractions of
1860:
and small vertebral muscles, and are innervated by the dorsal rami of the
1729:
The sarcomere is attached to other organelles such as the mitochondria by
1542:
9007:
8982:
8801:
8772:
8573:
8373:
8330:
6986:
6877:
6395:
5700:
5467:
4751:
Muller, Martin N.; Wrangham, Richard W.; Pilbeam, David R., eds. (2017).
4335:
4318:
4187:
3981:
3911:
3894:
3712:
3588:
3572:
3546:
3440:
3436:
3148:
3106:
3009:
3001:
2721:
for a contracted muscle depends on its supply of energy and is stated by
2563:
2442:
2421:
2401:
2396:
2379:
2338:
2326:
2295:
2283:
2043:
2027:
1947:
1715:
1369:
753:
547:
464:. Deep fascia specialises within muscles to enclose each muscle fiber as
461:
410:
323:
319:
296:
264:
217:
186:
5097:
Martini, Frederic H.; Timmons, Michael J.; Tallitsch, Robert B. (2008).
5018:
4024:"Role of Pericytes in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration and Fat Accumulation"
136:
9077:
9038:
9033:
8923:
8884:
8858:
8853:
8823:
8818:
8813:
8741:
8674:
8652:
8504:
7873:
7546:
6826:
6622:
5960:
5759:"Genetic determinism of fiber type proportion in human skeletal muscle"
4961:
3922:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3860:
3752:
3748:
3740:
3634:
3584:
3474:. Another source of skeletal muscle and progenitors is provided by the
3426:
3388:
3321:
3310:
3236:
3225:
3191:
3005:
2847:
2832:
2767: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2711:
2555:
2349:
2318:
2147:
1993:
1926:. Myokines are secreted into the bloodstream after muscle contraction.
1837:
1784:
1745:
1648:
gene is present but does not control slow muscle genes in mice through
1618:
1576:
1519:
1361:
1076:
737:
717:
648:
571:
543:
469:
465:
426:
327:
252:
241:
225:
155:
8207:
7394:) experience skeletal muscle protein balance during winter anorexia".
6015:
4800:
3803:
Endurance muscle training alters muscle gene expression by epigenetic
3117:, bone, and the nerves that stimulate the muscles. One such effect is
1625:
9082:
8987:
8973:
8933:
8843:
8759:
8711:
8706:
8623:
8541:
7496:
5566:
10.1002/1097-0029(20000915)50:6<500::AID-JEMT7>3.0.CO;2-7
5516:
4512:
4001:
3736:
3724:
3711:
Between 2012 and 2019, at least 25 reports indicated a major role of
3692:
3650:
3600:
3542:
3267:
3240:
3080:
from the structural protein titin, leading to altered muscle growth.
2703:
2675:
2572:
2073:
2035:
2031:
1951:
1907:
1734:
1723:
1719:
1699:
1584:
1312:
975:
862:
745:
721:
652:
582:
473:
434:
308:
221:
198:
7532:
7430:
5998:
Sokoloff, Alan J.; Li, Haiyan; Burkholder, Thomas J. (August 2007).
5279:
MacIntosh, Brian R.; Gardiner, Phillip F.; McComas, Alan J. (2006).
3224:, the affected tissues become disorganized and the concentration of
3216:
2927:
2742:
2477:
2428:
which is generated from ATP and can regenerate ATP when needed with
2193:
360:
Front and back views of the major skeletal muscles of the human body
9072:
9043:
9003:
8808:
7428:
7287:
6547:
Calderón, Juan C.; Bolaños, Pura; Caputo, Carlo (24 January 2014).
6169:"Effects of temperature on feeding and digestive processes in fish"
4759:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 397.
3808:
3727:. Methylations of cytosines can cause the DNA to be compacted into
3700:
3684:
3612:
3576:
3459:
3287:
3243:, depending on the location and nature of the problem. A number of
3181:
3153:
3089:
3069:
3048:
2801:
2446:
2433:
2093:
2039:
1923:
1915:
1872:
1768:
1427:
850:
749:
665:
refers to the arrangement of muscle fibers relative to the axis of
422:
418:
182:
8253:
7928:
Tessier AJ, Wing SS, Rahme E, Morais JA, Chevalier S (July 2022).
7578:
IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering
6549:"The excitation–contraction coupling mechanism in skeletal muscle"
6429:"Role of Myokines in Regulating Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function"
3842:
were associated with enhancers that had a significant decrease in
3762:
3052:
3039:
3028:
functions and enhancing oxidative capacity through stimulation of
2076:
to contract. This process relies on a direct coupling between the
1726:. The interaction of both proteins results in muscle contraction.
9087:
8792:
8716:
5907:"Fiber polymorphism in skeletal muscles of the American lobster,
4218:
4142:(Eighth ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer. pp. 30–33.
3996:
3991:
3926:
3882:
3864:
3832:
3747:(and each histone also has a loose tail) in a structure called a
3744:
3680:
3666:
3656:
3493:
is used for more complete characterization of muscle properties.
3414:
3354:
3350:
3271:
3098:
3094:
2862:
2688:
2547:
2437:
1919:
1911:
551:
8455:
8076:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms
7390:
Lohuis TD, Harlow HJ, Beck TD (2007). "Hibernating black bears (
6074:
3628:
Sedentary skeletal muscle mass affects executive mental function
1694:
9028:
8782:
8369:
8320:
7733:"Single-cell transcriptional profiles in human skeletal muscle"
6280:(2nd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. pp. 63–64.
6077:"Chimpanzee super strength and human skeletal muscle evolution"
4943:
3886:
3696:
3471:
3447:
3429:. Sarcopenia is commonly an age-related process that can cause
3137:
3105:
Physical exercise is often recommended as a means of improving
2873:
2851:
2707:
2413:
2302:
2024:
1961:
Classes of levers present in the human skeletal muscular system
1825:
1821:
1797:
1707:
1601:
1440:
subtype B or b is not expressed in humans by either method
631:
606:
524:
453:
260:
213:
174:
7787:
7619:
Milder, DA; Sutherland, EJ; Gandevia, SC; McNulty, PA (2014).
5407:
4664:"3. Body composition assessment of the critically ill patient"
3707:
Exercise-trained effects are mediated by epigenetic mechanisms
2659:
Vertebrate muscle typically produces approximately 25–33
1698:
Diagram of sarcoplasmic reticulum with terminal cisternae and
8787:
8777:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
6890:
6654:
5945:
4461:"The secretome of skeletal muscle cells: A systematic review"
3869:....DNA in the nucleus generally consists of segments of 146
3587:(such as B-cells and T-cells) (3%) and myeloid cells such as
3509:
3505:
3485:
Research on skeletal muscle properties uses many techniques.
3418:
3065:
2846:) than a longer muscle of the same cross-sectional area. The
2432:. Muscles also keep a storage form of glucose in the form of
2371:
2333:
at the muscles. Along the way, feedback, such as that of the
2275:
2263:
2155:
2020:
1935:
1887:
1711:
1643:
1632:
527:
in a young adult male contains around 253,000 muscle fibers.
398:
272:
256:
82:
7976:
6657:
American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism
5384:(2nd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p. 274.
4884:"Skeletal muscle fibers count on nuclear numbers for growth"
3782:
in muscle is largely regulated, as in tissues generally, by
3603:
of skeletal muscles. As described in the Knowledge article "
2420:(ATP) molecules which are used to power the movement of the
1682:
639:
197:– having a striped appearance due to the arrangement of the
8736:
8667:
8662:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8583:
8578:
7475:
3739:. DNA in the nucleus generally consists of segments of 146
3451:
3282:(measuring electrical activity in muscles). In some cases,
3017:
3013:
2993:
2843:
2630:
Movement against external resistance, but less than normal
2622:
Movement against gravity, but not against added resistance
2550:) at 18% to 26%. The efficiency is defined as the ratio of
2424:. Muscles have a short-term store of energy in the form of
2081:
1931:
1856:, respectively. The only epaxial muscles in humans are the
1650:
1638:
295:(ATP) molecules that are used to power the movement of the
178:
8121:"Mechanisms of enhancer action: the known and the unknown"
7686:
7245:
Cruz-Jentoft, AJ; Sayer, AA (29 June 2019). "Sarcopenia".
6730:
Muscle Physiology Home Page – Skeletal Muscle Architecture
4458:
2644:
Muscle strength is a result of three overlapping factors:
5321:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5052:
4243:
3594:
3295:
2812:
records the achievement of a bite strength of 4,337
2805:
2732:
1906:. Following contraction, skeletal muscle functions as an
1789:
1744:
is called the sarcolemma with the cytoplasm known as the
566:
can have as many as 3,000 nuclei. Unlike in a non-muscle
276:
7730:
7220:. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society. pp.
6925:
6263:
Basic Concepts in Embryology: A Student's Survival Guide
5278:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5055:"The development of the myotendinous junction. A review"
4565:
Genesis, Modulation, and Regeneration of Skeletal Muscle
4409:"Muscle-Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines"
4169:
6964:
6812:
6386:
Pedersen, B. K. (2013). "Muscle as a Secretory Organ".
5667:"Motor unit organization of human medial gastrocnemius"
5096:
4661:
4561:
3562:
1543:
Examples of muscle fiber variation in different animals
1419:
7927:
7083:
5326:. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 10.5 Types of muscle fibres.
5115:
4786:
4581:
4021:
3397:
Prisoner of war exhibiting muscle loss as a result of
3298:
abnormalities associated with specific myopathies and
2038:, there are two other important regulatory proteins –
1583:
is a major determinant of the specific fiber type. In
708:
run at an angle to the axis of force generation. This
8118:
7788:
Biferali B, Proietti D, Mozzetta C, Madaro L (2019).
7575:
7034:
6546:
6497:"1.5 Homeostasis - Anatomy and Physiology | OpenStax"
6479:"Introduction to the Muscular System | SEER Training"
6300:
6235:(3rd ed.). New York: Watnick. pp. 405–406.
5757:
Simoneau, Jean-Aimé; Bouchard, Claude (August 1995).
5716:"Too Small for Big Muscles, Tiny Animals Use Springs"
5261:
5242:
5053:
Charvet, B; Ruggiero, F; Le Guellec, D (April 2012).
4750:
4316:
4286:
4078:
2542:
of human muscle has been measured (in the context of
499:
located in the muscle belly. Golgi tendon organs are
6526:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 23.
5997:
5594:
5403:
5401:
5222:(3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 265.
4670:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 22.
3937:
1686:
Structure of muscle fibre showing a sarcomere under
1380:
variation in the proportions of muscle fiber types.
338:
functions of muscle, described subsequently, below.
7197:"'Muscle noise' could reveal diseases' progression"
6265:(1st Paperback ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional.
6230:
5629:
5130:
Skeletal muscle structure, function, and plasticity
5101:(6 ed.). Benjamin Cummings. pp. 251–252.
4638:
3835:, identified 4,076 differentially expressed genes.
3655:Paluch et al. compared the average number of steps
3259:where there is central nervous system dysfunction.
2606:Trace of contraction, but no movement at the joint
1626:
Genetic conservation versus functional conservation
1364:muscles contain ~52% type I fibers, while the
1352:capillaries making them better for prolonged work.
60:
Skeletal striated muscle, striated voluntary muscle
7322:
6999:
6739:, Effect of Muscle Architecture on Muscle Function
6521:
5445:
5190:(13th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. p. 372.
4992:
4406:
4287:McCuller C, Jessu R, Callahan AL (January 2022) .
3651:Walking, using skeletal muscles, affects mortality
2412:Muscular activity accounts for much of the body's
2127:. The near synchronous activation of thousands of
2060:
397:that work together to carry out an action. In the
287:chemical reactions are also used, particularly by
7244:
6926:Schantz P, Henriksson J, Jansson E (April 1983).
5398:
4727:"What is the strongest muscle in the human body?"
2674:muscles, such as in crab claws, have much longer
9109:
8169:
7389:
6349:
5756:
4993:Quarta, M; Cromie, M; Chacon, R (20 June 2017).
3721:removing methyl groups from the cytosines of DNA
1012:named after the near main structure such as the
8026:
6704:(3rd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
6648:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6081:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5551:
4639:Tigner, A.; Ibrahim, S. A.; Murray, I. (2022).
4357:
3763:Exercise-induced regulation of genes in muscles
2917:
620:
314:Skeletal muscles are substantially composed of
7373:"NASA Muscle Atrophy Research (MARES) Website"
6855:
5597:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B
5512:
5510:
5488:
4753:"11. The Evolution of the Human Mating System"
4312:
4310:
4291:. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing.
4116:"Structure of Skeletal Muscle | SEER Training"
3743:of DNA wrapped around eight tightly connected
3667:Skeletal muscle secretome alters with exercise
2614:Movement at the joint with gravity eliminated
1533:
938:moving that increase an angle or straightens;
173:muscular system and typically are attached by
8471:
8269:
8163:
8112:
8020:
7781:
5851:
5441:
5439:
1067:Broadly there are two types of muscle fiber:
8203:
8201:
7869:
7867:
7865:
7863:
7861:
7859:
7857:
7855:
7853:
7612:
7569:
7526:
7469:
7077:
7035:Nielsen, OB; Paoli, F; Overgaard, K (2001).
7028:
6249:
5739:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5545:
5345:
5343:
4888:Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
4881:
4628:. Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences. 2011.
4508:
4506:
4504:
4400:
4351:
3717:adding methyl groups to cytosines in the DNA
3541:cell types include: very large multinuclear
1879:frameworks, usually formed from the somatic
1085:Various Properties of Different Fiber Types
7923:
7921:
7919:
7383:
7281:
7126:
6993:
6919:
6884:
6806:
5623:
5507:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5175:
4577:
4575:
4307:
4237:
4222:CK-12 Life Science Honors for Middle School
4165:
4163:
4161:
4159:
3583:, adjacent to muscle fiber cells. Types of
2956:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2506:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2374:of where our bodies are in space is called
2222:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1820:the paraxial mesoderm is divided along the
609:in a complex interface region known as the
271:. Muscles are predominantly powered by the
8478:
8464:
8276:
8262:
7724:
7682:
7680:
7678:
7676:
7674:
7365:
7238:
7207:
6958:
6849:
6597:
5658:
5436:
5373:
5092:
5090:
5048:
5046:
4407:Severinsen MC, Pedersen BK (August 2020).
3605:List of human endocrine organs and actions
3558:, or support focal membrane damage repair.
3020:) proteins and other regulatory proteins.
2156:sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase
1737:attaches the sarcomere to the sarcolemma.
353:List of skeletal muscles of the human body
40:
8233:
8198:
8146:
8136:
8095:
8069:
8003:
7953:
7899:
7850:
7815:
7805:
7764:
7654:
7644:
7340:
7213:
7188:
7060:
6631:
6621:
6603:
6580:
6454:
6444:
6326:
6275:
6269:
6215:
6192:
6173:Temperature Medical Physiology and Beyond
6166:
6118:
6100:
6023:
5774:
5690:
5379:
5340:
5144:"&Muscle Cell Anatomy & Function"
5070:
5026:
4969:
4907:
4877:
4875:
4855:
4830:Cho, CH; Lee, KJ; Lee, EH (August 2018).
4829:
4666:. In Faber, Peter; Siervo, Mario (eds.).
4599:
4538:
4501:
4484:
4454:
4452:
4432:
4383:
4334:
4195:
4055:
2976:Learn how and when to remove this message
2783:Learn how and when to remove this message
2526:Learn how and when to remove this message
2344:Deeper muscles such as those involved in
2242:Learn how and when to remove this message
2169:back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. As
2115:. The sarcoplasmic reticulum has a large
417:are subdivisions of muscle groups in the
7916:
7323:Roy RR, Baldwin KM, Edgerton VR (1996).
7316:
6742:
6726:National Skeletal Muscle Research Center
6697:
6385:
6278:Skeletal muscle : form and function
5382:Skeletal muscle : form and function
5204:
5172:
4696:
4694:
4572:
4317:Iizuka K, Machida T, Hirafuji M (2014).
4156:
4133:
4131:
4129:
3867:tails set for transcriptional activation
3853:
3766:
3533:
3392:
3369:right biceps. This phenomenon is called
3262:Symptoms of muscle diseases may include
3215:
3170:
3093:
3038:
3022:Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase
2395:
2348:often are controlled from nuclei in the
2305:correspond with neuron groups along the
2301:Nerves that control skeletal muscles in
1983:
1975:
1956:
1788:
1693:
1681:
1395:
1046:means perpendicular to the midline, and
638:
630:
600:
514:
8119:Panigrahi A, O'Malley BW (April 2021).
7840:"The skeletal muscle-specific proteome"
7671:
6260:
5812:
5810:
5217:
5185:
5087:
5043:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4358:Hoffmann C, Weigert C (November 2017).
4319:"Skeletal muscle is an endocrine organ"
3772:Regulation of transcription in mammals.
3607:", skeletal muscle is identified as an
3446:Many diseases and conditions including
3190:Diseases of skeletal muscle are termed
2436:. Glycogen can be rapidly converted to
2012:, released by the motor neurons at the
1832:of the body most obviously seen in the
1391:
677:. The usual arrangements are types of
14:
9110:
7086:Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol
7053:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.t01-1-00161.x
6426:
6294:
5188:Principles of anatomy & physiology
5160:from the original on 23 September 2015
5059:Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal
4986:
4872:
4449:
4110:
4108:
4106:
3957:Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
3595:Endocrine functions of skeletal muscle
3421:can increase the breakdown leading to
3194:, while diseases of nerves are called
2449:is formed and transmitted through the
2416:consumption. All muscle cells produce
731:
251:Muscle fibers are in turn composed of
240:, are located along the inside of the
8459:
8257:
7422:
6774:
6471:
6343:
6045:
6043:
5941:
5939:
5901:
5899:
5816:
5752:
5750:
5361:from the original on 21 November 2007
5135:
4780:
4691:
4172:"Overview of the Muscle Cytoskeleton"
4137:
4126:
3877:connected to adjacent nucleosomes by
3671:Williams et al. obtained biopsies of
3316:along the axis of the muscle. During
2385:
2278:. Deep muscles, superficial muscles,
2086:voltage-gated L-type calcium channels
1455:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
193:. The tissue of a skeletal muscle is
8864:Connective tissue in skeletal muscle
7194:
7120:
6489:
5807:
5713:
5410:Journal of the Neurological Sciences
4932:
4882:Prasad, V; Millay, DP (8 May 2021).
3893:As indicated above, after exercise,
3563:Mononuclear cells of skeletal muscle
3365:will increase muscular hypertrophy.
2954:adding citations to reliable sources
2921:
2765:adding citations to reliable sources
2736:
2504:adding citations to reliable sources
2471:
2220:adding citations to reliable sources
2187:
1452:
1355:
373:Front view of major skeletal muscles
216:. Muscle fibers are formed from the
204:A skeletal muscle contains multiple
8563:
8283:
8070:Rose NR, Klose RJ (December 2014).
7163:
6420:
4823:
4719:
4103:
3840:transcriptionally upregulated genes
3276:creatine kinase levels in the blood
2992:/mitogen-activated protein kinase (
2881:
2710:isoforms, and neural activation of
2317:and are modified by input from the
2146:released into the cytosol binds to
1836:. Each somite has three divisions,
476:. Together these layers are called
385:Back view of major skeletal muscles
291:. These chemical reactions produce
244:. Muscle fibers also have multiple
24:
7946:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.19926
7129:British Journal of Sports Medicine
6944:10.1111/j.1475-097x.1983.tb00685.x
6870:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1977.tb05956.x
6701:Biomechanics of Sport and Exercise
6040:
5936:
5911:: continuum between slow-twitch (S
5896:
5747:
5714:Magazine, Viviane Callier,Quanta.
5644:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1970.tb04744.x
5519:The American Journal of Physiology
5282:Skeletal Muscle: Form and Function
4662:Ying Ji; Dympna Gallagher (2014).
3831:. Transcriptional analysis, using
2891:physiological cross-sectional area
2808:muscle is the strongest. The 1992
2578:
2313:. Commands are routed through the
2183:
1902:The primary function of muscle is
714:physiological cross-sectional area
27:One of three major types of muscle
25:
9144:
8485:
8440:List of muscles of the human body
6390:. Vol. 3. pp. 1337–62.
5554:Microscopy Research and Technique
5141:
3523:Research into the development of
3175:
2355:
2321:before being relayed through the
635:Muscle types by fiber arrangement
288:
255:. The myofibrils are composed of
8063:
7970:
7832:
7518:
7342:10.1249/00003677-199600240-00015
7014:10.1152/ajplegacy.1967.213.3.783
6815:Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol
5531:10.1152/ajpcell.1994.267.6.C1723
5311: This article incorporates
5306:
4085:Interactions of skeletal muscles
3940:
3101:is one form of aerobic exercise.
2926:
2741:
2729:from the beginning of exertion.
2476:
2337:contribute signals to influence
2192:
1547:
932:moving that decreases an angle;
889:means slender. Examples are the
857:means round or cylindrical, and
759:
472:, and each individual muscle as
437:. Muscles are also grouped into
378:
366:
346:
8895:Excitation–contraction coupling
7447:10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.03.014
6795:
6768:
6718:
6691:
6669:10.1152/ajpendo.2002.282.1.e132
6540:
6515:
6379:
6224:
6216:McDougall, Christopher (2009).
6209:
6160:
6135:
6068:
5991:
5845:
5707:
5588:
5482:
5236:
4757:Chimpanzees and Human Evolution
4744:
4702:"Muscle Groups | SEER Training"
4655:
4632:
4616:
4555:
4225:. CK-12 Foundation. p. 451
3512:generated, and an indicator of
3458:can cause muscle loss known as
2752:needs additional citations for
2274:(involuntary) signals from the
2072:in the muscle fiber causes the
2066:Excitation contraction coupling
2061:Excitation-contraction coupling
1677:
1327:
1111:Fast Oxidative/Glycolytic (FOG)
1042:means parallel to the midline;
415:intrinsic and extrinsic muscles
154:) is one of the three types of
6777:Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol
5683:10.1113/jphysiol.1979.sp012643
5632:Acta Physiologica Scandinavica
4280:
4212:
4072:
4015:
3327:
2289:In addition, muscles react to
2057:and shortening of the muscle.
1965:
1778:
1566:
1306:
1062:
908:moving away from the midline;
523:. A single muscle such as the
13:
1:
7996:10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00302-9
7259:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31138-9
7201:NewScientist.com news service
6604:Heydemann, A (20 June 2018).
6365:10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00684
6185:10.1080/23328940.2020.1765950
5854:Journal of Applied Physiology
5819:Journal of Applied Physiology
5493:. Ultimate Athlete Concepts.
4641:"Histology, White Blood Cell"
4531:10.1080/15592294.2020.1755581
4364:Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med
4008:
3518:maximal voluntary contraction
3487:Electrical muscle stimulation
3160:Delayed onset muscle soreness
2467:
2034:that make up the contractile
1808:All muscles are derived from
1657:
973:rotating away from the body;
460:is present in all muscles as
8226:10.4161/15592294.2014.982445
8184:10.1016/j.bbagrm.2012.10.008
8088:10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.02.007
7892:10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101290
7646:10.1371/journal.pone.0091754
7141:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090558
6353:Journal of Proteome Research
6276:MacIntosh, Brian R. (2006).
6231:Saladin, Kenneth S. (2010).
5609:10.1016/0305-0491(93)90120-T
5422:10.1016/0022-510x(73)90023-3
5380:MacIntosh, Brian R. (2006).
5218:Saladin, Kenneth S. (2011).
4900:10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.04.015
4848:10.5483/bmbrep.2018.51.8.128
4601:10.1016/j.molcel.2019.02.026
4477:10.1016/j.ocarto.2019.100019
2918:Signal transduction pathways
2733:The "strongest" human muscle
2266:move muscles in response to
2119:capacity partially due to a
2084:(ryanodine receptor 1), and
1854:epaxial and hypaxial muscles
1667:beneficial in the long run.
914:moving towards the midline;
770:Anatomical terms of location
621:Arrangement of muscle fibers
341:
46:Depiction of skeletal muscle
7:
7195:Dumé, Belle (18 May 2007).
7175:MSD Manual Consumer Version
6905:10.1152/jappl.1972.33.3.312
6698:McGinnis, Peter M. (2013).
6522:Costanzo, Linda S. (2002).
5866:10.1152/jappl.2000.88.1.327
5776:10.1096/fasebj.9.11.7649409
5186:Tortora, Gerard J. (2012).
4376:10.1101/cshperspect.a029793
4289:Physiology, Skeletal Muscle
4140:Clinically oriented anatomy
3933:
3465:
3228:(green) is greatly reduced.
3083:
2590:Grading of muscle strength
1954:in order to generate heat.
1897:
1690:with schematic explanation.
1595:
1534:Muscle fiber type evolution
530:Skeletal muscle fibers are
10:
9149:
8900:Sliding filament mechanism
8423:Anatomical terms of muscle
8138:10.1186/s13059-021-02322-1
8041:10.1007/s40279-019-01070-4
7757:10.1038/s41598-019-57110-6
7702:10.1152/ajpcell.00364.2022
7590:10.1109/TNSRE.2012.2226916
7408:10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.12.020
7302:10.1016/j.clnu.2007.07.003
7098:10.1152/ajpregu.00114.2004
6319:10.1152/physiol.00019.2017
5460:10.1152/physrev.00031.2010
5128:Lieber, Richard L. (2002)
4668:Nutrition in Critical Care
4258:10.1152/jappl.2000.89.1.81
4087:. OpenStax. Archived from
4028:Stem Cells and Development
3386:
3380:
3376:
3331:
3286:may be done to identify a
3179:
3087:
2998:Ras/MAPK signaling pathway
2582:
2389:
2359:
2068:is the process by which a
1988:Contraction in more detail
1969:
1782:
1613:
1447:ATPase Vs. MHC fiber types
1245:Oxidative enzyme capacity
774:Anatomical terms of muscle
766:Anatomical terms of motion
763:
624:
468:; each muscle fascicle as
350:
232:cells. In these cells the
9063:
9021:
8996:
8949:
8942:
8912:
8872:
8834:
8758:
8725:
8648:
8641:
8619:
8554:
8540:
8529:
8518:
8493:
8415:
8382:
8291:
7690:Am J Physiol Cell Physiol
7396:Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B
6565:10.1007/s12551-013-0135-x
6427:Lee, JH; Jun, HS (2019).
5831:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.1.1
5671:The Journal of Physiology
3755:. When histone tails are
3641:Executive mental function
2260:peripheral nervous system
2070:muscular action potential
1733:in the cytoskeleton. The
1642:(indirect). In mice, the
1607:Trachemys scripta elegans
1579:. The myosin heavy chain
1286:
1273:Alkaline ATPase activity
1272:
1258:
1244:
1230:
1216:
1202:
1188:
1174:
1160:
1146:
1132:
1118:
1038:Relative to the midline,
1016:(temporalis) near to the
845:means having four sides;
611:musculotendinous junction
150:(commonly referred to as
129:
117:
105:
93:
81:
76:
64:
56:
51:
39:
34:
7807:10.3389/fphys.2019.01074
6483:training.seer.cancer.gov
6446:10.3389/fphys.2019.00042
6388:Comprehensive Physiology
6261:Sweeney, Lauren (1997).
5324:Anatomy & Physiology
5132:. Wolters Kluwer Health.
4706:training.seer.cancer.gov
4303:– via StatPearls .
4176:Comprehensive Physiology
4138:Moore, Keith L. (2018).
4120:training.seer.cancer.gov
3784:regulatory DNA sequences
3611:due to its secretion of
3476:directed differentiation
3057:mitochondrial biogenesis
3030:mitochondrial biogenesis
2895:architectural gear ratio
2872:The statement that "the
2867:rapid eye movement sleep
2810:Guinness Book of Records
2698:, cross sectional area,
2696:length, shortening speed
2080:calcium release channel
2008:by the neurotransmitter
1848:(which forms skin), and
979:decreases the size, and
752:and a higher density of
326:(21 ÎĽm in diameter) and
9093:Fukutin-related protein
7844:The Human Protein Atlas
7214:Poole, RM, ed. (1986).
6433:Frontiers in Physiology
6167:Ronnestad, H.V (2020).
6102:10.1073/pnas.1619071114
6055:journals.biologists.com
5923:journals.biologists.com
5489:Michael Yessis (2006).
3967:In vitro muscle testing
3673:a thigh skeletal muscle
3659:per day to the risk of
3491:In vitro muscle testing
3212:inclusion body myositis
3204:inflammatory myopathies
2158:(SERCA) actively pumps
2121:calcium-binding protein
2014:neuromuscular junctions
1828:, corresponding to the
1592:as the embryo matures.
1287:Acidic ATPase activity
1035:By fascicle orientation
169:. They are part of the
9051:Sarcoplasmic reticulum
8880:Neuromuscular junction
8788:elastic filament/titin
8510:Vascular smooth muscle
7217:The Incredible Machine
6979:10.1126/science.635587
6233:Anatomy and Physiology
5491:Build A Better Athlete
5246:Types of muscle fibers
4465:Osteoarthr Cartil Open
4425:10.1210/endrev/bnaa016
3972:Musculoskeletal injury
3890:
3873:of DNA wrapped around
3776:
3559:
3529:electroactive polymers
3480:pluripotent stem cells
3402:
3249:neurological disorders
3233:Neuromuscular diseases
3229:
3102:
3044:
2646:physiological strength
2418:adenosine triphosphate
2409:
2329:and from there to the
2098:sarcoplasmic reticulum
2078:sarcoplasmic reticulum
2051:releases ionic calcium
2048:sarcoplasmic reticulum
1989:
1981:
1962:
1881:lateral plate mesoderm
1868:of the spinal nerves.
1805:
1757:sarcoplasmic reticulum
1731:intermediate filaments
1714:– that are two of the
1703:
1691:
1402:
1374:motor unit recruitment
1322:adenosine triphosphate
1231:Mitochondrial density
1147:Resistance to fatigue
659:
636:
593:are found between the
495:. Muscle spindles are
447:four groups in the leg
443:four groups in the arm
293:adenosine triphosphate
248:to meet energy needs.
224:in a process known as
131:Anatomical terminology
8783:thick filament/myosin
7329:Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev
7041:Journal of Physiology
5949:Journal of Morphology
5448:Physiological Reviews
4999:Nature Communications
4040:10.1089/scd.2012.0647
3857:
3807:or de-methylation of
3770:
3537:
3396:
3387:Further information:
3219:
3200:neuromuscular disease
3186:Neuromuscular disease
3171:Clinical significance
3165:eccentric contraction
3097:
3078:serum response factor
3042:
2912:tensor tympani muscle
2650:neurological strength
2399:
2366:In skeletal muscles,
2335:extrapyramidal system
1987:
1979:
1960:
1814:embryonic development
1792:
1697:
1685:
1504:MHC IIx > MHC IIa
1496:MHC IIa > MHC IIx
1399:
1114:Fast Glycolytic (FG)
1100:Type IIX fibers
1097:Type IIA fibers
1071:, which is slow, and
764:Further information:
642:
634:
615:myotendinous junction
601:Attachment to tendons
542:. This occurs during
538:often referred to as
515:Skeletal muscle cells
505:myotendinous junction
487:found in muscles are
311:of skeletal muscles.
88:muscularis skeletalis
9128:Somatic motor system
8172:Biochim Biophys Acta
7984:Lancet Public Health
7484:Nature Biotechnology
7253:(10191): 2636–2646.
6735:18 July 2014 at the
6396:10.1002/cphy.c120033
5315:available under the
4336:10.1254/jphs.14r02cp
4188:10.1002/cphy.c160033
3527:includes the use of
3257:Huntington's disease
2950:improve this section
2899:antagonistic muscles
2761:improve this article
2719:maximum holding time
2554:output to the total
2500:improve this section
2392:Bioenergetic systems
2307:primary motor cortex
2216:improve this section
2055:cross-bridge cycling
1996:. Muscle fibers are
1871:During development,
1480:MHC IIa > MHC Iβ
1472:MHC Iβ > MHC IIa
1392:Fiber typing methods
1318:oxidative metabolism
669:, which runs from a
18:Skeletal muscle cell
8778:thin filament/actin
8764:(a, i, and h bands;
8343:Fascial compartment
7749:2020NatSR..10..229R
7637:2014PLoSO...991754M
6932:Clinical Physiology
6858:Acta Physiol. Scand
6553:Biophysical Reviews
6093:2017PNAS..114.7343O
5915:) and slow-tonic (S
5720:Scientific American
5525:(6 Pt 1): C1723–8.
5357:. Sports Medicine.
5351:"Muscle fiber type"
5019:10.1038/ncomms15613
5011:2017NatCo...815613Q
4731:Library of Congress
3962:Hill's muscle model
3622:resistance training
3253:Parkinson's disease
2889:is proportional to
2727:exponentially decay
2654:mechanical strength
2591:
2352:and basal ganglia.
2280:muscles of the face
2019:In addition to the
1910:organ by secreting
1688:electron microscope
1528:crossbridge cycling
1456:MHC heavy chain(s)
1449:
1415:immunohistochemical
1108:Slow Oxidative (SO)
1094:Type I fibers
1087:
881:means pear-shaped;
869:means saw-toothed;
812:means smaller, and
732:Muscle fiber growth
663:Muscle architecture
627:Muscle architecture
493:Golgi tendon organs
431:extraocular muscles
403:major muscle groups
8178:(11–12): 1217–27.
7696:(6): C1586–C1600.
7547:10.1111/apha.12212
6827:10.1007/BF00714995
6623:10.3390/nu10060796
6004:Muscle & Nerve
5961:10.1002/jmor.10318
5909:Homarus americanus
5285:. Human Kinetics.
4962:10.1111/apha.13465
4789:Muscle & Nerve
4568:. Garland Science.
3891:
3816:endurance training
3811:within enhancers.
3777:
3618:endurance training
3560:
3543:muscle fiber cells
3525:artificial muscles
3403:
3334:Muscle hypertrophy
3245:movement disorders
3230:
3222:muscular dystrophy
3130:anaerobic exercise
3119:muscle hypertrophy
3103:
3045:
2833:quadriceps femoris
2589:
2573:work loop analysis
2426:creatine phosphate
2410:
2386:Energy consumption
2090:transverse tubules
1990:
1982:
1972:Muscle contraction
1963:
1914:– a wide range of
1824:'s length to form
1816:in the process of
1806:
1802:primitive segments
1765:terminal cisternae
1704:
1692:
1557:Homarus americanus
1445:
1424:Myosin heavy chain
1403:
1334:myosin heavy chain
1189:Capillary density
1083:
992:By number of heads
983:gives tension to;
967:towards the body;
920:moving downwards;
895:pronator quadratus
841:means triangular;
820:means widest, and
695:convergent muscles
660:
637:
613:also known as the
605:Muscles attach to
587:myosatellite cells
581:A group of muscle
401:there are several
289:fast twitch fibers
269:muscle contraction
228:resulting in long
161:, the other being
124:H2.00.05.2.00002
9105:
9104:
9101:
9100:
9059:
9058:
9013:Myosatellite cell
8929:Intercalated disc
8908:
8907:
8836:Connective tissue
8754:
8753:
8750:
8749:
8717:Synemin/desmuslin
8637:
8636:
8453:
8452:
8082:(12): 1362–1372.
7535:Acta Physiologica
7231:978-0-87044-621-4
6711:978-0-7360-7966-2
6287:978-0-7360-4517-9
6087:(28): 7343–7348.
6016:10.1002/mus.20797
5769:(11): 1091–1095.
5763:The FASEB Journal
5500:978-1-930546-78-3
5391:978-0-7360-4517-9
5333:978-1-947172-04-3
5292:978-0-7360-4517-9
5108:978-0-321-50042-7
4950:Acta Physiologica
4801:10.1002/mus.10386
4677:978-1-107-66901-7
4594:(3): 609–621.e6.
4525:(11): 1151–1162.
4034:(16): 2298–2314.
3616:secretomes after
3581:muscle stem cells
3573:endothelial cells
3547:endothelial cells
3502:hyperpolarization
3437:Human spaceflight
3363:anabolic steroids
3340:strength training
3115:connective tissue
2986:
2985:
2978:
2793:
2792:
2785:
2642:
2641:
2585:Physical strength
2536:
2535:
2528:
2451:citric acid cycle
2252:
2251:
2244:
2133:calcium transient
2117:calcium buffering
1877:connective tissue
1810:paraxial mesoderm
1516:
1515:
1356:Type distribution
1320:to generate ATP (
1300:
1299:
1251:Intermediate-high
1175:Capillary supply
1161:Glycogen content
835:By relative shape
699:orbicularis oculi
595:basement membrane
576:myonuclear domain
507:that inform of a
497:stretch receptors
485:sensory receptors
458:Connective tissue
411:abdominal muscles
395:groups of muscles
393:often classed as
263:filaments called
220:of developmental
210:connective tissue
145:
144:
140:
16:(Redirected from
9140:
8947:
8946:
8730:
8646:
8645:
8629:Laminin, alpha 2
8561:
8560:
8552:
8551:
8538:
8537:
8527:
8526:
8480:
8473:
8466:
8457:
8456:
8445:Composite muscle
8278:
8271:
8264:
8255:
8254:
8248:
8247:
8237:
8205:
8196:
8195:
8167:
8161:
8160:
8150:
8140:
8116:
8110:
8109:
8099:
8067:
8061:
8060:
8024:
8018:
8017:
8007:
7990:(3): e219–e228.
7974:
7968:
7967:
7957:
7925:
7914:
7913:
7903:
7871:
7848:
7847:
7836:
7830:
7829:
7819:
7809:
7785:
7779:
7778:
7768:
7728:
7722:
7721:
7684:
7669:
7668:
7658:
7648:
7616:
7610:
7609:
7573:
7567:
7566:
7530:
7524:
7523:
7522:
7516:
7497:10.1038/nbt.3297
7473:
7467:
7466:
7426:
7420:
7419:
7392:Ursus americanus
7387:
7381:
7380:
7375:. Archived from
7369:
7363:
7362:
7344:
7320:
7314:
7313:
7285:
7279:
7278:
7242:
7236:
7235:
7211:
7205:
7204:
7192:
7186:
7185:
7183:
7181:
7167:
7161:
7160:
7124:
7118:
7117:
7081:
7075:
7074:
7064:
7032:
7026:
7025:
6997:
6991:
6990:
6962:
6956:
6955:
6923:
6917:
6916:
6888:
6882:
6881:
6853:
6847:
6846:
6810:
6804:
6799:
6793:
6792:
6772:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6761:
6746:
6740:
6722:
6716:
6715:
6695:
6689:
6688:
6663:(1): E132–E138.
6652:
6646:
6645:
6635:
6625:
6601:
6595:
6594:
6584:
6544:
6538:
6537:
6519:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6508:
6493:
6487:
6486:
6475:
6469:
6468:
6458:
6448:
6424:
6418:
6417:
6383:
6377:
6376:
6347:
6341:
6340:
6330:
6298:
6292:
6291:
6273:
6267:
6266:
6258:
6247:
6246:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6213:
6207:
6206:
6196:
6164:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6153:
6147:academic.oup.com
6139:
6133:
6132:
6122:
6104:
6072:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6061:
6047:
6038:
6037:
6027:
5995:
5989:
5988:
5943:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5903:
5894:
5893:
5849:
5843:
5842:
5814:
5805:
5804:
5778:
5754:
5745:
5744:
5738:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5694:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5627:
5621:
5620:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5549:
5543:
5542:
5514:
5505:
5504:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5443:
5434:
5433:
5405:
5396:
5395:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5347:
5338:
5337:
5310:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5276:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5215:
5202:
5201:
5183:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5159:
5151:www.austincc.edu
5148:
5142:Ziser, Stephen.
5139:
5133:
5126:
5113:
5112:
5094:
5085:
5084:
5074:
5050:
5041:
5040:
5030:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4973:
4941:
4930:
4929:
4911:
4879:
4870:
4869:
4859:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4698:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4603:
4579:
4570:
4569:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4542:
4510:
4499:
4498:
4488:
4456:
4447:
4446:
4436:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4387:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4338:
4314:
4305:
4304:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4199:
4167:
4154:
4153:
4135:
4124:
4123:
4112:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4091:on 23 March 2022
4076:
4070:
4069:
4059:
4019:
3950:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3908:vastus lateralis
3901:alter long-term
3821:vastus lateralis
3723:, especially at
3498:electromyography
3324:at the surface.
3280:electromyography
3147:The presence of
3126:Aerobic exercise
2981:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2961:
2930:
2922:
2882:Force generation
2788:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2768:
2745:
2737:
2681:mechanomyography
2638:Normal strength
2592:
2588:
2568:rowing ergometer
2531:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2511:
2480:
2472:
2455:aerobic exercise
2247:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2227:
2196:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2110:
2109:
2108:
1834:vertebral column
1553:American lobster
1450:
1444:
1088:
1082:
970:external rotator
961:internal rotator
926:moving upwards;
877:means comblike;
873:means circular;
667:force generation
509:muscle's tension
382:
370:
137:edit on Wikidata
134:
44:
32:
31:
21:
9148:
9147:
9143:
9142:
9141:
9139:
9138:
9137:
9123:Muscular system
9118:Skeletal muscle
9108:
9107:
9106:
9097:
9065:
9055:
9017:
8992:
8938:
8915:
8904:
8868:
8830:
8765:
8763:
8746:
8726:
8721:
8633:
8615:
8556:
8545:
8532:
8521:
8514:
8496:
8489:
8484:
8454:
8449:
8411:
8378:
8309:Skeletal muscle
8287:
8285:Muscular system
8282:
8252:
8251:
8220:(12): 1557–69.
8206:
8199:
8168:
8164:
8117:
8113:
8068:
8064:
8025:
8021:
7975:
7971:
7940:(7): e2219926.
7926:
7917:
7872:
7851:
7838:
7837:
7833:
7786:
7782:
7729:
7725:
7685:
7672:
7617:
7613:
7574:
7570:
7531:
7527:
7517:
7474:
7470:
7427:
7423:
7388:
7384:
7371:
7370:
7366:
7321:
7317:
7286:
7282:
7243:
7239:
7232:
7212:
7208:
7193:
7189:
7179:
7177:
7169:
7168:
7164:
7125:
7121:
7092:(3): R502–516.
7082:
7078:
7033:
7029:
6998:
6994:
6973:(4339): 314–7.
6963:
6959:
6924:
6920:
6889:
6885:
6854:
6850:
6811:
6807:
6800:
6796:
6773:
6769:
6759:
6757:
6748:
6747:
6743:
6737:Wayback Machine
6723:
6719:
6712:
6696:
6692:
6653:
6649:
6602:
6598:
6545:
6541:
6534:
6520:
6516:
6506:
6504:
6503:. 25 April 2013
6495:
6494:
6490:
6477:
6476:
6472:
6425:
6421:
6406:
6384:
6380:
6348:
6344:
6299:
6295:
6288:
6274:
6270:
6259:
6250:
6243:
6229:
6225:
6214:
6210:
6165:
6161:
6151:
6149:
6141:
6140:
6136:
6073:
6069:
6059:
6057:
6049:
6048:
6041:
5996:
5992:
5944:
5937:
5927:
5925:
5918:
5914:
5905:
5904:
5897:
5850:
5846:
5815:
5808:
5755:
5748:
5732:
5731:
5724:
5722:
5712:
5708:
5663:
5659:
5628:
5624:
5593:
5589:
5550:
5546:
5515:
5508:
5501:
5487:
5483:
5454:(4): 1447–531.
5444:
5437:
5406:
5399:
5392:
5378:
5374:
5364:
5362:
5349:
5348:
5341:
5334:
5304:
5300:
5293:
5277:
5262:
5252:
5250:
5241:
5237:
5230:
5216:
5205:
5198:
5184:
5173:
5163:
5161:
5157:
5146:
5140:
5136:
5127:
5116:
5109:
5095:
5088:
5051:
5044:
4991:
4987:
4942:
4933:
4880:
4873:
4828:
4824:
4785:
4781:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4749:
4745:
4735:
4733:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4710:
4708:
4700:
4699:
4692:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4660:
4656:
4637:
4633:
4622:
4621:
4617:
4580:
4573:
4560:
4556:
4511:
4502:
4457:
4450:
4405:
4401:
4370:(11): a029793.
4356:
4352:
4323:J Pharmacol Sci
4315:
4308:
4285:
4281:
4242:
4238:
4228:
4226:
4217:
4213:
4168:
4157:
4150:
4136:
4127:
4114:
4113:
4104:
4094:
4092:
4077:
4073:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4006:
3977:Muscle relaxant
3948:Medicine portal
3946:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3897:alterations to
3852:
3844:DNA methylation
3825:DNA methylation
3805:DNA methylation
3801:
3780:Gene expression
3765:
3729:heterochromatin
3709:
3669:
3653:
3630:
3609:endocrine organ
3597:
3565:
3552:satellite cells
3539:Skeletal muscle
3468:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3371:cross education
3336:
3330:
3305:A non-invasive
3292:genetic testing
3188:
3180:Main articles:
3178:
3173:
3092:
3086:
2982:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2947:
2931:
2920:
2903:agonist muscles
2884:
2837:gluteus maximus
2821:
2789:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2758:
2746:
2735:
2668:
2598:No contraction
2587:
2581:
2579:Muscle strength
2552:mechanical work
2532:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2497:
2481:
2470:
2430:creatine kinase
2394:
2388:
2368:muscle spindles
2364:
2358:
2331:motor end plate
2323:pyramidal tract
2311:cerebral cortex
2309:of the brain's
2248:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2213:
2197:
2186:
2184:Muscle movement
2176:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2152:actin filaments
2142:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2063:
1998:excitable cells
1974:
1968:
1900:
1787:
1781:
1680:
1660:
1628:
1616:
1598:
1590:differentiation
1569:
1550:
1545:
1536:
1394:
1358:
1330:
1309:
1105:Motor Unit Type
1065:
1054:, and types of
1014:temporal muscle
986:fixator muscles
956:to face upwards
885:means flat and
861:means having a
849:means having a
830:gluteus minimus
826:gluteus maximus
808:means largest;
796:means longest;
776:
762:
734:
710:pennation angle
706:pennate muscles
681:, and types of
671:muscle's origin
629:
623:
603:
591:satellite cells
517:
503:located at the
489:muscle spindles
390:
389:
388:
387:
386:
383:
375:
374:
371:
362:
361:
355:
349:
344:
305:endocrine organ
185:. The skeletal
148:Skeletal muscle
141:
71:Muscular system
47:
35:Skeletal muscle
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9146:
9136:
9135:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9103:
9102:
9099:
9098:
9096:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9069:
9067:
9061:
9060:
9057:
9056:
9054:
9053:
9048:
9047:
9046:
9036:
9031:
9025:
9023:
9019:
9018:
9016:
9015:
9010:
9000:
8998:
8994:
8993:
8991:
8990:
8985:
8976:
8971:
8970:
8969:
8964:
8953:
8951:
8944:
8940:
8939:
8937:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8920:
8918:
8910:
8909:
8906:
8905:
8903:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8890:Muscle spindle
8887:
8882:
8876:
8874:
8870:
8869:
8867:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8851:
8846:
8840:
8838:
8832:
8831:
8829:
8828:
8827:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8805:
8804:
8798:
8797:
8796:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8769:
8767:
8766:z and m lines)
8756:
8755:
8752:
8751:
8748:
8747:
8745:
8744:
8739:
8733:
8731:
8723:
8722:
8720:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8703:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8672:
8671:
8670:
8665:
8655:
8649:
8643:
8639:
8638:
8635:
8634:
8632:
8631:
8626:
8620:
8617:
8616:
8614:
8613:
8608:
8607:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8586:
8581:
8570:
8568:
8558:
8549:
8535:
8524:
8516:
8515:
8513:
8512:
8507:
8501:
8499:
8491:
8490:
8483:
8482:
8475:
8468:
8460:
8451:
8450:
8448:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8436:
8435:
8430:
8419:
8417:
8413:
8412:
8410:
8409:
8408:
8407:
8402:
8395:Pennate muscle
8392:
8386:
8384:
8380:
8379:
8377:
8376:
8367:
8366:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8340:
8339:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8318:
8317:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8304:Cardiac muscle
8295:
8293:
8289:
8288:
8281:
8280:
8273:
8266:
8258:
8250:
8249:
8197:
8162:
8111:
8062:
8035:(4): 509–523.
8019:
7969:
7934:JAMA Netw Open
7915:
7849:
7831:
7780:
7723:
7670:
7611:
7568:
7525:
7491:(9): 962–969.
7468:
7441:(3): 199–206.
7421:
7382:
7379:on 4 May 2010.
7364:
7315:
7296:(5): 658–661.
7280:
7237:
7230:
7206:
7187:
7162:
7135:(14): 1165–6.
7119:
7076:
7047:(1): 161–166.
7027:
7002:Am. J. Physiol
6992:
6957:
6918:
6893:J Appl Physiol
6883:
6848:
6821:(2): 137–141.
6805:
6794:
6783:(1–2): 35–40.
6767:
6756:. 21 June 2012
6741:
6717:
6710:
6690:
6647:
6596:
6559:(1): 133–160.
6539:
6532:
6514:
6488:
6470:
6419:
6404:
6378:
6359:(2): 879–890.
6342:
6293:
6286:
6268:
6248:
6241:
6223:
6208:
6179:(4): 307–320.
6159:
6134:
6067:
6039:
6010:(2): 183–189.
5990:
5935:
5916:
5912:
5895:
5860:(1): 327–331.
5844:
5806:
5746:
5706:
5657:
5638:(4): 435–452.
5622:
5603:(3): 463–475.
5587:
5544:
5506:
5499:
5481:
5435:
5416:(1): 111–129.
5397:
5390:
5372:
5339:
5332:
5298:
5291:
5260:
5235:
5228:
5203:
5196:
5171:
5134:
5114:
5107:
5086:
5042:
4985:
4931:
4871:
4842:(8): 378–387.
4822:
4779:
4765:
4743:
4718:
4690:
4676:
4654:
4643:. StatPearls.
4631:
4615:
4571:
4554:
4500:
4448:
4419:(4): 594–609.
4399:
4350:
4306:
4279:
4246:J Appl Physiol
4236:
4211:
4182:(3): 891–944.
4155:
4148:
4125:
4102:
4071:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3935:
3932:
3851:
3848:
3833:RNA sequencing
3800:
3797:
3764:
3761:
3708:
3705:
3668:
3665:
3652:
3649:
3629:
3626:
3596:
3593:
3585:lymphoid cells
3564:
3561:
3514:muscle fatigue
3467:
3464:
3423:muscle atrophy
3383:Muscle atrophy
3381:Main article:
3378:
3375:
3332:Main article:
3329:
3326:
3266:, spasticity,
3247:are caused by
3177:
3176:Muscle disease
3174:
3172:
3169:
3134:weight lifting
3088:Main article:
3085:
3082:
3026:transactivator
2984:
2983:
2934:
2932:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2870:
2855:
2840:
2824:
2819:
2791:
2790:
2749:
2747:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2687:, be measured
2685:phonomyography
2666:
2663:(5.6–7.4
2640:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2583:Main article:
2580:
2577:
2534:
2533:
2484:
2482:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2462:adipose tissue
2406:muscle fatigue
2390:Main article:
2387:
2384:
2376:proprioception
2362:Proprioception
2360:Main article:
2357:
2356:Proprioception
2354:
2341:and response.
2250:
2249:
2200:
2198:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2175:
2164:
2141:
2129:calcium sparks
2106:
2062:
2059:
2006:depolarization
2000:stimulated by
1970:Main article:
1967:
1964:
1899:
1896:
1858:erector spinae
1783:Main article:
1780:
1777:
1679:
1676:
1659:
1656:
1627:
1624:
1615:
1612:
1597:
1594:
1568:
1565:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1501:Type IIXA
1498:
1497:
1494:
1493:Type IIAX
1490:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1393:
1390:
1357:
1354:
1329:
1326:
1308:
1305:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1036:
1033:
1010:
1007:
993:
990:
901:
898:
891:pronator teres
836:
833:
804:means larger;
783:
761:
758:
733:
730:
704:The fibers in
683:pennate muscle
645:pennate muscle
625:Main article:
622:
619:
602:
599:
532:multinucleated
516:
513:
501:proprioceptors
405:including the
384:
377:
376:
372:
365:
364:
363:
359:
358:
357:
356:
348:
345:
343:
340:
316:multinucleated
230:multinucleated
163:cardiac muscle
143:
142:
133:
127:
126:
121:
115:
114:
109:
103:
102:
97:
91:
90:
85:
79:
78:
74:
73:
68:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9145:
9134:
9133:Muscle tissue
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9115:
9113:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9070:
9068:
9062:
9052:
9049:
9045:
9042:
9041:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9030:
9027:
9026:
9024:
9020:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9005:
9002:
9001:
8999:
8995:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8980:
8979:Microfilament
8977:
8975:
8972:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8960:
8959:
8958:
8955:
8954:
8952:
8948:
8945:
8941:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8921:
8919:
8917:
8911:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8877:
8875:
8871:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8852:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8841:
8839:
8837:
8833:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8811:
8810:
8807:
8806:
8803:
8800:
8799:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8775:
8774:
8771:
8770:
8768:
8761:
8757:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8724:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8677:
8676:
8673:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8660:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8650:
8647:
8644:
8642:Intracellular
8640:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8621:
8618:
8612:
8609:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8576:
8575:
8572:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8562:
8559:
8557:extracellular
8553:
8550:
8548:
8543:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8517:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8502:
8500:
8498:
8492:
8488:
8487:Muscle tissue
8481:
8476:
8474:
8469:
8467:
8462:
8461:
8458:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8425:
8424:
8421:
8420:
8418:
8414:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8397:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8387:
8385:
8381:
8375:
8371:
8368:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8345:
8344:
8341:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8323:
8322:
8319:
8315:
8314:Smooth muscle
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8301:
8300:
8299:Muscle tissue
8297:
8296:
8294:
8290:
8286:
8279:
8274:
8272:
8267:
8265:
8260:
8259:
8256:
8245:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8215:
8211:
8204:
8202:
8193:
8189:
8185:
8181:
8177:
8173:
8166:
8158:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8130:
8126:
8122:
8115:
8107:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8089:
8085:
8081:
8077:
8073:
8066:
8058:
8054:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8038:
8034:
8030:
8023:
8015:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7973:
7965:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7935:
7931:
7924:
7922:
7920:
7911:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7870:
7868:
7866:
7864:
7862:
7860:
7858:
7856:
7854:
7845:
7841:
7835:
7827:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7799:
7795:
7794:Front Physiol
7791:
7784:
7776:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7727:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7683:
7681:
7679:
7677:
7675:
7666:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7638:
7634:
7631:(3): e91754.
7630:
7626:
7622:
7615:
7607:
7603:
7599:
7595:
7591:
7587:
7583:
7579:
7572:
7564:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7536:
7529:
7521:
7514:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7485:
7480:
7472:
7464:
7460:
7456:
7452:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7425:
7417:
7413:
7409:
7405:
7401:
7397:
7393:
7386:
7378:
7374:
7368:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7334:
7330:
7326:
7319:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7284:
7276:
7272:
7268:
7264:
7260:
7256:
7252:
7248:
7241:
7233:
7227:
7223:
7219:
7218:
7210:
7202:
7198:
7191:
7176:
7172:
7166:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7123:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7095:
7091:
7087:
7080:
7072:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7031:
7023:
7019:
7015:
7011:
7007:
7003:
6996:
6988:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6961:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6938:(2): 141–51.
6937:
6933:
6929:
6922:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6887:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6864:(3): 315–24.
6863:
6859:
6852:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6809:
6802:
6798:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6771:
6755:
6751:
6745:
6738:
6734:
6731:
6727:
6721:
6713:
6707:
6703:
6702:
6694:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6651:
6643:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6600:
6592:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6543:
6535:
6533:0-7216-9549-3
6529:
6525:
6518:
6502:
6498:
6492:
6484:
6480:
6474:
6466:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6423:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6405:9780470650714
6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6382:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6346:
6338:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6297:
6289:
6283:
6279:
6272:
6264:
6257:
6255:
6253:
6244:
6242:9780072943689
6238:
6234:
6227:
6219:
6212:
6204:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6163:
6148:
6144:
6138:
6130:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6071:
6056:
6052:
6046:
6044:
6035:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5994:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5942:
5940:
5924:
5920:
5910:
5902:
5900:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5848:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5813:
5811:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5753:
5751:
5742:
5736:
5721:
5717:
5710:
5702:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5661:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5626:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5591:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5548:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5513:
5511:
5502:
5496:
5492:
5485:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5468:11577/2526092
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5442:
5440:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5404:
5402:
5393:
5387:
5383:
5376:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5346:
5344:
5335:
5329:
5325:
5320:
5318:
5314:
5309:
5302:
5294:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5248:
5247:
5239:
5231:
5229:9780071222075
5225:
5221:
5220:Human anatomy
5214:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5199:
5197:9780470646083
5193:
5189:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5156:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5131:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5119:
5110:
5104:
5100:
5099:Human Anatomy
5093:
5091:
5082:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5049:
5047:
5038:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4989:
4981:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4956:(3): e13465.
4955:
4951:
4947:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4878:
4876:
4867:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4826:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4783:
4768:
4766:9780674967953
4762:
4758:
4754:
4747:
4732:
4728:
4722:
4707:
4703:
4697:
4695:
4679:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4658:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4635:
4627:
4626:
4619:
4611:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4578:
4576:
4567:
4566:
4558:
4550:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4496:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4471:(1): 100019.
4470:
4466:
4462:
4455:
4453:
4444:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4403:
4395:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4354:
4346:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4329:(2): 125–31.
4328:
4324:
4320:
4313:
4311:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4283:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4240:
4224:
4223:
4215:
4207:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4151:
4149:9781496347213
4145:
4141:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4075:
4067:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4018:
4014:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3987:Muscle memory
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3938:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3913:
3912:epigentically
3909:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3786:, especially
3785:
3781:
3773:
3769:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3735:tails within
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3636:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3569:messenger RNA
3557:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3504:of the motor
3503:
3499:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3456:heart failure
3453:
3449:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3374:
3372:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3290:, as well as
3289:
3285:
3284:muscle biopsy
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3183:
3168:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3143:
3142:rock climbing
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3081:
3079:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3060:and obesity.
3058:
3054:
3050:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2980:
2977:
2969:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2935:This section
2933:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2822:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2787:
2784:
2776:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2750:This section
2748:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2723:Rohmert's law
2720:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2530:
2527:
2519:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2485:This section
2483:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2465:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2315:basal ganglia
2312:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2246:
2243:
2235:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2201:This section
2199:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2181:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2125:calsequestrin
2122:
2118:
2114:
2113:calcium spark
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2010:acetylcholine
2007:
2003:
2002:motor neurons
1999:
1995:
1986:
1978:
1973:
1959:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1928:Interleukin 6
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1862:spinal nerves
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1840:(which forms
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1818:somitogenesis
1815:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1742:cell membrane
1738:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1696:
1689:
1684:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1623:
1620:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1571:In the early
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1548:Invertebrates
1540:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:Type IIX
1508:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1485:Type IIA
1484:
1483:
1479:
1477:Type IIC
1476:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1413:activity and
1412:
1411:myosin ATPase
1409:staining for
1408:
1407:histochemical
1398:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1337:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1304:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1259:Z-line width
1257:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1133:Twitch force
1131:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1119:Twitch speed
1117:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:temporal bone
1015:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1001:
997:
994:
991:
988:
987:
982:
978:
977:
972:
971:
966:
963:
962:
957:
953:
952:
947:
943:
942:
937:
936:
931:
930:
925:
924:
919:
918:
913:
912:
907:
906:
902:
899:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
837:
834:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
800:means large;
799:
795:
791:
788:means short;
787:
784:
781:
780:
779:
775:
771:
767:
760:Muscle naming
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
658:
654:
650:
646:
641:
633:
628:
618:
616:
612:
608:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
526:
522:
521:muscle fibers
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
483:Two types of
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
381:
369:
354:
347:Gross anatomy
339:
337:
331:
329:
325:
321:
320:muscle fibers
317:
312:
310:
306:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:carbohydrates
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
242:cell membrane
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
191:muscle fibers
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
167:smooth muscle
164:
160:
159:muscle tissue
157:
153:
149:
138:
132:
128:
125:
122:
120:
116:
113:
110:
108:
104:
101:
98:
96:
92:
89:
86:
84:
80:
75:
72:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
50:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
8957:Muscle fiber
8956:
8727:
8658:Dystrobrevin
8611:Dystroglycan
8308:
8217:
8213:
8175:
8171:
8165:
8128:
8124:
8114:
8079:
8075:
8065:
8032:
8028:
8022:
7987:
7983:
7972:
7937:
7933:
7883:
7879:
7843:
7834:
7797:
7793:
7783:
7740:
7736:
7726:
7693:
7689:
7628:
7624:
7614:
7584:(1): 65–73.
7581:
7577:
7571:
7541:(1): 82–96.
7538:
7534:
7528:
7488:
7482:
7471:
7438:
7434:
7424:
7402:(1): 20–28.
7399:
7395:
7391:
7385:
7377:the original
7367:
7332:
7328:
7318:
7293:
7289:
7283:
7250:
7246:
7240:
7216:
7209:
7200:
7190:
7178:. Retrieved
7174:
7165:
7132:
7128:
7122:
7089:
7085:
7079:
7044:
7040:
7030:
7008:(3): 783–5.
7005:
7001:
6995:
6970:
6966:
6960:
6935:
6931:
6921:
6899:(3): 312–9.
6896:
6892:
6886:
6861:
6857:
6851:
6818:
6814:
6808:
6797:
6780:
6776:
6770:
6758:. Retrieved
6754:openstax.org
6753:
6744:
6725:
6724:Quoted from
6720:
6700:
6693:
6660:
6656:
6650:
6613:
6609:
6599:
6556:
6552:
6542:
6523:
6517:
6505:. Retrieved
6501:openstax.org
6500:
6491:
6482:
6473:
6436:
6432:
6422:
6387:
6381:
6356:
6352:
6345:
6313:(1): 26–38.
6310:
6306:
6296:
6277:
6271:
6262:
6232:
6226:
6217:
6211:
6176:
6172:
6162:
6150:. Retrieved
6146:
6137:
6084:
6080:
6070:
6058:. Retrieved
6054:
6007:
6003:
5993:
5955:(1): 62–74.
5952:
5948:
5926:. Retrieved
5922:
5908:
5857:
5853:
5847:
5822:
5818:
5766:
5762:
5723:. Retrieved
5719:
5709:
5677:(1): 33–43.
5674:
5670:
5660:
5635:
5631:
5625:
5600:
5596:
5590:
5560:(6): 500–9.
5557:
5553:
5547:
5522:
5518:
5490:
5484:
5451:
5447:
5413:
5409:
5381:
5375:
5363:. Retrieved
5354:
5323:
5305:
5301:
5281:
5251:. Retrieved
5245:
5238:
5219:
5187:
5162:. Retrieved
5150:
5137:
5129:
5098:
5065:(2): 53–63.
5062:
5058:
5002:
4998:
4988:
4953:
4949:
4891:
4887:
4839:
4835:
4825:
4792:
4788:
4782:
4770:. Retrieved
4756:
4746:
4734:. Retrieved
4730:
4721:
4709:. Retrieved
4705:
4681:. Retrieved
4667:
4657:
4634:
4625:Introduction
4624:
4618:
4591:
4587:
4564:
4557:
4522:
4518:
4468:
4464:
4416:
4412:
4402:
4367:
4363:
4353:
4326:
4322:
4288:
4282:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4227:. Retrieved
4221:
4214:
4179:
4175:
4139:
4119:
4093:. Retrieved
4089:the original
4084:
4074:
4031:
4027:
4017:
3916:
3892:
3858:
3837:
3813:
3802:
3778:
3771:
3710:
3677:
3670:
3654:
3639:
3637:in Canada).
3631:
3598:
3566:
3556:new myocytes
3538:
3522:
3495:
3484:
3469:
3445:
3435:
3411:malnutrition
3404:
3399:malnutrition
3367:
3359:testosterone
3348:
3337:
3307:elastography
3304:
3294:to identify
3261:
3231:
3208:polymyositis
3196:neuropathies
3189:
3158:
3146:
3123:
3107:motor skills
3104:
3075:
3062:
3046:
3034:
2987:
2972:
2963:
2948:Please help
2936:
2908:
2887:Muscle force
2885:
2829:muscle fiber
2794:
2779:
2770:
2759:Please help
2754:verification
2751:
2718:
2716:
2693:
2672:invertebrate
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2643:
2537:
2522:
2513:
2498:Please help
2486:
2459:
2422:myosin heads
2411:
2365:
2343:
2300:
2288:
2253:
2238:
2229:
2214:Please help
2202:
2064:
2028:myofilaments
2018:
1991:
1944:
1901:
1892:
1885:
1870:
1866:ventral rami
1830:segmentation
1807:
1801:
1800:labelled as
1794:Human embryo
1761:calcium ions
1754:
1750:mitochondria
1739:
1728:
1716:myofilaments
1705:
1678:Microanatomy
1672:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1649:
1644:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1617:
1605:
1599:
1570:
1556:
1551:
1537:
1523:
1517:
1469:Type IC
1453:ATPase type
1446:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1404:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1359:
1346:
1338:
1331:
1328:Twitch speed
1310:
1301:
1262:Intermediate
1195:Intermediate
1084:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1003:
999:
995:
984:
980:
974:
968:
959:
949:
946:to face down
939:
933:
927:
921:
915:
909:
903:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
858:
854:
846:
842:
838:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
792:means long;
789:
785:
777:
742:mitochondria
735:
726:multipennate
703:
661:
657:multipennate
614:
610:
604:
590:
580:
575:
564:
559:
555:
539:
529:
520:
518:
482:
477:
451:
439:compartments
394:
391:
332:
318:contractile
313:
301:
297:myosin heads
265:myofilaments
250:
246:mitochondria
237:
203:
190:
187:muscle cells
151:
147:
146:
87:
29:
9008:Muscle cell
8983:Myofilament
8802:Tropomyosin
8773:Myofilament
8574:Sarcoglycan
8374:Aponeurosis
8326:Superficial
8214:Epigenetics
8125:Genome Biol
7335:: 399–425.
6152:13 December
6060:13 December
5928:13 December
5725:13 December
5365:27 November
5164:12 February
4836:BMB Reports
4795:(1): 62–8.
4772:17 February
4683:17 February
4519:Epigenetics
4252:(1): 81–8.
3982:Microtrauma
3883:polypeptide
3875:nucleosomes
3703:functions.
3645:Stroop test
3589:macrophages
3441:hibernation
3328:Hypertrophy
3318:contraction
3300:dystrophies
3149:lactic acid
3010:phosphatase
3008:-activated
3002:Calcineurin
2712:motor units
2564:food energy
2443:lactic acid
2402:lactic acid
2380:red nucleus
2339:muscle tone
2327:spinal cord
2258:leg of the
2044:tropomyosin
1966:Contraction
1948:homeostatic
1904:contraction
1779:Development
1573:development
1567:Vertebrates
1461:Type I
1370:Motor units
1307:Fiber color
1293:Medium-high
1091:Properties
1063:Fiber types
1028:below, and
1009:By location
871:orbicularis
847:rhomboideus
794:longissimus
754:capillaries
462:deep fascia
328:neutrophils
324:macrophages
77:Identifiers
9112:Categories
9078:Telethonin
9039:Sarcolemma
9034:Sarcoplasm
8967:extrafusal
8962:intrafusal
8924:Myocardium
8885:Motor unit
8859:Endomysium
8854:Perimysium
8742:Caveolin 3
8675:Syntrophin
8653:Dystrophin
8505:Calmodulin
8400:Unipennate
8131:(1): 108.
8029:Sports Med
7886:: 101290.
7743:(1): 229.
6616:(6): 796.
6524:Physiology
6307:Physiology
5249:. OpenStax
4413:Endocr Rev
4009:References
3923:nucleosome
3903:expression
3895:epigenetic
3879:linker DNA
3871:base pairs
3861:nucleosome
3757:acetylated
3753:linker DNA
3749:nucleosome
3741:base pairs
3713:epigenetic
3635:sarcopenia
3427:sarcopenia
3407:Inactivity
3389:Sarcopenia
3322:vibrations
3311:actomyosin
3237:spasticity
3226:dystrophin
3192:myopathies
3006:calmodulin
2848:myometrial
2816:(975
2773:March 2016
2676:sarcomeres
2540:efficiency
2468:Efficiency
2350:brain stem
2319:cerebellum
2148:Troponin C
2074:myofibrils
2036:sarcomeres
2032:myofibrils
1994:motor unit
1918:and other
1838:sclerotome
1785:Myogenesis
1746:sarcoplasm
1724:sarcomeres
1720:myofibrils
1658:Plasticity
1619:Chimpanzee
1604:, such as
1577:myogenesis
1520:glycolytic
1362:quadriceps
1217:Red color
1203:Myoglobin
1077:motor unit
1044:transverse
1004:quadriceps
1002:three and
893:, and the
879:piriformis
818:latissimus
816:smallest;
738:myofibrils
718:unipennate
649:unipennate
583:stem cells
572:sarcolemma
544:myogenesis
470:perimysium
466:endomysium
445:, and the
441:including
351:See also:
253:myofibrils
226:myogenesis
199:sarcomeres
156:vertebrate
9083:Dysferlin
9066:ungrouped
8988:Sarcomere
8974:Myofibril
8934:Nebulette
8844:Epimysium
8760:Sarcomere
8712:Dysbindin
8707:Syncoilin
8624:Sarcospan
8555:Membrane/
8542:Costamere
8433:Insertion
8405:Bipennate
7880:Mol Metab
7718:253383236
7435:Maturitas
7290:Clin Nutr
7275:208792618
6610:Nutrients
6573:1867-2450
6111:0027-8424
5969:0362-2525
5919:) fibers"
5874:8750-7587
5839:8750-7587
5785:0892-6638
5355:About.com
5317:CC BY 4.0
5005:: 15613.
4926:234362466
4301:NBK537139
4048:1547-3287
4002:Preflexes
3919:enhancers
3899:enhancers
3829:enhancers
3809:CpG sites
3792:promoters
3788:enhancers
3737:chromatin
3725:CpG sites
3693:cognitive
3661:mortality
3613:cytokines
3601:secretome
3577:pericytes
3314:filaments
3268:myoclonus
3241:paralysis
2937:does not
2704:sarcomere
2700:pennation
2556:metabolic
2516:June 2021
2487:does not
2291:reflexive
2272:autonomic
2268:voluntary
2232:June 2021
2203:does not
2094:T-tubules
1952:shivering
1916:cytokines
1908:endocrine
1873:myoblasts
1846:dermatome
1842:vertebrae
1812:. During
1769:T tubules
1735:costamere
1700:T-tubules
1585:zebrafish
1342:anaerobic
1313:myoglobin
976:sphincter
951:supinator
917:depressor
900:By action
875:pectinate
863:trapezoid
859:trapezius
843:quadratus
746:myoglobin
722:bipennate
675:insertion
653:bipennate
643:Types of
585:known as
560:myomerger
546:with the
540:myonuclei
534:with the
474:epimysium
342:Structure
336:endocrine
309:secretome
285:anaerobic
273:oxidation
238:myonuclei
236:, termed
222:myoblasts
212:layer of
206:fascicles
171:voluntary
9073:Myotilin
9044:T-tubule
9004:Myoblast
8849:Fascicle
8809:Troponin
8728:related:
8531:Skeletal
8520:Striated
8390:Fusiform
8336:Visceral
8244:25484259
8192:23124110
8157:33858480
8106:24560929
8057:73481438
8049:30778851
8014:35247352
7964:35796211
7910:34252634
7826:31496956
7800:: 1074.
7775:31937892
7710:36342160
7665:24622330
7625:PLOS ONE
7606:25169061
7598:23193462
7563:34744926
7555:24319999
7513:21241434
7505:26237517
7463:42148927
7455:23664695
7416:17307375
7359:44574997
7310:17904252
7267:31171417
7157:27583398
7149:21989854
7106:15308499
7071:11579166
6843:29191826
6733:Archived
6728:; UCSD,
6685:10257328
6677:11739093
6642:29925809
6591:28509964
6465:30761018
6414:23897689
6373:29322779
6337:29212890
6203:33251280
6129:28652350
6034:17486578
5985:36961922
5977:15732049
5882:10642397
5825:(1): 1.
5735:cite web
5574:10998639
5476:22013216
5359:Archived
5319:license.
5155:Archived
5081:23738275
5037:28631758
4980:32175681
4918:33972174
4894:: 3–10.
4866:29898810
4817:20508198
4809:12811774
4649:33085295
4610:30922843
4588:Mol Cell
4549:32281477
4495:36474563
4443:32393961
4394:28389517
4345:24859778
4297:30725824
4266:10904038
4229:18 April
4206:28640448
4066:23517218
3934:See also
3745:histones
3701:platelet
3685:Exocarta
3545:; small
3472:biopsies
3466:Research
3460:cachexia
3355:hormones
3344:exercise
3288:myopathy
3264:weakness
3251:such as
3206:include
3182:Myopathy
3154:pyruvate
3090:Exercise
3084:Exercise
3070:Ablation
3049:PPARGC1A
3047:PGC1-α (
3036:muscle.
2966:May 2021
2863:saccades
2802:masseter
2706:length,
2447:pyruvate
2434:glycogen
2256:efferent
2040:troponin
1924:exercise
1920:peptides
1912:myokines
1898:Function
1796:showing
1596:Reptiles
1512:MHC IIx
1488:MHC IIa
1428:isoforms
1401:atrophy.
1376:viable.
1058:muscles.
1052:parallel
965:rotating
941:pronator
935:extensor
923:elevator
911:adductor
905:abductor
887:gracilis
867:serratus
851:rhomboid
750:glycogen
687:fusiform
679:parallel
556:myomaker
552:fusogens
407:pectoral
195:striated
183:skeleton
57:Synonyms
9088:Fukutin
8914:Cardiac
8873:General
8793:nebulin
8353:Forearm
8235:4622000
8148:8051032
8097:4316174
8005:9289978
7955:9250053
7901:8355925
7817:6713247
7766:6959232
7745:Bibcode
7737:Sci Rep
7656:3951451
7633:Bibcode
7351:8744257
7222:307–311
7180:24 June
7114:2745168
7062:2278832
7022:6036801
6967:Science
6952:6682735
6913:4403464
6835:3698999
6789:1541245
6633:6024668
6582:5425715
6507:25 June
6456:6363662
6328:5866409
6194:7678922
6120:5514706
6089:Bibcode
6025:3816747
5890:7024153
5801:9613549
5793:7649409
5692:1281479
5652:5472111
5617:8281747
5582:7820419
5539:7545970
5430:4120482
5253:17 June
5072:3666507
5028:5481841
5007:Bibcode
4971:7317456
4909:9070318
4857:6130827
4540:7595631
4486:9718214
4434:7288608
4385:5666622
4274:9232367
4197:5890934
4057:3730538
3997:Myotomy
3992:Myomere
3927:histone
3887:lysines
3865:histone
3733:histone
3689:cardiac
3681:Uniprot
3431:frailty
3415:disease
3377:Atrophy
3351:puberty
3272:myalgia
3111:fitness
3099:Jogging
3004:, a Ca/
2958:removed
2943:sources
2859:eyeball
2835:or the
2689:in vivo
2635:Grade 5
2627:Grade 4
2619:Grade 3
2611:Grade 2
2603:Grade 1
2595:Grade 0
2548:cycling
2508:removed
2493:sources
2438:glucose
2346:posture
2325:to the
2303:mammals
2224:removed
2209:sources
2150:by the
2123:called
2030:in the
1850:myotome
1826:somites
1798:somites
1718:in the
1614:Mammals
1602:Turtles
1581:isotype
1524:in vivo
1464:MHC Iβ
1349:aerobic
1268:Narrow
1073:Type II
1056:pennate
1048:oblique
1024:above;
1020:. Also
1000:triceps
954:moving
944:moving
865:shape;
853:shape;
839:deltoid
814:minimus
806:maximus
782:By size
673:to its
655:; C –
651:; B –
607:tendons
589:, also
554:called
433:of the
175:tendons
100:D018482
52:Details
9064:Other/
9029:Desmin
8916:muscle
8533:muscle
8522:muscle
8497:muscle
8495:Smooth
8428:Origin
8370:Tendon
8321:Fascia
8292:Tissue
8242:
8232:
8190:
8155:
8145:
8104:
8094:
8055:
8047:
8012:
8002:
7962:
7952:
7908:
7898:
7824:
7814:
7773:
7763:
7716:
7708:
7663:
7653:
7604:
7596:
7561:
7553:
7511:
7503:
7461:
7453:
7414:
7357:
7349:
7308:
7273:
7265:
7247:Lancet
7228:
7155:
7147:
7112:
7104:
7069:
7059:
7020:
6987:635587
6985:
6950:
6911:
6878:144412
6876:
6841:
6833:
6787:
6760:15 May
6708:
6683:
6675:
6640:
6630:
6589:
6579:
6571:
6530:
6463:
6453:
6439:: 42.
6412:
6402:
6371:
6335:
6325:
6284:
6239:
6201:
6191:
6127:
6117:
6109:
6032:
6022:
5983:
5975:
5967:
5888:
5880:
5872:
5837:
5799:
5791:
5783:
5701:430414
5699:
5689:
5650:
5615:
5580:
5572:
5537:
5497:
5474:
5428:
5388:
5330:
5289:
5226:
5194:
5105:
5079:
5069:
5035:
5025:
4978:
4968:
4924:
4916:
4906:
4864:
4854:
4815:
4807:
4763:
4736:17 May
4711:17 May
4674:
4647:
4608:
4547:
4537:
4493:
4483:
4441:
4431:
4392:
4382:
4343:
4295:
4272:
4264:
4204:
4194:
4146:
4095:24 May
4064:
4054:
4046:
3697:kidney
3657:walked
3454:, and
3448:cancer
3417:, and
3138:soccer
2874:tongue
2852:infant
2844:weight
2708:myosin
2544:rowing
2414:energy
2264:Nerves
2135:. The
2025:myosin
1938:, and
1822:embryo
1710:, and
1708:myosin
1366:soleus
1142:Large
1139:Medium
1069:Type I
1040:rectus
1032:under.
1026:infra-
1022:supra-
996:biceps
981:tensor
929:flexor
883:platys
828:, and
822:vastus
798:magnus
790:longus
786:brevis
772:, and
724:, and
693:, and
647:. A –
548:fusion
536:nuclei
525:biceps
491:, and
454:tendon
429:, and
427:tongue
409:, and
283:, but
261:myosin
234:nuclei
218:fusion
214:fascia
152:muscle
66:System
9022:Other
8997:Cells
8950:Fiber
8416:Other
8383:Shape
8358:Thigh
8053:S2CID
7714:S2CID
7602:S2CID
7559:S2CID
7509:S2CID
7459:S2CID
7355:S2CID
7271:S2CID
7153:S2CID
7110:S2CID
6839:S2CID
6681:S2CID
5981:S2CID
5886:S2CID
5797:S2CID
5578:S2CID
5158:(PDF)
5147:(PDF)
4922:S2CID
4813:S2CID
4270:S2CID
3925:with
3863:with
3510:force
3506:axons
3419:aging
3066:HIF1A
3053:PPARδ
2562:from
2372:sense
2296:spine
2284:brain
2276:brain
2021:actin
1940:SPARC
1936:FGF21
1888:fetus
1773:triad
1712:actin
1645:Prdm1
1633:Prdm1
1561:tonic
1282:High
1226:Pale
1184:Poor
1170:High
1136:Small
1128:Fast
1006:four.
998:two;
855:teres
810:minor
802:major
691:strap
478:mysia
399:torso
257:actin
181:of a
179:bones
135:[
83:Latin
8943:Both
8737:NOS1
8604:SGCZ
8599:SGCG
8594:SGCE
8589:SGCD
8584:SGCB
8579:SGCA
8547:DAPC
8331:Deep
8240:PMID
8188:PMID
8176:1819
8153:PMID
8102:PMID
8080:1839
8045:PMID
8010:PMID
7960:PMID
7906:PMID
7822:PMID
7771:PMID
7706:PMID
7661:PMID
7594:PMID
7551:PMID
7501:PMID
7451:PMID
7412:PMID
7347:PMID
7306:PMID
7263:PMID
7226:ISBN
7182:2021
7145:PMID
7102:PMID
7067:PMID
7018:PMID
6983:PMID
6948:PMID
6909:PMID
6874:PMID
6831:PMID
6785:PMID
6762:2021
6706:ISBN
6673:PMID
6638:PMID
6587:PMID
6569:ISSN
6528:ISBN
6509:2021
6461:PMID
6410:PMID
6400:ISBN
6369:PMID
6333:PMID
6282:ISBN
6237:ISBN
6199:PMID
6154:2022
6125:PMID
6107:ISSN
6062:2022
6030:PMID
5973:PMID
5965:ISSN
5930:2022
5878:PMID
5870:ISSN
5835:ISSN
5789:PMID
5781:ISSN
5741:link
5727:2022
5697:PMID
5648:PMID
5613:PMID
5570:PMID
5535:PMID
5495:ISBN
5472:PMID
5426:PMID
5386:ISBN
5367:2007
5328:ISBN
5313:text
5287:ISBN
5255:2021
5224:ISBN
5192:ISBN
5166:2015
5103:ISBN
5077:PMID
5033:PMID
4976:PMID
4914:PMID
4862:PMID
4805:PMID
4774:2023
4761:ISBN
4738:2021
4713:2021
4685:2023
4672:ISBN
4645:PMID
4606:PMID
4545:PMID
4491:PMID
4439:PMID
4390:PMID
4341:PMID
4293:PMID
4262:PMID
4231:2015
4202:PMID
4144:ISBN
4097:2021
4062:PMID
4044:ISSN
3838:The
3699:and
3452:AIDS
3278:and
3270:and
3255:and
3210:and
3184:and
3140:and
3018:MEF2
3014:NFAT
2994:MAPK
2941:any
2939:cite
2877:one.
2717:The
2546:and
2538:The
2491:any
2489:cite
2270:and
2254:The
2207:any
2205:cite
2082:RYR1
2042:and
2023:and
1932:BDNF
1651:Sox6
1639:Sox6
1296:Low
1290:High
1279:High
1265:Wide
1254:Low
1248:High
1240:Low
1237:High
1234:High
1223:Dark
1220:Dark
1212:Low
1209:High
1206:High
1198:Low
1192:High
1181:Rich
1178:Rich
1167:High
1156:Low
1153:High
1150:High
1125:Fast
1122:Slow
1030:sub-
568:cell
558:and
423:foot
419:hand
279:and
277:fats
259:and
165:and
112:1976
95:MeSH
8565:DAP
8363:Leg
8348:Arm
8230:PMC
8222:doi
8180:doi
8143:PMC
8133:doi
8092:PMC
8084:doi
8037:doi
8000:PMC
7992:doi
7950:PMC
7942:doi
7896:PMC
7888:doi
7812:PMC
7802:doi
7761:PMC
7753:doi
7698:doi
7694:323
7651:PMC
7641:doi
7586:doi
7543:doi
7539:211
7493:doi
7443:doi
7404:doi
7400:147
7337:doi
7298:doi
7255:doi
7251:393
7137:doi
7094:doi
7090:287
7057:PMC
7049:doi
7045:536
7010:doi
7006:213
6975:doi
6971:200
6940:doi
6901:doi
6866:doi
6862:100
6823:doi
6665:doi
6661:282
6628:PMC
6618:doi
6577:PMC
6561:doi
6451:PMC
6441:doi
6392:doi
6361:doi
6323:PMC
6315:doi
6189:PMC
6181:doi
6115:PMC
6097:doi
6085:114
6020:PMC
6012:doi
5957:doi
5953:264
5862:doi
5827:doi
5771:doi
5687:PMC
5679:doi
5675:287
5640:doi
5605:doi
5601:106
5562:doi
5527:doi
5523:267
5464:hdl
5456:doi
5418:doi
5067:PMC
5023:PMC
5015:doi
4966:PMC
4958:doi
4954:229
4904:PMC
4896:doi
4892:119
4852:PMC
4844:doi
4797:doi
4596:doi
4535:PMC
4527:doi
4481:PMC
4473:doi
4429:PMC
4421:doi
4380:PMC
4372:doi
4331:doi
4327:125
4254:doi
4192:PMC
4184:doi
4052:PMC
4036:doi
3719:or
3683:or
3620:or
3478:of
3425:or
3296:DNA
3239:or
3220:In
2990:Ras
2952:by
2806:jaw
2804:or
2763:by
2725:to
2683:or
2560:ATP
2502:by
2218:by
1844:),
1422:).
1336:).
1276:Low
1164:Low
435:eye
275:of
177:to
107:TA2
9114::
8700:G2
8695:G1
8690:B2
8685:B1
8238:.
8228:.
8216:.
8212:.
8200:^
8186:.
8174:.
8151:.
8141:.
8129:22
8127:.
8123:.
8100:.
8090:.
8078:.
8074:.
8051:.
8043:.
8033:49
8031:.
8008:.
7998:.
7986:.
7982:.
7958:.
7948:.
7936:.
7932:.
7918:^
7904:.
7894:.
7884:53
7882:.
7878:.
7852:^
7842:.
7820:.
7810:.
7798:10
7796:.
7792:.
7769:.
7759:.
7751:.
7741:10
7739:.
7735:.
7712:.
7704:.
7692:.
7673:^
7659:.
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7639:.
7627:.
7623:.
7600:.
7592:.
7582:21
7580:.
7557:.
7549:.
7537:.
7507:.
7499:.
7489:33
7487:.
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7439:75
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7433:.
7410:.
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