172:. The female sex hormone estrogen primarily influences sexual maturation and reproduction, but has also been found to facilitate other brain functions, including cognition and memory. On verbal tasks where women scored higher than men, women scored higher during the mid-luteal phase, when females have higher estrogen levels, when compared to the menstrual phase. A recent study found that local brain estrogen production within cognitive circuits may be important for the acquisition and consolidation of memories. Recent experiments concerning the relationship between oestrogen and the process of offline memory consolidation have also focused on sleep spindles. Genzel and colleagues determined that there was a menstrual effect on declarative and motor performance, meaning that females in the mid-luteal phase (high estrogen) performed higher than the other female participants. Females in the luteal phase were also the only participants to experience an increase in spindles after learning, which led to the conclusion that the effect of the menstrual cycle may be mediated by spindles and female hormones.
69:
determined that oscillations sweep across the neocortex in circular patterns around the neocortex, peaking in one area, and then a few milliseconds later in an adjacent area. It has been suggested that this spindle organization allows for neurons to communicate across cortices. The time scale at which the waves travel at is the same speed it takes for neurons to communicate with each other. Doubts, however, remain whether a link exists between sleep spindles and memory with a recent meta-review of 53 studies concluding that "there is no relationship between sleep spindles and memory, and thus it is unlikely that sleep spindles are indeed generally implicated in learning and plasticity".
65:-receptor mediated glutamatergic neurotransmission. Sleep spindles have been reported (at face value) for all tested mammalian species. Considering animals in which sleep-spindles were studied extensively (and thus excluding results mislead by pseudo-spindles), they appear to have a conserved (across species) main frequency of roughly 9â16 Hz. Only in humans, rats and dogs is a difference in the intrinsic frequency of frontal and posterior spindles confirmed, however (spindles recorded over the posterior part of the scalp are of higher frequency, on average above 13 Hz).
140:
learning or thalamic dependence) are currently only known from humans, rats, mice, cats, and dogs. In these species spindles invariantly oscillate between 9 and 16 Hz, with minor variations (e.g. 7â14 Hz in the cat). Clearly distinct frontal and posterior sleep spindles (i.e. "slow" and "fast") were only confirmed outside humans in rats and dogs.
88:. Sleep spindles closely modulate interactions between the brain and its external environment; they essentially moderate responsiveness to sensory stimuli during sleep. Recent research has revealed that spindles distort the transmission of auditory information to the cortex; spindles isolate the brain from external disturbances during
68:
Research supports that spindles (sometimes referred to as "sigma bands" or "sigma waves") play an essential role in both sensory processing and long term memory consolidation. Until recently, it was believed that each sleep spindle oscillation peaked at the same time throughout the neocortex. It was
139:
No sleep spindles have been observed in reptiles and birds so far. In most mammals sleep spindles were described at face value, but the existence of pseudo-spindles invites uncertainty around these observations. Spindle-like oscillations, that show additional analogies (e.g. apparent involvement in
72:
Although the function of sleep spindles is unclear, it is believed that they actively participate in the consolidation of overnight declarative memory through the reconsolidation process. The density of spindles has been shown to increase after extensive learning of declarative memory tasks and the
167:
Females tend to have 0.16 more sleep spindles per minute than males (ââ i.e. roughly 9ââ 10 more over an hour's time). A female advantage has been found for episodic, emotional, and spatial memories as well as recognition of odours, faces, and pictures. These differences are believed to be due to
96:
have been shown to aid sleeping in the presence of disruptive external sounds. A correlation has been found between the amount of brainwave activity in the thalamus and a sleeper's ability to maintain tranquility. Spindles play an essential role in both sensory processing and long term memory
56:
in a frequency range of ~11 to 16 Hz (usually 12â14 Hz) with a duration of 0.5 seconds or greater (usually 0.5â1.5 seconds). After generation as an interaction of the TRN neurons and thalamocortical cells, spindles are sustained and relayed to the cortex by thalamo-thalamic and
130:
Research is currently underway to develop a web-based automatic sleep spindle detection system by using machine learning techniques. The results of the present study show that the automatic sleep spindle detection system has great potential in practical application.
100:
During sleep, these spindles are seen in the brain as a burst of activity immediately following muscle twitching. Researchers think the brain, particularly in the young, is learning about what nerves control what specific muscles when asleep.
361:
Gottesmann, C. (1996). The transition from slow-wave sleep to paradoxical sleep: evolving facts and concepts of the neurophysiological processes underlying the intermediate stage of sleep. Neuroscience and
Biobehavioral Reviews 20,
163:
Humanlike sex differences in sleep spindle activity and sleep-dependent learning were observed in dogs. A direct link to specific sexual hormones could not be established, but the effects were stronger in intact animals.
1155:
van der Meij, J., Martinez-Gonzalez, D., Beckers, G. J. L. & Rattenborg, N. C. (2019). Intra-"cortical" activity during avian non-REM and REM sleep: variant and invariant traits between birds and mammals. Sleep 42,
92:. Another study found that re-exposure to olfactory cues during sleep initiate reactivation, an essential part of long term memory consolidation that improves later recall performance. Spindles generated in the
1188:
Iotchev, I. B., Kis, A., TurcsĂĄn, B., Tejeda FernĂĄndez de Lara, D. R., Reicher, V., & Kubinyi, E. (2019). Age-related differences and sexual dimorphism in canine sleep spindles. Scientific reports, 9(1),
159:
affect sleep and online learning periods. Studies have shown that the influence of sleep spindles during the declarative memory process may be affected by modulatory menstrual cycle effects in females.
104:
Sleep spindle activity has furthermore been found to be associated with the integration of new information into existing knowledge as well as directed remembering and forgetting (fast sleep spindles).
1137:
Rattenborg, N. C., Martinez-Gonzalez, D., Roth, T. C. & Pravosudov, V. V. (2011). Hippocampal memory consolidation during sleep: a comparison of mammals and birds. Biological
Reviews 86, 658â691.
123:
disease. Changes in spindle density are observed in disorders. There are some studies that show a change in sleep spindles in autistic children. Also some studies suggest a lack of sleep spindles in
1333:
Iotchev, I. B., Kis, A., BĂłdizs, R., van
Luijtelaar, G., & Kubinyi, E. (2017). EEG transients in the sigma range during non-REM sleep predict learning in dogs. Scientific reports, 7(1), 1-11.
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374:
Iotchev, I. B., & Kubinyi, E. (2021). Shared and unique features of mammalian sleep spindlesâinsights from new and old animal models. Biological
Reviews, 96(3), 1021-1034.
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Genzel L, Kiefer T, Renner L, Wehrle R, Kluge M, Grözinger M, et al. (July 2012). "Sex and modulatory menstrual cycle effects on sleep related memory consolidation".
1146:
Shein-Idelson, M., Ondracek, J. M., Liaw, H. P., Reiter, S. & Laurent, G. (2016). Slow waves, sharp waves, ripples, and REM in sleeping dragons. Science 352, 590â595.
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Ferrarelli F, Huber R, Peterson MJ, Massimini M, Murphy M, Riedner BA, et al. (March 2007). "Reduced sleep spindle activity in schizophrenia patients".
2206:
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Muller, Lyle; Piantoni, Giovanni; Koller, Dominik; Cash, Sydney S; Halgren, Eric; Sejnowski, Terrence J (2016-11-15). Skinner, Frances K (ed.).
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Terrier, G., & Gottesmann, C. L. (1978). Study of cortical spindles during sleep in the rat. Brain research bulletin, 3(6), 701-706.
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740:
1400:
Dzaja A, Arber S, Hislop J, Kerkhofs M, Kopp C, PollmÀcher T, et al. (January 2005). "Women's sleep in health and disease".
1243:
Maki PM, Rich JB, Rosenbaum RS (2002). "Implicit memory varies across the menstrual cycle: estrogen effects in young women".
200:
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2199:
2254:
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472:"EEG ÎŁ and slow-wave activity during NREM sleep correlate with overnight declarative and procedural memory consolidation"
386:"Rotating waves during human sleep spindles organize global patterns of activity that repeat precisely through the night"
930:
Merikanto, Ilona; Kuula, Liisa; Makkonen, Tommi; Salmela, Liisa; RÀikkönen, Katri; Pesonen, Anu-Katriina (2019-03-15).
1657:
1652:
1624:
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Ujma, PĂ©ter
Przemyslaw (2024). "Meta-analytic evidence suggests no correlation between sleep spindles and memory".
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1812:
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1743:
1502:
1042:"Sleep-spindle detection: crowdsourcing and evaluating performance of experts, non-experts and automated methods"
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2249:
17:
987:
Iranmanesh S, Rodriguez-Villegas E (August 2017). "An
Ultralow-Power Sleep Spindle Detection System on Chip".
2315:
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1754:
619:"Reactivating memories during sleep by odors: odor specificity and associated changes in sleep oscillations"
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45:
225:
A Manual of
Standardized Terminology, Techniques and Scoring System For Sleep Stages of Human Subjects
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2481:
1975:
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1707:
560:"Interplay between spontaneous and induced brain activity during human non-rapid eye movement sleep"
190:
53:
2445:
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1532:
31:
932:"Autistic Traits Are Associated With Decreased Activity of Fast Sleep Spindles During Adolescence"
756:"Sleep spindle activity is associated with the integration of new memories and existing knowledge"
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2234:
2072:
1853:
1662:
558:
Dang-Vu TT, Bonjean M, Schabus M, Boly M, Darsaud A, Desseilles M, et al. (September 2011).
281:
McCormick, David A.; Bal, Thierry (March 1997). "SLEEP AND AROUSAL: Thalamocortical
Mechanisms".
116:
115:
lack the normal pattern of slow and fast spindles. Loss of sleep spindles are also a feature of
2275:
2244:
2215:
2168:
1717:
1552:
1345:"Characterizing sleep spindles in 11,630 individuals from the National Sleep Research Resource"
887:
Niedermeyer E, Ribeiro M (October 2000). "Considerations of nonconvulsive status epilepticus".
470:
Holz J, Piosczyk H, Feige B, Spiegelhalder K, Baglioni C, Riemann D, Nissen C (December 2012).
1990:
1722:
618:
1040:
Warby SC, Wendt SL, Welinder P, Munk EG, Carrillo O, Sorensen HB, et al. (April 2014).
316:
Pinault D (August 2004). "The thalamic reticular nucleus: structure, function and concept".
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85:
8:
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Purcell SM, Manoach DS, Demanuele C, Cade BE, Mariani S, Cox R, et al. (June 2017).
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Among other functions, spindles facilitate somatosensory development, thalamocortical
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degree of increase in stage 2 spindle activity correlates with memory performance.
2025:
1952:
1930:
1877:
1637:
1542:
1452:
1089:
L. Wei; S. Ventura; S. Mathieson; G. B. Boylan; M. Lowery; C. Mooney (Jan 2022).
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
77:
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1220:
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955:
528:
411:
112:
1480:
820:
805:"The role of sleep in directed forgetting and remembering of human memories"
584:
227:. US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare; National Institutes of Health.
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Dang-Vu TT, McKinney SM, Buxton OM, Solet JM, Ellenbogen JM (August 2010).
645:
603:
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337:
267:
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232:
156:
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Tamminen J, Payne JD, Stickgold R, Wamsley EJ, Gaskell MG (October 2010).
302:
2104:
1980:
1920:
1872:
1867:
1858:
1697:
1647:
1642:
1524:
637:
1368:
1091:"Spindle-AI: Sleep Spindle Number and Duration Estimation in Infant EEG"
1088:
669:"Spontaneous brain rhythms predict sleep stability in the face of noise"
402:
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2109:
2089:
1887:
1863:
1794:
1712:
1605:
1575:
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246:
De
Gennaro L, Ferrara M (October 2003). "Sleep spindles: an overview".
108:
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1985:
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58:
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2015:
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93:
49:
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1674:
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1585:
1437:"Brain estrogen production and the encoding of recent experience"
851:
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2020:
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929:
753:
120:
89:
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370:
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1342:
733:"Wiring your brain at college â a new perspective on sleep"
62:
666:
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2010:
557:
365:
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383:
616:
1184:
1182:
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1039:
802:
617:
Rihm JS, Diekelmann S, Born J, Rasch B (August 2014).
803:
Saletin JM, Goldstein AN, Walker MP (November 2011).
97:
consolidation because they are generated in the TRN.
989:
IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems
513:"Sleep Spindles: Where They Come From, What They Do"
1434:
1177:
2230:Amplitude integrated electroencephalography (aEEG)
886:
222:
57:thalamo-cortical feedback loops regulated by both
1242:
357:
355:
245:
2473:
2214:
1201:
352:
2200:
1510:
1496:
1435:Vahaba DM, Remage-Healey L (December 2015).
720:(1). American Psychological Association: 51.
280:
1095:IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
188:
2461:Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox (NBT)
2207:
2193:
1818:Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
1503:
1489:
707:
111:, the brain waves produced by people with
1460:
1376:
1219:
1106:
1065:
1008:
963:
828:
779:
684:
593:
583:
487:
419:
401:
1336:
315:
168:hormonal influence, especially that of
44:that are generated by interplay of the
14:
2474:
1441:Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences
730:
457:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108886
318:Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews
148:Sleep spindles play a crucial role in
2188:
1484:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1197:
1195:
510:
27:EEG waveform that occurs during sleep
1204:"Sex, steroids, and sleep: a review"
1202:Manber R, Armitage R (August 1999).
442:
2316:Contingent negative variation (CNV)
2255:Brainstem auditory evoked potential
436:
24:
1279:
1236:
1192:
936:Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
854:The American Journal of Psychiatry
143:
25:
2508:
626:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
330:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.04.008
223:Rechtschaffen A, Kales A (1968).
1658:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
1653:Central hypoventilation syndrome
1414:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2004.05.008
489:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2012.01017.x
1813:Periodic limb movement disorder
1780:Non-24-hour sleepâwake disorder
1428:
1402:Journal of Psychiatric Research
1393:
1327:
1168:
1159:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1082:
1033:
980:
923:
880:
845:
796:
747:
724:
710:"To sleep, perchance to twitch"
701:
660:
610:
551:
504:
463:
2250:Somatosensory evoked potential
1305:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.11.006
772:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3028-10.2010
708:Dingfelder SF (January 2006).
377:
309:
295:10.1146/annurev.neuro.20.1.185
274:
239:
216:
182:
13:
1:
2446:Difference due to memory (Dm)
2085:Biphasic and polyphasic sleep
1893:Nocturnal clitoral tumescence
1755:Advanced sleep phase disorder
1257:10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00126-9
283:Annual Review of Neuroscience
175:
2245:Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
2216:Electroencephalography (EEG)
1765:Delayed sleep phase disorder
1693:Excessive daytime sleepiness
1453:10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.11.005
195:. Elsevier. pp. 10â14.
189:Berry RB, Wagner MH (2015).
134:
7:
2240:Electrocorticography (ECoG)
1898:Nocturnal penile tumescence
1770:Irregular sleepâwake rhythm
760:The Journal of Neuroscience
42:neural oscillatory activity
10:
2513:
1760:Cyclic alternating pattern
1001:10.1109/TBCAS.2017.2690908
901:10.1177/155005940003100407
866:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.3.483
731:Harney Ă (April 1, 2009).
46:thalamic reticular nucleus
29:
2433:
2375:
2263:
2222:
2003:
1976:Behavioral sleep medicine
1963:
1911:
1841:
1793:
1785:Shift work sleep disorder
1741:
1733:Sleep state misperception
1683:
1623:
1614:
1551:
1522:
1108:10.1109/TBME.2021.3097815
686:10.1016/j.cub.2010.06.032
476:Journal of Sleep Research
1533:Rapid eye movement (REM)
1293:Psychoneuroendocrinology
529:10.1177/1073858413500854
32:Spindle (disambiguation)
2367:Late positive component
2235:Event-related potential
1854:Exploding head syndrome
1663:Obstructive sleep apnea
585:10.1073/pnas.1112503108
117:familial fatal insomnia
2487:Electroencephalography
2276:Bereitschaftspotential
2169:Sleeping while on duty
1718:Idiopathic hypersomnia
1221:10.1093/sleep/22.5.540
260:10.1053/smrv.2002.0252
248:Sleep Medicine Reviews
1991:Neuroscience of sleep
1723:Night eating syndrome
1708:KleineâLevin syndrome
1349:Nature Communications
821:10.1093/cercor/bhr034
737:Blog at WordPress.com
511:LĂŒthi A (June 2014).
192:Sleep Medicine Pearls
2145:Sleep and creativity
638:10.1162/jocn_a_00579
153:memory consolidation
86:memory consolidation
30:For other uses, see
2420:Sensorimotor rhythm
2377:Neural oscillations
2321:Mismatch negativity
2140:Sleep and breathing
1596:Sensorimotor rhythm
1369:10.1038/ncomms15930
1361:2017NatCo...815930P
576:2011PNAS..10815438D
403:10.7554/eLife.17267
82:synaptic plasticity
2150:Sleep and learning
1903:Nocturnal emission
1803:Nightmare disorder
1668:Periodic breathing
1058:10.1038/nmeth.2855
517:The Neuroscientist
54:stage 2 NREM sleep
2469:
2468:
2363:(late positivity)
2265:Evoked potentials
2182:
2181:
2160:Sleep deprivation
1999:
1998:
948:10.5664/jcsm.7662
202:978-1-4557-7051-9
155:and both sex and
16:(Redirected from
2504:
2497:Neural circuitry
2482:Sleep physiology
2451:Oddball paradigm
2209:
2202:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2155:Sleep and memory
2095:Circadian rhythm
1842:Benign phenomena
1744:Circadian rhythm
1621:
1620:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1475:
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1464:
1432:
1426:
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1397:
1391:
1390:
1380:
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1334:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1288:
1277:
1276:
1245:Neuropsychologia
1240:
1234:
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1223:
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1186:
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1110:
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978:
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927:
921:
920:
884:
878:
877:
849:
843:
842:
832:
800:
794:
793:
783:
766:(43): 14356â60.
751:
745:
744:
739:. Archived from
728:
722:
721:
705:
699:
698:
688:
664:
658:
657:
623:
614:
608:
607:
597:
587:
570:(37): 15438â43.
555:
549:
548:
508:
502:
501:
491:
467:
461:
460:
445:Neuropsychologia
440:
434:
433:
423:
405:
381:
375:
372:
363:
359:
350:
349:
313:
307:
306:
278:
272:
271:
243:
237:
236:
220:
214:
213:
211:
209:
186:
48:(TRN) and other
21:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2429:
2371:
2259:
2218:
2213:
2183:
2178:
2073:Procrastination
2026:Four-poster bed
1995:
1959:
1953:Polysomnography
1931:Sleep induction
1907:
1878:Sleep paralysis
1837:
1789:
1748:
1745:
1737:
1679:
1638:Mouth breathing
1616:Sleep disorders
1610:
1547:
1538:Quiescent sleep
1518:
1516:sleep disorders
1509:
1479:
1478:
1433:
1429:
1398:
1394:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1289:
1280:
1241:
1237:
1200:
1193:
1187:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1087:
1083:
1038:
1034:
985:
981:
928:
924:
885:
881:
850:
846:
815:(11): 2534â41.
809:Cerebral Cortex
801:
797:
752:
748:
729:
725:
706:
702:
673:Current Biology
665:
661:
621:
615:
611:
556:
552:
509:
505:
468:
464:
441:
437:
382:
378:
373:
366:
360:
353:
314:
310:
279:
275:
244:
240:
221:
217:
207:
205:
203:
187:
183:
178:
146:
144:Sex differences
137:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2510:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2189:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2100:Comfort object
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2007:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1971:Sleep medicine
1967:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1799:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1520:
1519:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1427:
1392:
1335:
1326:
1278:
1235:
1191:
1176:
1167:
1158:
1148:
1139:
1130:
1101:(1): 465â474.
1081:
1046:Nature Methods
1032:
995:(4): 858â866.
979:
942:(3): 401â407.
922:
879:
844:
795:
746:
743:on 2010-06-19.
723:
700:
679:(15): R626-7.
659:
632:(8): 1806â18.
609:
550:
503:
462:
435:
376:
364:
351:
308:
289:(1): 185â215.
273:
238:
215:
201:
180:
179:
177:
174:
145:
142:
136:
133:
84:, and offline
78:sensory gating
52:nuclei during
40:are bursts of
38:Sleep spindles
26:
18:Sleep spindles
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2509:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2415:Sleep spindle
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:Related tests
2221:
2217:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1926:Sleep hygiene
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1883:Sleep inertia
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1833:Sleep-talking
1831:
1829:
1828:Sleep driving
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1601:Sleep spindle
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1299:(7): 987â98.
1298:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1251:(5): 518â29.
1250:
1246:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1214:(5): 540â55.
1213:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1196:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1171:
1162:
1152:
1143:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1052:(4): 385â92.
1051:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1010:10044/1/46059
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
983:
975:
971:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
926:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
883:
875:
871:
867:
863:
860:(3): 483â92.
859:
855:
848:
840:
836:
831:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
799:
791:
787:
782:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
750:
742:
738:
734:
727:
719:
715:
711:
704:
696:
692:
687:
682:
678:
674:
670:
663:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
620:
613:
605:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
554:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
523:(3): 243â56.
522:
518:
514:
507:
499:
495:
490:
485:
481:
477:
473:
466:
458:
454:
450:
446:
439:
431:
427:
422:
417:
413:
409:
404:
399:
395:
391:
387:
380:
371:
369:
358:
356:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
312:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
277:
269:
265:
261:
257:
254:(5): 423â40.
253:
249:
242:
234:
230:
226:
219:
204:
198:
194:
193:
185:
181:
173:
171:
165:
161:
158:
154:
151:
141:
132:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
113:schizophrenia
110:
105:
102:
98:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
74:
70:
66:
64:
60:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
2441:10-20 system
2414:
2405:Theta rhythm
2046:Sleeping bag
1823:Sleepwalking
1808:Night terror
1600:
1525:sleep cycles
1444:
1440:
1430:
1408:(1): 55â76.
1405:
1401:
1395:
1355:(1): 15930.
1352:
1348:
1338:
1329:
1296:
1292:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1211:
1207:
1170:
1161:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1049:
1045:
1035:
992:
988:
982:
939:
935:
925:
895:(4): 192â5.
892:
889:Clinical EEG
888:
882:
857:
853:
847:
812:
808:
798:
763:
759:
749:
741:the original
736:
726:
717:
713:
703:
676:
672:
662:
629:
625:
612:
567:
563:
553:
520:
516:
506:
482:(6): 612â9.
479:
475:
465:
448:
444:
438:
393:
389:
379:
321:
317:
311:
286:
282:
276:
251:
247:
241:
224:
218:
206:. Retrieved
191:
184:
166:
162:
157:menstruation
147:
138:
129:
106:
103:
99:
75:
71:
67:
37:
36:
2331:C1 & P1
2130:Second wind
2105:Dream diary
1981:Sleep study
1921:Sleep diary
1873:Hypnopompia
1868:Sleep onset
1859:Hypnic jerk
1698:Hypersomnia
1648:Catathrenia
1643:Sleep apnea
1553:Brain waves
1523:Stages of
1447:: 148â153.
324:(1): 1â31.
150:declarative
2476:Categories
2400:Delta wave
2395:Gamma wave
2385:Alpha wave
2327:Positivity
2272:Negativity
2164:Sleep debt
2110:Microsleep
2090:Chronotype
2004:Daily life
1888:Somnolence
1864:Hypnagogia
1795:Parasomnia
1713:Narcolepsy
1625:Anatomical
1606:Theta wave
1576:Gamma wave
1571:Delta wave
1561:Alpha wave
451:: 108886.
396:: e17267.
176:References
109:NREM sleep
2410:K-complex
2390:Beta wave
2291:Visual N1
2174:Sleepover
2125:Power nap
2120:Nightwear
1986:Melatonin
1948:Somnology
1913:Treatment
1746:disorders
1685:Dyssomnia
1591:PGO waves
1586:Mu rhythm
1581:K-complex
1566:Beta wave
1543:Slow-wave
1125:236141540
1027:206608057
956:1550-9389
545:206658010
412:2050-084X
135:Evolution
59:GABAergic
2041:Mattress
2016:Bunk bed
1936:Hypnosis
1728:Nocturia
1703:Insomnia
1471:27453921
1422:15504424
1387:28649997
1321:19797939
1313:22153362
1273:15133827
1265:11749982
1230:10450590
1117:34280088
1076:24562424
1019:28541914
974:30853050
917:30679161
909:11056841
874:17329474
839:21459838
790:20980591
695:20692606
654:22066368
646:24456392
604:21896732
537:23981852
498:22591117
430:27855061
362:367â387.
346:26291991
338:15297152
268:14573378
170:estrogen
125:epilepsy
94:thalamus
50:thalamic
2425:Mu wave
2068:Bedtime
2063:Bedroom
2058:Bedding
2053:Bed bug
2036:Hammock
1941:Lullaby
1775:Jet lag
1675:Snoring
1633:Bruxism
1462:4955874
1378:5490197
1357:Bibcode
1156:zsy230.
1067:3972193
965:6411178
830:3183424
781:2989532
714:Monitor
595:3174676
572:Bibcode
421:5114016
303:9056712
233:2518321
107:During
2456:EEGLAB
2434:Topics
2135:Siesta
2021:Daybed
1849:Dreams
1469:
1459:
1420:
1385:
1375:
1319:
1311:
1271:
1263:
1228:
1123:
1115:
1074:
1064:
1025:
1017:
972:
962:
954:
915:
907:
872:
837:
827:
788:
778:
693:
652:
644:
602:
592:
543:
535:
496:
428:
418:
410:
344:
336:
301:
266:
231:
208:5 June
199:
2492:Sleep
2078:Story
2031:Futon
1964:Other
1512:Sleep
1317:S2CID
1269:S2CID
1208:Sleep
1189:1-11.
1121:S2CID
1023:S2CID
913:S2CID
650:S2CID
622:(PDF)
541:S2CID
390:eLife
342:S2CID
121:prion
90:sleep
2361:P600
2346:P300
2341:P200
2311:N400
2306:N2pc
2301:N200
2296:N170
2286:N100
2281:ELAN
1514:and
1467:PMID
1418:PMID
1383:PMID
1309:PMID
1261:PMID
1226:PMID
1113:PMID
1072:PMID
1015:PMID
970:PMID
952:ISSN
905:PMID
870:PMID
835:PMID
786:PMID
691:PMID
642:PMID
600:PMID
533:PMID
494:PMID
426:PMID
408:ISSN
334:PMID
299:PMID
264:PMID
229:OCLC
210:2019
197:ISBN
119:, a
63:NMDA
61:and
2356:P3b
2351:P3a
2336:P50
2115:Nap
2011:Bed
1457:PMC
1449:doi
1410:doi
1373:PMC
1365:doi
1301:doi
1253:doi
1216:doi
1103:doi
1062:PMC
1054:doi
1005:hdl
997:doi
960:PMC
944:doi
897:doi
862:doi
858:164
825:PMC
817:doi
776:PMC
768:doi
681:doi
634:doi
590:PMC
580:doi
568:108
525:doi
484:doi
453:doi
449:198
416:PMC
398:doi
326:doi
291:doi
256:doi
2478::
2162:/
1866:/
1465:.
1455:.
1443:.
1439:.
1416:.
1406:39
1404:.
1381:.
1371:.
1363:.
1351:.
1347:.
1315:.
1307:.
1297:37
1295:.
1281:^
1267:.
1259:.
1249:40
1247:.
1224:.
1212:22
1210:.
1206:.
1194:^
1179:^
1119:.
1111:.
1099:69
1097:.
1093:.
1070:.
1060:.
1050:11
1048:.
1044:.
1021:.
1013:.
1003:.
993:11
991:.
968:.
958:.
950:.
940:15
938:.
934:.
911:.
903:.
893:31
891:.
868:.
856:.
833:.
823:.
813:21
811:.
807:.
784:.
774:.
764:30
762:.
758:.
735:.
718:37
716:.
712:.
689:.
677:20
675:.
671:.
648:.
640:.
630:26
628:.
624:.
598:.
588:.
578:.
566:.
562:.
539:.
531:.
521:20
519:.
515:.
492:.
480:21
478:.
474:.
447:.
424:.
414:.
406:.
392:.
388:.
367:^
354:^
340:.
332:.
322:46
320:.
297:.
287:20
285:.
262:.
250:.
127:.
80:,
2208:e
2201:t
2194:v
1504:e
1497:t
1490:v
1473:.
1451::
1445:6
1424:.
1412::
1389:.
1367::
1359::
1353:8
1323:.
1303::
1275:.
1255::
1232:.
1218::
1127:.
1105::
1078:.
1056::
1029:.
1007::
999::
976:.
946::
919:.
899::
876:.
864::
841:.
819::
792:.
770::
697:.
683::
656:.
636::
606:.
582::
574::
547:.
527::
500:.
486::
459:.
455::
432:.
400::
394:5
348:.
328::
305:.
293::
270:.
258::
252:7
235:.
212:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.