28:
20:
593:
Hanna RR (March 2002). "Multiple injury and infection in a sub-adult theropod dinosaur
Allosaurus fragilis with comparisons to allosaur pathology in the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry collection".
226:
contained several gastralia which preserve evidence of healed fractures near their middle. Some of the fractures were poorly healed and "formed pseudoarthroses." An apparent subadult male
418:"Clavicles, interclavicles, gastralia, and sternal ribs in sauropod dinosaurs: new reports from diplodocidae and their morphological, functional and evolutionary implications"
126:. These structures have been referred to as inscriptional ribs, based on their alleged association with the inscriptiones tendinae (the tendons that form the
761:
1587:
279:
1597:
1562:
1198:
1035:
1250:
1126:
544:"Cranial anatomy of Allosaurus jimmadseni, a new species from the lower part of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Western North America"
465:
Radermacher VJ, Fernandez V, Schachner ER, Butler RJ, Bordy EM, Naylor
Hudgins M, et al. (July 2021). Long JA, Perry GH, Spencer M (eds.).
1320:
1260:
1060:
1020:
963:
137:), have been referred to as abdominal ribs, a term with limited usefulness that should be avoided. Gastralia are also present in a variety of
1300:
1087:
1446:
1441:
1040:
883:
819:
1295:
1305:
1147:
1055:
90:
The possession of gastralia may be ancestral for
Tetrapoda and were possibly derived from the ventral scales found in animals like
130:
in humans). However, the terminology for these gastral-like structures remains confused. Both types, along with sternal ribs (
1099:
351:
812:
781:
660:
2028:
682:
606:
56:
2018:
1181:
805:
738:
733:
271:
gastralia and a deviation to the right of the third and fourth neural spines of the neck vertebrae.
637:
Molnar RE (2001). "Theropod paleopathology: a literature survey". In Tanke DH, Carpenter K (eds.).
173:
127:
1850:
520:
343:
336:
1460:
287:
8:
675:
250:
228:
218:
185:
168:. In dinosaurs, the elements articulate with each other in a sort of zig-zag along the
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417:
398:
263:
112:
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502:
471:
specimen elucidates the unique ventilatory macroevolution of ornithischian dinosaurs"
447:
347:
278:
specimen (which had not been described in the scientific literature as of 2001) from
134:
690:
614:
402:
1843:
1626:
1395:
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95:
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1633:
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668:
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2012:
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906:
275:
204:
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1996:
Parentheses denote bones that receive a different name in particular clades
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was reported by Laws to have extensive pathologies. The possible subadult
27:
1896:
1793:
1591:
1582:
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bodies were more barrel-chested – and heavier – than previously thought.
189:
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91:
52:
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Discoveries about how the gastralia fit together in the skeleton of
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1999:
Italics denote neomorphic bones present only in particular clades
1953:
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84:
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19:
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1647:
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1390:
1185:
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245:
131:
119:
105:
76:
258:
are both pathological, both probably due to healed fractures.
1742:
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1287:
1168:
1162:
896:
848:
298:) the 13th and 14th gastralia have healed fractures. Another
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607:
10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0076:MIAIIA]2.0.CO;2
23:
Crocodiles have the abdominal ribs modified into gastralia
83:. In these reptiles, gastralia provide support for the
16:
Protective covering of the ventral area of a vertebrate
376:"Dinosaur gastralia: origin, morphology, and function"
338:
Vertebrates: Comparative
Anatomy, Function, Evolution
656:
Dinosaur gastralia and their function in respiration
827:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
335:
184:dinosaurs. However gastralia are only known from
176:. Gastralia are known to be present in primitive
118:elements, are found in the ventral body walls of
2010:
342:(3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp.
282:was observed to have a "bifurcated" gastralium.
621:
1074:
987:
1618:
813:
676:
641:. Indiana University Press. pp. 337–363.
415:
104:, and may be related to ventral elements of
87:and attachment sites for abdominal muscles.
541:
535:
1084:(Supraoccipital+Exoccipital+Basioccipital)
820:
806:
683:
669:
240:also had pathological gastralia. The left
569:
559:
496:
486:
441:
373:
188:ornithschians, and gastralia are lost in
1342:
313:The unidentified tyrannosaurid specimen
306:bears multiple pathologies, including a
26:
18:
333:
317:had a fractured and healed gastralium.
2011:
636:
369:
367:
365:
363:
1772:
1553:
1341:
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44:
1887:) (Tibiale+Intermedium+Centrale 3+4)
1544:
360:
327:
13:
1763:
595:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
521:"A Fresh Science Makeover for SUE"
416:Tschopp E, Mateus O (March 2013).
383:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
202:have led to an understanding that
14:
2040:
1108:(Squamosal+Petrosal+Ectotympanic)
649:
79:, and do not articulate with the
782:Famous crocodiles and alligators
267:had many pathologies, including
586:
513:
458:
409:
1:
320:
71:. They are found between the
542:Chure DJ, Loewen MA (2020).
211:
7:
1096:(Parasphenoid+Basisphenoid)
739:Madras Crocodile Bank Trust
374:Claessens LP (March 2004).
10:
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734:List of crurotarsan genera
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1090:(Exoccipital+Opisthotic)
639:Mesozoic Vertebrate Life
762:Fatal alligator attacks
302:specimen catalogued as
254:specimen catalogued as
67:, and many prehistoric
2029:Thorax (human anatomy)
1851:Intermediate cuneiform
997:(Postparietal+Tabular)
172:and may have aided in
37:
24:
30:
22:
1343:Postcranial skeleton
1102:(Prootic+Opisthotic)
691:Related articles on
288:Gorgosaurus libratus
59:body wall of modern
1899:(Distal tarsal 4+5)
488:10.7554/eLife.66036
334:Kardong KV (2002).
251:Allosaurus fragilis
229:Allosaurus fragilis
219:Allosaurus fragilis
164:and some primitive
141:animals, including
111:. Similar, but not
2019:Vertebrate anatomy
1381:Cervical vertebrae
724:Foramen of Panizza
561:10.7717/peerj.7803
523:. 30 November 2018
422:Journal of Anatomy
264:Neovenator salerii
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1849:Distal tarsal 2 (
1842:Distal tarsal 1 (
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434:10.1111/joa.12012
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1036:Laterosphenoid
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428:(3): 321–40.
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389:(1): 89–106.
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353:0-07-290956-0
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276:dromaeosaurid
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234:A. jimmadseni
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205:Tyrannosaurus
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178:ornithischian
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162:choristoderes
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116:cartilagenous
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92:rhipidistians
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55:found in the
54:
50:
42:
35:
34:
33:Tyrannosaurus
29:
21:
1965:
1958:
1952:
1752:
1607:
1461:Appendicular
1437:Cervical rib
1408:
1401:
1321:Tympanohyoid
1265:
1261:Prearticular
1235:Ectotympanic
1193:Entotympanic
1191:
1146:
1132:Epipterygoid
1061:Sphenethmoid
1051:Parasphenoid
1021:Basisphenoid
964:Septomaxilla
956:
937:Postparietal
889:
882:
638:
601:(1): 76–90.
598:
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525:. Retrieved
515:
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386:
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337:
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315:TMP97.12.229
312:
310:gastralium.
304:TMP94.12.602
299:
286:
284:
274:An immature
273:
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233:
227:
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197:
190:eusauropodan
101:Acanthostega
99:
89:
61:crocodilians
53:dermal bones
48:
40:
39:
31:
1794:Intermedium
1583:Intermedium
1301:Ceratohyoid
1136:Alisphenoid
1088:Otoccipital
1031:Exoccipital
932:Postorbital
927:Postfrontal
755:interaction
527:17 December
300:G. libratus
174:respiration
166:pelycosaurs
158:plesiosaurs
147:prosauropod
2013:Categories
1976:Osteoderms
1915:Metatarsal
1881:Astragalus
1828:Centrale 4
1825:Centrale 3
1822:Centrale 2
1819:Centrale 1
1669:Metacarpal
1577:Triquetral
1447:Caudal rib
1442:Dorsal rib
1316:Thyrohyoid
1311:Stylohyoid
1278:Surangular
1267:Predentary
1041:Opisthotic
947:Premaxilla
942:Prefrontal
884:Internasal
870:Skull roof
729:Gastralium
701:crocodiles
693:alligators
481:: e66036.
321:References
154:pterosaurs
113:homologous
49:gastralium
1966:Gastralia
1960:Baubellum
1920:Phalanges
1891:Navicular
1813:Centralia
1803:Calcaneum
1674:Phalanges
1634:Trapezoid
1627:Trapezium
1488:Cleithrum
1410:Pygostyle
1363:Vertebrae
1296:Basihyoid
1241:Articular
1182:Columella
1154:Pterygoid
1082:Occipital
1009:Braincase
969:Squamosal
901:Zygomatic
554:: e7803.
256:USNM 4734
236:specimen
224:USNM 8367
222:specimen
212:Pathology
193:sauropods
150:dinosaurs
109:plastrons
81:vertebrae
69:tetrapods
41:Gastralia
36:gastralia
1799:Fibulare
1730:Hindlimb
1641:Capitate
1603:Pisiform
1567:Scaphoid
1518:Forelimb
1493:Coracoid
1478:Clavicle
1306:Epihyoid
1273:Splenial
1251:Coronoid
1223:Mandible
1159:Quadrate
1148:Prevomer
1142:Palatine
1106:Temporal
1100:Petrosal
922:Parietal
907:Lacrimal
836:skeleton
833:tetrapod
705:gharials
615:85654858
580:32002317
507:34225841
452:23190365
403:53318713
296:NMC 2120
292:holotype
143:theropod
132:ossified
128:six pack
1954:Baculum
1789:Tibiale
1754:Patella
1705:Ischium
1609:Pteroid
1563:Radiale
1526:Humerus
1508:Sternum
1503:Scapula
1482:Furcula
1256:Dentary
1245:Malleus
1231:Angular
1056:Prootic
1026:Ethmoid
979:Tabular
958:Rostral
912:Maxilla
878:Frontal
861:Cranium
831:in the
697:caimans
571:6984342
498:8260226
467:"A new
443:3582252
344:291–293
285:In the
242:scapula
238:MOR 693
170:midline
139:extinct
124:anurans
120:lizards
85:abdomen
73:sternum
65:tuatara
57:ventral
1925:Ungual
1897:Cuboid
1774:Tarsus
1748:Fibula
1679:Ungual
1648:Hamate
1592:Lunate
1573:Ulnare
1555:Carpus
1403:Coccyx
1391:Sacrum
1186:Stapes
1120:Palate
712:Topics
613:
578:
568:
505:
495:
450:
440:
401:
350:
248:of an
246:fibula
106:turtle
98:, and
77:pelvis
51:) are
2024:Bones
1885:Talus
1743:Tibia
1738:Femur
1715:Pubis
1710:Ilium
1546:Manus
1371:Atlas
1354:Axial
1288:Hyoid
1169:Vomer
1163:Incus
917:Nasal
897:Jugal
849:Skull
829:Bones
753:Human
611:S2CID
548:PeerJ
475:eLife
399:S2CID
379:(PDF)
1536:Ulna
1429:Ribs
1376:Axis
703:and
576:PMID
529:2021
503:PMID
448:PMID
348:ISBN
244:and
216:The
180:and
145:and
122:and
75:and
63:and
1765:Pes
603:doi
566:PMC
556:doi
493:PMC
483:doi
438:PMC
430:doi
426:222
391:doi
45:sg.
2015::
699:,
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599:22
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