91:
2395:
20:
2405:
94:
A bacterial capsule has a semi-rigid border that follows the contour of the cell. The capsule excludes India Ink when dyed. A slime layer is a non-rigid matrix that is easily deformed and is not able to exclude India Ink. Biofilms are composed of many cells and their outer barriers. The primary
361:
Serological methods: Capsular material is antigenic and can be demonstrated by mixing it with a specific anticapsular serum. When examined under the microscope, the capsule appears 'swollen' due to an increase in its refractivity. This phenomenon is the basis of
128:. Because most capsules are so tightly packed, they are difficult to stain because most standard stains cannot penetrate the capsule. To visualize encapsulated bacteria using a microscope, a sample is treated with a dark stain, such as
78:
and is found only in gram-negative bacteria. When the amorphous viscid secretion (that makes up the capsule) diffuses into the surrounding medium and remains as a loose undemarcated secretion, it is known as a
144:. Capsules allow adhesion to surfaces and help enable the bacteria to evade the host immune system. The water content in the capsule gives the protection against drying out. The capsule is considered a
603:
504:
Gao S, Lewis GD, Ashokkumar M, Hemar Y (January 2014). "Inactivation of microorganisms by low-frequency high-power ultrasound: 1. Effect of growth phase and capsule properties of the bacteria".
1411:"Genotyping and phenotyping of Lactococcus garvieae isolates from fish by pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and electron microscopy indicate geographical and capsular variations"
168:. Immunity to one capsule type does not result in immunity to the other types. Capsules also help cells adhere to surfaces. As a group where the capsule is present they are known as
350:
Maneval's capsule stain: the capsule appears as a clear halo between the pink-stained bacterium and the bluish-grey stained background. The background stain is the acidic stain
132:. The structure of the capsule prevents the stain from penetrating the cell. When viewed, bacterial capsules appear as a bright halo around the cell on a dark background.
55:, and is thus deemed part of the outer envelope of a bacterial cell. It is a well-organized layer, not easily washed off, and it can be the cause of various diseases.
1038:"Two variants among Haemophilus influenzae serotype b strains with distinct bcs4, hcsA and hcsB genes display differences in expression of the polysaccharide capsule"
621:
772:
152:). The capsule can protect cells from engulfment by eukaryotic cells, such as macrophages. A capsule-specific antibody may be required for
1630:"Capsule gene analysis of invasive Haemophilus influenzae: accuracy of serotyping and prevalence of IS1016 among nontypeable isolates"
899:"Role of bacterial capsule in local and systemic inflammatory responses of mice during pulmonary infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae"
396:). However, polysaccharides are not highly antigenic, especially in children, so many capsular vaccines contain polysaccharides
283:
produces a polysaccharide capsule of nine antigenic types that all contain sialic acid (Ia, Ib, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII).
1612:
2334:
629:
608:
1409:
Rao, Shreesha; Chen, Mei-Yun; Sudpraseart, Chiranan; Lin, Peiry; Yoshida, Terutoyo; Wang, Pei-Chi; Chen, Shih-Chu (2022).
1089:"The algR gene, which regulates mucoidy in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, belongs to a class of environmentally responsive genes"
2101:
1841:
1362:"The Streptococcus pneumoniae capsule inhibits complement activity and neutrophil phagocytosis by multiple mechanisms"
2434:
453:
105:
2091:
2018:
23:
The outer red layer in this diagram is the capsule, which is distinct from the cell envelope. This bacterium is
2215:
1946:
694:
Daffé M, Etienne G (1999). "The capsule of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its implications for pathogenicity".
1603:
Rudolph K (1996). "Chapter 3: Pseudomonas synringae pathovars". In Singh RP, Kohmoto K, Singh US (eds.).
344:
1138:"Salmonella produces an O-antigen capsule regulated by AgfD and important for environmental persistence"
2056:
287:
776:
557:"Streptococcus pneumoniae capsule determines disease severity in experimental pneumococcal meningitis"
2408:
1036:
Schouls L, van der Heide H, Witteveen S, Zomer B, van der Ende A, Burger M, Schot C (February 2008).
326:
490:
2210:
2133:
2096:
1892:
417:
279:
267:
67:
347:: the capsule appears as a clear halo around the bacterium as the ink can't penetrate the capsule.
797:
Ganesh K, Allam M, Wolter N, Bratcher HB, Harrison OB, Lucidarme J, et al. (February 2017).
318:
228:
2286:
2205:
2184:
1834:
331:
255:
214:
207:
193:
63:
59:
24:
2429:
2326:
1968:
848:
Harrison OB, Claus H, Jiang Y, Bennett JS, Bratcher HB, Jolley KA, et al. (April 2013).
294:
200:
1187:"Variation in the Complex Carbohydrate Biosynthesis Loci of Acinetobacter baumannii Genomes"
799:"Molecular characterization of invasive capsule null Neisseria meningitidis in South Africa"
2166:
2041:
2024:
1862:
1422:
1198:
738:
513:
301:
272:
1554:
Casadevall A, Coelho C, Cordero RJ, Dragotakes Q, Jung E, Vij R, Wear MP (December 2019).
8:
2291:
2176:
2171:
2064:
2034:
1887:
1872:
1136:
Gibson DL, White AP, Snyder SD, Martin S, Heiss C, Azadi P, et al. (November 2006).
240:
1426:
1410:
1202:
742:
517:
2321:
2220:
2029:
1941:
1934:
1801:
1776:
1752:
1727:
1703:
1678:
1654:
1629:
1580:
1555:
1490:
1465:
1446:
1386:
1361:
1337:
1312:
1288:
1253:
1229:
1186:
1162:
1137:
1064:
1037:
1013:
988:
964:
939:
874:
849:
825:
798:
671:
644:
581:
556:
537:
478:
405:
248:
124:
71:
1113:
1088:
897:
Yoshida K, Matsumoto T, Tateda K, Uchida K, Tsujimoto S, Yamaguchi K (November 2000).
750:
2398:
2227:
2194:
2051:
2046:
2004:
1951:
1827:
1806:
1792:
1757:
1708:
1659:
1608:
1585:
1536:
1531:
1514:
1495:
1450:
1438:
1391:
1342:
1293:
1275:
1234:
1216:
1167:
1118:
1069:
1018:
969:
920:
879:
830:
754:
711:
676:
586:
529:
459:
449:
422:
397:
363:
90:
1104:
1004:
541:
271:
has at least 91 different capsular serotypes. These serotypes are the basis for the
2113:
1989:
1924:
1796:
1788:
1747:
1739:
1698:
1690:
1649:
1641:
1575:
1567:
1526:
1485:
1477:
1430:
1381:
1373:
1332:
1324:
1283:
1265:
1224:
1206:
1157:
1149:
1108:
1100:
1059:
1049:
1008:
1000:
959:
951:
910:
869:
861:
820:
810:
746:
703:
666:
656:
576:
568:
525:
521:
185:
145:
1743:
1571:
140:
The bacterial capsule serves as a shield, giving protection from toxins, and from
2339:
2238:
2123:
1999:
1929:
1882:
1211:
915:
898:
661:
401:
392:
306:
260:
1185:
Kenyon, Johanna J.; Hall, Ruth M. (2013-04-16). de Crécy-Lagard, Valerie (ed.).
1994:
1958:
244:
for example, synthesizes a capsule composed of polypeptide and polysaccharides.
111:
48:
1254:"Diversity and Function of Capsular Polysaccharide in Acinetobacter baumannii"
815:
443:
2423:
2348:
2233:
2189:
2161:
2152:
2142:
2118:
2014:
1279:
1270:
1220:
386:
380:
119:
52:
32:
28:
148:
because it enhances the ability of bacteria to cause disease (e.g. prevents
95:
functions of both capsules and slime layers are for protection and adhesion.
2378:
2363:
2243:
1984:
1902:
1850:
1810:
1761:
1712:
1663:
1589:
1540:
1499:
1442:
1395:
1346:
1297:
1238:
1171:
1087:
Deretic V, Dikshit R, Konyecsni WM, Chakrabarty AM, Misra TK (March 1989).
1073:
1054:
1022:
973:
924:
883:
865:
834:
758:
715:
707:
680:
590:
533:
463:
153:
149:
1122:
955:
938:
Dorman MJ, Feltwell T, Goulding DA, Parkhill J, Short FL (November 2018).
354:(which changes color to bluish-grey due to the pH), and the pink stain is
2266:
1819:
1694:
1645:
1481:
1377:
1328:
1313:"Capsule Prolongs Survival of Streptococcus pneumoniae during Starvation"
555:
Hathaway LJ, Grandgirard D, Valente LG, TĂ€uber MG, Leib SL (March 2016).
375:
161:
141:
80:
75:
16:
Polysaccharide layer that lies outside the cell envelope in many bacteria
1607:. Vol. 1: Prokaryotes (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
1153:
572:
2373:
2358:
2276:
2009:
642:
325:
Capsules too small to be seen with an ordinary microscope, such as the
221:
165:
84:
1434:
1252:
Singh, Jennifer K.; Adams, Felise G.; Brown, Melissa H. (2019-01-09).
850:"Description and nomenclature of Neisseria meningitidis capsule locus"
2368:
2199:
2157:
2069:
1963:
351:
129:
1877:
1854:
729:
Lindberg AA (November 1999). "Polyosides (encapsulated bacteria)".
378:
using capsular material is effective against some organisms (e.g.,
355:
44:
1679:"In Silico Serotyping of the Haemophilus influenzae Capsule Locus"
1360:
Hyams C, Camberlein E, Cohen JM, Bax K, Brown JS (February 2010).
1086:
1035:
83:. Capsule and slime layer are sometimes summarized under the term
19:
2307:
2271:
1907:
1553:
180:
The capsule is found most commonly among gram-negative bacteria:
157:
554:
2353:
2108:
1515:"Molecular architecture of the Cryptococcus neoformans capsule"
643:
Santos-LĂłpez A, RodrĂguez-BeltrĂĄn J, San MillĂĄn Ă (July 2021).
305:
synthesizes capsular gene clusters and some time synthesizes a
937:
235:
However, some gram-positive bacteria may also have a capsule:
2281:
314:
896:
1628:
Satola SW, Collins JT, Napier R, Farley MM (October 2007).
1466:"The Cryptococcus neoformans capsule: a sword and a shield"
1310:
989:"Capsule and fimbria interaction in Klebsiella pneumoniae"
1627:
1311:
Hamaguchi S, Zafar MA, Cammer M, Weiser JN (March 2018).
987:
Schembri MA, Blom J, Krogfelt KA, Klemm P (August 2005).
986:
847:
796:
106:
Polysaccharide § Bacterial capsular polysaccharides
1359:
1135:
503:
645:"The bacterial capsule is a gatekeeper for mobile DNA"
408:. This stimulates a much more robust immune response.
1605:
1512:
1408:
114:, but some species use other materials, such as poly-
940:"Klebsiella pneumoniae Defined by density-TraDISort"
731:
Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des
Sciences, SĂ©rie III
1725:
1463:
448:. University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
1726:Tzeng YL, Thomas J, Stephens DS (September 2016).
425:, a method to visualize capsule under a microscope
1728:"Regulation of capsule in Neisseria meningitidis"
322:, though not a bacterium, has a similar capsule.
2421:
1513:Gates MA, Thorkildson P, Kozel TR (April 2004).
1251:
66:âis different from the second lipid membrane â
1835:
1506:
1029:
890:
775:. Textbookofbacteriology.net. Archived from
693:
338:
1849:
1842:
1828:
1184:
27:, as its cell envelope comprises a single
1800:
1774:
1751:
1702:
1676:
1653:
1579:
1530:
1489:
1385:
1336:
1287:
1269:
1228:
1210:
1161:
1112:
1063:
1053:
1012:
963:
914:
873:
824:
814:
670:
660:
580:
728:
441:
110:Most bacterial capsules are composed of
89:
18:
1602:
722:
435:
156:to occur. They also exclude bacterial
58:The capsuleâwhich can be found in both
2422:
1823:
1464:O'Meara TR, Alspaugh JA (July 2012).
622:"Basteria: Capsules and Slime Layers"
370:
2404:
1781:Clinical and Experimental Immunology
170:polysaccharide encapsulated bacteria
43:is a large structure common to many
636:
400:with protein carriers, such as the
13:
14:
2446:
2403:
2394:
2393:
1793:10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01109.x
1732:Critical Reviews in Microbiology
1683:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
1634:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
1532:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2003.03957.x
2092:Bacterial cellular morphologies
1768:
1719:
1677:Watts SC, Holt KE (June 2019).
1670:
1621:
1596:
1547:
1457:
1402:
1353:
1304:
1245:
1178:
1129:
1105:10.1128/jb.171.3.1278-1283.1989
1080:
1005:10.1128/IAI.73.8.4626-4633.2005
980:
931:
903:Journal of Medical Microbiology
841:
790:
35:-containing cell wall (purple).
765:
687:
614:
597:
548:
526:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.06.006
497:
99:
1:
1744:10.3109/1040841X.2015.1022507
1572:10.1080/21505594.2018.1431087
1470:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
751:10.1016/s0764-4469(00)87188-7
429:
1775:Goldblatt D (January 2000).
1212:10.1371/journal.pone.0062160
916:10.1099/0022-1317-49-11-1003
854:Emerging Infectious Diseases
662:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001308
609:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
335:, are called microcapsules.
175:
51:layer that lies outside the
7:
411:
135:
10:
2451:
2335:Bacteria (classifications)
2057:Primary nutritional groups
773:"Meningococcal meningitis"
288:Staphylococcus epidermidis
172:or encapsulated bacteria.
103:
2389:
2320:
2300:
2252:
2141:
2132:
2084:
1977:
1915:
1901:
1861:
1556:"Cryptococcus neoformans"
1258:Frontiers in Microbiology
816:10.1186/s12866-017-0942-5
696:Tubercle and Lung Disease
506:Ultrasonics Sonochemistry
2435:Prokaryotic cell anatomy
2211:Bacterial outer membrane
1415:Journal of Fish Diseases
1271:10.3389/fmicb.2018.03301
418:Bacterial cell structure
339:Demonstration of capsule
280:Streptococcus agalactiae
268:Streptococcus pneumoniae
164:toxic materials such as
68:bacterial outer membrane
1142:Journal of Bacteriology
1093:Journal of Bacteriology
626:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
319:Cryptococcus neoformans
229:Acinetobacter baumannii
2206:Gram-negative bacteria
2185:Gram-positive bacteria
1519:Molecular Microbiology
1366:Infection and Immunity
1317:Infection and Immunity
1055:10.1186/1471-2180-8-35
993:Infection and Immunity
866:10.3201/eid1904.111799
708:10.1054/tuld.1998.0200
445:Bacterial Pathogenesis
332:Streptococcus pyogenes
256:Streptococcus pyogenes
215:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
208:Haemophilus influenzae
194:Neisseria meningitidis
96:
64:gram-positive bacteria
36:
2061:Substrate preference
956:10.1128/mBio.01863-18
295:Staphylococcus aureus
273:pneumococcal vaccines
201:Klebsiella pneumoniae
104:Further information:
93:
31:(orange) and a thick
22:
2042:Microbial metabolism
1777:"Conjugate vaccines"
1695:10.1128/JCM.00190-19
1646:10.1128/JCM.00794-07
1482:10.1128/CMR.00001-12
1378:10.1128/IAI.00881-09
1329:10.1128/IAI.00802-17
442:Peterson JW (1996).
302:Lactococcus garvieae
2292:Non-motile bacteria
1888:Pathogenic bacteria
1427:2022JFDis..45..771R
1203:2013PLoSO...862160K
1154:10.1128/JB.00809-06
743:1999CRASG.322..925L
604:"bacterial capsule"
573:10.1098/rsob.150269
518:2014UltS...21..446G
241:Bacillus megaterium
72:lipopolysaccharides
2221:Lipopolysaccharide
371:Use in vaccination
345:India ink staining
249:Bacillus anthracis
125:Bacillus anthracis
97:
37:
2417:
2416:
2316:
2315:
2262:Bacterial capsule
2228:Periplasmic space
2195:Lipoteichoic acid
2080:
2079:
2052:Microbial ecology
2047:Nitrogen fixation
1614:978-0-08-098473-5
1435:10.1111/jfd.13601
423:Quellung reaction
406:diphtheria toxoid
364:quellung reaction
189:(in some strains)
117:
70:, which contains
41:bacterial capsule
2442:
2407:
2406:
2397:
2396:
2345:Former groupings
2139:
2138:
1990:Human microbiome
1913:
1912:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1804:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1755:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1706:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1657:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1583:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1534:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1493:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1389:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1340:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1291:
1273:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1214:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1165:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1116:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1067:
1057:
1042:BMC Microbiology
1033:
1027:
1026:
1016:
984:
978:
977:
967:
935:
929:
928:
918:
894:
888:
887:
877:
845:
839:
838:
828:
818:
803:BMC Microbiology
794:
788:
787:
785:
784:
769:
763:
762:
726:
720:
719:
691:
685:
684:
674:
664:
640:
634:
633:
628:. Archived from
618:
612:
601:
595:
594:
584:
552:
546:
545:
501:
495:
494:
488:
484:
482:
474:
472:
470:
439:
186:Escherichia coli
146:virulence factor
115:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2385:
2340:Bacterial phyla
2324:
2312:
2296:
2254:
2248:
2239:Arabinogalactan
2144:
2128:
2076:
1973:
1917:
1905:
1897:
1883:Lysogenic cycle
1864:
1857:
1848:
1818:
1773:
1769:
1724:
1720:
1675:
1671:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1601:
1597:
1552:
1548:
1511:
1507:
1462:
1458:
1407:
1403:
1358:
1354:
1309:
1305:
1250:
1246:
1183:
1179:
1148:(22): 7722â30.
1134:
1130:
1085:
1081:
1034:
1030:
985:
981:
936:
932:
909:(11): 1003â10.
895:
891:
846:
842:
795:
791:
782:
780:
771:
770:
766:
727:
723:
692:
688:
655:(7): e3001308.
641:
637:
620:
619:
615:
602:
598:
553:
549:
502:
498:
486:
485:
476:
475:
468:
466:
456:
440:
436:
432:
414:
393:N. meningitidis
373:
341:
307:hyaluronic acid
261:hyaluronic acid
178:
138:
108:
102:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2448:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2401:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2356:
2351:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2097:cell structure
2088:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2070:Saccharophilic
2067:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1959:Microaerophile
1956:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1921:
1919:
1910:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1859:
1858:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1824:
1817:
1816:
1767:
1718:
1669:
1640:(10): 3230â8.
1620:
1613:
1595:
1566:(1): 822â831.
1546:
1505:
1476:(3): 387â408.
1456:
1421:(6): 771â781.
1401:
1352:
1303:
1244:
1177:
1128:
1099:(3): 1278â83.
1079:
1028:
999:(8): 4626â33.
979:
930:
889:
840:
789:
764:
737:(11): 925â32.
721:
686:
635:
632:on 2013-03-08.
613:
596:
547:
496:
487:|website=
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120:glutamic acid
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60:gram negative
56:
54:
53:cell envelope
50:
46:
42:
34:
33:peptidoglycan
30:
29:cell membrane
26:
25:gram-positive
21:
2430:Bacteriology
2379:Mendosicutes
2364:Gracilicutes
2344:
2261:
2244:Mycolic acid
2234:Mycobacteria
2232:
2204:
2183:
2119:Coccobacilli
2019:in pregnancy
1985:Extremophile
1969:Aerotolerant
1903:Biochemistry
1865:microbiology
1851:Microbiology
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630:the original
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154:phagocytosis
150:phagocytosis
139:
123:
109:
76:lipoproteins
57:
40:
38:
2267:Slime layer
1947:Facultative
1935:Facultative
376:Vaccination
162:hydrophobic
100:Composition
81:slime layer
2424:Categories
2374:Mollicutes
2369:Firmicutes
2359:Prokaryota
2277:Glycocalyx
2102:plasticity
2065:Lipophilic
1918:preference
1893:Resistance
1787:(1): 1â3.
783:2014-01-22
469:17 January
430:References
398:conjugated
222:Salmonella
166:detergents
142:drying out
85:glycocalyx
47:. It is a
2327:evolution
2301:Composite
2200:Endospore
2158:Cell wall
2134:Structure
2025:Placental
1964:Nanaerobe
1942:Anaerobic
1873:Infection
1560:Virulence
1451:247220475
1280:1664-302X
1221:1932-6203
1048:(1): 35.
809:(1): 40.
649:PLOS Biol
489:ignored (
479:cite book
352:Congo red
327:M protein
176:Diversity
160:and most
130:India ink
2399:Category
2322:Taxonomy
2255:envelope
2145:envelope
2035:Salivary
1952:Obligate
1930:Obligate
1878:Exotoxin
1855:Bacteria
1811:10671089
1762:26089023
1713:30944197
1664:17699642
1590:29436899
1541:15049807
1500:22763631
1443:35235703
1396:19948837
1347:29311231
1298:30687280
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1239:23614028
1191:PLOS ONE
1172:17079680
1074:18298818
1023:16040975
974:30459193
925:11073154
884:23628376
835:28222677
759:10646085
716:10656114
681:34228713
591:27009189
542:24149924
534:23835398
464:21413346
412:See also
384:type b,
356:fuchsine
309:capsule.
263:capsule.
136:Function
45:bacteria
2409:Commons
2308:Biofilm
2287:Fimbria
2272:S-layer
2253:Outside
2114:Bacilli
2030:Uterine
2015:Vaginal
1925:Aerobic
1908:ecology
1863:Medical
1802:1905528
1753:4893341
1704:6535587
1655:2045354
1581:6779390
1491:3416491
1423:Bibcode
1387:2812187
1338:5820961
1289:6333632
1230:3628348
1199:Bibcode
1163:1636306
1123:2493441
1065:2267795
1014:1201234
965:6247091
875:3647402
826:5320719
739:Bibcode
672:8260180
582:4821241
514:Bibcode
158:viruses
2354:Monera
2124:Spiral
1916:Oxygen
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2216:Porin
2208:only:
2187:only:
2109:Cocci
2085:Shape
2005:Mouth
1978:Other
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1447:S2CID
1323:(3).
950:(6).
538:S2CID
315:yeast
2325:and
2143:Cell
2010:Skin
2000:Lung
1906:and
1807:PMID
1758:PMID
1709:PMID
1660:PMID
1609:ISBN
1586:PMID
1537:PMID
1496:PMID
1439:PMID
1392:PMID
1343:PMID
1294:PMID
1276:ISSN
1235:PMID
1217:ISSN
1168:PMID
1119:PMID
1070:PMID
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970:PMID
944:mBio
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880:PMID
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712:PMID
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530:PMID
491:help
471:2018
460:PMID
450:ISBN
313:The
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2177:DAP
2172:NAG
2167:NAM
1995:Gut
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1478:doi
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1333:PMC
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