689:
represented only about 9% of world economic output. If all international trade had been eliminated and no domestic use found for previously exported goods, world GDP would have fallen by the same amount: 9 percent. Between 1930 and 1933, the volume of world trade fell by between a third and a half. Depending on how the drop is measured, this equates to between 3 and 5 percent of global GDP, and these losses were partially offset by more expensive domestic goods. Thus, the damage caused could not have exceeded 1 or 2 percent of global GDP, or even close to the 17 percent drop seen during the Great
Depression... The inescapable conclusion: Contrary to public perception, Smoot–Hawley did not cause, or even significantly deepened, the Great Depression.
667:
countries have experienced, we would have seen the opposite". "Finally, the chronology of events does not correspond to the thesis of the free traders... The bulk of the contraction of trade occurred between
January 1930 and July 1932, that is, before the introduction of protectionist measures, even self-sufficient, in some countries, with the exception of those applied in the United States in the summer of 1930, but with negative effects. very limited. He noted that "the credit crunch is one of the main causes of the trade crunch." "In fact, international liquidity is the cause of the trade contraction. This liquidity collapsed in 1930 (−35.7%) and 1931 (−26.7%). A study by the
329:
43:
615:
663:, since exports and imports will decrease equally, for everyone, the negative effect of a decrease in exports will be offset by the expansionary effect of a decrease in imports. Therefore, a trade war does not cause a recession. Furthermore, he points out that the Smoot–Hawley tariff did not cause the Great Depression. The decline in trade between 1929 and 1933 "was almost entirely a consequence of the Depression, not a cause. Trade barriers were a response to the Depression, partly as a consequence of deflation."
652:, the period before the crisis in Europe can be considered to have been preceded by trade liberalization. The weighted average of tariffs applied to manufactured products remained practically the same as in the years before the First World War: 24.6% in 1913, compared to 24.9% in 1927. In addition, in 1928 and 1929, tariffs were reduced in almost all developed countries. Additionally, the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act was signed by Hoover on June 17, 1930, while the Wall Street Crash occurred in the fall of 1929.
452:
3239:
3723:
794:
that only seven nations had a lower tariff level than the United States (5.1%), and eleven nations had free and dutiable tariff rates higher than the Smoot–Hawley peak of 19.8% including the United
Kingdom (25.6%). The 43-country average was 14.4%, which was 0.9% higher than the U.S. level of 1929, demonstrating that few nations were reciprocating in reducing their levels as the United States reduced its own.
366:. Another contributing factor to economic growth was motorcars, trucks, and tractors replacing horses and mules. One sixth to one quarter of farmland, which had been devoted to feeding horses and mules, was freed up, contributing to a surplus in farm produce. Although nominal and real wages had increased, they did not keep up with the
355:, and to move in the opposite direction." Vast debts and reparations could be repaid only through gold, services, or goods, but the only items available on that scale were goods. However, many of the delegates' governments did the opposite; in 1928, France was the first by passing a new tariff law and quota system.
790:(GATT) moved more quickly, with an agreement signed in October 1947; in the end, the United States never signed the ITO agreement. Adding a multilateral "most-favored-nation" component to that of reciprocity, the GATT served as a framework for the gradual reduction of tariffs over the subsequent half century.
862:
or/and indentured labor under penal sanctions shall not be entitled to entry at any of the ports of the United States" with a specific exception known as the "consumptive demand exception", which allowed forced labor-based imports of goods where United States domestic production was not sufficient to
793:
Postwar changes to the Smoot–Hawley tariffs reflected a general tendency of the United States to reduce its tariff levels unilaterally while its trading partners retained their high levels. The
American Tariff League Study of 1951 compared the free and dutiable tariff rates of 43 countries. It found
574:
Threats of retaliation by other countries began long before the bill was enacted into law in June 1930. As the House of
Representatives passed it in May 1929, boycotts broke out, and foreign governments moved to increase rates against American products, although rates could be increased or decreased
696:
explains that a tariff is an expansive policy, like a devaluation, since it diverts demand from foreign to domestic producers. He points out that exports represented 7% of the GNP in 1929, fell by 1.5% of the GNP of 1929 in the following two years and the fall was offset by the increase in domestic
666:
Jacques Sapir explains that the crisis has other causes than protectionism. He points out that "domestic production in major industrialized countries is declining...faster than international trade is declining." If this decrease (in international trade) had been the cause of the depression that the
632:
In the two-volume series published by the US Bureau of the Census, "The
Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Bicentennial Edition", tariff rates have been represented in two forms. The dutiable tariff rate peak of 1932 was 59.1%, second only to the 61.7% rate of 1830.
570:
Most of the decline in trade was due to a plunge in GDP in the US and worldwide. However, beyond that was additional decline. Some countries protested and others also retaliated with trade restrictions and tariffs. American exports to the protesters fell 18% and exports to those who retaliated fell
495:
The House passed a version of the act in May 1929, increasing tariffs on agricultural and industrial goods alike. The House bill passed on a vote of 264 to 147, with 244 Republicans and 20 Democrats voting in favor of the bill. The Senate debated its bill until March 1930, with many members trading
720:
US imports decreased 66% from $ 4.4 billion (1929) to $ 1.5 billion (1933), and exports decreased 61% from $ 5.4 billion to $ 2.1 billion. GNP fell from $ 103.1 billion in 1929 to $ 75.8 billion in 1931 and bottomed out at $ 55.6 billion in 1933. Imports from Europe decreased from a 1929 high of $
552:
While Hoover joined the economists in opposing the bill, calling it "vicious, extortionate, and obnoxious" because he felt it would undermine the commitment he had pledged to international cooperation, he eventually signed the bill after he yielded to influence from his own party, his
Cabinet (who
763:
of 1934. This act allowed the
President to negotiate tariff reductions on a bilateral basis and treated such a tariff agreement as regular legislation, requiring a majority, rather than as a treaty requiring a two-thirds vote. This was one of the core components of the trade negotiating framework
688:
Between 1929 and 1932, real GDP fell 17% worldwide, and 26% in the United States, but most economic historians now believe that only one A minuscule part of that huge loss in both world GDP and US GDP can be attributed to tariff wars. ... At the time of Smoot–Hawley's passage, the volume of trade
636:
However, 63% of all imports in 1933 were not taxed, which the dutiable tariff rate does not reflect. The free and dutiable rate in 1929 was 13.5% and peaked under Smoot–Hawley in 1933 at 19.8%, one-third below the average 29.7% "free and dutiable rate" in the United States from 1821 to 1900.
384:
in late 1929, the main goal of the US was to protect its jobs and farmers from foreign competition. Smoot championed another tariff increase within the United States in 1929, which became the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Bill. In his memoirs, Smoot made it abundantly
377:, and although manufactured goods imports were rising, manufactured exports were rising even faster. Food exports had been falling and were in trade account deficit, but the value of food imports were a little over half of the value of manufactured imports.
724:
Unemployment was 8% in 1930 when the Smoot–Hawley Act was passed, but the new law failed to lower it. The rate jumped to 16% in 1931 and 25% in 1932–1933. There is some contention about whether this can necessarily be attributed to the tariff, however.
578:
In May 1930, Canada, the country's most loyal trading partner, retaliated by imposing new tariffs on 16 products that accounted altogether for around 30% of US exports to Canada. Canada later also forged closer economic links with the
590:
The depression worsened for workers and farmers despite Smoot and Hawley's promises of prosperity from high tariffs; consequently, Hawley lost re-nomination, while Smoot was one of 12 Republican
Senators who lost their seats in the
2048:
316:. The Act prompted retaliatory tariffs by many other countries. The Act and tariffs imposed by America's trading partners in retaliation were major factors of the reduction of American exports and imports by 67% during the
3748:
658:
writes that protectionism does not lead to recessions. According to him, the decrease in imports (which can be obtained by introducing tariffs) has an expansive effect, that is, it is favorable to growth. Thus, in a
500:
then unified the two versions, largely by raising tariffs to the higher levels passed by the House. The House passed the conference bill on a vote of 222 to 153, with the support of 208 Republicans and 14 Democrats.
3678:
2091:
H.R. 1903 (114th): To amend the Tariff Act of 1930 to eliminate the consumptive demand exception to prohibition on importation of goods made with convict labor, forced labor, or indentured labor, and for other
721:
1.3 billion to just $ 390 million during 1932, and US exports to Europe decreased from $ 2.3 billion in 1929 to $ 784 million in 1932. Overall, world trade decreased by some 66% between 1929 and 1934.
671:
highlights the predominant influence of currency instability (which led to the international liquidity crisis) and the sudden rise in transportation costs in the decline of trade during the 1930s.
575:
by the Senate or by the conference committee. By
September 1929, Hoover's administration had received protest notes from 23 trading partners, but the threats of retaliatory actions were ignored.
3698:
3643:
2023:
2052:
1662:
Estevadeordal, Antoni; Frantz, Brian; Taylor, Alan M. (November 2002). The Rise and Fall of World Trade, 1870–1939 (Report). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
3703:
3074:
1278:"1,028 Economists Ask Hoover To Veto Pending Tariff Bill: Professors in 179 Colleges and Other Leaders Assail Rise in Rates as Harmful to Country and Sure to Bring Reprisals"
3603:
709:, "Factory payrolls, construction contracts, and industrial production all increased sharply." However, larger economic problems loomed in the guise of weak banks. When the
53:
An Act To provide revenue, to regulate commerce with foreign countries, to encourage the industries of the United States, to protect American labor, and for other purposes.
3285:
831:
made news when, during a speech, she referred to the Smoot–Hawley Tariff as "the Hoot–Smalley Act", misattributed its signing to Franklin Roosevelt, and blamed it for the
1277:
743:, who emphasized the central role of the money supply in causing the depression, considered the Smoot–Hawley Act to be only a minor cause for the US Great Depression.
648:
The years 1920 to 1929 are widely described, incorrectly, as years in which protectionism gained ground in Europe. In fact, from a general point of view, according to
3608:
854:
Prior to 2016, the Tariff Act provided that "ll goods, wares, articles, and merchandise mined, produced, or manufactured wholly or in part in any foreign country by
2532:
Mitchener, Kris James, Kirsten Wandschneider, and Kevin Hjortshøj O'Rourke. "The Smoot–Hawley Trade War" (No. w28616. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2021)
1541:
U.S. imports for consumption, duties collected, and ratio of duties to value, 1891–2016. U.S. imports for consumption under tariff preference programs, 1976–2016
3628:
3558:
1907:
767:
After World War II, that understanding supported a push towards multilateral trading agreements that would prevent similar situations in the future. While the
441:
3618:
1504:
606:
Nations other than Canada that enacted retaliatory tariffs included: Cuba, Mexico, France, Italy, Spain, Argentina, Australia, New Zealand, and Switzerland.
2066:
496:
votes based on their states' industries. The Senate bill passed on a vote of 44 to 42, with 39 Republicans and 5 Democrats voting in favor of the bill. The
3693:
440:'s promises was to help beleaguered farmers by increasing tariffs on agricultural products. Hoover won, and Republicans maintained comfortable majorities
4189:
373:
Senator Smoot contended that raising the tariff on imports would alleviate the overproduction problem, but the United States had actually been running a
3683:
2905:
2155:
1992:
320:. Economists and economic historians have a consensus view that the passage of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff worsened the effects of the Great Depression.
4194:
3543:
3533:
2900:
1783:
497:
3578:
174:
2033:
1194:
4184:
3663:
3613:
3049:
2185:
Archibald, Robert B.; Feldman, David H. (1998), "Investment During the Great Depression: Uncertainty and the Role of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff",
3927:
1326:
406:
3648:
3513:
509:
In May 1930, a petition was signed by 1,028 economists in the United States asking President Hoover to veto the legislation, organized by
3488:
2917:
2541:
3975:
2656:
3588:
3583:
3573:
3523:
2745:
2736:
178:
587:
of 1932, while France and Britain protested and developed new trade partners, and Germany developed a system of trade via clearing.
4199:
3548:
3172:
3167:
2686:
681:
writes: "Most economists, liberal and conservative alike, doubt that Smoot Hawley had much to do with the subsequent contraction."
433:
2451:
McDonald, Judith; O'Brien, Anthony Patrick; Callahan, Colleen (1997), "Trade Wars: Canada's Reaction to the Smoot–Hawley Tariff",
3733:
3054:
2958:
2910:
2707:
348:
4114:
3897:
3758:
3638:
787:
291:
4119:
3922:
3743:
3708:
3276:
3013:
2846:
2364:
1746:
1719:
1692:
1590:
1290:
1045:
871:'s amendment bill, which was incorporated into the Trade Facilitation and Trade Enforcement Act of 2015, signed by President
1607:
3688:
697:
demand due to tariffs. He concludes that, contrary to popular argument, the contractionary effect of the tariff was small.
668:
26:
4099:
3932:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3139:
2719:
1912:
815:
803:
600:
596:
592:
4074:
771:
of 1944 focused on foreign exchange and did not directly address tariffs, those involved wanted a similar framework for
3623:
3333:
2765:
950:
839:
627:
584:
510:
264:
30:
4209:
4158:
4094:
3528:
3433:
2977:
2851:
2620:
2568:
2524:
2386:
2264:
2233:
Crucini, Mario J.; Kahn, James (1996), "Tariffs and Aggregate Economic Activity: Lessons from the Great Depression",
1793:
1471:
1399:
1365:
1172:
843:
556:
In retaliation, Canada and other countries raised their own tariffs on American goods after the bill had become law.
426:
4109:
4028:
3768:
3753:
3463:
3103:
2948:
2755:
780:
752:
623:
160:
22:
3673:
3428:
2895:
2890:
1073:
939:
760:
117:
109:
3008:
4018:
3998:
3968:
3633:
3044:
2965:
2750:
2710:
2129:
4179:
4049:
4044:
3718:
3713:
3653:
3568:
3553:
3468:
3398:
3095:
1066:"Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions"
732:, when "the American economy expanded at an unprecedented rate", that unemployment fell below 1930s levels.
3917:
3912:
3867:
3857:
3323:
3318:
2982:
2817:
2731:
2679:
2423:
Koyama, Kumiko (2009), "The Passage of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act: Why Did the President Sign the Bill?",
2371:
1416:
2873:
977:
4104:
3882:
3598:
3538:
2777:
1799:
1130:
885:
70:
4069:
4059:
4054:
4023:
3483:
3408:
3069:
2812:
2577:
2487:
Madsen, Jakob B. (2001), "Trade Barriers and the Collapse of World Trade during the Great Depression",
2213:
Crucini, Mario J. (1994), "Sources of variation in real tariff rates: The United States 1900 to 1940",
1871:
1854:
1082:
913:
93:
1257:
4204:
4153:
4084:
4079:
4064:
4003:
3961:
3593:
3503:
3269:
3018:
2970:
2782:
2644:
2533:
1443:
1225:
756:
328:
2648:
2549:
1091:
1065:
549:
said he "almost went down on knees to beg Herbert Hoover to veto the asinine Hawley–Smoot tariff".
3937:
3877:
2792:
1932:
985:
918:
414:
211:
1539:
1336:
640:
The average tariff rate on dutiable imports increased from 40.1% in 1929 to 59.1% in 1932 (+19%).
3343:
3242:
2822:
2672:
1927:
2395:
Kottman, Richard N. (1975), "Herbert Hoover and the Smoot–Hawley Tariff: Canada, A Case Study",
1357:
1351:
3806:
3563:
3508:
3493:
3023:
1391:
1385:
1308:
1086:
893:, playing a high school economics teacher, references the tariff in a lecture to his students.
1682:
677:
was also of the opinion that the 1930 Smoot–Hawley Tariff did not cause the Great Depression.
3892:
3293:
3254:
3228:
2953:
2878:
2797:
2590:
1908:"Statement by the President on the Forthcoming International Conference on Tariffs and Trade"
1736:
559:
518:
394:
339:
in April 1929, shortly before the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act passed the House of Representatives
2104:
1520:
The Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Bicentennial Edition
1518:
42:
3262:
2807:
1040:. Business, society & the state. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 100–103.
768:
445:
351:
met at Geneva in 1927, concluding in its final report: "the time has come to put an end to
284:
614:
8:
4089:
3902:
3872:
3668:
3518:
3498:
3478:
3473:
3458:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3403:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3338:
3328:
3313:
3308:
3303:
2987:
2858:
2802:
1997:
1964:
820:
772:
1812:
1636:
779:
launched this process in November 1945 with negotiations for the creation of a proposed
358:
By the late 1920s, the US economy had made exceptional gains in productivity because of
3728:
3658:
3453:
3194:
3064:
2938:
2770:
2609:
2558:
2504:
2476:
2468:
2440:
2412:
2329:
2321:
2222:
2202:
1969:
1709:
1285:
1217:
1112:
1104:
268:
133:
2247:
1387:
The Age of Giant Corporations: A Microeconomic History of American Business, 1914–1970
1213:
824:. He gave Perot a framed picture of Smoot and Hawley shaking hands after its passage.
541:
trying to convince Hoover to veto the bill, calling it "an economic stupidity", while
3907:
2992:
2943:
2863:
2616:
2564:
2520:
2480:
2444:
2382:
2360:
2313:
2273:
2260:
1993:"Historian Michele Bachmann Blames FDR's 'Hoot–Smalley' Tariffs For Great Depression"
1789:
1742:
1715:
1688:
1586:
1579:
1467:
1395:
1361:
1221:
1168:
1116:
1041:
344:
2333:
846:
calling FATCA "the worst economic idea to come out of Congress since Smoot–Hawley".
717:
failed in 1931, the global deficiencies of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff became apparent.
3984:
3188:
2868:
2496:
2460:
2432:
2404:
2305:
2242:
2194:
2090:
2019:
1663:
1209:
1096:
1014:
832:
828:
546:
418:
398:
381:
374:
332:
317:
294:
219:
197:
156:
102:
954:
755:
campaign platform pledged to lower tariffs. After winning the election, President
227:
3852:
3221:
3206:
3126:
2652:
1490:
Changing Differences: Women and the Shaping of American Foreign Policy, 1917–1994
1442:
Mitchener, Kris James; Wandschneider, Kirsten; O'Rourke, Kevin Hjortshøj (2021),
1331:
1035:
1001:
Mitchener, Kris James; O'Rourke, Kevin Hjortshøj; Wandschneider, Kirsten (2022).
776:
740:
674:
393:
and for its failure to adjust purchasing power to productive capacity during the
363:
359:
215:
187:
3847:
3836:
3831:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
2695:
2074:
1353:
The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance
1061:
580:
437:
313:
312:
below), were the second highest in United States history, exceeded by only the
298:
237:
16:
1930 U.S. trade law placing and raising tariffs on tens of thousands of imports
2464:
2436:
1505:"U.S. Tariffs are among the lowest in the world – and in the nation's history"
1195:"Log-Rolling and Economic Interests in the Passage of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff"
1100:
810:
mentioned the Smoot–Hawley Tariff as a response to NAFTA objections voiced by
735:
Imports during 1929 were only 4.2% of the US GNP, and exports were only 5.0%.
4173:
3942:
3826:
2317:
2028:
1262:
855:
811:
710:
678:
526:
514:
389:
The world is paying for its ruthless destruction of life and property in the
280:
2309:
1875:
3200:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3059:
3028:
2594:
1561:
981:
872:
859:
729:
706:
655:
649:
542:
530:
522:
451:
367:
2290:
3862:
2922:
2841:
2829:
2086:
1960:
1019:
1002:
693:
538:
390:
2156:"Gabriel: Ferris Bueller could teach Trump a thing or two about tariffs"
1537:
4135:
2883:
2834:
2760:
2508:
2472:
2416:
2340:
2325:
2226:
2206:
1108:
943:
901:
736:
595:, with the swing being the largest in Senate history (being equaled in
534:
336:
287:
121:
4013:
3738:
2659:
1525:
Table: Series U207-212 (Part 2 ZIP file: file named CT1970p2-08.pdf).
890:
864:
660:
2560:
Congress and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Economic Policy, 1929–1976
2500:
2408:
2198:
705:
At first, the tariff seemed to be a success. According to historian
4140:
3953:
1813:
U.S. Bureau of the Census; Social Science Research Council (1960),
868:
2065:
Section 307 of the Tariff Act of 1930, quoted in Altschuller, S.,
1815:
Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1957
1667:
1563:
Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1957
1441:
1000:
2664:
2067:
U.S. Congress Finally Eliminates the Consumptive Demand Exception
807:
714:
562:
spoke against the act during his campaign for President in 1932.
2130:"How 'Ferris Bueller's Day Off' prepared us for Trump's tariffs"
1655:
1150:
Mass Production, the Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression
921:(originally enacted as Title III of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act)
422:
352:
302:
164:
3284:
2257:
Opening America's Market: U.S. Foreign Trade Policy since 1776
1928:"Understand the WTO: The GATT years: from Havana to Marrakesh"
1037:
Opening America's Market: U.S. Foreign Trade Policy Since 1776
2357:
Peddling Protectionism: Smoot–Hawley and the Great Depression
1684:
Peddling Protectionism: Smoot–Hawley and the Great Depression
898:
Dave Barry Slept Here: a sort of history of the United States
2276:(1989), "The Political Economy of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff",
1950:. The Devin-Adair Co., 1955, Appendix, Table VI, pp. 188–189
308:
The tariffs under the act, excluding duty-free imports (see
2450:
1417:"What History Has to Say about the 'Winners' in Trade Wars"
410:
2629:
Turney, Elaine C. Prange; Northrup, Cynthia Clark (2003),
2024:"Michelle Bachmann Embraces Ignorance, Reverse Causation"
1661:
1834:
1193:
Irwin, Douglas A.; Randall S. Kroszner (December 1996).
1192:
1538:
Office of Analysis and Research Services (March 2017),
863:
meet consumer demand. The exception was removed under
643:
380:
As the global economy entered the first stages of the
1466:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 246.
1202:
Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy
3014:
Birthplace and childhood home National Historic Site
2341:"The Smoot–Hawley Tariff: A Quantitative Assessment"
2291:"The Smoot–Hawley Tariff: A Quantitative Assessment"
2049:"Senator Rand Paul Introduces Bill to Repeal FATCA!"
1822:
1523:. Vol. Part 2. U.S. Census Bureau. p. 888.
1464:
International Economics: In the Age of Globalization
2259:, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,
1152:. New York, Lincoln, Shanghi: Authors Choice Press.
802:In the discussion leading up to the passage of the
323:
2631:Tariffs and Trade in U.S. History: An Encyclopedia
2608:
2350:, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1996
1894:A monetary history of the United States, 1867–1960
1892:Friedman, Milton; Schwartz, Anna Jacobson (1963).
1741:. Lionel Robbins Lectures. MIT Press. p. 46.
1578:
1451:, National Bureau of Economic Research, No. w28616
959:
283:trade policies in the United States. Sponsored by
94:
2586:– Classic study of passage of Hawley–Smoot Tariff
1817:, Washington, DC: Govt. Print. Office, p. 70
1674:
553:had threatened to resign), and business leaders.
4171:
2901:Presidential transition of Franklin D. Roosevelt
2184:
1891:
1728:
1581:Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes
155:in the House of Representatives as H.R. 2667 by
2576:
1711:A Splendid Exchange: How trade shaped the world
797:
2628:
1487:
1461:
3969:
3270:
2680:
2602:(8th ed.), New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons
2077:, 16 February 2016, accessed 22 November 2020
2012:
1630:
1628:
1379:
1377:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1141:
896:It is also heavily featured in the 2009 book
786:As it happened, separate negotiations on the
2563:, Berkeley: University of California Press,
1876:"Graph of U.S. Unemployment Rate, 1930–1945"
1570:
1462:Brown, Wilson B.; Hogendorn, Jan S. (2000).
1356:, New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, p.
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1167:. Logan, UT: Utah State Press. p. 340.
3050:Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite
2272:
2232:
1687:. Princeton University Press. p. 116.
1034:Eckes, Alfred E. Jr.; Market, O.A. (1995).
1033:
4190:United States federal taxation legislation
3976:
3962:
3286:United States federal taxation legislation
3277:
3263:
2687:
2673:
1855:"The American Economy during World War II"
1853:Tassava, Christopher (February 10, 2008).
1625:
1423:. No. International edition. New York
1374:
1181:
204:Reported by the joint conference committee
2246:
1788:. U.S. Department of State. Garland Pub.
1707:
1243:
1147:
1090:
1027:
1018:
3168:1928 United States presidential election
2018:
1990:
1502:
1156:
613:
450:
327:
61:Hawley–Smoot Tariff, Smoot–Hawley Tariff
4195:United States federal trade legislation
3055:Hoover Institution Library and Archives
2959:Belgian American Educational Foundation
2596:The Tariff History of the United States
2589:
2539:
2394:
2212:
2047:Jatras, James George (April 23, 2013).
1852:
1605:
1576:
1492:. Rutgers University Press. p. 48.
1414:
1349:
1060:
965:
759:and the now-Democratic Congress passed
618:Average Tariff Rates in USA (1821–2016)
253:Moving Americans Privacy Protection Act
4172:
2556:
2514:
2486:
2422:
2376:
2298:The Review of Economics and Statistics
2046:
1390:. Westport: Greenwood Press. pp.
1162:
842:(FATCA), with Andrew Quinlan from the
838:The act has been compared to the 2010
788:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
4185:Great Depression in the United States
3957:
3258:
2668:
2606:
2354:
2339:
2288:
2254:
1959:
1840:
1828:
1781:
1734:
1680:
1634:
1556:
1554:
1547:, U.S. International Trade Commission
1533:
1531:
1383:
878:
3983:
3148:Republican National Convention, 1920
2127:
1913:Harry S. Truman Library & Museum
1129:
996:
994:
669:National Bureau of Economic Research
301:on June 17, 1930. The act raised US
27:List of tariffs in the United States
2720:United States Secretary of Commerce
2153:
1415:Steward, James B. (March 8, 2018).
1123:
827:In April 2009, then-Representative
804:North American Free Trade Agreement
764:that developed after World War II.
644:Economic analysis of the Tariff Act
13:
2766:Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929
2694:
2582:Politics, Pressures and the Tariff
1551:
1528:
840:Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act
700:
628:Protectionism in the United States
585:British Empire Economic Conference
309:
99:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
31:Protectionism in the United States
14:
4221:
2638:
2611:Lessons from the Great Depression
2105:"Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986)"
1991:Kleefeld, Eric (April 29, 2009).
1738:Lessons from the Great Depression
1503:DeSilver, Drew (March 22, 2018).
1335:. October 7, 1985. Archived from
1309:"Economists Against Smoot–Hawley"
991:
844:Center for Freedom and Prosperity
746:
427:House Committee on Ways and Means
362:, which was a critical factor in
3759:2021 (Infrastructure, PL 117–58)
3238:
3237:
3104:The Angel of Pennsylvania Avenue
2949:Commission for Relief in Belgium
2891:State of the Union Address, 1929
2379:American Trade Policy: 1923–1995
2128:Snow, Kirstin (March 11, 2018).
2071:Global Business and Human Rights
1948:Tariffs: The Case for Protection
1635:Sapir, Jacques (March 1, 2009).
781:International Trade Organization
624:Tariffs in United States history
609:
484: One Nay and One Abstention
478: One Yea and One Abstention
324:Sponsors and legislative history
41:
23:Tariffs in United States history
4200:1930 in international relations
2660:Statute Compilations collection
2519:, Logan, UT: Utah State Press,
2517:Reed Smoot: Apostle in Politics
2147:
2121:
2097:
2080:
2059:
2040:
1984:
1953:
1940:
1920:
1900:
1885:
1865:
1846:
1806:
1775:
1762:
1701:
1606:Krugman, Paul (March 4, 2016).
1599:
1585:. University of Chicago Press.
1511:
1496:
1488:Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri (1997).
1481:
1455:
1435:
1408:
1343:
1319:
1301:
1270:
1165:Reed Smoot: Apostle in Politics
1074:The Journal of Economic History
849:
761:Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
305:on over 20,000 imported goods.
210:on June 13, 1930 (without
2966:American Relief Administration
2711:President of the United States
2359:, Princeton University Press,
2289:Irwin, Douglas A. (May 1998).
1708:Bernstein, William J. (2008).
1148:Beaudreau, Bernard C. (1996).
1054:
971:
932:
565:
1:
3096:Backstairs at the White House
2304:(2). The MIT Press: 326–334.
2248:10.1016/S0304-3932(96)01298-6
2235:Journal of Monetary Economics
1782:Jones, Joseph Marion (2003).
1289:. May 5, 1930. Archived from
1214:10.1016/s0167-2231(96)00023-1
978:WWS 543: Class notes, 2/17/10
925:
537:also spent an evening at the
297:, it was signed by President
279:, was a law that implemented
3749:2021 (Defense Authorization)
2983:Commission for Polish Relief
2847:U.S. occupation of Nicaragua
2818:Federal Home Loan Bank Board
2615:, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,
2278:Research in Economic History
1880:HERB: Resources for Teachers
1857:. In Whaples, Robert (ed.).
1258:"The Battle of Smoot–Hawley"
1135:The War: the root and remedy
1003:"The Smoot–Hawley Trade War"
806:(NAFTA) then-Vice President
798:In modern political dialogue
684:William J. Bernstein wrote:
504:
7:
3754:2021 (American Rescue Plan)
2778:Reapportionment Act of 1929
2453:Journal of Economic History
2397:Journal of American History
2381:, London: Greenwood Press,
2094:, accessed 22 November 2020
1882:, retrieved April 24, 2015.
907:
71:71st United States Congress
10:
4226:
3070:Herbert C. Hoover Building
2813:Federal Home Loan Bank Act
2377:Kaplan, Edward S. (1996),
2177:
1872:Bureau of Labor Statistics
1681:Irwin, Douglas A. (2017).
1637:"Ignorants ou faussaires?"
1445:The Smoot–Hawley Trade War
1083:Cambridge University Press
914:Country-of-origin labeling
621:
434:1928 presidential election
20:
4149:
4128:
4037:
4004:Wall Street Crash of 1929
3991:
3767:
3292:
3216:
3181:
3138:
3114:
3037:
3001:
2971:Russian Famine Relief Act
2931:
2783:Wall Street Crash of 1929
2730:
2702:
2584:, New York: Prentice-Hall
2489:Southern Economic Journal
2465:10.1017/S0022050700019549
2437:10.1017/S0898030609090071
2425:Journal of Policy History
2348:NBER Working Paper Series
2187:Southern Economic Journal
1608:"The Mitt–Hawley Fallacy"
1101:10.1017/S0022050700040602
757:Franklin Delano Roosevelt
472: One Yea and One Nay
349:World Economic Conference
271:), commonly known as the
252:
247:
148:
143:
132:
127:
108:
89:
84:
76:
65:
57:
49:
40:
4210:1930 in economic history
2978:U.S. Food Administration
2852:U.S. occupation of Haiti
2338:Previously published as
2215:American Economic Review
1933:World Trade Organization
1327:"Shades of Smoot–Hawley"
919:Plant Patent Act of 1930
886:Ferris Bueller's Day Off
415:Senate Finance Committee
399:decade following the war
196:on March 24, 1930 (
4009:Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act
3229:Franklin D. Roosevelt →
3127:English translation of
2823:Federal Home Loan Banks
2788:Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act
2557:Pastor, Robert (1980),
2515:Merill, Milton (1990),
2355:Irwin, Douglas (2011),
2310:10.1162/003465398557410
1163:Merill, Milton (1990).
769:Bretton Woods Agreement
533:. Automobile executive
226:on June 14, 1930 (
208:agreed to by the Senate
171:Committee consideration
4024:Recession of 1937–1938
3883:1922: Fordney–McCumber
3024:Lou Henry Hoover House
2578:Schattschneider, E. E.
2255:Eckes, Alfred (1995),
1768:Bureau of the Census,
1577:Bairoch, Paul (1993).
1507:. Pew Research Center.
1384:Sobel, Robert (1972).
875:on February 24, 2016.
691:
619:
492:
425:, was chairman of the
403:
340:
186:on May 28, 1929 (
167:) on April or May 1929
3744:2020 (Appropriations)
3734:2020 (Families First)
3724:2018 (Appropriations)
3209:(great-granddaughter)
3019:Hoover–Minthorn House
2954:University Foundation
2906:Judicial appointments
2879:Medicine Ball Cabinet
2607:Temin, Peter (1989),
2542:"Smoot–Hawley Tariff"
1770:Historical Statistics
1641:Le Monde diplomatique
1350:Chernow, Ron (1990),
1296:on February 27, 2008.
984:, February 16, 2010,
686:
617:
560:Franklin D. Roosevelt
517:, James T.F.G. Wood,
490: Two Abstentions
455:Senate vote by state
454:
395:industrial revolution
387:
375:trade account surplus
331:
4180:1930 in American law
3807:1828: "Abominations"
2808:Mexican Repatriation
2160:The Arizona Republic
1339:on October 29, 2010.
1266:. December 18, 2008.
521:, Ernest Patterson,
498:conference committee
421:, a Republican from
413:and chairman of the
175:House Ways and Means
3868:1909: Payne–Aldrich
3858:1894: Wilson–Gorman
2988:Finnish Relief Fund
2939:Sons of Gwalia mine
2859:London Naval Treaty
2803:Revenue Act of 1932
2798:Economy Act of 1932
1998:Talking Points Memo
1859:EH.Net Encyclopedia
1843:, pp. 332–333.
1785:Smoot–Hawley Tariff
821:The Larry King Show
773:international trade
728:It was only during
545:'s Chief Executive
277:Hawley–Smoot Tariff
273:Smoot–Hawley Tariff
144:Legislative history
37:
3888:1930: Smoot–Hawley
3787:1791: Hamilton III
3195:Herbert Hoover Jr.
3075:U.S. Postage stamp
3065:Hoover Institution
2771:Federal Farm Board
2645:Tariff Act of 1930
2552:on October 2, 2009
2540:O'Brien, Anthony,
2372:online book review
2274:Eichengreen, Barry
2055:on August 8, 2016.
2022:(April 29, 2009).
1970:Washington Monthly
1963:(April 30, 2009).
1802:on March 12, 2009.
1735:Temin, P. (1991).
1421:The New York Times
1313:Econ Journal Watch
1286:The New York Times
1020:10.1093/ej/ueac006
1013:(647): 2500–2533.
883:In the 1986 film,
879:In popular culture
620:
493:
341:
261:Tariff Act of 1930
214:, after motion to
36:Tariff Act of 1930
35:
4167:
4166:
3951:
3950:
3792:1792: Hamilton IV
3782:1790: Hamilton II
3679:2010 (PL 111-312)
3674:2010 (PL 111–240)
3252:
3251:
3222:← Calvin Coolidge
3099:(1979 miniseries)
2993:Hoover Commission
2864:Hoover Moratorium
2366:978-0-691-15032-1
2020:Yglesias, Matthew
1748:978-0-262-26119-7
1721:978-0-8021-4416-4
1694:978-1-4008-8842-9
1592:978-0-226-03462-1
1315:. September 2007.
1047:978-0-8078-2213-5
946:, June 17, 1930,
938:ch. 497, 46
345:League of Nations
257:
256:
206:on June 9, 1930;
194:Passed the Senate
116:ch. 497, 46
111:Statutes at Large
4217:
4205:June 1930 events
4019:Effect in cities
3985:Great Depression
3978:
3971:
3964:
3955:
3954:
3943:2018/2019: Trump
3893:1934: Reciprocal
3817:1833: Compromise
3777:1789: Hamilton I
3279:
3272:
3265:
3256:
3255:
3241:
3240:
3189:Lou Henry Hoover
3122:Freedom Betrayed
2944:Zinc Corporation
2918:Executive Orders
2869:Stimson Doctrine
2723:
2714:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2666:
2665:
2633:
2625:
2614:
2603:
2601:
2585:
2573:
2553:
2548:, archived from
2529:
2511:
2483:
2447:
2419:
2391:
2369:
2351:
2345:
2337:
2295:
2285:
2269:
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2250:
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2166:
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2144:
2142:
2140:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2101:
2095:
2084:
2078:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2051:. Archived from
2044:
2038:
2037:
2032:. Archived from
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1965:"'Hoot–Smalley'"
1957:
1951:
1946:Lloyd, Lewis E.
1944:
1938:
1936:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1889:
1883:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1818:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1798:. Archived from
1779:
1773:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
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1574:
1568:
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1548:
1546:
1535:
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1508:
1500:
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1477:
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1450:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1381:
1372:
1370:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1282:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1254:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1231:on July 18, 2011
1230:
1224:. Archived from
1199:
1190:
1179:
1178:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1094:
1070:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1007:Economic Journal
998:
989:
975:
969:
963:
957:
936:
833:Great Depression
829:Michele Bachmann
547:Thomas W. Lamont
489:
483:
477:
471:
465:
459:
419:Willis C. Hawley
382:Great Depression
333:Willis C. Hawley
318:Great Depression
295:Willis C. Hawley
248:Major amendments
240:on June 17, 1930
184:Passed the House
157:Willis C. Hawley
136:sections created
112:
100:
96:
45:
38:
34:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4145:
4124:
4033:
3987:
3982:
3952:
3947:
3928:1988: Canada FT
3878:1921: Emergency
3873:1913: Underwood
3802:1824: Sectional
3763:
3649:2007 (Mortgage)
3549:1983 (PL 98-76)
3544:1983 (PL 98-67)
3295:
3288:
3283:
3253:
3248:
3212:
3207:Margaret Hoover
3177:
3134:
3129:De re metallica
3110:
3033:
2997:
2927:
2793:National anthem
2734:
2726:
2717:
2706:
2698:
2693:
2641:
2636:
2623:
2599:
2571:
2546:EH Encyclopedia
2527:
2501:10.2307/1061574
2409:10.2307/2936217
2389:
2367:
2343:
2293:
2267:
2199:10.2307/1061208
2180:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2126:
2122:
2113:
2111:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2085:
2081:
2073:, published by
2064:
2060:
2045:
2041:
2036:on May 2, 2009.
2017:
2013:
2003:
2001:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1958:
1954:
1945:
1941:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1890:
1886:
1870:
1866:
1851:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1823:
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1807:
1796:
1780:
1776:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1714:. Grove Press.
1706:
1702:
1695:
1679:
1675:
1660:
1656:
1646:
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1626:
1616:
1614:
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1124:
1092:10.1.1.482.4975
1068:
1062:Whaples, Robert
1059:
1055:
1048:
1032:
1028:
999:
992:
976:
972:
964:
960:
937:
933:
928:
910:
881:
867:Representative
852:
800:
777:Harry S. Truman
749:
741:Milton Friedman
703:
701:After enactment
675:Milton Friedman
646:
630:
622:Main articles:
612:
568:
507:
491:
487:
485:
481:
479:
475:
473:
469:
467:
463:
461:
457:
364:mass production
360:electrification
326:
243:
234:Signed into law
110:
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66:Enacted by
33:
21:Main articles:
17:
12:
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4115:United Kingdom
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3853:1890: McKinley
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676:
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664:
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610:Tariff levels
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582:
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536:
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527:Frank Taussig
524:
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515:Irving Fisher
512:
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310:tariff levels
306:
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289:
286:
282:
281:protectionist
278:
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270:
266:
263:(codified at
262:
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236:by President
235:
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222:) and by the
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4110:South Africa
4008:
3887:
3827:1846: Walker
3797:1816: Dallas
3739:2020 (CARES)
3236:
3227:
3220:
3201:Allan Hoover
3128:
3121:
3102:
3094:
3090:Hoover Field
3085:Hoover Chair
3080:Hoover Medal
3060:Hoover Tower
3045:Bibliography
3029:Rapidan Camp
2932:Other events
2787:
2751:Inauguration
2647:as amended (
2630:
2610:
2595:
2581:
2559:
2550:the original
2545:
2516:
2492:
2488:
2456:
2452:
2428:
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2396:
2378:
2356:
2347:
2301:
2297:
2281:
2277:
2256:
2238:
2234:
2218:
2214:
2190:
2186:
2163:. Retrieved
2159:
2149:
2137:. Retrieved
2133:
2123:
2112:, retrieved
2108:
2099:
2082:
2070:
2061:
2053:the original
2042:
2034:the original
2027:
2014:
2004:December 10,
2002:. Retrieved
1996:
1986:
1976:December 10,
1974:. Retrieved
1968:
1961:Benen, Steve
1955:
1947:
1942:
1931:
1922:
1911:
1902:
1893:
1887:
1879:
1867:
1858:
1848:
1836:
1824:
1814:
1808:
1800:the original
1784:
1777:
1769:
1764:
1752:. Retrieved
1737:
1730:
1710:
1703:
1683:
1676:
1657:
1645:. Retrieved
1640:
1615:. Retrieved
1611:
1601:
1580:
1572:
1562:
1540:
1519:
1513:
1498:
1489:
1483:
1463:
1457:
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1437:
1425:. Retrieved
1420:
1410:
1386:
1352:
1345:
1337:the original
1330:
1321:
1312:
1303:
1291:the original
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986:Presentation
982:Paul Krugman
973:
966:Taussig 1931
961:
947:
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897:
895:
884:
882:
873:Barack Obama
860:forced labor
853:
850:Forced labor
837:
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818:they had on
801:
792:
785:
775:. President
766:
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730:World War II
727:
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707:Robert Sobel
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543:J. P. Morgan
531:Clair Wilcox
523:Henry Seager
519:Frank Graham
511:Paul Douglas
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442:in the House
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128:Codification
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4100:Netherlands
3933:1993: NAFTA
3822:1842: Black
3714:2017 (TCJA)
3689:2012 (ATRA)
3107:(1996 film)
2923:Hoover desk
2842:Banana Wars
2830:Hooverville
2722:(1921–1928)
2713:(1929–1933)
2165:December 3,
2139:December 3,
2114:December 3,
2087:GovTrack.us
1754:January 27,
1647:January 27,
1643:(in French)
1617:January 27,
1427:November 7,
1235:January 17,
955:§ 1654
737:Monetarists
694:Peter Temin
566:Retaliation
539:White House
432:During the
335:(left) and
4174:Categories
4136:Bonus Army
4038:By country
3898:1948: GATT
3719:2018 (BBA)
3704:2015 (BBA)
3669:2010 (ACA)
3409:1940 (2nd)
3009:Early life
2884:Hooverball
2835:Bonus Army
2761:Hoover Dam
2746:Transition
2732:Presidency
1841:Irwin 1998
1829:Eckes 1995
1772:series F-1
926:References
902:Dave Barry
812:Ross Perot
753:Democratic
739:, such as
535:Henry Ford
446:the Senate
407:Republican
337:Reed Smoot
288:Reed Smoot
153:Introduced
90:Public law
50:Long title
4050:Australia
4045:Argentina
4014:Dust Bowl
3938:1994: WTO
3569:1986 Code
3469:1954 Code
3399:1939 Code
3140:Elections
2655:) in the
2481:154380335
2445:154415038
2318:0034-6535
1222:154857884
1117:145691938
1087:CiteSeerX
988:, slide 4
891:Ben Stein
865:Wisconsin
814:during a
751:The 1932
661:trade war
505:Opponents
436:, one of
391:World War
265:19 U.S.C.
85:Citations
77:Effective
58:Nicknames
4154:Category
4141:New Deal
4029:Timeline
3294:Internal
3243:Category
2737:timeline
2593:(1931),
2580:(1935),
2334:57562207
2134:pennlive
2092:purposes
1133:(1941).
908:See also
869:Ron Kind
583:via the
216:recommit
212:division
4159:Commons
4105:Romania
4075:Germany
3908:1974/75
3769:Tariffs
3539:Gas Tax
3296:Revenue
2874:Cabinet
2653:details
2509:1061574
2473:2951161
2417:2936217
2326:2646642
2227:2118081
2207:1061208
2178:Sources
1109:2123771
1085:: 144.
858:or/and
808:Al Gore
783:(ITO).
715:Austria
397:of the
370:gains.
353:tariffs
303:tariffs
285:Senator
228:222–153
218:failed
188:264–147
95:Pub. L.
4070:France
4060:Canada
4055:Brazil
3999:Causes
3992:Topics
3659:Crisis
3191:(wife)
3182:Family
3038:Legacy
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2534:online
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385:clear:
134:U.S.C.
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103:71–361
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29:, and
4090:Japan
4085:Italy
4080:India
4065:Chile
3559:COBRA
3203:(son)
3197:(son)
3115:Books
2600:(PDF)
2505:JSTOR
2477:S2CID
2469:JSTOR
2441:S2CID
2413:JSTOR
2344:(PDF)
2330:S2CID
2322:JSTOR
2294:(PDF)
2223:JSTOR
2203:JSTOR
1545:(PDF)
1449:(PDF)
1392:87–88
1294:(PDF)
1281:(PDF)
1229:(PDF)
1218:S2CID
1208:: 6.
1198:(PDF)
1113:S2CID
1105:JSTOR
1081:(1).
1069:(PDF)
940:Stat.
571:31%.
409:from
269:ch. 4
267:
224:House
220:42–44
198:53–31
118:Stat.
3923:1988
3918:1984
3913:1979
3903:1962
3844:1875
3841:1872
3832:1857
3812:1832
3709:2016
3699:2014
3694:2012
3684:2011
3664:2009
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3524:1980
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3494:1969
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3374:1932
3369:1928
3364:1926
3359:1924
3354:1921
3349:1918
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3339:1916
3334:1914
3329:1913
3324:1909
3319:1894
3314:1864
3309:1862
3304:1861
3173:1932
3163:1940
3158:1932
3153:1928
3002:Life
2896:1930
2718:3rd
2708:31st
2617:ISBN
2565:ISBN
2521:ISBN
2383:ISBN
2361:ISBN
2314:ISSN
2261:ISBN
2167:2023
2141:2023
2116:2023
2109:IMDb
2006:2021
1978:2021
1790:ISBN
1756:2023
1743:ISBN
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1649:2023
1619:2023
1587:ISBN
1468:ISBN
1429:2021
1396:ISBN
1362:ISBN
1332:Time
1237:2011
1169:ISBN
1042:ISBN
626:and
601:1980
599:and
597:1958
444:and
411:Utah
343:The
290:and
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2657:GPO
2649:PDF
2497:doi
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