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continued to be used in a pejorative meaning, often in a situation when a lord spoke to dependent people or even to lesser nobles. Also the word acquired a meaning of "one who stinks", with the related verb
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encompassed the whole rural population of a given region. Sources of the 14th and 15th centuries refer to
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The
Peasant in Nineteenth-century Russia - Wayne S. Vucinich, John Shelton Curtiss - Google Książki
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were peasants who gradually lost their freedom (partially or completely) and whose
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comes from a common Indo-European root meaning "ordinary man" or "dependent man".
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as a denotation for peasants and other commonfolk was replaced with the word
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During the 12th and the 13th centuries a number of sources mention the
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Serf in the medieval Slavic states of
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540:"Smerdy" in The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition
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493:Vucinich, Wayne S.; Curtiss, John Shelton (1968).
394:had to provide labor services and to pay tribute (
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390:against their master. Also,
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282:. Etymologically, the word
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825:Society of Kievan Rus'
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
437:Mongol yoke
433:Öz Beg Khan
415:), meaning
376:proprietors
374:as peasant-
272:Kievan Rus'
262:East Europe
252:-dependent
143:(sovereign)
819:Categories
457:śmierdzieć
412:крестьянин
407:krestyanin
167:(retainer)
164:Druzhinnik
69:newspapers
702:Ukrainian
449:smerdet'
380:patronage
280:smardones
830:Peasants
463:See also
453:смердеть
360:Novgorod
303:property
258:medieval
154:Szlachta
705:history
474:Serfdom
469:Villein
427:of the
417:peasant
358:and in
278:as the
256:in the
246:peasant
187:(slave)
157:(noble)
83:scholar
58:"Smerd"
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431:under
392:smerds
388:smerds
382:. The
368:smerds
352:smerdy
339:smerds
324:kholop
315:rights
311:smerds
299:slaves
291:smerdy
276:Poland
250:feudal
241:smerdǔ
233:смердъ
184:Kholop
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56:
770:This
700:This
570:This
480:Notes
444:smerd
403:smerd
384:knyaz
372:Pskov
364:smerd
344:knyaz
330:knyaz
319:smerd
307:fines
295:legal
284:smerd
225:smerd
174:Smerd
150:Boyar
140:Knyaz
90:JSTOR
76:books
776:stub
709:stub
639:stub
576:stub
501:ISBN
396:dan'
274:and
254:serf
62:news
455:or
45:by
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