30:
268:
Skeletal pneumaticity allows animals to redistribute the skeletal mass within their body. The skeletal mass of a bird (pneumatized) and a mammal (not pneumatized) with similar body size is roughly the same, yet the bones of birds were found to be denser than the bones of mammals. This suggests that
277:
In theropods, the head and neck are greatly pneumatized, and the forearms are reduced. This would help reduce the mass further away from the center of balance. This adjustment to the center of mass would allow the animal to reduce its rotational inertia, thereby increasing its agility. The sacral
289:
are highly pneumatized birds with pneumatic diverticula traveling throughout the bones and into the skin. As screamers fly at high altitudes, it is hypothesized that the extreme pneumaticity in these birds is indicative of an adaptation for flying in high altitudes.
255:
with air, reducing the overall body mass. Reducing the body mass would make it easier for pterosaurs and birds to fly as there is less mass to keep aloft with the same amount of muscle powering the flight strokes. Pneumatizing the vertebral column of
657:
Picasso, Mariana BJ; Mosto, Maria Clelia; Tozzi, Romina; Degrange, Federico J; Barbeito, Claudio G (2014). "A peculiar association: the skin and the subcutaneus diverticula of the
Southern Screamer (Chauna torquata, Anseriformes)".
26:(air sacs) from an air-filled space, such as the lungs or nasal cavity. Pneumatization is highly variable between individuals, and bones not normally pneumatized can become pneumatized in pathological development.
231:. Slight pneumatization of the centra and rib heads by dorsal diverticula in the lungs of land tortoises has also been documented. In addition, pathological pneumatization has been known to occur in the human
269:
pneumatization of bird bones does not affect the overall mass but allows for a better balance of weight within the body to allow for greater balance, agility and ease of flight.
243:
The exact function of skeletal pneumaticity is not definitively known, but there are several working hypotheses concerning the role of skeletal pneumaticity in an organism.
534:
532:
Moreira, Bruno; Som, Peter M. (July 2010). "Unexplained extensive skull base and atlas pneumatization: computed tomographic findings".
22:
is the presence of air spaces within bones. It is generally produced during development by excavation of bone by pneumatic
406:
325:
569:
Bennett, Christopher (2001). "The
Osteology and Functional Morphology of the Late Cretaceous Pterosaur Pteranodon".
452:
310:
431:
682:
221:
Postcranial pneumatization is rarer outside of
Archosauria. Examples include the hyoid in howler monkeys
278:
pneumaticity would lower its center of mass to a more ventral position, allowing it more stabilization.
260:
would reduce the weight of these organisms, and make it easier to support and move the massive neck.
115:
341:
Sereno, PC; Martinez, RN; Wilson, JA; Varricchio, DJ; Alcober, OA; Larsson, HC (30 September 2008).
131:. Many modern birds are extensively pneumatized. The air pockets of the bones are connected to the
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However the extent of pneumaticity depends on species. For example it is slight in diving birds,
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8:
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311:"Postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropods and its implications for mass estimates"
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343:"Evidence for avian intrathoracic air sacs in a new predatory dinosaur from Argentina"
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dinosaurs, and some theropods have quite widespread pneumatization, for example
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407:"Vertebral pneumaticity, air sacs, and the physiology of sauropod dinosaurs"
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59:
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Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London B: Biological Sciences
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Farmer, CG (November 2006). "On the origin of avian air sacs".
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By invading the bones, the pneumatic diverticula would replace
47:
340:
320:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 201–228.
453:"The deep diving of the loon and old-squaw and its mechanism"
432:
10.1666/0094-8373(2003)029<0243:vpasat>2.0.co;2
316:. In Curry Rogers, Kristina A.; Wilson, Jeffrey A. (eds.).
215:
106:
55:
656:
225:, and the dorsal vertebrae in the osteoglossiform fish
602:"Bone density and the lightweight skeletons of birds"
90:
Postcranial pneumaticity is found largely in certain
238:
263:
144:Skeleton portion pneumatized by their diverticula
37:in a human, an example of skeletal pneumatization
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62:. Pneumatization has been documented in extinct
466:(3). The Wilson Ornithological Society: 151–159
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109:. Vertebral pneumatization is widespread among
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535:JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery
85:
531:
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491:Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology
477:
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318:The Sauropods: evolution and paleobiology
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205:anterior and posterior thoracic air sacs
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568:
46:Pneumatization occurs in the skulls of
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308:
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600:Dumont, Elizabeth R. (2010-07-22).
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16:Presence of air spaces within bones
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451:Schorger, A. W. (September 1947).
14:
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239:Function of skeletal pneumaticity
264:Alter skeletal mass distribution
74:. Pneumatic spaces include the
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163:posterior thoracic vertebrae,
1:
571:Palaeontographica Abteilung A
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218:lack pneumatic bones at all.
370:10.1371/journal.pone.0003303
282:Adaptation for high altitude
7:
10:
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503:10.1016/j.resp.2006.04.014
309:Wedel, Matthew J. (2005).
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119:has pneumatization of the
405:Wedel, Mathew J. (2003).
116:Aerosteon riocoloradensis
548:10.1001/archoto.2010.108
86:Postcranial pneumaticity
579:10.1127/pala/260/2001/1
424:Paleontological Society
175:interclavicular air sac
618:10.1098/rspb.2010.0117
152:cervical and anterior
38:
208:- (lack diverticula)
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20:Skeletal pneumaticity
42:Cranial pneumaticity
612:(1691): 2193–2198.
460:The Wilson Bulletin
361:2008PLoSO...3.3303S
683:Vertebrate anatomy
660:Vertebrate Zoology
160:abdominal air sacs
154:thoracic vertebrae
133:pulmonary air sacs
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149:cervical air sacs
76:paranasal sinuses
35:paranasal sinuses
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247:Reduce body mass
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78:and some of the
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666:(2): 245–249.
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80:mastoid cells
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58:among extant
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542:(7): 731–3.
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468:. Retrieved
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435:. Retrieved
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415:Paleobiology
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355:(9): e3303.
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52:crocodilians
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426:: 243–255.
111:saurischian
96:saurischian
24:diverticula
470:2014-01-21
437:2014-01-21
294:References
181:, sternal
103:pterosaurs
72:pterosaurs
66:including
64:archosaurs
626:0962-8452
573:: 1–153.
287:Screamers
258:sauropods
165:synsacrum
129:gastralia
99:dinosaurs
92:archosaur
68:dinosaurs
60:tetrapods
677:Category
644:20236981
587:90380603
556:20644073
519:45680102
511:16787763
389:18825273
348:PLOS One
228:Pantodon
223:Alouatta
199:forelimb
191:clavicle
187:coracoid
169:hindlimb
141:Air sacs
635:2880151
380:2553519
357:Bibcode
273:Balance
195:scapula
179:sternum
125:furcula
48:mammals
642:
632:
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253:marrow
197:, and
127:, and
105:, and
583:S2CID
515:S2CID
456:(PDF)
422:(2).
410:(PDF)
314:(PDF)
216:loons
121:ilium
107:birds
56:birds
640:PMID
622:ISSN
552:PMID
507:PMID
385:PMID
322:ISBN
183:ribs
167:and
70:and
54:and
33:The
630:PMC
614:doi
610:277
575:doi
544:doi
540:136
499:doi
495:154
428:doi
375:PMC
365:doi
679::
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301:^
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353:3
330:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
