197:) ions can be caused by road salt getting splashed onto the structure, soils that are high in sulfates are also an issue for these concrete structures. Research has shown that some aerobic slime forming bacteria may be able to help repair and maintain concrete structures. These bacteria act as a diffusion barrier from the external sulfates to the concrete. Researchers found that the thicker the layer the more effective it was, seeing almost a linear increase for the number of service years applicable to the concrete structure as the layer thickness increased. For long term repair of the structure, 60mm thickness of the slime layer should be used to ensure the longevity of the concrete structure, and to ensure the proper diffusion of sulfate ions.
778:
788:
192:
A problem with concrete structures is the damage they receive during weather shifts, because if its porous nature there is an amount of water that can expand or contract the concrete depending on the environment. This damage makes these structures susceptible to sulfate attacks. Sulfate attacks occur
90:
can be composed of slime layer producing bacteria, it is typically not their main composition. Rather, a biofilm is made up of an array of microorganisms that come together to form a cohesive biofilm. Although, there are homogeneous biofilms that can form. For example, the plaque that forms on the
70:
Slime layers are amorphous and inconsistent in thickness, being produced in various quantities depending upon the cell type and environment. These layers present themselves as strands hanging extracellularly and forming net-like structures between cells that were 1-4ΞΌm apart. Researchers suggested
188:
and how it specifically impacts biofilm formation. After regular dosing it was found that biofilm formation decreased and the number of adhered cells on their specified media decreased without killing the cells. Myr is promising when surfaces are coated in the material, non-coated surfaces show a
127:
While consisting mostly of polysaccharides, a slime layer may be over produced such that in a time of famine the cell can rely on the slime layer as extra food storage to survive. In addition, a slime layer may be produced in ground dwelling prokaryotes to prevent unnecessary drying due to annual
175:
Because of the abundance of so many bacteria that are increasing their resistance to antimicrobial agents such as antibiotics (these products inhibit cell growth or just kill the cell), there is new research coming out about new drugs that reduce virulence factors in some bacteria. Anti-virulent
166:
can produce biofilm structures that are effective against phagocyte attacks from the host immune system. This type of biofilm formation increases their virulence factor as they are more likely to survive within a host's body, although this type of biofilm is typically associated with capsules.
83:. S-layers are structures that integrate themselves into the cell wall and are composed of glycoproteins, these layers can offer the cell rigidity and protection. Because a slime layer is loose and flowing, it does not aide the cell in its rigidity.
124:, as well as other smooth surfaces like petri-dishes. Researchers found that the cells adhered themselves to the culture vessel without additional appendages, relying on the extracellular material alone.
78:
is similar, but is more rigid than the slime layer. Capsules are more organized and difficult to remove compared to their slime layer counterparts. Another highly organized, but separate structure is an
1271:"Essential Basic Bacteriology in Managing Musculoarticuloskeletal Infection: Bacterial Anatomy, Their Behavior, Host Phagocytic Activity, Immune System, Nutrition, And Antibiotics"
193:
when the sulfates in the concrete react to other salts formed by other sulfate sources and cause internal erosion of the concrete. The extra exposure to these sulfate (SO
1068:
Kannan, Marikani; Rajarathinam, Kaniappan; Venkatesan, Srinivasan; Dheeba, Baskaran; Maniraj, Ayyan (2017-01-01), Ficai, Anton; Grumezescu, Alexandru Mihai (eds.),
154:
Some bacteria have shown a protective response to attacks from the immune system by using their slime layers to absorb antibodies. Additionally, some bacteria like
1183:
1043:
189:
thick biofilm formation with a large quantity of cellular adherence; the coated material showed minimal cell clusters that were weakly adhered.
176:
drugs reduce the pathogenic properties in bacteria, allowing the host to attack said bacteria, or allows antimicrobial agents to work.
844:
180:
is a pathogenic bacteria that causes several human infections with a plethora of virulence factors such as: biofilm formation,
820:
1154:
1089:
71:
that a cell will slow formation of the slime layer after around 9 days of growth, perhaps due to slower metabolic activity.
717:
1070:"Chapter 19 - Silver Iodide Nanoparticles as an Antibiofilm AgentβA Case Study on Gram-Negative Biofilm-Forming Bacteria"
1331:"Myricetin protects Galleria mellonella against Staphylococcus aureus infection and inhibits multiple virulence factors"
484:
224:
1329:
Silva, L. N.; Da Hora, G. C. A.; Soares, T. A.; Bojer, M. S.; Ingmer, H.; Macedo, A. J.; Trentin, D. S. (2017-06-06).
1191:
184:, and exotoxins to name a few. Researchers took a look at Myricetin (Myr) as a multi-anti-virulence agent against
474:
401:
598:
329:
132:
62:
as well. This information about structure and function is also transferable to these microorganisms too.
1069:
439:
791:
105:
The function of the slime layer is to protect the bacteria cells from environmental dangers such as
593:
516:
479:
275:
871:"External layers of Rickettsia prowazekii and Rickettsia rickettsii: occurrence of a slime layer"
669:
588:
567:
217:
156:
1214:"Specificity of the protective response induced by the slime layer of Pseudomonas aeruginosa"
709:
351:
549:
424:
407:
245:
93:
8:
994:"Masking the Pathogen: Evolutionary Strategies of Fungi and Their Bacterial Counterparts"
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117:
969:
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905:
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210:
75:
55:
36:
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1241:
1225:
1077:
1015:
1005:
964:
946:
900:
882:
496:
372:
307:
1391:"Effective Bio-Slime Coating Technique for Concrete Surfaces under Sulfate Attack"
887:
951:
722:
621:
506:
382:
312:
265:
148:
1346:
377:
341:
181:
28:
1229:
58:
are found most commonly in bacteria, while rare, these structures do exist in
35:
material that surrounds bacteria cells. Specifically, this consists mostly of
1448:
1416:
1354:
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32:
1434:
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40:
1255:
978:
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144:
110:
914:
1407:
1010:
756:
741:
659:
392:
114:
113:. The slime layer allows bacteria to adhere to smooth surfaces such as
106:
48:
44:
16:
Unorganized layer of extracellular material surrounding bacteria cells
751:
582:
540:
452:
346:
1141:
Salton, Milton R. J.; Kim, Kwang-Shin (1996), Baron, Samuel (ed.),
260:
237:
136:
121:
24:
1067:
1149:(4th ed.), University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston,
690:
654:
290:
87:
80:
59:
91:
surfaces of teeth is caused by a biofilm formation of primarily
1389:
Yang, Keun-Hyeok; Lim, Hee-Seob; Kwon, Seung-Jun (2020-03-26).
736:
491:
140:
869:
Silverman, D J; Wisseman, C L; Waddell, A D; Jones, M (1978).
147:
or flushing with boiling water as the only certain methods of
868:
664:
1076:, Micro and Nano Technologies, Elsevier, pp. 435β456,
47:. Therefore, the slime layer is considered as a subset of
1184:"The Microbial World :: A look at all things small"
1328:
131:
It may permit bacterial colonies to survive chemical
933:Jones, H. C.; Roth, I. L.; Sanders, W. M. (1969).
821:"Bacterial Glycocalyx - Capsule & Slime Layer"
1446:
932:
991:
935:"Electron Microscopic Study of a Slime Layer"
218:
1388:
1118:"Structure and Function of Bacterial Cells"
232:
225:
211:
1424:
1406:
1362:
1302:
1245:
1211:
1140:
1019:
1009:
968:
950:
904:
886:
1074:Nanostructures for Antimicrobial Therapy
992:Park YD, Williamson PR (December 2015).
97:and the slow breakdown of tooth enamel.
1447:
1384:
1382:
1324:
1322:
206:
1268:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
928:
926:
924:
815:
813:
787:
100:
1212:Mates, A.; Zand, P. (August 1974).
13:
1379:
1319:
1176:
1082:10.1016/b978-0-323-46152-8.00019-6
1044:"6: Bacteria - Surface Structures"
14:
1466:
1103:
921:
810:
128:temperature and humidity shifts.
786:
777:
776:
27:is an easily removable (e.g. by
1269:Moon, Myung-Sang (April 2019).
1262:
1205:
475:Bacterial cellular morphologies
143:, and other chemicals, leaving
1134:
1061:
1036:
985:
862:
837:
1:
888:10.1128/iai.22.1.233-246.1978
803:
952:10.1128/jb.99.1.316-325.1969
65:
7:
170:
10:
1471:
1347:10.1038/s41598-017-02712-1
1122:textbookofbacteriology.net
718:Bacteria (classifications)
440:Primary nutritional groups
1230:10.1017/S002217240002386X
825:www.scienceprofonline.com
772:
703:
683:
635:
524:
515:
467:
360:
298:
284:
244:
1188:www.microbiologytext.com
594:Bacterial outer membrane
31:), unorganized layer of
939:Journal of Bacteriology
54:While slime layers and
1287:10.31616/asj.2017.0239
875:Infection and Immunity
589:Gram-negative bacteria
568:Gram-positive bacteria
157:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
444:Substrate preference
178:Staphylococcus aureus
1147:Medical Microbiology
425:Microbial metabolism
94:Streptococcus mutans
1275:Asian Spine Journal
675:Non-motile bacteria
271:Pathogenic bacteria
1408:10.3390/ma13071512
1335:Scientific Reports
1218:Journal of Hygiene
1048:Biology LibreTexts
1011:10.3390/jof1030397
849:Biology LibreTexts
604:Lipopolysaccharide
163:Bacillus anthracis
37:exopolysaccharides
1156:978-0-9631172-1-2
1091:978-0-323-46152-8
800:
799:
699:
698:
645:Bacterial capsule
611:Periplasmic space
578:Lipoteichoic acid
463:
462:
435:Microbial ecology
430:Nitrogen fixation
101:Cellular function
76:bacterial capsule
1462:
1439:
1438:
1428:
1410:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1366:
1326:
1317:
1316:
1306:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1249:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1190:. Archived from
1180:
1174:
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1171:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1114:
1101:
1100:
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1055:
1040:
1034:
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998:Journal of Fungi
989:
983:
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919:
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841:
835:
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832:
831:
817:
790:
789:
780:
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728:Former groupings
522:
521:
373:Human microbiome
296:
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227:
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203:
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1197:
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1194:on 9 March 2016
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843:
842:
838:
829:
827:
819:
818:
811:
806:
801:
796:
768:
723:Bacterial phyla
707:
695:
679:
637:
631:
622:Arabinogalactan
527:
511:
459:
356:
300:
288:
280:
266:Lysogenic cycle
247:
240:
231:
200:
196:
173:
149:decontaminating
103:
68:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1468:
1458:
1457:
1441:
1440:
1378:
1318:
1281:(2): 343β356.
1261:
1204:
1175:
1155:
1133:
1102:
1090:
1060:
1035:
1004:(3): 397β421.
984:
945:(1): 316β325.
920:
881:(1): 233β246.
861:
836:
808:
807:
805:
802:
798:
797:
795:
794:
784:
773:
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769:
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487:
482:
480:cell structure
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469:
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461:
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457:
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455:
453:Saccharophilic
450:
442:
437:
432:
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410:
405:
395:
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385:
380:
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364:
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357:
355:
354:
349:
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342:Microaerophile
339:
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322:
321:
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315:
304:
302:
293:
282:
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279:
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273:
268:
263:
258:
252:
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230:
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207:
194:
182:quorum sensing
172:
169:
102:
99:
67:
64:
29:centrifugation
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1467:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
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1383:
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1370:
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1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1323:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
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1272:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1193:
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1179:
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1064:
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1039:
1031:
1027:
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1017:
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1007:
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916:
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826:
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760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
744:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
732:Schizomycetes
729:
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724:
721:
719:
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581:
579:
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573:Teichoic acid
571:
569:
565:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
547:
546:
545:Peptidoglycan
542:
539:
537:
536:Cell membrane
534:
533:
531:
529:
523:
520:
518:
514:
508:
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209:
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190:
187:
183:
179:
168:
165:
164:
159:
158:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
133:sterilization
129:
125:
123:
119:
116:
112:
108:
98:
96:
95:
89:
84:
82:
77:
72:
63:
61:
57:
52:
50:
46:
42:
41:glycoproteins
38:
34:
33:extracellular
30:
26:
22:
1398:
1394:
1338:
1334:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1224:(1): 75β84.
1221:
1217:
1207:
1196:. Retrieved
1192:the original
1187:
1178:
1168:, retrieved
1146:
1136:
1125:. Retrieved
1121:
1095:, retrieved
1073:
1063:
1052:. Retrieved
1050:. 2018-02-06
1047:
1038:
1001:
997:
987:
942:
938:
878:
874:
864:
853:. Retrieved
851:. 2018-02-06
848:
845:"7: Archaea"
839:
828:. Retrieved
824:
762:Mendosicutes
747:Gracilicutes
727:
649:
627:Mycolic acid
617:Mycobacteria
615:
587:
566:
502:Coccobacilli
402:in pregnancy
368:Extremophile
352:Aerotolerant
286:Biochemistry
248:microbiology
234:Microbiology
199:
191:
185:
177:
174:
161:
155:
153:
130:
126:
104:
92:
85:
73:
69:
53:
20:
18:
1401:(7): 1512.
1341:(1): 2823.
1143:"Structure"
650:Slime layer
330:Facultative
318:Facultative
145:autoclaving
111:desiccation
107:antibiotics
45:glycolipids
21:slime layer
1198:2016-02-04
1170:2020-05-16
1127:2020-05-16
1097:2020-05-06
1054:2020-05-15
855:2020-05-16
830:2016-02-04
804:References
757:Mollicutes
752:Firmicutes
742:Prokaryota
660:Glycocalyx
485:plasticity
448:Lipophilic
301:preference
276:Resistance
115:prosthetic
49:glycocalyx
1417:1996-1944
1395:Materials
1355:2045-2322
1295:1976-1902
1238:0022-1724
961:0021-9193
897:0019-9567
710:evolution
684:Composite
583:Endospore
541:Cell wall
517:Structure
408:Placental
347:Nanaerobe
325:Anaerobic
256:Infection
122:catheters
66:Structure
1455:Bacteria
1449:Category
1435:32224898
1373:28588273
1313:30669823
1165:21413343
1030:29376918
782:Category
705:Taxonomy
638:envelope
528:envelope
418:Salivary
335:Obligate
313:Obligate
261:Exotoxin
238:Bacteria
171:Research
137:chlorine
118:implants
88:biofilms
56:capsules
25:bacteria
1426:7178037
1364:5460262
1304:6454276
1256:4213979
1247:2130552
1021:5753132
979:5802613
792:Commons
691:Biofilm
670:Fimbria
655:S-layer
636:Outside
497:Bacilli
413:Uterine
398:Vaginal
308:Aerobic
291:ecology
246:Medical
186:S.areus
81:S-layer
60:archaea
1433:
1423:
1415:
1371:
1361:
1353:
1311:
1301:
1293:
1254:
1244:
1236:
1163:
1153:
1088:
1028:
1018:
977:
970:250005
967:
959:
913:
906:422141
903:
895:
737:Monera
507:Spiral
299:Oxygen
141:iodine
86:While
43:, and
915:83297
665:Pilus
619:only:
599:Porin
591:only:
570:only:
492:Cocci
468:Shape
388:Mouth
361:Other
135:with
1431:PMID
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