Rapid eye movement sleep

1134:, the liquid between cornea and iris, was stagnant if not stirred. Among the supportive evidence, he calculated that if aqueous humor was stagnant, oxygen from the iris had to reach the cornea by diffusion through aqueous humor, which was not sufficient. According to the theory, when the organism is awake, eye movement (or cool environmental temperature) enables the aqueous humor to circulate. When the organism is sleeping, REM provides the much needed stir to aqueous humor. This theory is consistent with the observation that fetuses, as well as eye-sealed newborn animals, spend much time in REM sleep, and that during a normal sleep, a person's REM sleep episodes become progressively longer deeper into the night. However, owls experience REM sleep, but do not move their head more than in non-REM sleep and it is well known that owls' eyes are nearly immobile. 1048:". As a result, those memories which are relevant (whose underlying neuronal substrate is strong enough to withstand such spontaneous, chaotic activation) are further strengthened, whilst weaker, transient, "noise" memory traces disintegrate. Memory consolidation during paradoxical sleep is specifically correlated with the periods of rapid eye movement, which do not occur continuously. One explanation for this correlation is that the PGO electrical waves, which precede the eye movements, also influence memory. REM sleep could provide a unique opportunity for "unlearning" to occur in the basic neural networks involved in homeostasis, which are protected from this "synaptic downscaling" effect during deep sleep. 470:

however, the eyes of the paradoxical sleeper move in tandem. These eye movements follow the ponto-geniculo-occipital waves originating in the brain stem. The eye movements themselves may relate to the sense of vision experienced in the dream, but a direct relationship remains to be clearly established. Congenitally blind people, who do not typically have visual imagery in their dreams, still move their eyes in REM sleep. An alternative explanation suggests that the functional purpose of REM sleep is for procedural memory processing, and the rapid eye movement is only a side effect of the brain processing the eye-related procedural memory.

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leads to death in experimental animals. In both humans and experimental animals, REM sleep loss leads to several behavioral and physiological abnormalities. Loss of REM sleep has been noticed during various natural and experimental infections. Survivability of the experimental animals decreases when REM sleep is totally attenuated during infection; this leads to the possibility that the quality and quantity of REM sleep is generally essential for normal body physiology. Further, the existence of a "REM rebound" effect suggests the possibility of a biological need for REM sleep.

843:—when depression appears to be related to an imbalance of certain neurotransmitters. Although sleep deprivation in general annoys most of the population, it has repeatedly been shown to alleviate depression, albeit temporarily. More than half the individuals who experience this relief report it to be rendered ineffective after sleeping the following night. Thus, researchers have devised methods such as altering the sleep schedule for a span of days following a REM deprivation period and combining sleep-schedule alterations with pharmacotherapy to prolong this effect. 736:, while lower levels of acetylcholine and norepinephrine in the neocortex encourage the uncontrolled spread of associational activity within neocortical areas. This is in contrast to waking consciousness, where higher levels of norepinephrine and acetylcholine inhibit recurrent connections in the neocortex. REM sleep through this process adds creativity by allowing "neocortical structures to reorganise associative hierarchies, in which information from the hippocampus would be reinterpreted in relation to previous semantic representations or nodes." 308:, bursts of electrical activity originating in the brain stem. (PGO waves have long been measured directly in cats but not in humans because of constraints on experimentation; however, comparable effects have been observed in humans during "phasic" events which occur during REM sleep, and the existence of similar PGO waves is thus inferred.) These waves occur in clusters about every 6 seconds for 1–2 minutes during the transition from deep to paradoxical sleep. They exhibit their highest amplitude upon moving into the 1001:, especially regarding complex processes (e.g., how to escape from an elaborate maze). In humans, the best evidence for REM's improvement of memory pertains to learning of procedures—new ways of moving the body (such as trampoline jumping), and new techniques of problem solving. REM deprivation seemed to impair declarative (i.e., factual) memory only in more complex cases, such as memories of longer stories. REM sleep apparently counteracts attempts to suppress certain thoughts. 880: 32: 900: 745: 20: 207: 871:) interfere with REM sleep by stimulating the monoamine neurotransmitters which must be suppressed for REM sleep to occur. Administered at therapeutic doses, these drugs may stop REM sleep entirely for weeks or months. Withdrawal causes a REM rebound. Sleep deprivation stimulates hippocampal neurogenesis much as antidepressants do, but whether this effect is driven by REM sleep in particular is unknown. 961:

in the organism which necessarily exceed the simple absence of a sleep phase. This method also stops working after about 3 days as the subjects (typically rats) lose their will to avoid the water. Another method involves computer monitoring of brain waves, complete with automatic mechanized shaking of the cage when the test animal drifts into REM sleep.

591:, those affected physically act out their dreams, or conversely "dream out their acts", under an alternative theory on the relationship between muscle impulses during REM and associated mental imagery (which would also apply to people without the condition, except that commands to their muscles are suppressed). This is different from conventional 882: 134:. REM and non-REM sleep alternate within one sleep cycle, which lasts about 90 minutes in adult humans. As sleep cycles continue, they shift towards a higher proportion of REM sleep. The transition to REM sleep brings marked physical changes, beginning with electrical bursts called "ponto-geniculo-occipital waves" ( 881: 902: 907: 905: 901: 781:

REM sleep typically occupies 20–25% of total sleep in adult humans: about 90–120 minutes of a night's sleep. The first REM episode occurs about 70 minutes after falling asleep. Cycles of about 90 minutes each follow, with each cycle including a larger proportion of REM sleep. (The increased REM sleep

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During a night of sleep, humans usually experience about four or five periods of REM sleep; they are shorter (~15 min) at the beginning of the night and longer (~25 min) toward the end. Many animals and some people tend to wake, or experience a period of very light sleep, for a short time immediately

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by providing the neural stimulation that newborns need to form mature neural connections. Sleep deprivation studies have shown that deprivation early in life can result in behavioral problems, permanent sleep disruption, and decreased brain mass. The strongest evidence for the ontogenetic hypothesis

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In the weeks after a human baby is born, as its nervous system matures, neural patterns in sleep begin to show a rhythm of REM and non-REM sleep. (In faster-developing mammals, this process occurs in utero.) Infants spend more time in REM sleep than adults. The proportion of REM sleep then decreases

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to describe this cyclical inverse relationship. Kayuza Sakai and Michel Jouvet advanced a similar model in 1981. Whereas acetylcholine manifests in the cortex equally during wakefulness and REM, it appears in higher concentrations in the brain stem during REM. The withdrawal of orexin and GABA may

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of REM sleep was put forward by Frederick Snyder in 1966. It is based upon the observation that REM sleep in several mammals (the rat, the hedgehog, the rabbit, and the rhesus monkey) is followed by a brief awakening. This does not occur for either cats or humans, although humans are more likely to

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Sleep researcher Jerome Siegel has observed that extreme REM deprivation does not significantly interfere with memory. One case study of an individual who had little or no REM sleep due to a shrapnel injury to the brainstem did not find the individual's memory to be impaired. Antidepressants, which

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Sleep deprivation experiments on non-human animals can be set up differently than those on humans. The "flower pot" method involves placing a laboratory animal above water on a platform so small that it falls off upon losing muscle tone. The naturally rude awakening which results may elicit changes

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on healthy young adult male and females for 31 days: a drug-free baseline week, 19 days on either paroxetine or fluvoxamine with morning and evening doses, and 5 days of absolute discontinuation. Results showed that SSRI treatment decreased the average amount of dream recall frequency in comparison

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to regulate temperature during NREMS—but not during REMS. With the loss of muscle tone, animals lose the ability to regulate temperature through body movement. (However, even cats with pontine lesions preventing muscle atonia during REM did not regulate their temperature by shivering.) Neurons that

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in 1975–1977, control over REM sleep involves pathways of "REM-on" and "REM-off" neurons in the brain stem. REM-on neurons are primarily cholinergic (i.e., involve acetylcholine); REM-off neurons activate serotonin and noradrenaline, which among other functions suppress the REM-on neurons. McCarley

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Rapid eye movement sleep can be subclassified into tonic and phasic modes. Tonic REM is characterized by theta rhythms in the brain; phasic REM is characterized by PGO waves and actual "rapid" eye movements. Processing of external stimuli is heavily inhibited during phasic REM, and recent evidence

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to baseline measurements as a result of serotonergic REM suppression. Fluvoxamine increased the length of dream reporting, bizarreness of dreams as well as the intensity of REM sleep. These effects were the greatest during acute discontinuation compared to treatment and baseline days. However, the

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Hobson and McCarley proposed that the PGO waves characteristic of "phasic" REM might supply the visual cortex and forebrain with electrical excitement which amplifies the hallucinatory aspects of dreaming. However, people woken up during sleep do not report significantly more bizarre dreams during

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in "rapid eye movement" sleep are in fact less rapid than those normally exhibited by waking humans. They are also shorter in duration and more likely to loop back to their starting point. About seven such loops take place over one minute of REM sleep. In slow-wave sleep, the eyes can drift apart;

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Some researchers argue that the perpetuation of a complex brain process such as REM sleep indicates that it serves an important function for the survival of mammalian and avian species. It fulfills important physiological needs vital for survival to the extent that prolonged REM sleep deprivation

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Some dreaming can take place during non-REM sleep. "Light sleepers" can experience dreaming during stage 2 non-REM sleep, whereas "deep sleepers", upon awakening in the same stage, are more likely to report "thinking" but not "dreaming". Certain scientific efforts to assess the uniquely bizarre

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of their brains and bodies allows them to tolerate longer suspension of thermoregulation. The period (full cycle of REM and non-REM) lasts for about 90 minutes in humans, 22 minutes in cats, and 12 minutes in rats. In utero, mammals spend more than half (50–80%) of a 24-hour day in REM sleep.

668:. Because of non-REM dreaming, some sleep researchers have strenuously contested the importance of connecting dreaming to the REM sleep phase. The prospect that well-known neurological aspects of REM do not themselves cause dreaming suggests the need to re-examine the neurobiology of dreaming 884: 1008:

of sleep and memory, the two major phases of sleep correspond to different types of memory. "Night half" studies have tested this hypothesis with memory tasks either begun before sleep and assessed in the middle of the night, or begun in the middle of the night and assessed in the morning.

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Consequently, hot or cold environmental temperatures can reduce the proportion of REM sleep, as well as amount of total sleep. In other words, if at the end of a phase of deep sleep, the organism's thermal indicators fall outside of a certain range, it will not enter paradoxical sleep lest

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are reported far more often in REM sleep. (In fact these could be considered a hybrid state combining essential elements of REM sleep and waking consciousness.) The mental events which occur during REM most commonly have dream hallmarks including narrative structure, convincingness (e.g.,

803:, which refers to an increase in the time spent in REM stage over normal levels. These findings are consistent with the idea that REM sleep is biologically necessary. However, the "rebound" REM sleep usually does not last fully as long as the estimated length of the missed REM periods. 576:, thereby raising the threshold which a stimulus must overcome to excite them. Muscle inhibition may result from unavailability of monoamine neurotransmitters (restraining the abundance of acetylcholine in the brainstem) and perhaps from mechanisms used in waking muscle inhibition. The 336:

systems showed more activation than other areas. The areas activated during REM sleep are approximately inverse to those activated during non-REM sleep and display greater activity than in quiet waking. The "anterior paralimbic REM activation area" (APRA) includes areas linked with

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wake from REM sleep than from NREM sleep. Snyder hypothesized that REM sleep activates an animal periodically, to scan the environment for possible predators. This hypothesis does not explain the muscle paralysis of REM sleep; however, a logical analysis might suggest that the

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Observations of jumping spiders in their nocturnal resting position also suggest a REM sleep-like state characterized by bouts of twitching and retinal movements and hints of muscle atonia (legs curling up as a result of pressure loss caused by muscle atonia in the prosoma).

341:, memory, fear and sex, and may thus relate to the experience of dreaming during REMS. More recent PET research has indicated that the distribution of brain activity during REM sleep varies in correspondence with the type of activity seen in the prior period of wakefulness. 1094:. Tsoukalas argues that the neurophysiology and phenomenology of this reaction shows striking similarities to REM sleep; for example, both reactions exhibit brainstem control, cholinergic neurotransmission, paralysis, hippocampal theta rhythm, and thermoregulatory changes. 904: 830:

may get disrupted. Higher norepinepherine is a possible cause of these results. Whether and how long-term REM deprivation has psychological effects remains a matter of controversy. Several reports have indicated that REM deprivation increases aggression and

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phasic REMS, compared to tonic REMS. Another possible relationship between the two phenomena could be that the higher threshold for sensory interruption during REM sleep allows the brain to travel further along unrealistic and peculiar trains of thought.

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or NCT) causes enlargement, with accompanying vaginal blood flow and transudation (i.e. lubrication). During a normal night of sleep, the penis and clitoris may be erect for a total time of from one hour to as long as three and a half hours during REM.

1118:. In support of this theory, research finds that in goal-oriented dreams, eye gaze is directed towards the dream action, determined from correlations in the eye and body movements of REM sleep behavior disorder patients who enact their dreams. 720:

forms associative elements into new combinations that are useful or meet some requirement. This occurs in REM sleep rather than in NREM sleep. Rather than being due to memory processes, this has been attributed to changes during REM sleep in

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do not seem to have PGO waves or the localized brain activation seen in mammalian REM. However, they do exhibit sleep cycles with phases of REM-like electrical activity measurable by EEG. A recent study found periodic eye movements in the

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in most frequencies, a fact which has been cited in relation to the chaotic experience of dreaming. However, the posterior areas are more coherent with each other; as are the right and left hemispheres of the brain, especially during

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Luppi PH, Gervasoni D, Verret L, Goutagny R, Peyron C, Salvert D, Léger L, Fort P (2008). "Gamma-aminobutyric acid and the regulation of paradoxical, or rapid eye movement, sleeps". In Monti J, Pandi-Perumal SR, Sinton CM (eds.).

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is also active during REM sleep and may participate in generating the PGO waves, and experimental suppression of the amygdala results in less REM sleep. The amygdala may also regulate cardiac function in lieu of the less active

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proposed in 1983 that by virtue of its inherent spontaneous activity, the function of REM sleep "is to remove certain undesirable modes of interaction in networks of cells in the cerebral cortex"—a process they characterize as

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Selective REMS deprivation causes a significant increase in the number of attempts to go into REM stage while asleep. On recovery nights, an individual will usually move to stage 3 and REM sleep more quickly and experience a

177:. Many experiments have involved awakening test subjects whenever they begin to enter the REM phase, thereby producing a state known as REM deprivation. Subjects allowed to sleep normally again usually experience a modest 4057:

Mirmiran M, Scholtens J, van de Poll NE, Uylings HB, van der Gugten J, Boer GJ (April 1983). "Effects of experimental suppression of active (REM) sleep during early development upon adult brain and behavior in the rat".

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neurons in the waking and REM sleeping brain are more depolarized (fire more readily) than in the NREM deep sleeping brain. Human theta wave activity predominates during REM sleep in both the hippocampus and the cortex.

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Riemann D, König A, Hohagen F, Kiemen A, Voderholzer U, Backhaus J, et al. (1999). "How to preserve the antidepressive effect of sleep deprivation: A comparison of sleep phase advance and sleep phase delay".

413:, which mimics the effect of acetylcholine on neurons, has a similar influence. In waking humans, the same injections produce paradoxical sleep only if the monoamine neurotransmitters have already been depleted. 835:

in laboratory test animals. Rats deprived of paradoxical sleep die in 4–6 weeks (twice the time before death in case of total sleep deprivation). Mean body temperature falls continually during this period.

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reflex. This reflex, also known as animal hypnosis or death feigning, functions as the last line of defense against an attacking predator and consists of the total immobilization of the animal so that it

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diminish. Overall, the brain exerts less control over breathing; electrical stimulation of respiration-linked brain areas does not influence the lungs, as it does during non-REM sleep and in waking.

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Pace-Schott EF, Gersh T, Silvestri R, Stickgold R, Salzman C, Hobson JA (June 2001). "SSRI treatment suppresses dream recall frequency but increases subjective dream intensity in normal subjects".

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According to "scanning hypothesis", the directional properties of REM sleep are related to a shift of gaze in dream imagery. Against this hypothesis is that such eye movements occur in those born

1017:. Artificial enhancement of the non-REM sleep improves the next-day recall of memorized pairs of words. Tucker et al. demonstrated that a daytime nap containing solely non-REM sleep enhances 997:. In rats, REM sleep increases following intensive learning, especially several hours after, and sometimes for multiple nights. Experimental REM sleep deprivation has sometimes inhibited 3513: 766:, which influences sleepiness and physiological factors based on timekeepers within the body. Sleep can be distributed throughout the day or clustered during one part of the rhythm: in 3187:

Aeschbach D (July 2011). "REM-sleep regulation: circadian, homeostatic, and non-REM sleep-dependent determinants.". In Mallick BN, Pandi-Perumal SR, McCarley RW, Morrison AR (eds.).

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The amount of REM sleep and cycling varies among animals; predators experience more REM sleep than prey. Larger animals also tend to stay in REM for longer, possibly because higher

762:, an organism alternates between deep sleep (slow, large, synchronized brain waves) and paradoxical sleep (faster, desynchronized waves). Sleep happens in the context of the larger 786:

significantly in childhood. Older people tend to sleep less overall, but sleep in REM for about the same absolute time (and therefore spend a greater proportion of sleep in REM).

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Rattenborg NC, Lesku JA, Martinez-Gonzalez D (2011). "Evolutionary perspectives on the function of REM sleep.". In Mallick BN, Pandi-Perumal SR, McCarley RW, Morrison AR (eds.).

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while waking. Other psychiatric disorders including depression have been linked to disproportionate REM sleep. Patients with suspected sleep disorders are typically evaluated by

929:. The primary criteria used to identify REM are the change in electrical activity, measured by EEG, and loss of muscle tone, interspersed with bouts of twitching in phasic REM. 3149:

Van Cauter E, Leproult R, Plat L (August 2000). "Age-related changes in slow wave sleep and REM sleep and relationship with growth hormone and cortisol levels in healthy men".

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McKenna JT, Chen L, McCarley RW (July 2011). "Neuronal models of REM-sleep control: evolving concepts.". In Mallick BN, Pandi-Perumal SR, McCarley RW, Morrison AR (eds.).

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experiential resemblance to waking life), and incorporation of instinctual themes. Sometimes, they include elements of the dreamer's recent experience taken directly from

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and Hobson suggested that the REM-on neurons actually stimulate REM-off neurons, thereby serving as the mechanism for the cycling between REM and non-REM sleep. They used

580:, located between pons and spine, seems to have the capacity for organism-wide muscle inhibition. Some localized twitching and reflexes can still occur. Pupils contract. 4635:

Liang CL, Marks GA (January 2014). "GABAA receptors are located in cholinergic terminals in the nucleus pontis oralis of the rat: implications for REM sleep control".

520:(ED) while awake, but has NPT episodes during REM, it would suggest that the ED is from a psychological rather than a physiological cause. In females, erection of the 3302:

Endo T, Roth C, Landolt HP, Werth E, Aeschbach D, Achermann P, Borbély AA (April 1998). "Selective REM sleep deprivation in humans: effects on sleep and sleep EEG".

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Mallick BN, Madan V, Jha S (2008). "Rapid eye movement sleep regulation by modulation of the noradrenergic system.". In Monti J, Pandi-Perumal SR, Sinton CM (eds.).

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Walker MP, Liston C, Hobson JA, Stickgold R (November 2002). "Cognitive flexibility across the sleep-wake cycle: REM-sleep enhancement of anagram problem solving".

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typically activate in response to cold temperatures—triggers for neural thermoregulation—simply do not fire during REM sleep, as they do in NREM sleep and waking.

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Lydic R, Baghdoyan HA (17 January 2008). "Acetylcholine modulates sleep and wakefulness: a synaptic perspective". In Monti J, Pandi-Perumal SR, Sinton CM (eds.).

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Brain energy use in REM sleep, as measured by oxygen and glucose metabolism, equals or exceeds energy use in waking. The rate in non-REM sleep is 11–40% lower.

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Tribl GG, Wetter TC, Schredl M (April 2013). "Dreaming under antidepressants: a systematic review on evidence in depressive patients and healthy volunteers".

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Brown RE, McCarley RW (2008). "Neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of wakefulness and REM sleep systems". In Monti J, Pandi-Perumal SR, Sinton CM (eds.).

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Gackenbach J (January 2013). "Interhemispheric EEG coherence in REM sleep and meditation: The lucid dreaming connection.". In Antrobus JS, Bertini M (eds.).

1130:, an eye specialist and former adjunct professor at Columbia University, proposed that REM sleep was associated with oxygen supply to the cornea, and that 409:, which effectively increases available acetylcholine, have been found to induce paradoxical sleep in humans and other animals already in slow-wave sleep. 3357: 697:

intensity of dreaming increased and the proclivity to enter REM sleep was decreased during SSRI treatment compared to baseline and discontinuation days.

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Ioannis Tsoukalas of Stockholm University has hypothesized that REM sleep is an evolutionary transformation of a well-known defensive mechanism, the

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after a bout of REM. The relative amount of REM sleep varies considerably with age. A newborn baby spends more than 80% of total sleep time in REM.

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may increase. There are also positive consequences of REM deprivation. Some symptoms of depression are found to be suppressed by REM deprivation;

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cause the absence of the other excitatory neurotransmitters; researchers in recent years increasingly include GABA regulation in their models.

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Grassi Zucconi G, Cipriani S, Balgkouranidou I, Scattoni R (April 2006). "'One night' sleep deprivation stimulates hippocampal neurogenesis".

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Markov D, Goldman M, Doghramji K (2012). "Normal Sleep and Circadian Rhythms: Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying Sleep and Wakefulness".

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nature of dreams experienced while asleep were forced to conclude that waking thought could be just as bizarre, especially in conditions of

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deregulation allow temperature to drift further from the desirable value. This mechanism can be 'fooled' by artificially warming the brain.

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Shein-Idelson M, Ondracek JM, Liaw HP, Reiter S, Laurent G (April 2016). "Slow waves, sharp waves, ripples, and REM in sleeping dragons".

4226:"Linking melanism to brain development: expression of a melanism-related gene in barn owl feather follicles covaries with sleep ontogeny" 3207:

Barot N, Kushida C (July 2011). "Significance of deprivation studies". In Mallick BN, Pandi-Perumal SR, McCarley RW, Morrison AR (eds.).

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Hobson JA, McCarley RW (December 1977). "The brain as a dream state generator: an activation-synthesis hypothesis of the dream process".

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Sanford LD, Ross RJ (July 2011). "Amygdalar regulation of REM sleep.". In Mallick BN, Pandi-Perumal SR, McCarley RW, Morrison AR (eds.).

1065: 684:(SSRIs) have an important effect on REM sleep neurobiology and dreaming. A study at Harvard Medical School in 2000 tested the effects of 5495: 1780:

Hobson JA, Pace-Schott EF, Stickgold R (December 2000). "Dreaming and the brain: toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states".

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later in the night is connected with the circadian rhythm and occurs even in people who did not sleep in the first part of the night.)

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and are a cause of the "rapid eye movements" in paradoxical sleep. Other muscles may also contract under the influence of these waves.

5040: 4144:"Do the eyes scan dream images during rapid eye movement sleep? Evidence from the rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder model" 2575:

Lapierre O, Montplaisir J (July 1992). "Polysomnographic features of REM sleep behavior disorder: development of a scoring method".

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Moreland RB, Nehra A (1999). "Pathosphysiology of erectile dysfunction; a molecular basis, role of NPT in maintaining potency". In

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Matarazzo L, Foret A, Mascetti L, Muto V, Shaffii A, Maquet P, Morrison AR, Mallick BN, McCarley RW, Pandi-Perumal SR (July 2011).

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Szymusiak R, Alam MN, McGinty D (1999). "Thermoregulatory Control of the NonREM-REM Sleep Cycle". In Mallick BN, Inoué S (eds.).

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Body temperature is not well regulated during REM sleep, and thus organisms become more sensitive to temperatures outside their

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Reinsel R, Antrobus J, Wollman M (January 2013). "Bizarreness in Dreams and Waking Fantasy". In Antrobus JS, Bertini M (eds.).

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Nofzinger EA, Mintun MA, Wiseman M, Kupfer DJ, Moore RY (October 1997). "Forebrain activation in REM sleep: an FDG PET study".

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which do not occur in any other modes of sleeping or waking. The body abruptly loses muscle tone, a state known as REM atonia.

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Ellman SJ, Spielman AJ, Luck D, Steiner SS, Halperin R (1991). "REM Deprivation: A Review". In Ellman SJ, Antrobus JS (eds.).

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Unlike the abrupt transitions in electrical patterns, the chemical changes in the brain show continuous periodic oscillation.

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REM sleep prevails most after birth, and diminishes with age. According to the "ontogenetic hypothesis", REM (also known in

672:. Some researchers (Dement, Hobson, Jouvet, for example) tend to resist the idea of disconnecting dreaming from REM sleep. 3881:

Marshall L, Helgadóttir H, Mölle M, Born J (November 2006). "Boosting slow oscillations during sleep potentiates memory".

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Wirz-Justice A, Van den Hoofdakker RH (August 1999). "Sleep deprivation in depression: what do we know, where do we go?".

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people can give some kind of dream report under these circumstances. Sleepers awakened from REM tend to give longer, more

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Lee CW, Cuijpers P (June 2013). "A meta-analysis of the contribution of eye movements in processing emotional memories".

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exists to prevent the animal from fully waking up unnecessarily, and allowing it to return easily to deeper sleep.

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quickly become irregular when the body moves into REM sleep. In general, respiratory reflexes such as response to

5490: 5447: 5421: 5180: 5045: 440: 2075:"Role of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system in arousal and circadian regulation of the sleep–wake cycle." 406: 169:

defined rapid eye movement and linked it to dreams. REM sleep was further described by researchers, including

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REM sleep is physiologically different from the other phases of sleep, which are collectively referred to as

639:. Waking up sleepers during a REM phase is a common experimental method for obtaining dream reports; 80% of 5442: 5370: 5215: 3616:

Lesku JA, Meyer LC, Fuller A, Maloney SK, Dell'Omo G, Vyssotski AL, Rattenborg NC (2011). Balaban E (ed.).

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animals, at night. The organism returns to homeostatic regulation almost immediately after REM sleep ends.

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descriptions of the dreams they were experiencing, and to estimate the duration of their dreams as longer.

604: 321: 260:; patterns of EEG activity similar to these rhythms are also observed during wakefulness. The cortical and 190: 1848:

Ermis U, Krakow K, Voss U (September 2010). "Arousal thresholds during human tonic and phasic REM sleep".

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Although it manifests differently in different animals, REM sleep or something like it occurs in all land

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Mishima K, Shimizu T, Hishikawa Y (1999). "REM Sleep Across Age and Sex". In Mallick BN, Inoué S (eds.).

856: 565: 513: 453: 4674:"Endogenous cholinergic input to the pontine REM sleep generator is not required for REM sleep to occur" 1114:

REMs are non-conjugated (i.e., the two eyes do not point in the same direction at a time) and so lack a

752:(electroencephalogram of sleep) showing sleep cycles characterized by increasing paradoxical (REM) sleep 27:(electroencephalogram of sleep) showing sleep cycles characterized by increasing paradoxical (REM) sleep 5437: 2731:

LaBerge S (January 2013). "Physiological Studies of Lucid Dreaming". In Antrobus JS, Bertini M (eds.).

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While the precise function of REM sleep is not well understood, several theories have been proposed.

729: 608: 417: 273: 119:. Experiences of REM sleep are not transferred to permanent memory due to absence of norepinephrine. 96:, because of physiological similarities to waking states including rapid, low-voltage desynchronized 5882: 3746:"Regularly occurring bouts of retinal movements suggest an REM sleep-like state in jumping spiders" 1655:"Decreased electrophysiological activity represents the conscious state of emptiness in meditation" 1560:

Horne J (February 2013). "Why REM sleep? Clues beyond the laboratory in a more challenging world".

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Lesions of the pons to prevent atonia have induced functional "REM behavior disorder" in animals.

564:. When the body shifts into REM sleep, motor neurons throughout the body undergo a process called 5750: 5531: 5340: 1162: 425: 1187:

Furthermore, eye movements are also theorized to play a role in certain psychotherapies such as

1184:; while some argue that REM lacks any purpose, and simply results from random brain activation. 1069:

comes from experiments on REM deprivation, and from the development of the visual system in the

428:(GABA), seem to promote wakefulness, diminish during deep sleep, and inhibit paradoxical sleep. 5846: 5395: 5230: 4765: 1467: 1181: 946: 345: 230: 186: 35: 3934:"A daytime nap containing solely non-REM sleep enhances declarative but not procedural memory" 2645: 5668: 5400: 2027:

Hobson JA (November 2009). "REM sleep and dreaming: towards a theory of protoconsciousness".

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suggests that sleepers are more difficult to arouse from phasic REM than in slow-wave sleep.

588: 1737: 1165:, has suggested that REM in modern humans compensates for the reduced need for wakeful food 732:. High levels of acetylcholine in the hippocampus suppress feedback from hippocampus to the 640: 5822: 5010: 4997: 4716: 4006: 3890: 3757: 3702: 3629: 3525: 3019: 2959: 2331: 998: 517: 353: 349: 237:(brainwaves) that resemble the pattern seen during wakefulness, which differ from the slow 4739: 4377:"Experimental research on dreaming: state of the art and neuropsychoanalytic perspectives" 3379:

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Sleep in general aids memory. REM sleep may favor the preservation of certain types of

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Feng P, Ma Y, Vogel GW (September 2001). "Ontogeny of REM rebound in postnatal rats".

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Systemic Homeostasis and Poikilostasis in Sleep: Is REM Sleep a Physiological Paradox?

1956: 560:, an almost complete paralysis of the body, is accomplished through the inhibition of 5837: 4899: 4758: 4703: 4652: 4623: 4569: 4552: 4523: 4492: 4473: 4454: 4435: 4408: 4355: 4330: 4307: 4257: 4206: 4165: 4075: 4071: 4022: 3956: 3918: 3906: 3855: 3851: 3820: 3785: 3718: 3657: 3590: 3551: 3483: 3440: 3396: 3319: 3315: 3267: 3242: 3212: 3166: 3123: 3082: 3047: 2975: 2932: 2862: 2858: 2818: 2736: 2711: 2679: 2627: 2592: 2557: 2506: 2483: 2432: 2393: 2357: 2283: 2229: 2206: 2168: 2126: 2056: 2044: 1960: 1925: 1865: 1861: 1797: 1745: 1709: 1686: 1627: 1589: 1577: 1537: 1483: 1447: 1411: 1358: 1330: 1303: 1276: 1240: 1022: 986: 577: 499: 333: 297: 142:. REM sleep occurs 4 times in a 7-hour sleep. Organisms in REM sleep suspend central 4664: 4034: 3968: 3867: 3602: 3495: 3452: 3408: 3135: 2604: 1972: 1809: 1623: 1573: 839:

It has been suggested that acute REM sleep deprivation can improve certain types of

635:

Rapid eye movement sleep (REM) has since its discovery been closely associated with

272:

manifests differently than during wakefulness. Frontal and posterior areas are less

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Other theories are that REM sleep warms the brain, stimulates and stabilizes the

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After waking from REM sleep, the mind seems "hyperassociative"—more receptive to

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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pattern of NREM deep sleep. An important element of this contrast is the 3–10

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Rößler DC, Kim K, De Agrò M, Jordan A, Galizia CG, Shamble PS (August 2022).

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suppress REM sleep, show no evidence of impairing memory and may improve it.

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of a mouse that shows REM sleep being characterized by prominent theta-rhythm

5158: 4293: 4242: 3770: 3714: 3572: 3537: 3032: 2202: 806:

After the deprivation is complete, mild psychological disturbances, such as

5723: 5500: 5485: 4894: 4874: 4813: 4707: 4656: 4627: 4527: 4412: 4311: 4261: 4201: 4184: 4169: 4160: 4143: 3960: 3910: 3824: 3789: 3722: 3661: 3594: 3555: 3487: 3444: 3400: 3170: 3162: 3127: 3086: 3051: 2979: 2936: 2866: 2822: 2631: 2561: 2487: 2361: 2172: 2048: 1929: 1911: 1869: 1801: 1690: 1631: 1581: 1415: 949:

of Australia, leading its authors to speculate that the common ancestor of

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Another theory suggests that monoamine shutdown is required so that the

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or NPT) normally accompany REM sleep in rats and humans. If a male has

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effects. People awakened from REM have performed better on tasks like

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activity, show equal activity in REM sleep as in wakefulness. The

233:

during REM deep sleep reveals fast, low amplitude, desynchronized

229:

neurons firing with the same overall intensity as in wakefulness.

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Phase of sleep characterized by random and rapid eye movements

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Neural activity during REM sleep seems to originate in the

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electrical connectivity among different parts of the brain

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throughout the body, and the propensity of the sleeper to

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Springer. p. 290. 4189:Experimental Eye Research 3953:10.1016/j.nlm.2006.03.005 2847:Journal of Sleep Research 2404:10.13140/RG.2.1.2103.9606 1850:Journal of Sleep Research 1794:10.1017/s0140525x00003976 1738:"REM sleep and dreaming." 1397:10.1007/s00018-007-6533-0 976: 739: 609:hypnagogic hallucinations 568:: their already-negative 552: 5211:Rapid eye movement (REM) 5147:Interpretation of Dreams 4928:Rapid eye movement sleep 4394:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00286 3264:Rapid Eye Movement Sleep 2544:10.1093/sleep/31.11.1492 2503:Rapid Eye Movement Sleep 1988:Rapid eye movement sleep 1830:Rapid Eye Movement Sleep 1672:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00099 1355:Rapid Eye Movement Sleep 1206:Pedunculopontine nucleus 1081:Defensive immobilization 454:Lotka–Volterra equations 435:Models of REM regulation 358:superior parietal cortex 43:Rapid eye movement sleep 5532:Exploding head syndrome 5341:Obstructive sleep apnea 4381:Frontiers in Psychology 4294:10.1136/bjo.2004.042291 4243:10.1186/1742-9994-10-42 3771:10.1073/pnas.2204754119 3715:10.1126/science.aaf3621 3575:Brain Research Bulletin 3538:10.1126/science.1063049 3033:10.1073/pnas.0900271106 2464:(3): 1087–1187 (1127). 2278:Parmeggiani PL (2011). 2203:10.1176/ajp.134.12.1335 1659:Frontiers in Psychology 1163:Loughborough University 1122:Oxygen supply to cornea 1006:dual-process hypothesis 891:sleeping, with REM and 426:gamma-Aminobutyric acid 53:) is a unique phase of 5847:Sleeping while on duty 5396:Idiopathic hypersomnia 4723:, Goldstein I (eds.). 4202:10.1006/exer.1997.0444 3817:10.1093/sleep/24.6.645 3381:Depression and Anxiety 3163:10.1001/jama.284.7.861 2803:Sleep Medicine Reviews 2763:Sleep Medicine Clinics 1912:10.1055/s-0029-1237118 947:central bearded dragon 912: 896: 753: 377:Chemicals in the brain 346:superior frontal gyrus 231:Electroencephalography 218: 187:electroencephalography 185:, chemical injection, 39: 28: 5669:Neuroscience of sleep 5401:Night eating syndrome 5386:Kleine–Levin syndrome 4549:10.1176/ajp.123.2.121 3468:Biological Psychiatry 3437:10.1007/s004060050092 2907:Physiological Reviews 2620:Fiziologiia Cheloveka 2589:10.1212/wnl.42.7.1371 2458:Physiological Reviews 2324:Nature Communications 1900:Seminars in Neurology 1562:Biological Psychology 1378:Deboer T (May 2007). 1201:Neuroscience of sleep 1027:sequential hypothesis 910: 887: 759:ultradian sleep cycle 747: 589:REM behavior disorder 213:record of REM Sleep. 209: 138:) originating in the 73:, accompanied by low 34: 22: 5823:Sleep and creativity 5011:Embodied imagination 4998:Dream interpretation 4230:Frontiers in Zoology 4161:10.1093/brain/awq110 999:memory consolidation 518:erectile dysfunction 486:, cardiac pressure, 354:intraparietal sulcus 350:medial frontal areas 5818:Sleep and breathing 5274:Sensorimotor rhythm 4684:(43): 14198–14209. 4154:(Pt 6): 1737–1746. 4011:1983Natur.304..111C 3978:on January 10, 2017 3903:10.1038/nature05278 3895:2006Natur.444..610M 3762:2022PNAS..11904754R 3756:(33): e2204754119. 3707:2016Sci...352..590S 3634:2011PLoSO...623203L 3530:2001Sci...294.1058S 3024:2009PNAS..10610130C 3018:(25): 10130–10134. 2972:10.1038/nature02223 2964:2004Natur.427..352W 2336:2015NatCo...6.7884A 1299:Physiology in Sleep 1151:sentinel hypothesis 1144:monoamine receptors 1025:. According to the 794:Deprivation effects 666:sensory deprivation 161:In 1953, Professor 128:sensory deprivation 5828:Sleep and learning 5581:Nocturnal emission 5481:Nightmare disorder 5346:Periodic breathing 4890:Nightmare disorder 4583:Koulack D (1991). 3362:Macalester College 3310:(4): R1186–R1194. 2344:10.1038/ncomms8884 1832:. pp. 91–106. 1212:Sleep and learning 1019:declarative memory 1015:declarative memory 965:Possible functions 913: 897: 826:may increase, and 754: 570:membrane potential 534:thermoneutral zone 393:neurotransmitters 268:During REM sleep, 252:and 40–60 Hz 235:neural oscillation 219: 163:Nathaniel Kleitman 40: 29: 5860: 5859: 5838:Sleep deprivation 5677: 5676: 5156: 5155: 5120: 5119: 4941: 4940: 4587:. New York: SUNY. 4575:978-0-521-00869-3 4498:978-0-521-86441-1 4479:978-0-521-11680-0 4361:978-0-306-47425-5 4336:978-0-471-52556-1 4278:"Owls' eyes move" 4047:Marks et al. 1994 4005:(5922): 111–114. 3889:(7119): 610–613. 3701:(6285): 590–595. 3344:The Mind in Sleep 3273:978-0-8247-0322-6 3248:978-0-8247-0322-6 3218:978-1-139-50378-5 2958:(6972): 352–355. 2742:978-0-203-77254-6 2717:978-0-203-77254-6 2646:"Polysomnography" 2538:(11): 1492–1497. 2512:978-0-8247-0322-6 2289:978-1-84816-572-4 2235:978-1-139-46789-6 2132:978-0-521-86441-1 1751:978-1-139-50378-5 1715:978-0-203-77254-6 1543:978-1-4757-4669-3 1489:978-0-7167-8595-8 1453:978-1-139-50378-5 1390:(10): 1227–1235. 1364:978-0-8247-0322-6 1336:978-1-139-50378-5 1309:978-0-323-15416-1 1282:978-0-521-86441-1 1246:978-1-4377-2674-9 1023:procedural memory 1004:According to the 987:procedural memory 908: 885: 578:medulla oblongata 566:hyperpolarization 492:arterial pressure 439:According to the 418:neurotransmitters 298:pontine tegmentum 296:, especially the 92:) and sometimes 86:paradoxical sleep 5890: 5878:Sleep physiology 5833:Sleep and memory 5773:Circadian rhythm 5520:Benign phenomena 5422:Circadian rhythm 5299: 5298: 5183: 5176: 5169: 5160: 5159: 5079:Dream incubation 5021:Dream dictionary 4952: 4951: 4797: 4796: 4775: 4768: 4761: 4752: 4751: 4728: 4711: 4701: 4668: 4631: 4621: 4588: 4579: 4560: 4531: 4502: 4483: 4464: 4445: 4417: 4416: 4406: 4396: 4375:Ruby PM (2011). 4372: 4366: 4365: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4305: 4273: 4267: 4265: 4255: 4245: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4204: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4163: 4139: 4130: 4129: 4126:Psychology Today 4117: 4111: 4110: 4107:10.1037/a0030790 4090: 4084: 4083: 4066:(2–3): 277–286. 4054: 4048: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4019:10.1038/304111a0 3994: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3977: 3971:. 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Maurice 1087:tonic immobility 1066:developing brain 1037:Graeme Mitchison 995:emotional memory 985:: specifically, 909: 886: 875:In other animals 764:circadian rhythm 707:semantic priming 676:Effects of SSRIs 211:Polysomnographic 181:. Techniques of 167:Eugene Aserinsky 165:and his student 152:thermoregulation 106:neurotransmitter 5898: 5897: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5883:Neurophysiology 5863: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5751:Procrastination 5704:Four-poster bed 5673: 5637: 5631:Polysomnography 5609:Sleep induction 5585: 5556:Sleep paralysis 5515: 5467: 5426: 5423: 5415: 5357: 5316:Mouth breathing 5294:Sleep disorders 5288: 5225: 5216:Quiescent sleep 5196: 5194:sleep disorders 5187: 5157: 5152: 5116: 5094:Sleep induction 5088: 5055: 5027: 4992: 4947: 4937: 4904: 4856: 4852:Pre-lucid dream 4838: 4834:Dream character 4824:False awakening 4819:Recurring dream 4788: 4779: 4736: 4731: 4576: 4499: 4480: 4461: 4442: 4425: 4423:Further reading 4420: 4373: 4369: 4362: 4348: 4344: 4337: 4323: 4319: 4274: 4270: 4222: 4218: 4181: 4177: 4140: 4133: 4118: 4114: 4091: 4087: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4042: 3995: 3991: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3936: 3930: 3926: 3879: 3875: 3836: 3832: 3801: 3797: 3742: 3738: 3691: 3687: 3676: 3669: 3614: 3610: 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1310: 1296:Orem J (2012). 1294: 1290: 1283: 1269: 1254: 1247: 1231: 1224: 1220: 1197: 1174:neural circuits 1140: 1124: 1100: 1083: 1054: 1052:Neural ontogeny 1011:Slow-wave sleep 979: 967: 934:thermal inertia 925:—as well as in 919: 899: 893:slow-wave sleep 879: 877: 865:methylphenidate 845:Antidepressants 833:sexual behavior 828:eating behavior 796: 742: 730:neuromodulation 703: 678: 654:episodic memory 633: 628: 613:sleep paralysis 555: 476: 463: 445:Robert McCarley 437: 383:slow-wave sleep 379: 318: 302:locus coeruleus 290: 239:δ (delta) waves 204: 199: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5896: 5886: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5778:Comfort object 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5649:Sleep medicine 5645: 5643: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5623: 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4966: 4960: 4958: 4949: 4948:interpretation 4943: 4942: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4914: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4866: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4848: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4805: 4803: 4794: 4790: 4789: 4778: 4777: 4770: 4763: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4742: 4735: 4734:External links 4732: 4730: 4729: 4712: 4669: 4637:Brain Research 4632: 4598:Brain Research 4589: 4580: 4574: 4561: 4543:(2): 121–142. 4532: 4503: 4497: 4484: 4478: 4465: 4459: 4446: 4440: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4418: 4367: 4360: 4342: 4335: 4317: 4268: 4216: 4195:(2): 139–145. 4175: 4131: 4112: 4101:(4): 253–283. 4085: 4060:Brain Research 4049: 4040: 3989: 3947:(2): 241–247. 3924: 3873: 3830: 3811:(6): 645–653. 3795: 3736: 3685: 3667: 3608: 3581:(4): 375–381. 3565: 3562:on 2010-09-13. 3501: 3474:(4): 445–453. 3458: 3431:(5): 231–237. 3414: 3371: 3368:on 2013-07-05. 3349: 3329: 3294: 3279: 3272: 3254: 3247: 3224: 3217: 3194: 3176: 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488:cardiac output 475: 472: 462: 459: 436: 433: 395:norepinephrine 378: 375: 371:insular cortex 317: 314: 289: 286: 203: 200: 198: 195: 171:William Dement 132:hallucinations 117:norepinephrine 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5895: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5640: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5627: 5624: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5604:Sleep hygiene 5602: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5588: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5561:Sleep inertia 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 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books 5123: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5084:Dream sharing 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4989: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4979:Psychonautics 4977: 4975: 4974:Oneironautics 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4964:Spirit spouse 4962: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4950: 4944: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4885:Anxiety dream 4883: 4881: 4880:Night terrors 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4841: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4771: 4769: 4764: 4762: 4757: 4756: 4753: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4717:Carson III CC 4713: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 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CRC Press. 1356: 1349: 1347: 1338: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1319: 1311: 1305: 1301: 1300: 1292: 1284: 1278: 1274: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1257: 1248: 1242: 1238: 1237: 1229: 1227: 1222: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1192: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1135: 1133: 1132:aqueous humor 1129: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1098:Shift of gaze 1095: 1093: 1088: 1078: 1076: 1075:visual cortex 1072: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1049: 1047: 1042: 1041:Francis Crick 1038: 1034: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1002: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 974: 971: 962: 958: 954: 952: 948: 943: 938: 935: 930: 928: 924: 918: 894: 890: 872: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 837: 834: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 804: 802: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 773: 769: 765: 761: 760: 751: 746: 737: 735: 731: 728: 727:noradrenergic 724: 719: 714: 712: 708: 698: 696: 691: 687: 683: 673: 671: 667: 661: 657: 655: 650: 646: 642: 638: 623: 620: 618: 617:polysomnogram 614: 610: 607:while awake, 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 581: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 562:motor neurons 559: 550: 546: 543: 539: 535: 530: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 471: 468: 467:eye movements 461:Eye movements 458: 455: 450: 446: 442: 432: 429: 427: 423: 419: 414: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 387:acetylcholine 384: 374: 372: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 342: 340: 335: 331: 327: 323: 313: 311: 310:visual cortex 307: 303: 299: 295: 285: 282: 280: 275: 271: 266: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 216: 212: 208: 194: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 175:Michel Jouvet 172: 168: 164: 159: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 124:non-REM sleep 120: 118: 114: 110: 109:acetylcholine 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 82: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 37: 33: 26: 21: 5724:Sleeping bag 5501:Sleepwalking 5486:Night terror 5210: 5203:sleep cycles 5145: 5138: 5131: 4927: 4900:Sleepdriving 4895:Sleepwalking 4875:Dreamcatcher 4814:Dream speech 4724: 4681: 4677: 4640: 4636: 4601: 4597: 4584: 4565: 4540: 4536: 4514:(2): 231–9. 4511: 4507: 4488: 4469: 4450: 4431: 4384: 4380: 4370: 4351: 4345: 4326: 4320: 4285: 4281: 4271: 4233: 4229: 4219: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4151: 4147: 4125: 4115: 4098: 4094: 4088: 4063: 4059: 4052: 4043: 4002: 3998: 3992: 3980:. 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Elsevier. 1298: 1291: 1272: 1235: 1186: 1171: 1160: 1150: 1148: 1141: 1125: 1101: 1092:appears dead 1084: 1073:and primary 1062:active sleep 1061: 1055: 1035: 1031: 1026: 1005: 1003: 980: 972: 968: 959: 955: 939: 931: 920: 838: 812:irritability 805: 797: 788: 784: 780: 776: 757: 755: 715: 704: 694: 679: 669: 662: 658: 649:Lucid dreams 641:neurotypical 634: 621: 593:sleepwalking 583:Lack of REM 582: 557: 556: 547: 531: 504: 477: 465:Most of the 464: 449:Allan Hobson 443:proposed by 438: 430: 415: 381:Compared to 380: 343: 319: 291: 283: 279:lucid dreams 267: 246:theta rhythm 220: 183:neurosurgery 160: 121: 93: 89: 85: 83: 50: 46: 42: 41: 5808:Second wind 5783:Dream diary 5659:Sleep study 5599:Sleep diary 5551:Hypnopompia 5546:Sleep onset 5537:Hypnic jerk 5376:Hypersomnia 5326:Catathrenia 5321:Sleep apnea 5231:Brain waves 5201:Stages of 5074:Dream diary 4969:Dream guide 4956:Oneiromancy 4946:Therapy and 4933:Hypnopompia 4844:Lucid dream 4829:Interobject 4604:: 131–140. 4288:(8): 1103. 2769:: 417–426. 1618:: 401–410. 1064:) aids the 861:amphetamine 847:(including 801:REM rebound 723:cholinergic 690:fluvoxamine 480:homeostasis 254:gamma waves 250:hippocampus 223:wakefulness 179:REM rebound 156:circulation 148:respiration 144:homeostasis 98:brain waves 75:muscle tone 61:(including 5867:Categories 5842:Sleep debt 5788:Microsleep 5768:Chronotype 5682:Daily life 5566:Somnolence 5542:Hypnagogia 5473:Parasomnia 5391:Narcolepsy 5303:Anatomical 5284:Theta wave 5254:Gamma wave 5249:Delta wave 5239:Alpha wave 4988:Dream yoga 4984:Yoga nidra 4918:Hypnagogia 4786:oneirology 2656:2 November 1495:2010-01-09 1474:Psychology 1218:References 1046:unlearning 853:tricyclics 841:depression 824:aggression 718:creativity 701:Creativity 695:subjective 686:paroxetine 626:Psychology 597:Narcolepsy 574:millivolts 558:REM atonia 484:Heart rate 416:Two other 334:paralimbic 294:brain stem 288:Brain stem 197:Physiology 140:brain stem 102:brain stem 5852:Sleepover 5803:Power nap 5798:Nightwear 5664:Melatonin 5626:Somnology 5591:Treatment 5424:disorders 5363:Dyssomnia 5269:PGO waves 5264:Mu rhythm 5259:K-complex 5244:Beta wave 5221:Slow-wave 5133:On Dreams 5112:Oneirogen 5069:Dream art 5061:Dreamwork 4923:PGO waves 4862:Nightmare 4793:Phenomena 4643:: 58–64. 4236:(1): 42. 3919:205211103 2577:Neurology 2057:205505278 1590:206109082 1112:binocular 1021:—but not 940:Sleeping 889:Ostriches 768:nocturnal 750:hypnogram 734:neocortex 645:narrative 601:cataplexy 506:Erections 411:Carbachol 403:histamine 399:serotonin 391:monoamine 326:forebrain 316:Forebrain 136:PGO waves 113:monoamine 81:vividly. 47:REM sleep 25:hypnogram 23:A sample 5719:Mattress 5694:Bunk bed 5614:Hypnosis 5406:Nocturia 5381:Insomnia 5107:Hypnosis 4721:Kirby RS 4708:25339734 4665:46317814 4657:24141149 4628:23835499 4528:23266601 4413:22121353 4312:15258042 4262:23886007 4170:20478849 4095:Dreaming 4035:41500914 3982:June 29, 3969:17606945 3961:16647282 3911:17086200 3868:45300482 3825:11560177 3790:35939710 3723:27126045 3662:21887239 3622:PLOS ONE 3603:20823755 3595:16624668 3556:11691984 3496:15428567 3488:10459393 3453:22514281 3445:10591988 3409:25000558 3401:11568980 3171:10938176 3136:14725160 3128:10461198 3087:12421655 3052:19506253 2980:14737168 2937:23589831 2867:11422727 2823:22800769 2632:21950094 2605:25312217 2562:19226735 2488:22811426 2427:(1999). 2425:Jouvet M 2362:26262924 2173:17468046 2049:19794431 1973:22764238 1930:19742406 1870:20477954 1810:14104546 1802:11515143 1691:24596562 1632:26441373 1582:23174692 1470:(2004). 1416:17364139 1195:See also 1191:(EMDR). 1167:foraging 1058:neonates 983:memories 951:amniotes 942:reptiles 820:appetite 711:anagrams 637:dreaming 631:Dreaming 522:clitoris 366:amygdala 274:coherent 262:thalamic 227:cerebral 5746:Bedtime 5741:Bedroom 5736:Bedding 5731:Bed bug 5714:Hammock 5619:Lullaby 5453:Jet lag 5353:Snoring 5311:Bruxism 5102:Lullaby 4870:Epiales 4809:Oneiros 4745:LSDBase 4699:6608391 4619:3839793 4557:5329927 4404:3220269 4387:: 286. 4303:1772283 4253:3734112 4211:9533840 4080:6850353 4027:6866101 4007:Bibcode 3891:Bibcode 3860:3543754 3781:9388130 3758:Bibcode 3731:6604923 3703:Bibcode 3695:Science 3653:3160860 3630:Bibcode 3547:8760621 3526:Bibcode 3518:Science 3324:9575987 3043:2700890 3020:Bibcode 2988:4405704 2960:Bibcode 2928:3768102 2875:1612343 2597:1620348 2553:2579970 2479:3621793 2353:4866865 2332:Bibcode 1965:9372219 1921:8809119 1878:1749779 1682:3925830 1640:7276590 1468:Myers D 1407:2771137 1108:fetuses 1106:and in 923:mammals 869:cocaine 808:anxiety 772:diurnal 756:In the 748:Sample 587:causes 508:of the 500:hypoxia 339:emotion 256:in the 248:in the 59:mammals 5813:Siesta 5699:Daybed 5527:Dreams 4782:Dreams 4706: 4696: 4663: 4655: 4626: 4616: 4572: 4555: 4526: 4495: 4476: 4457: 4438: 4411: 4401: 4358: 4333: 4310: 4300: 4260: 4250: 4209: 4168: 4078: 4033: 4025: 3999:Nature 3967: 3959: 3917: 3909: 3883:Nature 3866: 3858: 3823: 3788: 3778: 3729: 3721: 3660: 3650: 3601: 3593: 3554: 3544: 3494: 3486: 3451: 3443: 3407: 3399: 3322: 3270: 3245: 3215: 3169: 3134: 3126: 3085: 3050: 3040: 2986: 2978: 2952:Nature 2935: 2925: 2873: 2865: 2821: 2739: 2714: 2682: 2630: 2603: 2595: 2560: 2550: 2509: 2486: 2476: 2435: 2360: 2350: 2286: 2232: 2209: 2171: 2129: 2055: 2047: 1971: 1963: 1928: 1918: 1876: 1868: 1808: 1800: 1748: 1712: 1689: 1679: 1665:: 99. 1638: 1630: 1588: 1580: 1540: 1486: 1450: 1414: 1404: 1361: 1333: 1306: 1279: 1243: 1178:waking 993:, and 977:Memory 895:phases 855:, and 740:Timing 670:per se 585:atonia 553:Muscle 538:shiver 494:, and 422:orexin 362:mental 356:, and 330:limbic 328:, the 258:cortex 65:) and 63:humans 5873:Dream 5756:Story 5709:Futon 5642:Other 5190:Sleep 4910:Sleep 4801:Dream 4661:S2CID 4148:Brain 4031:S2CID 3976:(PDF) 3965:S2CID 3937:(PDF) 3915:S2CID 3864:S2CID 3805:Sleep 3727:S2CID 3599:S2CID 3492:S2CID 3449:S2CID 3405:S2CID 3132:S2CID 2984:S2CID 2871:S2CID 2601:S2CID 2532:Sleep 2211:21570 2089:(PDF) 2078:(PDF) 2053:S2CID 1969:S2CID 1874:S2CID 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