152:
357:
31:
548:. The gluconeogenesis pathway has many reversible enzymatic processes in common with glycolysis, but it is not the process of glycolysis in reverse. It uses different irreversible enzymes to ensure the overall pathway runs in one direction only.
568:
and ATP, otherwise known as the energy charge of the cell. High amounts of ATP cause cells to favor the anabolic pathway and slow catabolic activity, while excess ADP slows anabolism and favors catabolism. These pathways are also regulated by
556:
Anabolism operates with separate enzymes from catalysis, which undergo irreversible steps at some point in their pathways. This allows the cell to regulate the rate of production and prevent an infinite loop, also known as a
888:
1455:
514:
870:
1171:
345:. It uses the energy produced from the light-driven reactions of photosynthesis, and creates the precursors to these large molecules via
217:
189:
660:
958:
926:
846:
813:
765:
726:
696:
643:
1035:
785:
180:, making it unfavorable without energy input. The starting materials, called the precursor molecules, are joined using the
716:
302:
as anabolic or catabolic, depending on which part of metabolism they stimulate. The classic anabolic hormones are the
213:
185:
1166:
271:. These processes produce growth and differentiation of cells and increase in body size, a process that involves
164:
Anabolism is powered by catabolism, where large molecules are broken down into smaller parts and then used up in
1243:
136:, an anabolic pathway used to build macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides, uses
1569:
540:. It is the process of converting pyruvate into glucose. Pyruvate can come from the breakdown of glucose,
350:
221:
193:
1076:
251:
Substrates for anabolism are mostly intermediates taken from catabolic pathways during periods of high
227:, as well as metal ions, act as cofactors at various steps in anabolic pathways. NADH, NADPH, and FADH
1440:
1362:
1117:
378:
536:
by the liver, and to a lesser extent the kidney cortex and intestines, during starvation to prevent
1460:
1181:
1122:
1028:
17:
1554:
1303:
1298:
1284:
1259:
686:
446:
402:
145:
1589:
1523:
1409:
1404:
1109:
390:
1594:
1559:
1515:
1279:
1138:
565:
410:
240:
137:
151:
1533:
1238:
1214:
1176:
744:
165:
995:
8:
1631:
1478:
1097:
1021:
502:
498:
382:
106:
1601:
1274:
1219:
1206:
864:
664:
506:
272:
196:, or performing other favorable side reactions. Occasionally it can also be driven by
1473:
1269:
1113:
1071:
1066:
999:
964:
954:
947:
922:
852:
842:
819:
809:
761:
722:
692:
639:
518:
374:
86:
1013:
1496:
991:
631:
570:
466:
360:
Amino acid biosynthesis from intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
356:
303:
268:
236:
232:
44:
532:
is traditionally a catabolic hormone, but also stimulates the anabolic process of
1450:
1332:
533:
346:
295:
264:
181:
982:
Ramsey KM, Marcheva B, Kohsaka A, Bass J (2007). "The clockwork of metabolism".
577:
fluctuating to match an animal's normal periods of activity throughout the day.
1527:
1445:
1435:
1384:
1372:
1345:
732:
594:
318:
169:
133:
501:
from glycolysis is diverted to the glycogen-storing pathway. It is changed to
1625:
1399:
1086:
856:
823:
470:
450:
418:
252:
201:
141:
90:
968:
635:
369:
All amino acids are formed from intermediates in the catabolic processes of
1379:
1349:
1154:
1126:
1003:
558:
537:
426:
122:
279:. Examples of anabolic processes include the growth and mineralization of
1505:
1367:
839:
Phospholipids: biochemical, pharmaceutical, and analytical considerations
541:
510:
1606:
1328:
1249:
1230:
1162:
1105:
1048:
1044:
574:
478:
474:
442:
414:
370:
114:
110:
1501:
590:
482:
454:
386:
326:
715:
Alberts B, Johnson A, Julian L, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002).
321:
in plants and certain bacteria is an anabolic process that produces
663:. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Archived from
545:
529:
462:
422:
398:
276:
204:
of a cell, where hydrophobic interactions aggregate the molecules.
1564:
1549:
458:
438:
430:
394:
338:
322:
307:
299:
197:
177:
118:
30:
806:
Fundamentals of biochemistry : life at the molecular level
486:
434:
330:
284:
102:
895:. College of St. Benedict, St. John's University: LibreTexts.
661:"Glossary of Terms Used in Bioinorganic Chemistry: Anabolism"
604:
598:
564:
The balance between anabolism and catabolism is sensitive to
334:
173:
235:, while charged metal ions within enzymes stabilize charged
184:
made available from hydrolyzing ATP, reducing the cofactors
306:, which stimulate protein synthesis and muscle growth, and
280:
74:
62:
47:
981:
200:
without energy input, in cases like the formation of the
98:
94:
68:
56:
714:
313:
155:
Use of ATP to drive the endergonic process of anabolism.
685:
Rye C, Wise R, Jurukovski V, Choi J, Avissar Y (2013).
1246:(amino acid→pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or TCA intermediate)
1043:
684:
144:
are created from smaller molecules using enzymes and
71:
53:
619:
65:
59:
77:
50:
946:
944:
916:
117:is the breaking-down aspect. Anabolism is usually
34:Schematic diagram showing anabolism and catabolism
1623:
755:
109:process. Anabolism is the building-up aspect of
889:"An Overview of Metabolic Pathways - Anabolism"
783:
1029:
803:
626:Shimizu, Kazuyuki (2013). "Main metabolism".
168:. Many anabolic processes are powered by the
691:. Rice University, Houston Texas: OpenStax.
515:UTP--glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase
101:from smaller units. These reactions require
521:adds this UDP-glucose to a glycogen chain.
1036:
1022:
886:
869:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
836:
710:
708:
658:
364:
953:(5th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman.
917:Nelson DL, Lehninger AL, Cox MM (2013).
793:(2nd ed.). Oregon State University.
355:
170:cleavage of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
150:
29:
945:Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L (2002).
808:(Fourth ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
705:
625:
14:
1624:
1017:
996:10.1146/annurev.nutr.27.061406.093546
940:
938:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
351:photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle
319:Photosynthetic carbohydrate synthesis
314:Photosynthetic carbohydrate synthesis
27:Metabolic pathways to build molecules
1146:Electron acceptors other than oxygen
882:
880:
779:
777:
628:Bacterial Cellular Metabolic Systems
497:During periods of high blood sugar,
290:
492:
24:
935:
899:
804:Voet D, Voet JG, Pratt CW (2013).
524:
25:
1643:
877:
774:
756:Nicholls DG, Ferguson SJ (2002).
760:(3rd ed.). Academic Press.
561:, from forming with catabolism.
159:
43:
1167:Substrate-level phosphorylation
975:
837:Hanin I, Pepeu G (2013-11-11).
830:
797:
749:
678:
652:
445:. From the citric acid cycle,
298:have traditionally classified
13:
1:
1570:Reverse cholesterol transport
784:Ahern K, Rajagopal I (2013).
718:Molecular Biology of the Cell
612:
551:
246:
172:. Anabolism usually involves
1222:(protein→peptide→amino acid)
580:
258:
207:
7:
721:(5th ed.). CRC Press.
353:, a.k.a. the Calvin cycle.
10:
1648:
1607:Phospagen system (ATP-PCr)
1077:Primary nutritional groups
984:Annual Review of Nutrition
921:. New York: W.H. Freeman.
919:Principles of Biochemistry
787:Biochemistry Free and Easy
630:. Elsevier. p. 1–54.
605:
599:
128:
1582:
1542:
1514:
1495:
1469:
1441:Anoxygenic photosynthesis
1431:
1424:
1395:
1363:Pentose phosphate pathway
1358:
1341:
1324:
1317:
1297:
1258:
1229:
1205:
1196:
1153:
1137:
1118:Oxidative phosphorylation
1096:
1085:
1059:
573:, with processes such as
379:pentose phosphate pathway
263:Anabolic processes build
1461:Entner-Doudoroff pathway
1123:electron transport chain
1110:Pyruvate decarboxylation
1555:Sphingolipid metabolism
1456:DeLey-Doudoroff pathway
1304:carbohydrate catabolism
1299:Carbohydrate metabolism
1285:Purine nucleotide cycle
636:10.1533/9781908818201.1
365:Amino acid biosynthesis
1524:Fatty acid degradation
1244:Amino acid degradation
659:de Bolster MW (1997).
361:
156:
138:condensation reactions
35:
1560:Eicosanoid metabolism
1516:Fatty acid metabolism
1280:Pyrimidine metabolism
1139:Anaerobic respiration
887:Jakubowski H (2002).
411:erythrose 4-phosphate
359:
154:
33:
1534:Fatty acid synthesis
1239:Amino acid synthesis
735:on 27 September 2017
405:, combined with the
403:phosphoenol pyruvate
212:The reducing agents
202:phospholipid bilayer
166:cellular respiration
1098:Aerobic respiration
893:Biochemistry Online
503:glucose-1-phosphate
499:glucose 6-phosphate
429:is a precursor for
393:is a precursor for
385:is a precursor for
383:glucose 6-phosphate
381:. From glycolysis,
347:carbon assimilation
105:, known also as an
1602:Ethanol metabolism
1550:Steroid metabolism
1275:Nucleotide salvage
1207:Protein metabolism
667:on 30 October 2007
593:, with roots from
544:, amino acids, or
507:phosphoglucomutase
469:is converted into
449:is converted into
407:3-phosphoglycerate
391:3-phosphoglycerate
362:
157:
140:to join monomers.
87:metabolic pathways
36:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1578:
1577:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1474:Xylose metabolism
1420:
1419:
1293:
1292:
1270:Purine metabolism
1215:Protein synthesis
1192:
1191:
1114:Citric acid cycle
1072:Metabolic network
1067:Metabolic pathway
960:978-0-7167-3051-4
928:978-1-4292-3414-6
848:978-1-4757-1364-0
815:978-0-470-54784-7
767:978-0-12-518121-1
728:978-0-8153-3218-3
698:978-1-938168-09-3
645:978-1-907568-01-5
571:circadian rhythms
519:Glycogen synthase
473:and subsequently
453:and subsequently
375:citric acid cycle
304:anabolic steroids
291:Anabolic hormones
283:and increases in
237:functional groups
233:electron carriers
16:(Redirected from
1639:
1590:Metal metabolism
1512:
1511:
1497:Lipid metabolism
1429:
1428:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1227:
1226:
1203:
1202:
1129:
1094:
1093:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1007:
979:
973:
972:
952:
942:
933:
932:
914:
897:
896:
884:
875:
874:
868:
860:
834:
828:
827:
801:
795:
794:
792:
781:
772:
771:
753:
747:
743:
741:
740:
731:. Archived from
712:
703:
702:
682:
676:
675:
673:
672:
656:
650:
649:
623:
608:
607:
602:
601:
493:Glycogen storage
296:Endocrinologists
85:) is the set of
84:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
67:
64:
61:
58:
55:
52:
49:
21:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1611:
1595:Iron metabolism
1574:
1538:
1499:
1483:
1465:
1451:Carbon fixation
1416:
1391:
1354:
1337:
1333:Gluconeogenesis
1306:
1301:
1289:
1261:
1254:
1225:
1198:
1188:
1149:
1133:
1121:
1088:
1081:
1055:
1042:
1012:
1011:
980:
976:
961:
943:
936:
929:
915:
900:
885:
878:
862:
861:
849:
835:
831:
816:
802:
798:
790:
782:
775:
768:
754:
750:
738:
736:
729:
713:
706:
699:
683:
679:
670:
668:
657:
653:
646:
624:
620:
615:
603:, "upward" and
583:
554:
538:low blood sugar
534:gluconeogenesis
527:
525:Gluconeogenesis
495:
447:α-ketoglutarate
367:
344:
316:
293:
261:
249:
230:
225:
210:
182:chemical energy
162:
131:
89:that construct
46:
42:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1645:
1635:
1634:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1528:Beta oxidation
1520:
1518:
1509:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1446:Chemosynthesis
1443:
1438:
1436:Photosynthesis
1432:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1385:Leloir pathway
1377:
1376:
1375:
1373:Polyol pathway
1365:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1346:Glycogenolysis
1342:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1325:
1319:
1312:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1287:
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1264:
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1247:
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1233:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1159:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1102:
1100:
1091:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1018:
1010:
1009:
974:
959:
934:
927:
898:
876:
847:
829:
814:
796:
773:
766:
748:
727:
704:
697:
677:
651:
644:
617:
616:
614:
611:
609:, "to throw".
582:
579:
553:
550:
526:
523:
494:
491:
366:
363:
342:
315:
312:
292:
289:
260:
257:
248:
245:
228:
223:
209:
206:
176:and decreases
161:
158:
142:Macromolecules
134:Polymerization
130:
127:
91:macromolecules
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1644:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1596:
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1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
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1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1480:
1479:Radiotrophism
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1400:Glycosylation
1398:
1397:
1394:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1183:
1180:
1178:
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1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
978:
970:
966:
962:
956:
951:
950:
941:
939:
930:
924:
920:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
894:
890:
883:
881:
872:
866:
858:
854:
850:
844:
840:
833:
825:
821:
817:
811:
807:
800:
789:
788:
780:
778:
769:
763:
759:
758:Bioenergetics
752:
746:
734:
730:
724:
720:
719:
711:
709:
700:
694:
690:
689:
681:
666:
662:
655:
647:
641:
637:
633:
629:
622:
618:
610:
596:
592:
588:
578:
576:
572:
567:
562:
560:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:phenylalanine
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
358:
354:
352:
348:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
256:
255:in the cell.
254:
253:energy charge
244:
242:
238:
234:
226:
219:
215:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
160:Energy source
153:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
82:
40:
32:
19:
1380:Galactolysis
1350:Glycogenesis
1308:
1155:Fermentation
1127:ATP synthase
1052:
987:
983:
977:
949:Biochemistry
948:
918:
892:
841:. New York.
838:
832:
805:
799:
786:
757:
751:
737:. Retrieved
733:the original
717:
687:
680:
669:. Retrieved
665:the original
654:
627:
621:
586:
584:
563:
559:futile cycle
555:
528:
509:and then to
496:
467:oxaloacetate
409:-derivative
406:
368:
317:
294:
262:
250:
211:
163:
132:
123:biosynthesis
38:
37:
1506:lipogenesis
1368:Fructolysis
1182:Lactic acid
511:UDP-glucose
275:of complex
1632:Metabolism
1329:Glycolysis
1262:metabolism
1260:Nucleotide
1250:Urea cycle
1231:Amino acid
1220:Catabolism
1163:Glycolysis
1106:Glycolysis
1089:metabolism
1049:catabolism
1045:Metabolism
990:: 219–40.
739:2018-11-01
671:2007-10-30
613:References
575:glycolysis
552:Regulation
479:methionine
475:asparagine
443:isoleucine
415:tryptophan
371:glycolysis
247:Substrates
241:substrates
119:synonymous
115:catabolism
113:, whereas
111:metabolism
107:endergonic
1502:lipolysis
1309:anabolism
1053:anabolism
865:cite book
857:885405600
824:738349533
591:Neo-Latin
587:anabolism
585:The word
581:Etymology
483:threonine
471:aspartate
455:glutamine
451:glutamate
387:histidine
377:, or the
327:cellulose
277:molecules
273:synthesis
259:Functions
208:Cofactors
174:reduction
146:cofactors
39:Anabolism
1626:Category
1425:Nonhuman
1410:O-linked
1405:N-linked
1197:Specific
1004:17430084
969:48055706
589:is from
546:glycerol
530:Glucagon
463:arginine
427:pyruvate
423:tyrosine
413:, forms
399:cysteine
339:proteins
300:hormones
18:Anabolic
1565:Ketosis
1177:Ethanol
1060:General
745:Alt URL
688:Biology
606:βάλλειν
542:lactate
459:proline
439:leucine
431:alanine
395:glycine
349:in the
341:from CO
323:glucose
308:insulin
269:tissues
231:act as
198:entropy
178:entropy
129:Pathway
1087:Energy
1002:
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925:
855:
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764:
725:
695:
642:
487:lysine
485:, and
465:; and
461:, and
441:, and
435:valine
425:; and
421:, and
373:, the
337:, and
335:lipids
331:starch
287:mass.
285:muscle
265:organs
220:, and
192:, and
103:energy
1583:Other
1543:Other
1318:Human
1199:paths
791:(PDF)
595:Greek
218:NADPH
121:with
93:like
1307:and
1000:PMID
965:OCLC
955:ISBN
923:ISBN
871:link
853:OCLC
843:ISBN
820:OCLC
810:ISBN
762:ISBN
723:ISBN
693:ISBN
640:ISBN
397:and
281:bone
267:and
222:FADH
214:NADH
190:NADP
1331:⇄
1172:ABE
992:doi
632:doi
600:ἀνά
566:ADP
513:by
505:by
239:on
194:FAD
186:NAD
99:RNA
97:or
95:DNA
1628::
1504:,
1348:⇄
1165:→
1125:+
1116:→
1112:→
1108:→
1051:,
1047:,
998:.
988:27
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963:.
937:^
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867:}}
863:{{
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481:,
477:,
457:,
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417:,
401:;
389:;
333:,
329:,
325:,
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216:,
188:,
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69:ɪ
66:l
63:ə
60:b
57:æ
54:n
51:ˈ
48:ə
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41:(
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