322:", where the words "O Shenandoah, I love your daughter" and "The chief disdained the trader's dollars: / 'My daughter never you shall follow'" are found. Other forms include Skenandoah or Scanandoa; Schenandoah, Schenandoa, Shenondoa, Shanandoah, or Shanendoah; Skenando or Scanondo; Schenando; Skenandore; and Skennondon, Scanandon, Skonondon, or Skeanendon.
486:. As a measure of the respect for the chief, the procession at his funeral in 1816 included students and officers from Hamilton College, the widow Mrs. Kirkland and other members of her family, and numerous town residents, in addition to his son and members of his family and nation. In 1851, both bodies were reinterred in the cemetery of
411:
who went to the
Iroquois country of western New York in 1764, encountered Chief Skenandoa there and mentioned him in letters. Kirkland returned to the area in 1766 and worked with the Oneida for the remainder of his life. After Kirkland persuaded the chief to become baptized, Skenandoa took the name
461:, a boys' school to be open to Oneida as well as white young men of the area. In 1793 he received a charter from the state for the Hamilton Oneida Seminary, and in 1794 completed its first building, known as Oneida Hall. By 1812, the seminary developed as the four-year institution known as
377:
As an adult man, he was notable for his height, estimated to be 6'5," and was said to have a commanding presence. The Oneida elected him as a "Pine Tree Chief", in recognition of his leadership and contribution to the tribe. This position allowed him a place in the
423:
and led the Oneida to be their allies during the
Revolutionary War. He led many Oneida to fight against the British and their Iroquois allies, who came from four nations of the Confederacy. Chief Skenandoa commanded 250 warriors from the Oneida and
521:
A monument to
Skenandoa was erected by the Northern Missionary Society at the Hamilton College cemetery. Its inscription recognizes his leadership, friendship with Kirkland, and important contributions to the rebel colonists during the war.
472:
I am an aged hemlock. I am dead at the top. The winds of an hundred winters have whistled through my branches. Why my Jesus keeps me here so long, I cannot conceive. Pray ye to him, that I may have patience to endure till my time may
306:, his request to be buried next to Kirkland was granted. In the funeral procession at the death of Skenandoa together were Oneida, students and officers from Hamilton College, Kirkland's widow and her family, and many citizens of
382:
of 50 chiefs of the
Confederacy, representing all the clans of all the nations. It was not hereditary, nor could Skenandoa name a successor. The name referred to a man being recognized as a chief and rising up inside the tribe.
477:
After
Skenandoah died in 1816 at well over a hundred years old, he was buried upon his request (and with the Kirkland family's approval) next to his friend Kirkland, who had died in 1808, on the grounds of Kirkland's home in
693:
Camp says that Rev. William
Jenkins recorded this speech in shorthand, and that "the original was far more splendid." Other versions are recorded, but Camp and Jenkins' seems to be the original.
454:
for a period in 1779 during the war when the Oneida chief was on a peace mission to the
Iroquois. Brant hoped that the British could help contain colonial encroachment against the Iroquois.
394:
in the United States), Chief
Skenandoa favored the British against the French and led the Oneida in their support in central New York. He was said to have saved German colonists in
379:
961:
971:
844:
858:
325:
The origin of
Skenandoa's name is uncertain. The spelling Oskanondonha (which was not recorded in his lifetime) assumes derivation from
733:
769:
Historical and
Statistical Information respecting the History, Condition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States
612:
401:
During the next decades, he formed more alliances with the ethnic German and British colonists in central and western New York.
956:
876:
318:
Skenandoa's name is variously recorded; "Shenandoah" has become the most famous form, used in many versions of the folk song "
468:
Skenandoa lived into great old age. Nearing the end of his life and having gone blind, the chief is recorded as having said:
981:
215:
as "John", taking his Oneida name Skenandoa as his surname. Based on a possible reconstruction of his name in its original
773:
The author visited Skenandoa in 1810 and describes him thus: "He was tall, of stalwart frame, erect, bald, and sightless."
966:
810:
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641:
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307:
838:
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511:
487:
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303:
20:
413:
284:
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498:
The Oneida oral tradition tells that Chief Skenandoa provided critical food, sending corn to General
366:
people (also called Conestoga), located in present-day eastern Pennsylvania. He was adopted into the
757:(Citing William Beauchamp, "Johnko' Skeanendon" in "St. Regis Indians and Five of the Six Nations".)
833:
395:
74:
510:
and valley in his honor, and subsequently numerous other places in the United States were named
337:, "deer". However, Skenandoa referred to himself as "an aged hemlock", and the Oneida word for "
219:, he is sometimes called "Oskanondonha" in modern scholarship. His tombstone bears the spelling
986:
941:
923:
457:
After the war, Kirkland continued to minister to the Oneida. About 1791 he started planning a
946:
391:
951:
902:"Cultural Heritage: American Revolution", 5 July 2010, Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin
371:
208:
912:
816:, "Account of the Death of Skenandoa"], S. Tuttle, 1842, pp. 362-364, accessed 5 July 2011
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8:
387:
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In 2002 he was inducted into the Hall of Fame of the Oneida County Historical Society.
429:
739:
712:
591:
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499:
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gave him a silver pipe in recognition of his contributions. Today it is displayed at
292:
279:
During the colonial years, Skenandoa supported the English against the French in the
507:
288:
226:
157:
109:
837:
677:
583:
425:
419:
In part due to the friendship with Kirkland, Chief Skenandoa favored the patriot
404:
326:
299:
216:
195:) among other forms, was an elected chief (a so-called "pine tree chief") of the
412:"John". Many of the Oneida converted to Christianity in the decade before the
935:
515:
450:, who allied with the British during the revolution, had Skenandoa jailed at
437:
367:
363:
204:
87:
27:
670:
Skenando (Skenandoa) (1859). "Speech of Skenando". In Camp, Phinehas (ed.).
503:
483:
451:
447:
443:
319:
196:
420:
859:
Michael Nassar, "Five Native American Treasures Within Driving Distance"
408:
359:
200:
514:. He is also referred to in the title and lyrics of the folk song "
458:
346:
333:
212:
56:
738:. United States: The University of Wisconsin Press. p. 34.
559:
Forgotten Allies: The Oneida Indians and the American Revolution
287:, he supported the colonials and led a force of 250 Oneida and
338:
350:; this derivation has had a longer tradition of acceptance.
295:, who wrote at least one letter of recommendation for him.
619:. Vol. 2. Government Printing Office: Washington, D.C.
265:
250:
241:
235:
187:
184:
172:
166:
142:
139:
127:
121:
913:"The Revolutionary War", 5 July 2010, Oneida Indian Nation
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163:
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warriors in western New York in their support. He met
268:
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244:
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175:
169:
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130:
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112:
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247:
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136:
506:in 1777–1778. Washington is said to have named the
256:
229:
178:
133:
617:Handbook of North American Indians North of Mexico
532:(1957–2021) was a descendant of Chief Shenandoah.
883:. London: Richard Griffin and Company. p. 81
788:, Haudenosaunee Confederacy, accessed 20 May 2014
702:
625:(that is, ⟨*skʌnútu:ʔ⟩) based on this derivation.
581:
933:
732:Hauptman, Laurence; McLester, L. Gordon (1999).
731:
648:. Philadelphia: Everts & Fariss. p. 409
621:Hodge (via Hewitt) gives the reconstructed form
813:Historical Collections of the State of New York
962:Converts to Protestantism from pagan religions
766:
557:Glathaar, Joseph; Martin, James Kirby (2007).
556:
211:. When he later accepted Christianity, he was
824:
822:
972:Native Americans in the American Revolution
881:Cyclopaedia of Moral and Religious Anecdote
845:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
828:
642:"A Historical Address Delivered at Augusta"
639:
547:Variously recorded as 1704, 1706, and 1710.
440:museum at their reservation near Syracuse.
703:Michelson, Karen; Doxtator, Mercy (2002).
582:Michelson, Karen; Doxtator, Mercy (2002).
819:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
502:and his men during their harsh winter at
398:, in the Mohawk Valley, from a massacre.
207:, but was adopted into the Oneida of the
150:; c. 1706 – March 11, 1816), also called
711:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
709:Oneida–English/English–Oneida Dictionary
590:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
588:Oneida–English/English–Oneida Dictionary
874:
781:
779:
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852:
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665:
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490:, of which Kirkland was a co-founder.
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493:
358:Skenandoa was born in 1710 into the
660:
628:
13:
646:History of Oneida County, New York
298:A longtime friend of the minister
14:
998:
482:. Today the property is known as
428:. In the 1800s New York Governor
370:, one of the Five Nations of the
875:Cheever, George Barrell (1853).
811:John Warner Barber, Henry Howe,
225:
156:
108:
917:
906:
895:
868:
767:Schoolcraft, Henry (1851–57).
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611:Hodge, Frederick Webb (1910).
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575:
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541:
528:The Oneida performer-composer
1:
957:18th-century Native Americans
561:. Hill and Wang. p. 99.
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16:Oneida chief (c. 1706 – 1816)
877:"Sentiment of an Aged Chief"
7:
982:Burials in New York (state)
26:For the US Navy ships, see
10:
1003:
967:Native American Christians
673:Poems on the Mohawk Valley
640:Bartholomew, Orlo (1878).
414:American Revolutionary War
285:American Revolutionary War
25:
18:
735:The Oneida Indian Journey
93:
82:
63:
49:
44:
37:
848:. New York: D. Appleton.
771:. p. Vol 5, p. 516.
347:[ˌkanə̃ʔˈtũːsaʔ]
199:. He was born into the
19:Not to be confused with
353:
313:
926:, Oneida Indian Nation
475:
334:[oˌskanũːˈtũː]
97:Chief, military leader
470:
392:French and Indian War
372:Iroquois Confederacy
283:. Later, during the
209:Iroquois Confederacy
863:New York Daily News
690:Speech of Skenando.
71:(aged 109–110)
786:"Pine Tree Chiefs"
430:Daniel D. Tompkins
530:Joanne Shenandoah
500:George Washington
494:Legacy and honors
480:Clinton, New York
390:(also called the
308:Clinton, New York
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885:. Retrieved
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623:Skĕñnoñʹdoⁿʾ
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584:"oskanu·tú·"
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448:Joseph Brant
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69:(1816-03-11)
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952:1816 deaths
613:"Skenandoa"
446:war leader
386:During the
343:kanʌʔtú:saʔ
83:Nationality
936:Categories
887:August 17,
751:August 17,
684:August 17,
652:August 17,
536:References
512:Shenandoah
409:missionary
362:-speaking
330:oskanu:tú:
203:-speaking
152:Shenandoah
45:Shenandoah
21:Shenandoah
834:Fiske, J.
421:colonials
360:Iroquoian
289:Tuscarora
221:Schenando
201:Iroquoian
459:seminary
434:Shako:wi
213:baptized
339:hemlock
53:c. 1706
742:
715:
594:
565:
444:Mohawk
436:, the
327:Oneida
217:Oneida
197:Oneida
88:Oneida
473:come.
341:" is
889:2015
753:2015
740:ISBN
713:ISBN
686:2015
654:2015
592:ISBN
563:ISBN
354:Life
314:Name
64:Died
50:Born
518:".
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938::
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