Sleep - Knowledge

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stages of sleep. Each waveform maintains a different frequency and amplitude. Alpha waves are seen when a person is in a resting state, but is still fully conscious. Their eyes may be closed and all of their body is resting and relatively still, where the body is starting to slow down. Beta waves take over alpha waves when a person is at attention, as they might be completing a task or concentrating on something. Beta waves consist of the highest of frequencies and the lowest of amplitude, and occur when a person is fully alert. Gamma waves are seen when a person is highly focused on a task or using all their concentration. Theta waves occur during the period of a person being awake, and they continue to transition into Stage 1 of sleep and in stage 2. Delta waves are seen in stages 3 and 4 of sleep when a person is in their deepest of sleep.

1968: 2109: 2062: 918: 1986: 1024: 1928: 991: 2086: 55: 1749: 1717:," as it is called, began to disappear among the urban upper class in Europe in the late 17th century and the change spread over the next 200 years; by the 1920s "the idea of a first and second sleep had receded entirely from our social consciousness." Ekirch attributes the change to increases in "street lighting, domestic lighting and a surge in coffee houses," which slowly made nighttime a legitimate time for activity, decreasing the time available for rest. Today in most societies people sleep during the night, but in very hot climates they may sleep during the day. During 2024: 1220: 1205:. During wakefulness, theta oscillations have been often related to successful performance in memory tasks, and cued memory reactivations during sleep have been showing that theta activity is significantly stronger in subsequent recognition of cued stimuli as compared to uncued ones, possibly indicating a strengthening of memory traces and lexical integration by cuing during sleep. However, the beneficial effect of TMR for memory consolidation seems to occur only if the cued memories can be related to prior knowledge. 715:, an organism sleeps several times in a 24-hour cycle, whereas in monophasic sleep this occurs all at once. Under experimental conditions, humans tend to alternate more frequently between sleep and wakefulness (i.e., exhibit more polyphasic sleep) if they have nothing better to do. Given a 14-hour period of darkness in experimental conditions, humans tended towards bimodal sleep, with two sleep periods concentrated at the beginning and at the end of the dark time. Bimodal sleep in humans was more common before the 926: 1658: 2044: 1311:, a poor sleep environment, an inconsistent sleep schedule, or excessive mental or physical stimulation in the hours before bedtime. Insomnia is often treated through behavioral changes like keeping a regular sleep schedule, avoiding stimulating or stressful activities before bedtime, and cutting down on stimulants such as caffeine. The sleep environment may be improved by installing heavy drapes to shut out all sunlight, and keeping computers, televisions, and work materials out of the sleeping area. 1186:

reactivations of newly encoded information in the hippocampus during slow oscillations in NREM sleep mediate the stabilization and gradual integration of declarative memory with pre-existing knowledge networks on the cortical level. It assumes the hippocampus might hold information only temporarily and in a fast-learning rate, whereas the neocortex is related to long-term storage and a slow-learning rate. This dialogue between the hippocampus and neocortex occurs in parallel with hippocampal

849: 499: 451:; however, people can also reliably wake themselves up at a specific time with no need for an alarm. Many sleep quite differently on workdays versus days off, a pattern which can lead to chronic circadian desynchronization. Many people regularly look at television and other screens before going to bed, a factor which may exacerbate disruption of the circadian cycle. Scientific studies on sleep have shown that sleep stage at awakening is an important factor in amplifying 600:), long-distance travel, and the influence of universal indoor lighting. Even if they have sleep debt, or feel sleepy, people can have difficulty staying asleep at the peak of their circadian cycle. Conversely, they can have difficulty waking up in the trough of the cycle. A healthy young adult entrained to the sun will (during most of the year) fall asleep a few hours after sunset, experience body temperature minimum at 6 a.m., and wake up a few hours after sunrise. 9474: 2148: 417: 2134: 1451:

consistent times every night, avoiding any electronic devices such as televisions in the bedroom, getting adequate exercise throughout your day, and avoiding caffeine in the hours before going to sleep. Another way to greatly improve sleep hygiene is by creating a peaceful and relaxing sleep environment. Sleeping in a dark and clean room with things like a white noise maker can help facilitate restful sleep. However,

9486: 6815: 9032: 2162: 1831:. When he awoke, he continued searching for the sheep, but could not find it, so he returned to his old farm, only to discover that it was now under new ownership. He went to his hometown, but discovered that nobody there knew him. Finally, he met his younger brother, who was now an old man, and learned that he had been asleep in the cave for fifty-seven years. 1798:, John Keats and other poets have all written poems about the relationship between sleep and death. Shelley describes them as "both so passing, strange and wonderful!" Keats similarly poses the question: "Can death be sleep, when life is but a dream". Many people consider dying in one's sleep is the most peaceful way to die. Phrases such as "big sleep" and " 536:; an entrained rhythm persists even if the outside signals suddenly disappear. If an entrained human is isolated in a bunker with constant light or darkness, he or she will continue to experience rhythmic increases and decreases of body temperature and melatonin, on a period that slightly exceeds 24 hours. Scientists refer to such conditions as 1198:

experiments that use associated memory cues to triggering memory traces during sleep, several studies have been reassuring the importance of nocturnal reactivations for the formation of persistent memories in neocortical networks, as well as highlighting the possibility of increasing people's memory performance at declarative recalls.

736:. Genetics and sex have some influence on chronotype, but so do habits. Chronotype is also liable to change over the course of a person's lifetime. Seven-year-olds are better disposed to wake up early in the morning than are fifteen-year-olds. Chronotypes far outside the normal range are called circadian rhythm sleep disorders. 905:

transition between the different stages of sleep. Subjective sleep quality in turn refers to a sense of being rested and regenerated after awaking from sleep. A study by A. Harvey et al. (2002) found that insomniacs were more demanding in their evaluations of sleep quality than individuals who had no sleep problems.

391:. The whole period normally proceeds in the order: N1 → N2 → N3 → N2 → REM. REM sleep occurs as a person returns to stage 2 or 1 from a deep sleep. There is a greater amount of deep sleep (stage N3) earlier in the night, while the proportion of REM sleep increases in the two cycles just before natural awakening. 3794:

Thus, the shift in the evening bedtime across cohorts accounted for the substantial decrease in sleep duration in younger children between the 1970s and the 1990s... more liberal parental attitude toward evening bedtime in the past decades is most likely responsible for the bedtime shift and for the

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Research suggests that sleep patterns vary significantly across cultures. The most striking differences are observed between societies that have plentiful sources of artificial light and ones that do not. The primary difference appears to be that pre-light cultures have more broken-up sleep patterns.

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with poorly understood mechanisms. Consuming high amounts of the stimulant caffeine can result in interrupted sleep patterns and sometimes sleep deprivation. This vicious cycle can result in drowsiness which can then result in a higher consumption of caffeine in order to stay awake the next day. This

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Sleep health can be improved through implementing good sleep hygiene habits. Having good sleep hygiene can help to improve your physical and mental health by providing your body with the necessary rejuvenation only restful sleep can provide. Some ways to improve sleep health include going to sleep at

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In both children and adults, short sleep duration is associated with an increased risk of obesity, with various studies reporting an increased risk of 45–55%. Other aspects of sleep health have been associated with obesity, including daytime napping, sleep timing, the variability of sleep timing, and

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By the time infants reach the age of two, their brain size has reached 90 percent of an adult-sized brain; a majority of this brain growth has occurred during the period of life with the highest rate of sleep. The hours that children spend asleep influence their ability to perform on cognitive tasks.

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Homeostatic sleep propensity (the need for sleep as a function of the amount of time elapsed since the last adequate sleep episode) must be balanced against the circadian element for satisfactory sleep. Along with corresponding messages from the circadian clock, this tells the body it needs to sleep.

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enables countervailing restorative processes. The brain requires sleep for restoration, whereas these processes can take place during quiescent waking in the rest of the body. The essential function of sleep may be its restorative effect on the brain: "Sleep is of the brain, by the brain and for the

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Of the thematic representations of sleep in art, physician and sleep researcher Meir Kryger wrote, " have intense fascination with mythology, dreams, religious themes, the parallel between sleep and death, reward, abandonment of conscious control, healing, a depiction of innocence and serenity, and

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In some societies, people sleep with at least one other person (sometimes many) or with animals. In other cultures, people rarely sleep with anyone except for an intimate partner. In almost all societies, sleeping partners are strongly regulated by social standards. For example, a person might only

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With regard to declarative memory, the functional role of SWS has been associated with hippocampal replays of previously encoded neural patterns that seem to facilitate long-term memory consolidation. This assumption is based on the active system consolidation hypothesis, which states that repeated

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between roughly 36.2 °C and 37.2 °C. The suprachiasmatic nucleus itself shows conspicuous oscillation activity, which intensifies during subjective day (i.e., the part of the rhythm corresponding with daytime, whether accurately or not) and drops to almost nothing during subjective night.

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On a typical night of sleep, there is not much time that is spent in the waking state. In various sleep studies that have been conducted using the electroencephalography, it has been found that females are awake for 0-1% during their nightly sleep while males are awake for 0-2% during that time. In

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Children can greatly benefit from a structured bedtime routine. This can look differently among families, but will generally consist of a set of rituals such as reading a bedtime story, a bath, brushing teeth, and can also include a show of affection from the parent to the child such a hug or kiss

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Sleep also influences language development. To test this, researchers taught infants a faux language and observed their recollection of the rules for that language. Infants who slept within four hours of learning the language could remember the language rules better, while infants who stayed awake

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Naps are short periods of sleep that one might take during the daytime, often in order to get the necessary amount of rest. Napping is often associated with childhood, but around one-third of American adults partake in it daily. The optimal nap duration is around 10–20 minutes, as researchers have

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It has been widely accepted that sleep must support the formation of long-term memory, and generally increasing previous learning and experiences recalls. However, its benefit seems to depend on the phase of sleep and the type of memory. For example, declarative and procedural memory-recall tasks

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The quality of sleep may be evaluated from an objective and a subjective point of view. Objective sleep quality refers to how difficult it is for a person to fall asleep and remain in a sleeping state, and how many times they wake up during a single night. Poor sleep quality disrupts the cycle of

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The electrical activity seen on an EEG represents brain waves. The amplitude of EEG waves at a particular frequency corresponds to various points in the sleep-wake cycle, such as being asleep, being awake, or falling asleep. Alpha, beta, theta, gamma, and delta waves are all seen in the different

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During sleep, especially REM sleep, humans tend to experience dreams. These are elusive and mostly unpredictable first-person experiences which seem logical and realistic to the dreamer while they are in progress, despite their frequently bizarre, irrational, and/or surreal qualities that become

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has been available in the industrialized West since at least the mid-19th century, and sleep patterns have changed significantly everywhere that lighting has been introduced. In general, people sleep in a more concentrated burst through the night, going to sleep much later, although this is not

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and class. Short sleep and poor sleep are observed more frequently in ethnic minorities than in whites in the USA. African-Americans report experiencing short durations of sleep five times more often than whites, possibly as a result of social and environmental factors. A study done in the USA

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be 4 to 8 hours before bedtime, though exercise at any time of day is beneficial, with the exception of heavy exercise taken shortly before bedtime, which may disturb sleep. However, there is insufficient evidence to draw detailed conclusions about the relationship between exercise and sleep.

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habit has recently been associated with a 37% lower coronary mortality, possibly due to reduced cardiovascular stress mediated by daytime sleep. Short naps at mid-day and mild evening exercise were found to be effective for improved sleep, cognitive tasks, and mental health in elderly people.

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Monozygotic (identical) but not dizygotic (fraternal) twins tend to have similar sleep habits. Neurotransmitters, molecules whose production can be traced to specific genes, are one genetic influence on sleep that can be analyzed. The circadian clock has its own set of genes. Genes which may

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The internal circadian clock is profoundly influenced by changes in light, since these are its main clues about what time it is. Exposure to even small amounts of light during the night can suppress melatonin secretion, and increase body temperature and wakefulness. Short pulses of light, at

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Reactivation of memory also occurs during wakefulness and its function is associated with serving to update the reactivated memory with newly encoded information, whereas reactivations during SWS are presented as crucial for memory stabilization. Based on targeted memory reactivation (TMR)

965:. Up to 90 percent of adults with depression are found to have sleep difficulties. Dysregulation detected by EEG includes disturbances in sleep continuity, decreased delta sleep and altered REM patterns with regard to latency, distribution across the night and density of eye movements. 675:, a neurotransmitter that inhibits many of the bodily processes associated with wakefulness. Adenosine levels increase in the cortex and basal forebrain during prolonged wakefulness, and decrease during the sleep-recovery period, potentially acting as a homeostatic regulator of sleep. 1607:

Some drugs may alter sleep architecture without inhibiting or inducing sleep. Drugs that amplify or inhibit endocrine and immune system secretions associated with certain sleep stages have been shown to alter sleep architecture. The growth hormone releasing hormone receptor agonist

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Hirshkowitz, Max; Whiton, Kaitlyn; Albert, Steven M.; Alessi, Cathy; Bruni, Oliviero; DonCarlos, Lydia; Hazen, Nancy; Herman, John; Katz, Eliot S.; Kheirandish-Gozal, Leila; Neubauer, David N.; O'Donnell, Anne E.; Ohayon, Maurice; Peever, John; Rawding, Robert (March 2015).

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Early onset of CRSD, the ease of diagnosis, the high frequency of misdiagnosis and erroneous treatment, the potentially harmful psychological and adjustment consequences, and the availability of promising treatments, all indicate the importance of greater awareness of these

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There is disagreement on how much sleep debt is possible to accumulate, and whether sleep debt is accumulated against an individual's average sleep or some other benchmark. It is also unclear whether the prevalence of sleep debt among adults has changed appreciably in the

1740:. Some sleep with blankets, some with pillows, some with simple headrests, some with no head support. These choices are shaped by a variety of factors, such as climate, protection from predators, housing type, technology, personal preference, and the incidence of pests. 699:, standard times used to unify the timing for people in the same area, correspond only approximately to the natural rising and setting of the sun. An extreme example of the approximate nature of time zones is China, a country which used to span five time zones and now 444:

adults, wakefulness increases, especially in later cycles. One study found 3% awake time in the first ninety-minute sleep cycle, 8% in the second, 10% in the third, 12% in the fourth, and 13–14% in the fifth. Most of this awake time occurred shortly after REM sleep.

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Insomnia is a general term for difficulty falling asleep and/or staying asleep. Insomnia is the most common sleep problem, with many adults reporting occasional insomnia, and 10–15% reporting a chronic condition. Insomnia can have many different causes, including

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Rosen, Ilene M.; Aurora, R. Nisha; Kirsch, Douglas B.; Carden, Kelly A.; Malhotra, Raman K.; Ramar, Kannan; Abbasi-Feinberg, Fariha; Kristo, David A.; Martin, Jennifer L.; Olson, Eric J.; Rosen, Carol L.; Rowley, James A.; Shelgikar, Anita V. (15 November 2019).

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applied over early and late nocturnal sleep, as well as wakefulness controlled conditions, have been shown that declarative memory improves more during early sleep (dominated by SWS) while procedural memory during late sleep (dominated by REM sleep) does so.

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proven that it takes at least 30 minutes to enter slow-wave sleep, the deepest period of sleep. Napping too long and entering the slow wave cycles can make it difficult to awake from the nap and leave one feeling unrested. This period of drowsiness is called

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The boundaries between sleeping and waking are blurred in these societies. Some observers believe that nighttime sleep in these societies is most often split into two main periods, the first characterized primarily by deep sleep and the second by REM sleep.

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apparent when assessed after waking. Dreams often seamlessly incorporate concepts, situations, people, and objects within a person's mind that would not normally go together. They can include apparent sensations of all types, especially vision and movement.

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experiences increased activity during REM sleep which may cause erection of the penis or clitoris. In males, 80% to 95% of REM sleep is normally accompanied by partial to full penile erection, while only about 12% of men's dreams contain sexual content.

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Sleep problems have been frequently viewed as a symptom of mental illness rather than a causative factor. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that they are both a cause and a symptom of mental illness. Insomnia is a significant predictor of

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before bed. A bedtime routine will also include a consistent time that the child is expected to be in bed ready for sleep. Having a reliable bedtime routine can help improve a child's quality of sleep as well as prepare them to make and keep healthy

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Human sleep-needs vary by age and amongst individuals; sleep is considered to be adequate when there is no daytime sleepiness or dysfunction. Moreover, self-reported sleep duration is only moderately correlated with actual sleep time as measured by

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The most pronounced physiological changes in sleep occur in the brain. The brain uses significantly less energy during sleep than it does when awake, especially during non-REM sleep. In areas with reduced activity, the brain restores its supply of

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brain." This theory is strengthened by the fact that sleep is observed to be a necessary behavior across most of the animal kingdom, including some of the least cognitively advanced animals which have no need for other functions of sleep, such as

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Vallat, Raphael; Berry, Sarah E.; Tsereteli, Neli; Capdevila, Joan; Khatib, Haya Al; Valdes, Ana M.; Delahanty, Linda M.; Drew, David A.; Chan, Andrew T.; Wolf, Jonathan; Franks, Paul W.; Spector, Tim D.; Walker, Matthew P. (19 November 2022).

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signals from the circadian clock, or Process C, a complex neurochemical system which uses signals from an organism's environment to recreate an internal day–night rhythm. Process C counteracts the homeostatic drive for sleep during the day (in

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Awakening can mean the end of sleep, or simply a moment to survey the environment and readjust body position before falling back asleep. Sleepers typically awaken soon after the end of a REM phase or sometimes in the middle of REM. Internal

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secretion begins in the late afternoon, especially in women, and is subsequently augmented by sleep-induced secretion, to peak in the middle of the night. Circadian rhythm exerts some influence on the nighttime secretion of growth hormone.

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For example, people without artificial light might go to sleep far sooner after the sun sets, but then wake up several times throughout the night, punctuating their sleep with periods of wakefulness, perhaps lasting several hours. During

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or deep sleep. During this phase, body temperature and heart rate fall, and the brain uses less energy. REM sleep, also known as paradoxical sleep, represents a smaller portion of total sleep time. It is the main occasion for dreams (or

1802:" are often used in reference to death, possibly in an effort to lessen its finality. Sleep and dreaming have sometimes been seen as providing the potential for visionary experiences. In medieval Irish tradition, in order to become a 1447:

suggested that higher rates of sleep apnea (and poorer responses to treatment) are suffered by children in disadvantaged neighborhoods (which, in context, includes a disproportionate effect on children of African-American descent).

277:(ATP), the molecule used for short-term storage and transport of energy. In quiet waking, the brain is responsible for 20% of the body's energy use, thus this reduction has a noticeable effect on overall energy consumption. 1422:

of 170,000 people showed that insomnia at the beginning of a study period indicated a more than the twofold increased risk for major depressive disorder. Some studies have also indicated correlation between insomnia and

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The timing is correct when the following two circadian markers occur after the middle of the sleep episode and before awakening: maximum concentration of the hormone melatonin, and minimum core body temperature.

432:, along with a successful reduction of homeostatic sleep need, typically bring about awakening and the end of the sleep cycle. Awakening involves heightened electrical activation in the brain, beginning with the 1947: 576:

The circadian rhythm influences the ideal timing of a restorative sleep episode. Sleepiness increases during the night. REM sleep occurs more during body temperature minimum within the circadian cycle, whereas

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and the screens of electronic devices such as smartphones and televisions, which emit large amounts of blue light, a form of light typically associated with daytime. This disrupts the release of the hormone

2701:, pp. 1118–1119: "Compared with wakefulness, sleep reduces brain energy demands, as suggested by the 44% reduction in the cerebral metabolic rate (CMR) of glucose (791) and a 25% reduction in the CMR of O 1398:. While poor sleep is common among those with cardiovascular disease, some research indicates that poor sleep can be a contributing cause. Short sleep duration of less than seven hours is correlated with 949:

Researchers have found that sleeping 6–7 hours each night correlates with longevity and cardiac health in humans, though many underlying factors may be involved in the causality behind this relationship.

3644:... significant homeostatic and circadian modulation of sleep structure, with the highest sleep efficiency occurring in sleep episodes bracketing the melatonin maximum and core body temperature minimum 1900:. Insights about differences of the living sleeping brain to its wakeful state and the transition period may have implications for potential explanations of human subjective experience, the so-called 1007:

longer did not recall those rules as well. There is also a relationship between infants' vocabulary and sleeping: infants who sleep longer at night at 12 months have better vocabularies at 26 months.

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Spruyt K, Aitken RJ, So K, Charlton M, Adamson TM, Horne RS (May 2008). "Relationship between sleep/wake patterns, temperament and overall development in term infants over the first year of life".

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Gottselig JM, Adam M, Rétey JV, Khatami R, Achermann P, Landolt HP (March 2006). "Random number generation during sleep deprivation: effects of caffeine on response maintenance and stereotypy".

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This sleep type is not considered to be a genetic disorder nor are there any known harmful effects to overall health associated with it; therefore it is considered to be a genetic, benign trait.

7922: 652:, shortened attention span, higher anxiety, impaired memory, and a grouchy mood. Conversely, a well-rested organism tends to have improved memory and mood. Neurophysiological and functional 2606: 2900:

Posada-Quintero HF, Reljin N, Bolkhovsky JB, Orjuela-Cañón AD, Chon KH (19 September 2019), "Brain Activity Correlates With Cognitive Performance Deterioration During Sleep Deprivation.",

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A 2010 review of published scientific research suggested that exercise generally improves sleep for most people, and helps sleep disorders such as insomnia. The optimum time to exercise

363:(REM) sleep. Non-REM and REM sleep are so different that physiologists identify them as distinct behavioral states. Non-REM sleep occurs first and after a transitional period is called 664:

in recent decades. Sleep debt does show some evidence of being cumulative. Subjectively, however, humans seem to reach maximum sleepiness 30 hours after waking. It is likely that in

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Wyatt JK, Ritz-De Cecco A, Czeisler CA, Dijk DJ (October 1999). "Circadian temperature and melatonin rhythms, sleep, and neurobehavioral function in humans living on a 20-h day".

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Copinschi, G.; Leproult, R.; Van Onderbergen, A.; Caufriez, A.; Cole, K. Y.; Schilling, L. M.; Mendel, C. M.; De Lepeleire, I.; Bolognese, J. A.; Van Cauter, E. (October 1997).

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of the circadian rhythm. Under natural conditions, light signals regularly adjust this period downward, so that it corresponds better with the exact 24 hours of an Earth day.

1985: 1967: 867:. This process is entirely natural in this kind of individual, and it is caused by certain genetic mutations. A person with this trait is known as a "natural short sleeper". 5114:

Truzzi, Giselle de Martin; Teixeira, Igor de Lima; do Prado, Lucila Bizari Fernandes; do Prado, Gilmar Fernandes; Tufik, Sergio; Coelho, Fernando Morgadinho (January 2021).

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Yook, Ji Hyun; Rizwan, Muneeba; Shahid, Noor ul ain; Naguit, Noreen; Jakkoju, Rakesh; Laeeq, Sadia; Reghefaoui, Tiba; Zahoor, Hafsa; Mohammed, Lubna (25 October 2021).

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A lucid dream is a type of dream in which the dreamer becomes aware that they are dreaming while dreaming. In a preliminary study, dreamers were able to consciously

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Furthermore, nocturnal reactivation seems to share the same neural oscillatory patterns as reactivation during wakefulness, processes which might be coordinated by

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Raymond Cespuglio, Damien Colas, & Sabine Gautier-Sauvigné, "Energy Processes Underlying the Sleep Wake Cycle"; Chapter 1 in Parmeggiani & Velluti (2005).

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after waking up include quantity/quality of the sleep, physical activity the day prior, a carbohydrate-rich breakfast, and a low blood glucose response to it.

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activity is inhibited. During sleep, there is a marked decrease in muscle activity and interactions with the surrounding environment. While sleep differs from

1846:, but fall asleep and wake up 360 years later to discover, to their astonishment, that the Roman Empire is now predominantly Christian. The American author 1815:

Many cultural stories have been told about people falling asleep for extended periods of time. The earliest of these stories is the ancient Greek legend of

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Fuller PM, Gooley JJ, Saper CB (December 2006). "Neurobiology of the sleep-wake cycle: sleep architecture, circadian regulation, and regulatory feedback".

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and increased risk of death from coronary heart disease. Sleep duration greater than nine hours is also correlated with coronary heart disease, as well as

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that primarily detects correlations (but not necessarily causation), other genes have been shown to have a more direct effect. For instance, mice lacking

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Irwin MR, Ziegler M (February 2005). "Sleep deprivation potentiates activation of cardiovascular and catecholamine responses in abstinent alcoholics".

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Children who sleep through the night and have few night waking episodes have higher cognitive attainments and easier temperaments than other children.

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in the circadian cycle, can significantly 'reset' the internal clock. Blue light, in particular, exerts the strongest effect, leading to concerns that

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Iglowstein I, Jenni OG, Molinari L, Largo RH (February 2003). "Sleep duration from infancy to adolescence: reference values and generational trends".

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Zheng, Liubin; Zhang, Luoying (September 2022). "The molecular mechanism of natural short sleep: A path towards understanding why we need to sleep".

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J. Alan Hobson, Edward F. Pace-Scott, & Robert Stickgold (2000), "Dreaming and the brain: Toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states",

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Harvey AG, Payne S (March 2002). "The management of unwanted pre-sleep thoughts in insomnia: distraction with imagery versus general distraction".

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Sleep duration can also vary according to season. Up to 90% of people report longer sleep duration in winter, which may lead to more pronounced

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Last Reviewed: September 14, 2022. Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Population Health.

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Generally speaking, the longer an organism is awake, the more it feels a need to sleep ("sleep debt"). This driver of sleep is referred to as

1843: 2619:"... the sudden introduction of bright nights during hours when it should be dark threw a wrench into a finely choreographed system of life. 2043: 1194:, synchrony that drives the formation of the spindle-ripple event which seems to be a prerequisite for the formation of long-term memories. 1131:

Sleep may facilitate the synthesis of molecules that help repair and protect the brain from metabolic end products generated during waking.

284:. In other words, sleeping persons perceive fewer stimuli, but can generally still respond to loud noises and other salient sensory events. 9394: 6648:

Schreiner T, Göldi M, Rasch B (November 2015). "Cueing vocabulary during sleep increases theta activity during later recognition testing".

2323: 527:, is presently considered the most important nexus for this process; however, secondary clock systems have been found throughout the body. 2023: 1927: 1835: 7412: 5040: 874:

or temporarily impaired cognitive abilities in people who are predisposed to sleep a normal amount of time but not in people with FNSS.

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Some societies display a fragmented sleep pattern in which people sleep at all times of the day and night for shorter periods. In many

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Wagner J, Wagner ML, Hening WA (June 1998). "Beyond benzodiazepines: alternative pharmacologic agents for the treatment of insomnia".

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diet promoted a shorter onset to sleep and a longer duration of sleep than a high-fat diet. A 2012 investigation indicated that mixed

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People sleep in a variety of locations. Some sleep directly on the ground; others on a skin or blanket; others sleep on platforms or

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with experimenters via eye movements or facial muscle signals, and were able to comprehend complex questions and use working memory.

8452: 1549:) also induce sleep, and can disrupt sleep architecture and sleep stage distribution. Interestingly, the endogenously produced drug 596:

Modern humans often find themselves desynchronized from their internal circadian clock, due to the requirements of work (especially

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Zlomanczuk P, Schwartz WJ (1999). "Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Circadian Rhythms in Mammals". In Zee PC, Turek FW (eds.).

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during which body temperature, heart rate, and brain oxygen consumption decrease. In both the brain and body, the reduced rate of

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Jenni OG, Dahl RE (2008). "Sleep, cognition, and neuron, and emotion: A developmental review.". In Nelson CA, Luciana M (eds.).

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Rasch B, Büchel C, Gais S, Born J (March 2007). "Odor cues during slow-wave sleep prompt declarative memory consolidation".

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where an individual sleeps for fewer hours than average without suffering from daytime sleepiness or other consequences of

8144: 7448: 6822: 1827:. One day, one of his sheep went missing and he went out to look for it, but became tired and fell asleep in a cave under 10342: 9929: 4815: 8064: 7960:"A Systematic Review on Cross-Cultural Comparative Studies of Sleep in Young Populations: The Roles of Cultural Factors" 8359: 8204: 7942: 5695: 4532: 3556:

Czeisler CA, Wright Jr KP (1999). "Influence of Light on Circadian Rhythmicity in Humans". In Zee PC, Turek FW (eds.).

3538:

Derk-Jan D, Edgar DM (1999). "Circadian and Homeostatic Control of Wakefulness and Sleep". In Zee PC, Turek FW (eds.).

384: 2949: 1553:(GHB) is capable of producing high quality sleep that is indistinguishable from natural sleep architecture in humans. 9374: 8309: 372:), and is associated with desynchronized and fast brain waves, eye movements, loss of muscle tone, and suspension of 10429: 4799:

Consolidation of sleep for 8 h or more is only observed when sleep is initiated ~6–8 h before the temperature nadir.

9807: 9802: 9774: 9569: 3030:

Silber MH, Ancoli-Israel S, Bonnet MH, Chokroverty S, Grigg-Damberger MM, Hirshkowitz M, et al. (March 2007).

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Van Cauter E, Spiegel K (1999). "Circadian and Sleep Control of Hormonal Secretions". In Zee PC, Turek FW (eds.).

1686:

was considered the norm. Sleep onset was determined not by a set bedtime, but by whether there were things to do.

921:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations for the amount of sleep needed decrease with age.

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Wehr TA (1999). "The Impact of Changes in Nightlength (Scotoperiod) on Human Sleep". In Zee PC, Turek FW (eds.).

2030: 1662: 1612:

has been shown to increase REM in older adults as well as stage IV sleep in younger adults by approximately 50%.

493: 383:

of alternate NREM and REM sleep takes an average of 90 minutes, occurring 4–6 times in a good night's sleep. The

238: 6153:

Plihal W, Born J (July 1997). "Effects of early and late nocturnal sleep on declarative and procedural memory".

811:(Dpyd) had 78.4 min less sleep during the lights-off period than wild-type mice. Dpyd encodes the rate-limiting 9517: 4058:"Sleep education with self-help treatment and sleep health promotion for mental and physical wellness in Japan" 3255:"Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness" 1885: 1428: 1308: 1301: 1277: 656:

have demonstrated that frontal regions of the brain are particularly responsive to homeostatic sleep pressure.

638: 3880:"Coffee, caffeine, and sleep: A systematic review of epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials" 3399:"How people wake up is associated with previous night's sleep together with physical activity and food intake" 917: 10380: 10234: 10042: 9904: 9490: 9215: 4765:

Dijk DJ, Lockley SW (February 2002). "Integration of human sleep-wake regulation and circadian rhythmicity".

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Dietary and nutritional choices may affect sleep duration and quality. One 2016 review indicated that a high-

1023: 804: 119:. Although REM stands for "rapid eye movement", this mode of sleep has many other aspects, including virtual 8834: 5926: 5564:"Seasonal changes in sleep duration and sleep problems: A prospective study in Japanese community residents" 4171:"Genome-Wide Association Analyses in 128,266 Individuals Identifies New Morningness and Sleep Duration Loci" 3852: 9914: 9842: 9687: 9369: 9190: 8634:

Tsytsarev, Vassiliy (February 2022). "Methodological aspects of studying the mechanisms of consciousness".

6840: 6457: 4628:"You wouldn't like me when I'm sleepy: Leaders' sleep, daily abusive supervision, and work unit engagement" 2822:. Published by Imperial College Press and Distributed by World Scientific Publishing Co. pp. 103–122. 2670:. Published by Imperial College Press and Distributed by World Scientific Publishing Co. pp. 123–137. 2256: 856: 841: 695:, such as the hours when other people are awake, the hours when work is required, the time on clocks, etc. 683:

temporarily block the effect of adenosine, prolong sleep latency, and reduce total sleep time and quality.

530:

An organism whose circadian clock exhibits a regular rhythm corresponding to outside signals is said to be

356: 116: 7776:"Prolonged oral treatment with MK-677, a novel growth hormone secretagogue, improves sleep quality in man" 7434:

Turek FW, Czeisler CA (1999). "Role of Melatonin in the Regulation of Sleep". In Zee PC, Turek FW (eds.).

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Arditte Hall, Kimberly A.; Werner, Kimberly B.; Griffin, Michael G.; Galovski, Tara E. (10 January 2022).

120: 10047: 9409: 5340:"A prospective study of change in sleep duration: associations with mortality in the Whitehall II cohort" 4311: 2251: 1701:

societies, people sleep on and off throughout the day or night depending on what is happening. Plentiful

1273: 1257:

postulated that dreams are the symbolic expression of frustrated desires that have been relegated to the

969: 565: 532: 17: 9075: 1031:

Children need many hours of sleep per day in order to develop and function properly: up to 18 hours for

10365: 9909: 8936: 8859: 1335:(also known as "Z-drugs"), while initially believed to be better and safer than earlier generations of 870:

This condition is not to be confused with intentional sleep deprivation, which leaves symptoms such as

590: 400: 387:(AASM) divides NREM into three stages: N1, N2, and N3, the last of which is also called delta sleep or 101: 3161: 1468: 246: 10125: 9934: 9882: 9857: 9510: 9404: 9379: 9248: 6685:"Prior knowledge is essential for the beneficial effect of targeted memory reactivation during sleep" 6601:"Theta Phase-Coordinated Memory Reactivation Reoccurs in a Slow-Oscillatory Rhythm during NREM Sleep" 3133: 2405: 1550: 1415: 1036: 954: 943: 5299: 127:

are a succession of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that usually occur involuntarily in the

9682: 9343: 9318: 9243: 9150: 9055: 8951: 7036: 5842: 5172: 4447: 4285: 1667: 1644:

on long-term dietary practices are needed to better define the influence of diet on sleep quality.

360: 112: 8579:"The unfolding argument: Why IIT and other causal structure theories cannot explain consciousness" 7289:"Associations among Neighborhood, Race, and Sleep Apnea Severity in Children. A Six-City Analysis" 5927:"National Sleep Foundation's sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary" 4881:"National Sleep Foundation's sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary" 3807:

Huang ZL, Zhang Z, Qu WM (2014). "Roles of adenosine and its receptors in sleep-wake regulation".

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4222:"The dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase gene contributes to heritable differences in sleep in mice" 2099: 245:

has substantially altered humanity's sleep patterns. Common sources of artificial light include

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Patel SR, Ayas NT, Malhotra MR, White DP, Schernhammer ES, Speizer FE, et al. (May 2004).

5059:"Exploring Predictors of Sleep State Misperception in Women with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder" 1758: 1753: 1676: 1632:

are needed to promote quality sleep. A varied diet containing fresh fruits and vegetables, low

1522: 1399: 1387: 1243: 303: 274: 81: 35: 8391: 7238:

St-Onge MP, Grandner MA, Brown D, Conroy MB, Jean-Louis G, Coons M, Bhatt DL (November 2016).

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Hirshkowitz M, Whiton K, Albert SM, Alessi C, Bruni O, DonCarlos L, et al. (March 2015).

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3510:, Turek FW (1999). "Introduction to Sleep and Circadian Rhythms". In Zee PC, Turek FW (eds.). 2815: 2663: 831:. This also supports the role of β-alanine as a neurotransmitter that promotes sleep in mice. 10523: 10140: 9872: 9478: 9238: 9233: 9040: 8931: 8852: 8779: 7392: 7189:

Cespedes Feliciano EM, Quante M, Rifas-Shiman SL, Redline S, Oken E, Taveras EM (July 2018).

7157: 7107: 5037: 2577: 2298:"Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke" 1934: 1580: 1410:

low sleep efficiency. However, sleep duration is the most-studied for its impact on obesity.

1172: 860: 716: 552:

The circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus has a direct neural connection to the

267: 187: 89: 7464:"Chronic Opioid Therapy and Sleep: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Position Statement" 5679: 5629: 4841: 3080:

Akerstedt T, Billiard M, Bonnet M, Ficca G, Garma L, Mariotti M, et al. (August 2002).

2438: 1235:, which they believe helps them build dream recall and facilitate the ability to experience 10294: 9619: 9584: 9459: 9210: 9050: 9021: 8916: 8700: 8165: 7571: 7362: 6768: 6696: 6212: 6111: 5997: 5575: 5387:

Cappuccio FP, Taggart FM, Kandala NB, Currie A, Peile E, Stranges S, Miller MA (May 2008).

4233: 3410: 3266: 2483: 2191: 1889: 1795: 1262: 1156: 946:

may typically report having slept only four hours despite having slept a full eight hours.

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Schmid SM, Hallschmid M, Schultes B (January 2015). "The metabolic burden of sleep loss".

1820: 1748: 1035:

babies, with a declining rate as a child ages. Early in 2015, after a two-year study, the

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6458:"The beneficial role of memory reactivation for language learning during sleep: A review" 5622:"Hate waking up when it's dark out? Find out how winter really affects your sleep habits" 5047:. Healthcommunities.com. Original Publication: 1 December 2000, Updated: 1 December 2007. 1873: 1869: 331: 8704: 8169: 7575: 7560:"Cocaine sensitization and reward are under the influence of circadian genes and rhythm" 6772: 6700: 6216: 6115: 6001: 5643:

Dahl RE (2009). "The regulation of sleep and arousal: Development and psychopathology".

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Jones SE, Tyrrell J, Wood AR, Beaumont RN, Ruth KS, Tuke MA, et al. (August 2016).

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2487: 10299: 10052: 9952: 9817: 9599: 9429: 9323: 9263: 8986: 8966: 8801: 8774: 8690: 8659: 8616: 8193: 8106: 8038: 8010: 7986: 7959: 7852: 7827: 7756: 7657: 7630: 7496: 7463: 7313: 7288: 7264: 7239: 7215: 7190: 7166: 7141: 7117: 7090: 7017: 6969: 6952: 6933: 6799: 6756: 6719: 6684: 6625: 6600: 6576: 6551: 6488: 6384: 6359: 6337: 6289: 6264: 6236: 6178: 6135: 6079: 6062: 6031: 6018: 5985: 5954: 5899: 5874: 5660: 5598: 5563: 5497: 5472: 5413: 5388: 5364: 5339: 5320: 5308: 5269: 5244: 5148: 5115: 5091: 5058: 5015: 4990: 4971: 4916: 4790: 4747: 4690: 4647: 4608: 4509: 4474: 4399: 4364: 4267: 4254: 4221: 4220:

Keenan BT, Galante RJ, Lian J, Zhang L, Guo X, Veatch OJ, et al. (December 2021).

4197: 4170: 4143: 4118: 4082: 4057: 3969: 3820: 3785: 3742: 3682: 3657: 3635: 3489: 3441: 3398: 3338: 3313: 3289: 3254: 3227: 3200: 3174: 2992: 2924: 2883: 2757: 2744: 2719: 2599:"Book excerpt: How the lightbulb disrupted our sleeping patterns and changed the world" 2553: 2504: 2471: 2382: 2349: 2236: 2211: 1865: 1176: 727: 537: 311: 307: 191: 167: 143: 7594: 7559: 7142:"Sleep as a potential fundamental contributor to disparities in cardiovascular health" 5523:

Biology of Depressive Disorders: Subtypes of depression and comorbid disorders, Part 2

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Naska A, Oikonomou E, Trichopoulou A, Psaltopoulou T, Trichopoulos D (February 2007).

2969:

Systemic Homeostasis and Poikilostasis in Sleep: Is REM Sleep a Physiological Paradox?

10580: 10554: 10309: 9348: 9283: 9258: 9110: 9070: 8806: 8718: 8663: 8651: 8620: 8608: 8600: 8542: 8517: 8395: 8384: 8355: 8305: 8240: 8200: 8114: 8089:

Ekirch AR (2001). "Sleep we have lost: pre-industrial slumber in the British Isles".

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Wang R, Dong Y, Weng J, Kontos EZ, Chervin RD, Rosen CL, et al. (January 2017).

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Konkoly, Karen R.; Appel, Kristoffer; Chabani, Emma; et al. (18 February 2021).

6724: 6665: 6630: 6581: 6532: 6480: 6433: 6389: 6329: 6294: 6228: 6170: 6127: 6084: 6023: 5958: 5946: 5904: 5855: 5851: 5810: 5805: 5788: 5766: 5762: 5731: 5727: 5691: 5680: 5664: 5603: 5530: 5502: 5453: 5418: 5369: 5312: 5274: 5225: 5153: 5135: 5096: 5078: 5020: 4963: 4955: 4920: 4908: 4900: 4782: 4739: 4682: 4651: 4627: 4612: 4600: 4514: 4496: 4404: 4386: 4271: 4259: 4202: 4148: 4087: 4038: 3961: 3904: 3834: 3824: 3777: 3734: 3730: 3687: 3627: 3623: 3481: 3446: 3428: 3378: 3343: 3294: 3232: 3166: 3103: 3053: 3012: 2972: 2929: 2887: 2875: 2831: 2749: 2679: 2558: 2509: 2387: 2369: 2167: 2077: 2035: 1847: 1828: 1482: 1320: 930: 864: 661: 623: 281: 159: 7760: 7021: 6937: 6240: 5488: 4778: 4694: 3746: 3493: 3178: 1977: 1146:

The human organism physically restores itself during sleep, occurring mostly during

302:

Key physiological methods for monitoring and measuring changes during sleep include

10454: 10304: 10244: 9604: 9533: 9389: 9273: 9200: 9115: 8996: 8946: 8796: 8788: 8708: 8643: 8590: 8278: 8098: 8022: 7981: 7971: 7930: 7884: 7847: 7839: 7787: 7732: 7719:

Murphy, P. J.; Badia, P.; Myers, B. L.; Boecker, M. R.; Wright, K. P. (June 1994).

7652: 7642: 7589: 7579: 7491: 7475: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7259: 7251: 7210: 7202: 7161: 7153: 7112: 7102: 7001: 6964: 6925: 6794: 6776: 6714: 6704: 6657: 6620: 6612: 6571: 6563: 6522: 6492: 6472: 6423: 6379: 6371: 6341: 6321: 6284: 6276: 6220: 6182: 6162: 6139: 6119: 6102:

Hobson JA (October 2005). "Sleep is of the brain, by the brain and for the brain".

6074: 6013: 6005: 5938: 5894: 5886: 5847: 5800: 5758: 5723: 5652: 5593: 5583: 5492: 5484: 5445: 5408: 5400: 5359: 5351: 5324: 5304: 5264: 5256: 5215: 5143: 5127: 5086: 5070: 5010: 5002: 4975: 4947: 4892: 4794: 4774: 4751: 4729: 4721: 4674: 4639: 4592: 4504: 4486: 4394: 4376: 4249: 4241: 4192: 4182: 4138: 4130: 4077: 4069: 4028: 3953: 3894: 3816: 3789: 3769: 3726: 3677: 3669: 3658:"Neurophysiology of sleep and wakefulness: basic science and clinical implications" 3639: 3619: 3473: 3436: 3418: 3370: 3333: 3325: 3284: 3274: 3222: 3212: 3156: 3148: 3093: 3043: 3004: 2919: 2909: 2867: 2823: 2761: 2739: 2731: 2671: 2548: 2540: 2499: 2491: 2377: 2361: 2095: 1842:, in which seven Christians flee into a cave during pagan times in order to escape 1726: 1702: 1361: 1258: 1231:

Dreams tend to rapidly fade from memory after waking. Some people choose to keep a

1168: 985: 962: 828: 712: 548: 503: 487: 315: 242: 194:

behavior across animal evolution, likely going back hundreds of millions of years.

171: 31: 8577:

Doerig, Adrien; Schurger, Aaron; Hess, Kathryn; Herzog, Michael H. (1 July 2019).

6550:

Klinzing JG, Kugler S, Soekadar SR, Rasch B, Born J, Diekelmann S (January 2018).

6035: 5074: 4422: 2324:"The Dichotomy Of Sleep: REM And Non-REM Stages, And Their Impact On Human Health" 1604:

cycle can lead to decreased cognitive function and an overall feeling of fatigue.

1360:

are now known to be almost entirely the same as benzodiazepines in terms of their

1219: 10549: 10175: 10102: 10080: 10027: 9787: 9692: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9328: 9268: 9205: 9120: 9080: 9065: 9016: 9006: 8961: 8595: 8578: 8178: 7934: 7888: 7255: 7191:"Objective Sleep Characteristics and Cardiometabolic Health in Young Adolescents" 6826: 6616: 6527: 6510: 5875:"Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond" 5588: 5521: 5044: 5006: 4187: 2266: 2231: 1939: 1909: 1771: 1730: 1714: 1710: 1698: 1588: 1572: 1526: 1502: 1443: 1147: 953:

Sleep difficulties are furthermore associated with psychiatric disorders such as

653: 578: 471: 437: 429: 388: 364: 323: 319: 288: 179: 155: 8477:

The Drama; Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization: American Drama

7336: 6511:"Auditory closed-loop stimulation of the sleep slow oscillation enhances memory" 6476: 3008: 1657: 10575: 10249: 10120: 10062: 9765: 9665: 9638: 9414: 9384: 9313: 9288: 9278: 9125: 9105: 9095: 8981: 8901: 8792: 8713: 8678: 8424:. Vol. 3. New York City, New York: Theatre Publishing Company. p. 139 8260: 8136: 7564:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

6819: 6375: 5942: 5890: 5355: 5131: 4896: 4475:"Total Wake: Natural, Pathological, and Experimental Limits to Sleep Reduction" 4033: 4016: 3899: 3673: 3507: 3423: 3259:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3152: 2827: 2735: 2675: 2365: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2153: 2139: 1959: 1851: 1839: 1808: 1763: 1641: 1514: 1510: 1478: 1395: 1347: 1266: 1143:

increases during sleep, and is depleted through metabolism during wakefulness.

1136: 1039:

in the US announced newly revised recommendations as shown in the table below.

925: 649: 292: 198: 147: 62: 46: 8647: 6781: 6567: 6280: 6166: 5656: 4819: 4725: 4596: 4559:"Short sleep, familial natural, 1 - NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR) - NCBI" 4491: 4245: 4073: 2495: 1640:

may be optimal for individuals seeking to improve sleep quality. High-quality

10569: 10334: 10227: 10075: 10032: 9982: 9977: 9750: 9589: 9579: 9564: 9338: 9333: 9298: 9195: 9185: 9145: 8991: 8926: 8921: 8722: 8604: 8034: 7799: 7744: 7721:"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs affect normal sleep patterns in humans" 7697: 7536: 7487: 6929: 6790: 5404: 5260: 5220: 5203: 5139: 5082: 4959: 4904: 4604: 4500: 4390: 4339:"This easy, no-cost solution could help treat a super common sleep condition" 3477: 3432: 3329: 2914: 2373: 1893: 1799: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1498: 1419: 1381: 1254: 1232: 1191: 1012: 752: 723: 700: 665: 452: 175: 77: 9630: 7681: 6428: 6411: 6224: 4880: 3279: 2899: 2816:"Electroencephalography, Polysomnography, and Other Sleep Recording Systems" 10496: 10442: 10195: 9972: 9957: 9424: 9419: 9303: 9135: 9060: 9011: 9001: 8976: 8971: 8941: 8875: 8810: 8655: 8612: 8480:. Vol. 20. London, England: Historical Publishing Company. p. 121 8118: 7995: 7976: 7927:

Adolescent Sleep Patterns: Biological, Social, and Psychological Influences

7896: 7861: 7775: 7705: 7666: 7603: 7584: 7505: 7322: 7273: 7224: 7206: 7188: 7175: 7126: 7055: 6978: 6808: 6728: 6669: 6634: 6585: 6536: 6484: 6437: 6393: 6333: 6298: 6232: 6174: 6131: 6088: 6027: 5950: 5908: 5859: 5814: 5770: 5735: 5607: 5506: 5457: 5422: 5373: 5316: 5278: 5229: 5157: 5100: 5024: 4951: 4935: 4912: 4786: 4743: 4686: 4518: 4408: 4263: 4206: 4152: 4091: 4042: 4017:"Siesta in healthy adults and coronary mortality in the general population" 3965: 3957: 3908: 3838: 3781: 3773: 3738: 3691: 3631: 3485: 3450: 3382: 3374: 3347: 3298: 3236: 3217: 3170: 3107: 3098: 3081: 3057: 3016: 2933: 2879: 2753: 2562: 2513: 2391: 2118: 2068: 2053: 1621: 1236: 981: 871: 722:

Different characteristic sleep patterns, such as the familiarly so-called "

618:. The balance between sleeping and waking is regulated by a process called 553: 524: 226: 7843: 7807: 7752: 7520: 7013: 6951:

Siriwardena AN, Qureshi Z, Gibson S, Collier S, Latham M (December 2006).

5389:"Meta-analysis of short sleep duration and obesity in children and adults" 4967: 4710:"Sleep and sleep disturbances: biological basis and clinical implications" 4643: 3853:"The brain from top to bottom: Molecules that build up and make you sleep" 848: 10254: 10130: 10070: 10022: 10017: 10008: 9847: 9797: 9792: 9674: 9574: 9554: 9293: 9140: 8011:"The Human Sleep Paradox: The Unexpected Sleeping Habits of Homo sapiens" 7647: 7544: 7091:"Sleep Health: An Opportunity for Public Health to Address Health Equity" 4381: 2246: 2176: 1637: 1600: 1568: 1518: 1486: 1456: 1365: 1332: 1276:

are not more frequent during sexual dreams than during other dreams. The

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Brown RE, Basheer R, McKenna JT, Strecker RE, McCarley RW (July 2012).

8354:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 132–133. 8110: 6661: 6599:

Schreiner T, Doeller CF, Jensen O, Rasch B, Staudigl T (October 2018).

4848:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 14 September 2022. 3048: 3031: 2544: 2437:

Bingham R, Terrence S, Siegel J, Dyken ME, Czeisler C (February 2007).

2276: 2186: 2015: 1905: 1816: 1787: 1770:

Sleep has been seen in culture as similar to death since antiquity; in

1506: 1250: 1202: 1151: 1139:, are secreted preferentially during sleep. The brain concentration of 958: 939: 732: 609: 597: 516: 335: 222: 214: 135: 7791: 7479: 7005: 6916:

Buman MP, King AC (2010). "Exercise as a Treatment to Enhance Sleep".

6709: 6312:

Diekelmann S, Born J (February 2010). "The memory function of sleep".

4989:

Lauderdale DS, Knutson KL, Yan LL, Liu K, Rathouz PJ (November 2008).

4134: 4014: 2871: 295:. All sleep, even during the day, is associated with the secretion of 10503: 10492: 10470: 10404: 10323: 10274: 10269: 10135: 10097: 9834: 9740: 9730: 9715: 9399: 9090: 8065:"Humans Used to Sleep in Two Shifts, And Maybe We Should Do It Again" 4110: 2528: 2241: 2201: 2181: 1596: 1564: 1556: 1546: 1436: 1328: 820: 696: 672: 634: 569: 557: 544: 543:

The circadian clock exerts constant influence on the body, affecting

459: 416: 369: 296: 251: 202: 8102: 6325: 3029: 1834:

A far more famous instance of a "long sleep" today is the Christian

10459: 10393: 10190: 10165: 10085: 9877: 9852: 9559: 9544: 9502: 9308: 8742: 8695: 8677:

Kerskens, Christian Matthias; López Pérez, David (1 October 2022).

5204:"A prospective study of sleep duration and mortality risk in women" 2526: 2196: 2133: 1779: 1592: 1560: 1534: 1494: 1490: 1474: 1369: 1324: 1295: 1140: 1132: 680: 630: 561: 433: 206: 190:

are the subject of substantial ongoing research. Sleep is a highly

151: 139: 6683:

Groch S, Schreiner T, Rasch B, Huber R, Wilhelm I (January 2017).

4991:"Self-reported and measured sleep duration: how similar are they?" 2147: 322:

activity. Simultaneous collection of these measurements is called

10518: 10449: 10414: 10388: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10185: 10090: 9924: 9824: 9782: 9735: 9549: 8738:"Why Have Artists Always Found Sleep Such A Fascinating Subject?" 7964:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

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Patel SR, Malhotra A, Gottlieb DJ, White DP, Hu FB (July 2006).

2851:

Borbély AA, Daan S, Wirz-Justice A, Deboer T (14 January 2016),

1803: 30:

This article is about sleep in humans. For non-human sleep, see

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de Benedictis T, Larson H, Kemp G, Barston S, Segal R (2007).

4813: 4625: 3609: 1872:. The story is now considered one of the greatest classics of 1854:", first published in 1819 in his collection of short stories 1386:

Low quality sleep has been linked with health conditions like

1223:

Dreams often feel like waking life, yet with added surrealism.

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Chang AM, Aeschbach D, Duffy JF, Czeisler CA (January 2015).

2850: 2661: 2206: 1888:, dreamless deep sleep has been used as a way to investigate 1879: 1824: 1694: 1452: 1214: 889: 885: 784: 183: 124: 8351:

The Book of Greek & Roman Folktales, Legends & Myths

6412:"Boosting Vocabulary Learning by Verbal Cueing During Sleep" 4533:"The long and short of the 'short sleep' gene | Sleep Cycle" 3759: 3079: 76:

is a state of reduced mental and physical activity in which

8679:"Experimental indications of non-classical brain functions" 8236:

Sleep and Society: Sociological Ventures into the Un(known)

7628: 6598: 6549: 4286:"Short Sleeper Syndrome: What Causes Short Sleep Duration?" 3252: 2271: 1576: 995: 893: 881: 852:

This condition is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.

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Sleep deprivation tends to cause slower brain waves in the

128: 97: 9031: 7237: 6748: 5242: 4312:"Short Sleeper Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments" 2853:"The two-process model of sleep regulation: a reappraisal" 2436: 1721:, many Muslims sleep during the day rather than at night. 10264: 10160: 8386:

The Original Knickerbocker: The Life of Washington Irving

4423:"Natural short sleeper: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia" 3716: 3569: 3567: 1783: 1737: 1088:

School-age children (5–12 years)

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Paul in Athens: The Popular Religious Context of Acts 17

7682:"[Ghrelin-related drugs: clinical perspectives]" 7037:"Evidence based complementary intervention for insomnia" 6682: 5827: 5435: 4867:

Commons:File:Effects of sleep deprivation.svg#References

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Circle Magazine | Health, Wellness & Genetics Blog

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Napping: Health Benefits & Tips for your best nap

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A neurophilosophical slant on consciousness research

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named Rip Van Winkle who falls asleep on one of the

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Some 815:in the metabolic pathway that catabolizes 231:rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder 8800: 8712: 8694: 8633: 8594: 8368: 8299: 8271: 7985: 7975: 7903: 7851: 7656: 7646: 7593: 7583: 7495: 7436:Regulation of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms 7312: 7263: 7214: 7182: 7165: 7116: 7106: 6968: 6915: 6798: 6780: 6718: 6708: 6624: 6575: 6526: 6427: 6383: 6357: 6288: 6078: 6017: 5898: 5873:Mindell JA, Williamson AA (August 2018). 5841: 5804: 5677: 5636: 5597: 5587: 5496: 5464: 5412: 5363: 5298: 5268: 5219: 5147: 5090: 5031: 5014: 4834: 4733: 4508: 4490: 4398: 4380: 4253: 4196: 4186: 4142: 4081: 4032: 3939:"Circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSD)" 3898: 3681: 3600: 3594:Regulation of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms 3576:Regulation of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms 3558:Regulation of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms 3540:Regulation of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms 3512:Regulation of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms 3440: 3422: 3337: 3288: 3278: 3226: 3216: 3160: 3097: 3047: 2923: 2913: 2782:Regulation of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms 2743: 2552: 2503: 2460: 2381: 1857:The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. 1525:(a component of the circadian clock) and 691:Humans are also influenced by aspects of 568:, and diminish during the day. 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The Science Network. 1998:John William Waterhouse 1792:Samuel Taylor Coleridge 1778:(the god of sleep) and 1754:manuscript illumination 1615: 739: 521:suprachiasmatic nucleus 254:needed to regulate the 80:is altered and certain 43:Asleep (disambiguation) 10319:Sleeping while on duty 9868:Idiopathic hypersomnia 9176:Affective neuroscience 8957:Molecular neuroscience 8912:Behavioral epigenetics 8510:Rothschild CK (2014). 8418:Welch D (9 May 1887). 8177:17 August 2016 at the 7977:10.3390/ijerph18042005 7585:10.1073/pnas.142039099 7207:10.1542/peds.2017-4085 7044:Hawaii Medical Journal 6269:Psychological Research 5879:Sleep Medicine Reviews 5405:10.1093/sleep/31.5.619 5261:10.1093/sleep/29.7.881 5221:10.1093/sleep/27.3.440 4952:10.3949/ccjm.65.10.543 4708:Zisapel N (May 2007). 4585:Brain Science Advances 3958:10.1053/smrv.2001.0190 3946:Sleep Medicine Reviews 3887:Sleep Medicine Reviews 3774:10.1542/peds.111.2.302 3375:10.1053/smrv.2000.0098 3363:Sleep Medicine Reviews 3330:10.1093/sleep/32.6.747 3218:10.1186/1880-6805-31-5 3141:Sleep Medicine Reviews 3099:10.1053/smrv.2001.0202 3086:Sleep Medicine Reviews 3082:"Awakening from sleep" 2354:Sleep Medicine Reviews 1767: 1766:sleeping in their cave 1762:(985 AD), showing the 1759:Menologion of Basil II 1671: 1581:empathogen-entactogens 1400:coronary heart disease 1388:cardiovascular disease 1346:including 1224: 1064:Infants (4–11 months) 1056:Newborns (0–3 months) 1028: 1015:habits in the future. 999: 934: 922: 853: 766: 507: 424: 357:non-rapid eye movement 304:electroencephalography 275:adenosine triphosphate 70: 36:Sleep (disambiguation) 34:. For other uses, see 10483:Optional-instrumental 10141:Neuroscience of sleep 9873:Night eating syndrome 9858:Kleine–Levin syndrome 9239:Cultural neuroscience 9234:Consumer neuroscience 9076:Neurogastroenterology 8932:Cellular neuroscience 8780:Physiological Reviews 8166:Huntington, Ellsworth 7844:10.3945/an.116.012336 7832:Advances in Nutrition 7525:Biological Psychiatry 7391:Lee-chiong T (2008). 6429:10.1093/cercor/bhu139 6364:Physiological Reviews 5830:Developmental Science 4644:10.5465/amj.2013.1063 3403:Nature Communications 2092:Noon – Rest from Work 1817:Epimenides of Knossos 1751: 1663:The Land of Cockaigne 1660: 1583:, and related drugs; 1551:gamma-hydroxybutyrate 1222: 1173:Neuroscience of sleep 1167:Further information: 1104:Adults (18–64 years) 1072:Toddlers (1–2 years) 1026: 993: 928: 920: 851: 761: 717:Industrial Revolution 501: 492:Further information: 419: 406:Further information: 351:Non-REM and REM sleep 338:for motor movements. 268:Neuroscience of sleep 57: 10295:Sleep and creativity 9620:Psychological stress 9211:Sensory neuroscience 9051:Behavioral neurology 9022:Systems neuroscience 8827:, David K. Randall, 8300:MacKillop J (1998). 7692:(Suppl 9): 435–438. 7648:10.2147/RMHP.S156404 4563:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 4382:10.7759/cureus.19045 4232:(23): 5238–5248.e7. 3618:(4 Pt 2): R1152-63. 2705:(774) during sleep." 2439:"Waking Up To Sleep" 2031:The Victory of Faith 1860:, is about a man in 1796:Percy Bysshe Shelley 1309:psychological stress 1272:Counterintuitively, 1263:dream interpretation 1157:memory consolidation 1019:Recommended duration 793:Dopamine receptor D2 662:industrialized world 633:and accumulation of 430:circadian indicators 342:Brain waves in sleep 280:Sleep increases the 10509:Emergency responses 10290:Sleep and breathing 9746:Sensorimotor rhythm 9354:Social neuroscience 9254:Global neurosurgery 9131:Neurorehabilitation 9101:Neuro-ophthalmology 9086:Neurointensive care 8917:Behavioral genetics 8705:2022JPhCo...6j5001K 8382:Burstein A (2007). 8233:William SJ (2005). 7576:2002PNAS...99.9026A 7438:. pp. 181–195. 7343:. 18 September 2020 6879:Saladin KS (2012). 6773:2021CBio...31E1417K 6767:(7): 1417–1427.e6. 6701:2017NatSR...739763G 6217:2007Sci...315.1426R 6124:10.1038/nature04283 6116:2005Natur.437.1254H 6110:(7063): 1254–1256. 6010:10.1038/nature04285 6002:2005Natur.437.1264S 5580:2019PLoSO..1415345S 4452:healthcare.utah.edu 4292:. 30 September 2021 4238:2021CBio...31E5238K 3975:on 27 February 2008 3596:. pp. 263–285. 3578:. pp. 309–342. 3560:. pp. 149–180. 3542:. pp. 111–147. 3415:2022NatCo..13.7116V 3271:2015PNAS..112.1232C 2784:. pp. 397–425. 2488:2016CBio...26R1073J 2482:(20): R1073–R1087. 1874:American literature 1870:American Revolution 1444:differences in race 1044: 332:electrocardiography 188:mechanisms of sleep 10300:Sleep and learning 10053:Nocturnal emission 9953:Nightmare disorder 9818:Periodic breathing 9570:Cerebral dominance 9430:Neuroimmune system 9324:Neurophenomenology 9264:Neural engineering 8987:Neuroendocrinology 8967:Neural engineering 7877:Nutrition Research 7780:Neuroendocrinology 7401:, US. p. 52. 7369:. 13 February 2019 6689:Scientific Reports 6662:10.1111/psyp.12505 6556:Psychopharmacology 6465:Brain and Language 4822:on 24 January 2008 3049:10.5664/jcsm.26814 2545:10.1242/jeb.159533 2237:Sleeping positions 2212:Sleep epidemiology 1866:Catskill Mountains 1768: 1672: 1485:hypnotics such as 1225: 1188:sharp-wave ripples 1177:Sleep and learning 1135:hormones, such as 1048:Age and condition 1042: 1029: 1000: 935: 923: 854: 795:and variants near 767: 508: 425: 361:rapid eye movement 312:electrooculography 168:cognitive function 71: 10563: 10562: 10555:Care of residents 10514:Safety procedures 10500: 10332: 10331: 10310:Sleep deprivation 10149: 10148: 9628: 9627: 9500: 9499: 9349:Paleoneurobiology 9284:Neuroepistemology 9259:Neuroanthropology 9225:Interdisciplinary 9111:Neuropharmacology 9071:Neuroepidemiology 8837:, James Hamblin, 8548:978-1-55970-836-4 8537:Jones BJ (2008). 8523:978-3-16-153260-3 8401:978-0-465-00853-7 8348:Hansen W (2017). 8246:978-0-415-35419-6 7792:10.1159/000127249 7480:10.5664/jcsm.8062 7474:(11): 1671–1673. 7408:978-0-19-530659-0 7250:(18): e367–e386. 7006:10.1345/aph.17111 6890:978-0-07-337825-1 6865:978-0-205-83256-9 6854:Pinel JP (2011). 6710:10.1038/srep39763 5996:(7063): 1264–71. 5793:Child Development 5536:978-0-306-44296-4 5471:Thase ME (2006). 5126:(Spec 1): 94–96. 4539:. 3 February 2022 4135:10.1111/ejn.14132 3830:978-0-12-801022-8 2978:978-1-94916-572-2 2872:10.1111/jsr.12371 2837:978-1-86094-557-1 2685:978-1-86094-557-1 2638:. 4 November 2020 2302:www.ninds.nih.gov 2192:Morvan's syndrome 2168:Psychology portal 2078:Frederic Leighton 2036:Saint George Hare 1848:Washington Irving 1821:Diogenes Laërtius 1706:always the case. 1511:alcohol (ethanol) 1483:nonbenzodiazepine 1321:Nonbenzodiazepine 1163:Memory processing 1119: 1118: 994:Bronze statue of 931:sleep deprivation 865:sleep deprivation 666:Western societies 624:sleep deprivation 282:sensory threshold 109:repeating periods 16:(Redirected from 10603: 10533:Related articles 10490: 10450:Meal preparation 10389:Personal hygiene 10359: 10352: 10345: 10336: 10335: 10305:Sleep and memory 10245:Circadian rhythm 9992:Benign phenomena 9894:Circadian rhythm 9771: 9770: 9655: 9648: 9641: 9632: 9631: 9605:Self stimulation 9534:Psychophysiology 9527: 9520: 9513: 9504: 9503: 9488: 9487: 9476: 9475: 9390:Detection theory 9274:Neurocriminology 9201:Neurolinguistics 9116:Neuroprosthetics 9034: 8997:Neuroinformatics 8947:Imaging genetics 8869: 8862: 8855: 8846: 8845: 8825:Rethinking Sleep 8814: 8804: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8755: 8733: 8727: 8726: 8716: 8698: 8674: 8668: 8667: 8631: 8625: 8624: 8598: 8574: 8568: 8567: 8559: 8553: 8552: 8534: 8528: 8527: 8507: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8474:Bates A (1906). 8471: 8465: 8464: 8462: 8460: 8440: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8429: 8415: 8409: 8408: 8389: 8379: 8366: 8365: 8345: 8316: 8315: 8297: 8291: 8290: 8275: 8269: 8268: 8267:. 29 March 2010. 8257: 8251: 8250: 8230: 8211: 8210: 8198: 8188: 8182: 8163: 8157: 8156: 8154: 8152: 8132: 8123: 8122: 8086: 8080: 8079: 8077: 8075: 8060: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8049: 8006: 8000: 7999: 7989: 7979: 7955: 7949: 7948: 7918: 7901: 7900: 7872: 7866: 7865: 7855: 7823: 7812: 7811: 7771: 7765: 7764: 7731:(6): 1063–1066. 7716: 7710: 7709: 7677: 7671: 7670: 7660: 7650: 7626: 7620: 7614: 7608: 7607: 7597: 7587: 7555: 7549: 7548: 7516: 7510: 7509: 7499: 7458: 7452: 7446: 7440: 7439: 7431: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7420: 7388: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7359: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7348: 7341:Sleep Foundation 7333: 7327: 7326: 7316: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7267: 7235: 7229: 7228: 7218: 7201:(1): e20174085. 7186: 7180: 7179: 7169: 7137: 7131: 7130: 7120: 7110: 7086: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7070: 7064: 7041: 7032: 7026: 7025: 6989: 6983: 6982: 6972: 6948: 6942: 6941: 6913: 6907: 6906:, pp. 1146–1147. 6901: 6895: 6894: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6851: 6845: 6836: 6830: 6818:Available under 6817: 6812: 6802: 6784: 6752: 6746: 6739: 6733: 6732: 6722: 6712: 6680: 6674: 6673: 6650:Psychophysiology 6645: 6639: 6638: 6628: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6579: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6530: 6506: 6497: 6496: 6462: 6453: 6442: 6441: 6431: 6407: 6398: 6397: 6387: 6355: 6346: 6345: 6309: 6303: 6302: 6292: 6260: 6245: 6244: 6211:(5817): 1426–9. 6200: 6187: 6186: 6150: 6144: 6143: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6082: 6058: 6052: 6049: 6040: 6039: 6021: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5922: 5913: 5912: 5902: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5845: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5808: 5784: 5775: 5774: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5711: 5702: 5701: 5685: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5632:on 2 March 2021. 5618: 5612: 5611: 5601: 5591: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5528: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5500: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5416: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5367: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5302: 5282: 5272: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5223: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5151: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5094: 5054: 5048: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5018: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4931: 4925: 4924: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4811: 4802: 4801: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4737: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4638:(5): 1419–1437. 4623: 4617: 4616: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4512: 4494: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4402: 4384: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4316:Sleep Foundation 4308: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4257: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4200: 4190: 4166: 4157: 4156: 4146: 4114: 4108: 4107:, pp. 1138–1102. 4102: 4096: 4095: 4085: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4036: 4012: 4006: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3982: 3980: 3974: 3973:(PDF: full text) 3968:. 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Neurosci. 2897: 2891: 2890: 2857: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2811: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2777: 2766: 2765: 2747: 2715: 2706: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2659: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2636:Sleep Foundation 2628: 2622: 2621: 2616: 2614: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2581: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2556: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2507: 2467: 2458: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2443: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2417: 2410: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2385: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2294: 2170: 2165: 2164: 2163: 2156: 2151: 2150: 2142: 2137: 2136: 2111: 2096:Vincent van Gogh 2088: 2075: 2064: 2046: 2026: 2008: 1988: 1970: 1950: 1930: 1862:colonial America 1850:'s short story " 1727:immediate family 1703:artificial light 1362:pharmacodynamics 1359: 1356: 1354: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1259:unconscious mind 1169:Sleep and memory 1045: 1041: 986:Adolescent sleep 963:bipolar disorder 829:neurotransmitter 827:, an inhibitory 713:polyphasic sleep 587:the right moment 549:body temperature 504:biological clock 488:Circadian rhythm 458:Determinants of 328:sleep laboratory 316:electromyography 247:outdoor lighting 243:artificial light 107:Sleep occurs in 68: 32:Sleep in animals 21: 10611: 10610: 10606: 10605: 10604: 10602: 10601: 10600: 10566: 10565: 10564: 10559: 10550:Assisted living 10528: 10524:Sexual activity 10478: 10424: 10399:Feeding oneself 10375: 10368: 10363: 10333: 10328: 10223:Procrastination 10176:Four-poster bed 10145: 10109: 10103:Polysomnography 10081:Sleep induction 10057: 10028:Sleep paralysis 9987: 9939: 9898: 9895: 9887: 9829: 9788:Mouth breathing 9766:Sleep disorders 9760: 9697: 9688:Quiescent sleep 9668: 9666:sleep disorders 9659: 9629: 9624: 9536: 9531: 9501: 9496: 9464: 9450:Neurotechnology 9445:Neuroplasticity 9440:Neuromodulation 9435:Neuromanagement 9358: 9329:Neurophilosophy 9226: 9220: 9206:Neuropsychology 9167: 9160: 9121:Neuropsychiatry 9081:Neuroimmunology 9066:Neurocardiology 9042: 9035: 9026: 9017:Neurophysiology 9007:Neuromorphology 8962:Neural decoding 8903: 8896: 8878: 8873: 8829:New York Times, 8821: 8787:(3): 1087–187. 8769: 8767:Further reading 8764: 8763: 8753: 8751: 8734: 8730: 8675: 8671: 8632: 8628: 8575: 8571: 8560: 8556: 8549: 8535: 8531: 8524: 8508: 8493: 8483: 8481: 8472: 8468: 8458: 8456: 8441: 8437: 8427: 8425: 8416: 8412: 8406:Rip Van Winkle. 8402: 8380: 8369: 8362: 8346: 8319: 8312: 8298: 8294: 8276: 8272: 8259: 8258: 8254: 8247: 8231: 8214: 8207: 8189: 8185: 8179:Wayback Machine 8164: 8160: 8150: 8148: 8133: 8126: 8103:10.2307/2651611 8087: 8083: 8073: 8071: 8061: 8057: 8047: 8045: 8007: 8003: 7956: 7952: 7945: 7919: 7904: 7873: 7869: 7824: 7815: 7772: 7768: 7717: 7713: 7678: 7674: 7627: 7623: 7615: 7611: 7570:(13): 9026–30. 7556: 7552: 7517: 7513: 7459: 7455: 7447: 7443: 7432: 7428: 7418: 7416: 7409: 7389: 7382: 7372: 7370: 7361: 7360: 7356: 7346: 7344: 7335: 7334: 7330: 7285: 7281: 7236: 7232: 7187: 7183: 7138: 7134: 7087: 7078: 7068: 7066: 7062: 7050:(9): 192, 213. 7039: 7033: 7029: 6990: 6986: 6949: 6945: 6914: 6910: 6902: 6898: 6891: 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2595: 2591: 2575: 2574: 2567: 2565: 2525: 2521: 2476:Current Biology 2468: 2461: 2451: 2449: 2441: 2435: 2431: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2408: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2346: 2342: 2332: 2330: 2320: 2316: 2306: 2304: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2267:Unconsciousness 2232:Sleep paralysis 2166: 2161: 2159: 2152: 2145: 2138: 2131: 2128: 2121: 2112: 2103: 2089: 2080: 2065: 2056: 2047: 2038: 2027: 2018: 2009: 2000: 1989: 1980: 1971: 1962: 1951: 1942: 1940:Carel Fabritius 1931: 1918: 1910:neurophilosophy 1882: 1772:Greek mythology 1746: 1731:extended family 1725:sleep with the 1715:segmented sleep 1711:A. Roger Ekirch 1699:hunter-gatherer 1655: 1650: 1642:clinical trials 1618: 1589:methylphenidate 1573:methamphetamine 1505:(Benadryl) and 1503:diphenhydramine 1479:benzodiazepines 1471: 1465: 1384: 1378: 1357: 1352: 1350: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1304: 1298: 1292: 1287: 1265:in the form of 1217: 1211: 1179: 1165: 1148:slow-wave sleep 1137:growth hormones 1129: 1124: 1083:10 to 13 hours 1075:11 to 14 hours 1067:12 to 15 hours 1059:14 to 17 hours 1021: 988: 978: 915: 902: 878: 877: 861:inherited trait 845: 837: 780: 748: 742: 709: 689: 654:imaging studies 612: 606: 591:use of a screen 579:slow-wave sleep 547:oscillation of 496: 490: 484: 482:Circadian clock 472:circadian clock 468: 414: 404: 397: 389:slow-wave sleep 365:slow-wave sleep 353: 344: 324:polysomnography 320:skeletal muscle 289:slow-wave sleep 270: 264: 199:sleep disorders 180:circadian clock 178:. The internal 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10609: 10599: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10586:Human behavior 10583: 10578: 10561: 10560: 10558: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10536: 10534: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10486: 10484: 10480: 10479: 10477: 10476: 10475: 10474: 10462: 10457: 10455:Managing money 10452: 10447: 10446: 10445: 10434: 10432: 10426: 10425: 10423: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10385: 10383: 10377: 10376: 10373: 10370: 10369: 10362: 10361: 10354: 10347: 10339: 10330: 10329: 10327: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10250:Comfort object 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10231: 10230: 10225: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10199: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10157: 10155: 10151: 10150: 10147: 10146: 10144: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10121:Sleep medicine 10117: 10115: 10111: 10110: 10108: 10107: 10106: 10105: 10095: 10094: 10093: 10088: 10078: 10073: 10067: 10065: 10059: 10058: 10056: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9995: 9993: 9989: 9988: 9986: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9949: 9947: 9941: 9940: 9938: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9901: 9899: 9892: 9889: 9888: 9886: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9839: 9837: 9831: 9830: 9828: 9827: 9822: 9821: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9790: 9785: 9779: 9777: 9768: 9762: 9761: 9759: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9707: 9705: 9699: 9698: 9696: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9679: 9677: 9670: 9669: 9658: 9657: 9650: 9643: 9635: 9626: 9625: 9623: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9541: 9538: 9537: 9530: 9529: 9522: 9515: 9507: 9498: 9497: 9495: 9494: 9482: 9469: 9466: 9465: 9463: 9462: 9460:Self-awareness 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9415:Neurodiversity 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9366: 9364: 9360: 9359: 9357: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9314:Neuromarketing 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9289:Neuroesthetics 9286: 9281: 9279:Neuroeconomics 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9230: 9228: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9172: 9170: 9162: 9161: 9159: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9126:Neuroradiology 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9106:Neuropathology 9103: 9098: 9096:Neuro-oncology 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9047: 9045: 9037: 9036: 9029: 9027: 9025: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8982:Neurochemistry 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8908: 8906: 8898: 8897: 8895: 8894: 8889: 8883: 8880: 8879: 8872: 8871: 8864: 8857: 8849: 8843: 8842: 8832: 8831:September 2012 8820: 8819:External links 8817: 8816: 8815: 8768: 8765: 8762: 8761: 8728: 8689:(10): 105001. 8669: 8626: 8569: 8554: 8547: 8529: 8522: 8491: 8466: 8449:nyfolklore.org 8435: 8410: 8400: 8367: 8361:978-0691170152 8360: 8317: 8310: 8292: 8270: 8252: 8245: 8212: 8206:978-1416986997 8205: 8183: 8158: 8124: 8081: 8055: 8021:(1): 259–274. 8001: 7950: 7944:978-0521642910 7943: 7902: 7867: 7813: 7786:(4): 278–286. 7766: 7711: 7672: 7621: 7619:. mindsite.com 7609: 7550: 7531:(2): 273–288. 7511: 7453: 7441: 7426: 7407: 7380: 7354: 7328: 7279: 7230: 7181: 7152:(1): 417–440. 7132: 7076: 7027: 6984: 6963:(533): 964–7. 6943: 6924:(6): 500–514. 6908: 6896: 6889: 6871: 6864: 6846: 6831: 6747: 6734: 6675: 6640: 6611:(2): 296–301. 6591: 6562:(1): 291–299. 6542: 6498: 6443: 6399: 6370:(2): 681–766. 6347: 6304: 6275:(2): 192–203. 6246: 6188: 6145: 6094: 6053: 6041: 5976: 5914: 5865: 5843:10.1.1.712.685 5836:(6): 1007–12. 5820: 5799:(6): 1739–52. 5776: 5741: 5703: 5697:978-0262141048 5696: 5670: 5635: 5613: 5554: 5535: 5527:(Google books) 5512: 5463: 5428: 5379: 5330: 5235: 5194: 5163: 5106: 5049: 5030: 4981: 4926: 4870: 4858: 4833: 4803: 4757: 4700: 4657: 4618: 4591:(3): 165–172. 4575: 4550: 4524: 4465: 4439: 4414: 4375:(10): e19045. 4355: 4329: 4303: 4277: 4212: 4158: 4129:(1): 422–428. 4109: 4097: 4048: 4027:(3): 296–301. 4007: 3990: 3929: 3870: 3844: 3829: 3799: 3752: 3709: 3697: 3648: 3599: 3581: 3563: 3545: 3517: 3499: 3456: 3388: 3369:(4): 341–353. 3353: 3304: 3242: 3184: 3113: 3063: 3022: 2997:Sleep Medicine 2984: 2977: 2959: 2938: 2892: 2843: 2836: 2799: 2787: 2767: 2707: 2702: 2691: 2684: 2649: 2623: 2589: 2519: 2459: 2429: 2397: 2340: 2328:Quantify Sleep 2314: 2288: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2227:Sleep medicine 2224: 2222:Sleep-learning 2219: 2217:Sleep in space 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2171: 2157: 2154:Society portal 2143: 2140:Biology portal 2127: 2124: 2123: 2122: 2113: 2106: 2104: 2090: 2083: 2081: 2066: 2059: 2057: 2048: 2041: 2039: 2028: 2021: 2019: 2010: 2003: 2001: 1990: 1983: 1981: 1978:Honoré Daumier 1972: 1965: 1963: 1960:Francisco Goya 1952: 1945: 1943: 1932: 1925: 1917: 1914: 1881: 1878: 1852:Rip Van Winkle 1809:imbas forosnai 1745: 1742: 1677:pre-industrial 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1630:macronutrients 1626:micronutrients 1617: 1614: 1515:rebound effect 1499:antihistamines 1493:(Sonata), and 1464: 1463:Drugs and diet 1461: 1396:mental illness 1377: 1374: 1348:benzodiazepine 1294:Main article: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1267:psychoanalysis 1261:, and he used 1213:Main article: 1210: 1207: 1203:theta activity 1164: 1161: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1099:8 to 10 hours 1097: 1093: 1092: 1091:9 to 11 hours 1089: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1020: 1017: 977: 974: 914: 913:Ideal duration 911: 901: 898: 846: 838: 836: 833: 779: 776: 744:Main article: 741: 738: 730:", are called 708: 705: 688: 685: 650:frontal cortex 608:Main article: 605: 602: 486:Main article: 483: 480: 467: 464: 396: 393: 352: 349: 343: 340: 293:growth hormone 266:Main article: 263: 260: 176:immune systems 136:body's systems 63:Domenico Fetti 47:SLEPT analysis 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10608: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10591:Mental states 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10573: 10571: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10537: 10535: 10531: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10504:Child rearing 10502: 10498: 10494: 10488: 10487: 10485: 10481: 10472: 10469: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10444: 10441: 10440: 10439: 10436: 10435: 10433: 10431: 10427: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10410: 10406: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10386: 10384: 10382: 10378: 10371: 10367: 10360: 10355: 10353: 10348: 10346: 10341: 10340: 10337: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10220: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10163: 10162: 10159: 10158: 10156: 10152: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10118: 10116: 10112: 10104: 10101: 10100: 10099: 10096: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10083: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10076:Sleep hygiene 10074: 10072: 10069: 10068: 10066: 10064: 10060: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10033:Sleep inertia 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9996: 9994: 9990: 9984: 9983:Sleep-talking 9981: 9979: 9978:Sleep driving 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9950: 9948: 9946: 9942: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9890: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9840: 9838: 9836: 9832: 9826: 9823: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9795: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9780: 9778: 9776: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9763: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9751:Sleep spindle 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9708: 9706: 9704: 9700: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9680: 9678: 9676: 9671: 9667: 9663: 9656: 9651: 9649: 9644: 9642: 9637: 9636: 9633: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9590:Reaction time 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9580:Lie detection 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9565:Consciousness 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9542: 9539: 9535: 9528: 9523: 9521: 9516: 9514: 9509: 9508: 9505: 9493: 9492: 9483: 9481: 9480: 9471: 9470: 9467: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9367: 9365: 9361: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9344:Neurotheology 9342: 9340: 9339:Neurorobotics 9337: 9335: 9334:Neuropolitics 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9299:Neuroethology 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9231: 9229: 9223: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9196:Motor control 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9186:Chronobiology 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9173: 9171: 9169: 9163: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9146:Neurovirology 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9044: 9038: 9033: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8992:Neurogenetics 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8927:Brain-reading 8925: 8923: 8922:Brain mapping 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8905: 8899: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8884: 8881: 8877: 8870: 8865: 8863: 8858: 8856: 8851: 8850: 8847: 8840: 8839:The Atlantic, 8836: 8833: 8830: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8812: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8770: 8749: 8745: 8744: 8739: 8732: 8724: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8673: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8630: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8573: 8565: 8558: 8550: 8544: 8540: 8533: 8525: 8519: 8515: 8514: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8479: 8478: 8470: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8439: 8423: 8422: 8414: 8407: 8403: 8397: 8393: 8388: 8387: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8372: 8363: 8357: 8353: 8352: 8344: 8342: 8340: 8338: 8336: 8334: 8332: 8330: 8328: 8326: 8324: 8322: 8313: 8311:0-19-280120-1 8307: 8303: 8296: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8274: 8266: 8262: 8256: 8248: 8242: 8238: 8237: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8223: 8221: 8219: 8217: 8208: 8202: 8197: 8196: 8187: 8180: 8176: 8173: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8131: 8129: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8097:(2): 343–86. 8096: 8092: 8085: 8070: 8069:Science Alert 8066: 8059: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8005: 7997: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7954: 7946: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7917: 7915: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7883:(5): 309–19. 7882: 7878: 7871: 7863: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7838:(5): 938–49. 7837: 7833: 7829: 7822: 7820: 7818: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7770: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7715: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7676: 7668: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7625: 7618: 7613: 7605: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7554: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7515: 7507: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7457: 7450: 7445: 7437: 7430: 7414: 7410: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7395: 7387: 7385: 7368: 7364: 7358: 7342: 7338: 7332: 7324: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7283: 7275: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7234: 7226: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7185: 7177: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7136: 7128: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7038: 7031: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 7000:(6): 680–91. 6999: 6995: 6988: 6980: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6947: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6912: 6905: 6900: 6892: 6886: 6882: 6875: 6867: 6861: 6857: 6850: 6843: 6842: 6835: 6828: 6824: 6821: 6816: 6810: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6751: 6744: 6738: 6730: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6679: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6644: 6636: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6595: 6587: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6546: 6538: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6521:(3): 545–53. 6520: 6516: 6512: 6505: 6503: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6459: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6439: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6406: 6404: 6395: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6354: 6352: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6320:(2): 114–26. 6319: 6315: 6308: 6300: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6161:(4): 534–47. 6160: 6156: 6149: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6098: 6090: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6057: 6048: 6046: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5980: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5921: 5919: 5910: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5869: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5783: 5781: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5757:(5): 289–96. 5756: 5752: 5745: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5722:(3): 289–92. 5721: 5717: 5710: 5708: 5699: 5693: 5689: 5684: 5683: 5674: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5639: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5617: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5558: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5525: 5524: 5516: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5483:(2): 217–26. 5482: 5478: 5474: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5432: 5424: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5399:(5): 619–26. 5398: 5394: 5390: 5383: 5375: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5334: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5280: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5239: 5231: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5198: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5159: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5110: 5102: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5034: 5026: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5001:(6): 838–45. 5000: 4996: 4992: 4985: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4930: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4874: 4868: 4862: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4821: 4817: 4810: 4808: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4773:(2): 852–62. 4772: 4768: 4761: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4704: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4673:(3): 267–77. 4672: 4668: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4579: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4469: 4453: 4449: 4443: 4428: 4424: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4359: 4344: 4340: 4333: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4291: 4287: 4281: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4216: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4175:PLOS Genetics 4172: 4165: 4163: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4113: 4106: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4068:(S1): 89–99. 4067: 4063: 4059: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4011: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3987: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3940: 3933: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3874: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3803: 3796: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3713: 3706: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3668:(4): 367–78. 3667: 3663: 3659: 3652: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3606: 3604: 3595: 3588: 3586: 3577: 3570: 3568: 3559: 3552: 3550: 3541: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3472:(6): 482–93. 3471: 3467: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3324:(6): 747–52. 3323: 3319: 3315: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3265:(4): 1232–7. 3264: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3247: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3147:(6): 429–38. 3146: 3142: 3135: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3092:(4): 267–86. 3091: 3087: 3083: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3042:(2): 121–31. 3041: 3037: 3033: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3003:(4): 302–30. 3002: 2998: 2994: 2988: 2980: 2974: 2970: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2945: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2866:(2): 131–43, 2865: 2861: 2854: 2847: 2839: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2796: 2791: 2783: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2730:(4): 208–13. 2729: 2725: 2721: 2714: 2712: 2700: 2695: 2687: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2637: 2633: 2627: 2620: 2608: 2604: 2603:National Post 2600: 2593: 2585: 2579: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2523: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2466: 2464: 2447: 2440: 2433: 2414: 2407: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2344: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2303: 2299: 2293: 2289: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 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The use of 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 195: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 132: 130: 126: 123:of the body. 122: 118: 117:non-REM sleep 114: 110: 105: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 78:consciousness 75: 64: 60: 59:Sleeping Girl 56: 52: 48: 44: 37: 33: 19: 10430:Instrumental 10419: 10196:Sleeping bag 9973:Sleepwalking 9958:Night terror 9675:sleep cycles 9661: 9614: 9555:Biofeedback 9489: 9477: 9425:Neuroimaging 9420:Neurogenesis 9304:Neurohistory 9269:Neurobiotics 9168:neuroscience 9136:Neurosurgery 9061:Epileptology 9043:neuroscience 9012:Neurophysics 9002:Neurometrics 8977:Neurobiology 8972:Neuroanatomy 8942:Connectomics 8876:Neuroscience 8841:January 2017 8838: 8835:How to Sleep 8828: 8784: 8778: 8752:. Retrieved 8741: 8731: 8686: 8682: 8672: 8639: 8635: 8629: 8586: 8582: 8572: 8563: 8557: 8538: 8532: 8512: 8482:. Retrieved 8476: 8469: 8457:. Retrieved 8448: 8438: 8426:. 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Retrieved 2301: 2292: 2119:Albert Anker 2114: 2091: 2069:Flaming June 2067: 2054:Albert Anker 2049: 2029: 2011: 1991: 1973: 1953: 1933: 1919: 1908:, including 1883: 1855: 1833: 1814: 1807: 1769: 1757: 1735: 1723: 1708: 1692: 1688: 1673: 1661: 1653:Anthropology 1638:whole grains 1622:carbohydrate 1619: 1606: 1567:antagonist; 1555: 1519:barbiturates 1472: 1449: 1441: 1412: 1408: 1385: 1376:Sleep health 1315: 1313: 1305: 1271: 1248: 1241: 1237:lucid dreams 1230: 1226: 1200: 1196: 1184: 1180: 1145: 1130: 1051:Sleep needs 1030: 1009: 1005: 1001: 982:Infant sleep 967: 952: 948: 936: 907: 903: 879: 872:irritability 869: 855: 781: 768: 749: 731: 721: 710: 707:Distribution 692: 690: 670: 658: 647: 628: 615: 613: 598:night shifts 595: 583: 575: 554:pineal gland 542: 538:free-running 531: 529: 525:optic chiasm 509: 469: 457: 446: 442: 426: 378: 354: 345: 301: 286: 279: 271: 227:sleepwalking 201:, including 196: 133: 106: 73: 72: 58: 51: 10497:the elderly 10280:Second wind 10255:Dream diary 10131:Sleep study 10071:Sleep diary 10023:Hypnopompia 10018:Sleep onset 10009:Hypnic jerk 9848:Hypersomnia 9798:Catathrenia 9793:Sleep apnea 9703:Brain waves 9673:Stages of 9585:Orientation 9575:Habituation 9294:Neuroethics 9141:Neurotology 8445:"Saint Rip" 8421:The Theater 8279:Chadwick NK 8265:Poem Hunter 8151:22 February 7970:(4): 2005. 7641:: 263–271. 7373:18 November 7347:18 November 7244:Circulation 7069:16 December 6838:See Freud: 5651:(1): 3–27. 3922:19 November 3409:(1): 7116. 2993:McCarley RW 2860:J Sleep Res 2642:18 November 2307:15 February 2247:Somnophilia 2177:Co-sleeping 1844:persecution 1601:armodafinil 1595:drugs like 1569:amphetamine 1533:(including 1489:(Lunesta), 1487:eszopiclone 1457:white noise 1366:White noise 1244:communicate 1127:Restoration 733:chronotypes 693:social time 620:homeostasis 502:The human " 476:homeostasis 449:alarm clock 422:Leo Tolstoy 408:Wakefulness 381:sleep cycle 374:homeostasis 308:brain waves 256:sleep cycle 223:parasomnias 219:sleep apnea 211:hypersomnia 86:wakefulness 18:Sleep stage 10570:Categories 10540:Disability 10491:(of self, 10465:Technology 10415:Ambulation 10403:Voluntary 10314:Sleep debt 10260:Microsleep 10240:Chronotype 10154:Daily life 10038:Somnolence 10014:Hypnagogia 9945:Parasomnia 9863:Narcolepsy 9775:Anatomical 9756:Theta wave 9726:Gamma wave 9721:Delta wave 9711:Alpha wave 9455:Neurotoxin 9156:Psychiatry 8696:1806.07998 8642:: 113684. 8074:7 February 7246:(Review). 7195:Pediatrics 6471:: 94–105. 5969:4 February 5885:: 93–108. 5187:29 October 4826:25 January 4568:13 October 4543:15 October 4485:: 643496. 4458:14 October 4432:14 October 4348:15 October 4322:15 October 4296:14 October 3986:disorders. 3815:: 349–71. 3762:Pediatrics 2797:, p. 1087. 2568:10 January 2452:25 January 2284:References 2277:Yoga-nidra 2187:Microsleep 2094:(1890) by 2052:(1895) by 2034:(1891) by 2016:Ilya Repin 2014:(1882) by 1996:(1874) by 1976:(1864) by 1958:(1799) by 1938:(1654) by 1935:The Sentry 1906:philosophy 1788:John Donne 1709:Historian 1648:In culture 1557:Stimulants 1507:doxylamine 1497:(Ambien); 1477:, include 1467:See also: 1455:except of 1380:See also: 1300:See also: 1251:hypotheses 1152:metabolism 980:See also: 959:alcoholism 955:depression 940:actigraphy 880:The genes 805:GWAS study 724:early bird 697:Time zones 610:Sleep debt 560:at night. 545:sinusoidal 370:nightmares 336:actigraphy 262:Physiology 225:, such as 215:narcolepsy 205:, such as 203:dyssomnias 138:are in an 10471:Telephone 10438:Housework 10324:Sleepover 10275:Power nap 10270:Nightwear 10136:Melatonin 10098:Somnology 10063:Treatment 9896:disorders 9835:Dyssomnia 9741:PGO waves 9736:Mu rhythm 9731:K-complex 9716:Beta wave 9693:Slow-wave 9610:Sensation 9600:Satiation 9400:Neurochip 9166:Cognitive 9091:Neurology 8723:2399-6528 8664:244570791 8621:147704603 8605:1053-8100 8589:: 49–59. 8443:Thorn J. 8289:: 97–135. 8043:237845665 8035:0084-6570 7800:0028-3835 7745:0031-9384 7698:0047-1852 7537:0006-3223 7488:1550-9389 6820:CC BY 4.0 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