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representation that in turn influences political parties which make the decisions. The distribution of power is then achieved through the interplay of contending interest groups. The government in this model functions just as a mediating broker and is free from control by any economic power. This pluralistic democracy however requires the existence of an underlying framework that would offer mechanisms for citizenship and expression and the opportunity to organize representations through social and industrial organizations, such as trade unions. Ultimately, decisions are reached through the complex process of bargaining and compromise between various groups pushing for their interests. Many factors, pluralists believe, have ended the domination of the political sphere by an economic elite. The power of organized labour and the increasingly interventionist state have placed restrictions on the power of capital to manipulate and control the state. Additionally, capital is no longer owned by a dominant class, but by an expanding managerial sector and diversified shareholders, none of whom can exert their will upon another.
1611:. According to Mills, the eponymous "power elite" are those that occupy the dominant positions, in the dominant institutions (military, economic and political) of a dominant country, and their decisions (or lack of decisions) have enormous consequences, not only for the U.S. population but, "the underlying populations of the world." The institutions which they head, Mills posits, are a triumvirate of groups that have succeeded weaker predecessors: (1) "two or three hundred giant corporations" which have replaced the traditional agrarian and craft economy, (2) a strong federal political order that has inherited power from "a decentralized set of several dozen states" and "now enters into each and every cranny of the social structure", and (3) the military establishment, formerly an object of "distrust fed by state militia," but now an entity with "all the grim and clumsy efficiency of a sprawling bureaucratic domain." Importantly, and in distinction from modern American
1346:. Poulantzas disagreed with this because he saw the capitalist class as too focused on its individual short-term profit, rather than on maintaining the class's power as a whole, to simply exercise the whole of state power in its own interest. Poulantzas argued that the state, though relatively autonomous from the capitalist class, nonetheless functions to ensure the smooth operation of capitalist society, and therefore benefits the capitalist class. In particular, he focused on how an inherently divisive system such as capitalism could coexist with the social stability necessary for it to reproduce itself—looking in particular to nationalism as a means to overcome the class divisions within capitalism. Borrowing from Gramsci's notion of
33:
984:'s definition for political sociologists varies across the approaches and conceptual framework utilised within this interdisciplinary study. At its basic understanding, power can be seen as the ability to influence or control other people or processes around you. This helps to create a variety of research focuses and use of methodologies as different scholars' understanding of power differs. Alongside this, their academic disciplinary department/ institution can also flavour their research as they develop from their baseline of inquiry (e.g. political or sociological studies) into this interdisciplinary field (see
1615:, Mills explains that the elite themselves may not be aware of their status as an elite, noting that "often they are uncertain about their roles" and "without conscious effort, they absorb the aspiration to be ... The Onecide." Nonetheless, he sees them as a quasi-hereditary caste. The members of the power elite, according to Mills, often enter into positions of societal prominence through educations obtained at establishment universities. The resulting elites, who control the three dominant institutions (military, economy and political system) can be generally grouped into one of six types, according to Mills:
64:
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1278:(the family, the education system, trade unions, etc.) – commonly seen as the private or non-state sphere, which mediates between the state and the economy. However, he stresses that the division is purely conceptual and that the two often overlap in reality. Gramsci claims the capitalist state rules through force plus consent: political society is the realm of force and civil society is the realm of consent. Gramsci proffers that under modern capitalism the
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process in the ongoing rationalisation of the
Western society. Weber's ideal bureaucracy is characterised by hierarchical organisation, by delineated lines of authority in a fixed area of activity, by action taken (and recorded) on the basis of written rules, by bureaucratic officials needing expert training, by rules being implemented neutrally and by career advancement depending on technical qualifications judged by organisations, not by individuals.
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1350:, Poulantzas argued that repressing movements of the oppressed is not the sole function of the state. Rather, state power must also obtain the consent of the oppressed. It does this through class alliances, where the dominant group makes an "alliance" with subordinate groups as a means to obtain the consent of the subordinate group.
1559:. This is as much focused now on micro questions (such as the formation of identity through social interaction, the politics of knowledge, and the effects of the contestation of meaning on structures), as it is on macro questions (such as how to capture and use state power). Chief influences here include cultural studies (
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and democracy has been subjected to extensive empirical examination, both quantitative and qualitative, in the past 30 years. And the evidence shows, with striking clarity and consistency, a strong causal relationship between economic development and democracy." The book sold more than 400,000 copies
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wields power in
America through its support of think-tanks, foundations, commissions, and academic departments. Additionally, he argues that the elite control institutions through overt authority, not through covert influence. In his introduction, Domhoff writes that the book was inspired by the work
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emphasized the psychological and intellectual superiority of elites, believing that they were the highest achievers in any field. He discussed the existence of two types of elites: Governing elites and Non-governing elites. He also extended the idea that a whole elite can be replaced by a new one and
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The importance of studying sociology within politics, and vice versa, has had recognition across figures from Mosca to Pareto as they recognised that politicians and politics do not operate in a societal vacuum, and society does not operate outside of politics. Here, political sociology sets about to
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Contemporary political sociology takes these questions seriously, but it is concerned with the play of power and politics across societies, which includes, but is not restricted to, relations between the state and society. In part, this is a product of the growing complexity of social relations, the
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The outlook of the
Italian school of elitism is based on two ideas: Power lies in position of authority in key economic and political institutions. The psychological difference that sets elites apart is that they have personal resources, for instance intelligence and skills, and a vested interest in
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was influenced by
Gramsci, Miliband and Poulantzas to propose that the state is not as an entity but as a social relation with differential strategic effects. This means that the state is not something with an essential, fixed property such as a neutral coordinator of different social interests, an
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emphasized the sociological and personal characteristics of elites. He said elites are an organized minority and that the masses are an unorganized majority. The ruling class is composed of the ruling elite and the sub-elites. He divides the world into two group: Political class and Non-Political
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go back to him and a classic, hierarchically organised civil service of the
Continental type is called "Weberian civil service". As the most efficient and rational way of organising, bureaucratisation for Weber was the key part of the rational-legal authority and furthermore, he saw it as the key
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The pluralist emphasis on fair representation however overshadows the constraints imposed on the extent of choice offered. Bachrauch and Baratz (1963) examined the deliberate withdrawal of certain policies from the political arena. For example, organized movements that express what might seem as
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is tied to his conception of the capitalist state. Gramsci does not understand the state in the narrow sense of the government. Instead, he divides it between political society (the police, the army, legal system, etc.) – the arena of political institutions and legal constitutional control – and
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determine peoples' production relations and their production relations determine all other relations, including the political. Although "determines" is the strong form of the claim, Marx also uses "conditions". Even "determination" is not causality and some reciprocity of action is admitted. The
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are separate. However, he already saw some limitations to that model, arguing: "The political state everywhere needs the guarantee of spheres lying outside it." He added: "He as yet was saying nothing about the abolition of private property, does not express a developed theory of class, and "the
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Political sociologists, throughout its broad manifestations, propose that in order to understand power, society and politics must be studied with one another and neither treated as assumed variables. In the words of political scientist
Michael Rush, "For any society to be understood, so must its
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Political sociology attempts to explore the dynamics between the two institutional systems introduced by the advent of
Western capitalist system that are the democratic constitutional liberal state and the capitalist economy. While democracy promises impartiality and legal equality before all
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where, he asserts, social and political organizations are run by few individuals, and social organization and labor division are key. He believed that all organizations were elitist and that elites have three basic principles that help in the bureaucratic structure of political organization:
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refers specifically to a sociological analysis of politics and not an interdisciplinary area of research that political sociology works towards. This difference is made by the variables of interest that both perspectives focus upon. Sociology of politics centres on the non-political causes of
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or politics as a study largely situates itself within this definition of sociology and is sometimes regarded as a well developed sub-field of sociology, but is seen as a stand alone disciplinary area of research due to the size of scholarly work undertaken within it. Politics offers a complex
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For pluralists, the distribution of political power is not determined by economic interests but by multiple social divisions and political agendas. The diverse political interests and beliefs of different factions work together through collective organizations to create a flexible and fair
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which states that democracy is the direct result of economic growth, and that "he more well-to-do a nation, the greater the chances that it will sustain democracy." Lipset's modernization theory has continued to be a significant factor in academic discussions and research relating to
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is sometimes called a state-centered approach. It explains what the state does by looking at constraints from organizational structure, semi-autonomous state managers, and interests that arise from the state as a unique, power-concentrating organization. A leading representative is
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In other words, political sociology is concerned with how social trends, dynamics, and structures of domination affect formal political processes alongside social forces working together to create change. From this perspective, we can identify three major theoretical frameworks:
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in the eighteenth , political in the nineteenth, and social in the twentieth". This evolution however, has been criticized by many for only being from the perspective of the white working man. Marshall concludes his essay with three major factors for the evolution of
1457:. He notes that the instability of charismatic authority forces it to "routinise" into a more structured form of authority. In a pure type of traditional rule, sufficient resistance to a ruler can lead to a "traditional revolution". The move towards a
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and security to the right to share to the full in the social heritage and to live the life of a civilized being according to the standards prevailing in the society". One of the key points made by
Marshall is his belief in an evolution of rights in
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The scope of political sociology is broad, reflecting on the wide interest in how power and oppression operate over and within social and political areas in society. Although diverse, some major themes of interest for political sociology include:
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the government; while the rest are incompetent and do not have the capabilities of governing themselves, the elite are resourceful and strive to make the government work. For in reality, the elite would have the most to lose in a failed state.
1478:(1922). His critical study of the bureaucratisation of society became one of the most enduring parts of his work. It was Weber who began the studies of bureaucracy and whose works led to the popularisation of this term. Many aspects of modern
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definition and is important to note that what 'politics' means is subjective to the author and context. From the study of governmental institutions, public policy, to power relations, politics has a rich disciplinary outlook.
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in 1969, a study in
Marxist political sociology, rejecting the idea that pluralism spread political power, and maintaining that power in Western democracies was concentrated in the hands of a dominant class.
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can maintain its economic control by allowing certain demands made by trade unions and mass political parties within civil society to be met by the political sphere. Thus, the bourgeoisie engages in
1096:. Social class theory analysis emphasizes the political power of capitalist elites. It can be split into two parts: one is the "power structure" or "instrumentalist" approach, whereas another is the
1151:
lens), whereas political sociology is a collaborative socio-political exploration of society and its power contestation. When addressing political sociology, there is noted overlap in using
988:). Although with deviation in how it is carried out, political sociology has an overall focus on understanding why power structures are the way they are in any given societal context.
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impact of social movement organizing, and the relative weakening of the state as a result of globalization. To a significant part, however, it is due to the radical rethinking of
914:. Interested in the social causes and consequences of how power is distributed and changes throughout and amongst societies, political sociology's focus ranges across individual
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respectively. Rather, what the state is essentially determined by is the nature of the wider social relations in which it is situated, especially the balance of social forces.
1123:?" or even, "What difference does it make if women get elected?", political sociologists also now ask, "How is the body a site of power?", "How are emotions relevant to global
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oppression and power contestation in political life, whereas political sociology includes the political causes of these actions throughout commentary with non-political ones.
1000:
The development of political sociology from the 1930s onwards took place as the separating disciplines of sociology and politics explored their overlapping areas of interest.
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provided a very influential analysis of the bases of democracy across the world. Larry
Diamond and Gary Marks argue that "Lipset's assertion of a direct relationship between
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can be viewed as the broad analysis of human society and the interrelationship of these societies. Predominantly focused on the relationship of human behaviour with society.
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1402:. Weber wrote that politics is the sharing of state's power between various groups, and political leaders are those who wield this power. Weber distinguished three
1659:
Mills formulated a very short summary of his book: "Who, after all, runs America? No one runs it altogether, but in so far as any group does, the power elite."
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How political values and behaviours shape society and how society's values and behaviours shape politics (e.g. public opinion, ideologies, social movements).
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1104:. The structuralist approach emphasizes the way a capitalist economy operates; only allowing and encouraging the state to do some things but not others (
1712:
in 1949. Marshall's concept defines the social responsibilities the state has to its citizens or, as Marshall puts it, "from the right to a modicum of
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by suggesting the inevitability of a move in this direction, in which "Bureaucratic administration means fundamentally domination through knowledge."
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autonomous corporate actor with its own bureaucratic goals and interests, or the 'executive committee of the bourgeoisie' as often described by
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structure of authority, utilising a bureaucratic structure, is inevitable in the end. Thus this theory can be sometimes viewed as part of the
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the "Political Directorate", "fifty-odd men of the executive branch" of the U.S. federal government, including the senior leadership in the
443:
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by going beyond its immediate economic interests and allowing the forms of its hegemony to change. Gramsci posits that movements such as
2004:"Political Sociology: An essay with special reference to the development of research in the United States of America and Western Europe"
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the "Metropolitan 400", members of historically notable local families in the principal American cities, generally represented on the
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and was translated into 20 languages, including: Vietnamese, Bengali, and Serbo-Croatian. Lipset was one of the first proponents of
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3674:. Hoover Institution, "In Memoriam: Seymour Martin Lipset, 1922–2006: A Giant among Teachers," 2007. accessed: December 27, 2007.
1507:(1876–1936), were cofounders of the Italian school of elitism which influenced subsequent elite theory in the Western tradition.
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In his view, every historical relation between rulers and ruled contained such elements and they can be analysed on the basis of
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class. Mosca asserts that elites have intellectual, moral, and material superiority that is highly esteemed and influential.
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bourgeoisie control the economy, therefore they control the state. In this theory, the state is an instrument of class rule.
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society. Overlaying this is the fact that his own ideas about the state changed as he grew older, differing in his early pre-
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field of study concerned with exploring how governance and society interact and influence one another at the micro to macro
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Lipset, Seymour Martin (March 1959). "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy".
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1246:: "The executive of the modern state is nothing but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie."
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approach. The power structure approach focuses on the question of who rules and its most well-known representative is
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How these operate across formal and informal areas of politics and society (e.g. ministerial cabinet vs. family home).
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Phelps, Martha Lizabeth (December 2014). "Doppelgangers of the State: Private Security and Transferable Legitimacy".
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2666:. Bryce Anderson, Anthony Arblaster, Dennis Austin, Jim Bulpitt, C. H. Dodd, Michael Evans. Manchester. p. 130.
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Marxist accounts such as that of Miliband held that the state was simply an instrument in the hands of a particular
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Leadership that matters: the critical factors for making a difference in people's lives and organisations' success
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Weber's rationalism and modern society : new translations on politics, bureaucracy, and social stratification
1755:). However, these have also become controversial issues as there is a debate over whether a citizen truly has the
1671:, first published in 1967 as a best-seller (#12), with six subsequent editions. Domhoff argues in the book that a
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of political leadership (alternatively referred to as three types of domination, legitimisation or authority):
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Many of the social responsibilities of a state have since become a major part of many state's policies (see
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the "Chief Executives", presidents and CEOs of the most important companies within each industrial sector
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A main rival to pluralist theory in the United States was the theory of the "power elite" by sociologist
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in the early 1930s throughout the social and political disruptions that took place through the rise of
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3850:"The political sociologist Seymour M. Lipset: Remembered in political science, neglected in sociology"
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2456:. Edwin Amenta, Kate Nash, Alan Scott. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. 2012. pp. 347–359.
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1338:' theory of the state reacted to what he saw as simplistic understandings within Marxism. For him
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Toward a Political Sociology of Punishment: Politics and Changes in the Incarcerated Population
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3655:, "Seymour Martin Lipset and the Study of Democracy," 1992. Last accessed: December 27, 2007.
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2230:. Betty A. Dobratz, Lisa K. Waldner, Tim Buzzell (1 ed.). Amsterdam: New York. 2001.
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politics; and if the politics of any society is to be understood, so must that society."
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Banks, D. and Purdy, M., 2001. The Sociology and Politics of Health. London: Routledge.
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1796:. It has been referred to as the "Lipset hypothesis", as well as the "Lipset thesis".
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2501:"Global citizenship as show business: the cultural politics of Make Poverty History"
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exercise and contest power (e.g. power structures, authority, social inequality).
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Pluralism sees politics primarily as a contest among competing interest groups.
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Numerous works account for highlighting a political sociology, from the work of
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While both are valid lines of enquiry, sociology of politics is a sociological
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In political sociology, one of Weber's most influential contributions is his "
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2859:. Tony Waters, Dagmar Waters. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 129–98.
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Masters of sociological thought : ideas in historical and social context
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2050:
2027:
1950:
1773:
1731:
1708:'s Social Citizenship is a political concept first highlighted in his essay,
1572:
1568:
1556:
1519:
1500:
1295:
1275:
1219:
1093:
1017:
752:
740:
724:
720:
646:
158:
104:
40:
3357:
2733:
2567:
2437:
2402:
2353:
2245:
2173:
2062:
1472:
Weber described many ideal types of public administration and government in
5322:
5262:
5010:
4968:
4584:
4529:
4234:
3979:
The Political Sociology of the Death Penalty: A Pooled Time-Series Analysis
3885:
3462:
3287:
3204:
The European Commission and the integration of Europe: images of governance
3065:
2500:
1726:
1343:
1223:
solution to the problem of the state/civil society separation is a purely
1148:
1140:
1088:
951:
744:
696:
3740:
3511:
3427:
3302:
2959:
2854:
2748:
2681:
2643:
2628:. Joseph J. O'Malley. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 115.
2451:
2384:
Why Americans still don't vote : and why politicians want it that way
2211:
2095:
1988:
1930:
1036:
are considered foundational to its inception as a sub-field of research.
5474:
5362:
5287:
5204:
5123:
5116:
4973:
4687:
4604:
4569:
4539:
4244:
3978:
3818:
3337:
3269:
The anti-democratic sources of elite theory : Pareto, Mosca, Michels
2547:
2417:
2333:
2225:
1744:"The great extension of the area of common culture and common experience"
1722:
1685:
1672:
1446:
1279:
1028:. Although feeding into this interdisciplinary area, the body of work by
760:
732:
704:
588:
543:
273:
248:
3783:
3267:
3045:
1747:
An enlargement of citizenship and more rights granted to these citizens.
1249:
This represents the high point of conformance of the state theory to an
1119:
might have been, "Why do so few American or European citizens choose to
5528:
5367:
5209:
5167:
5111:
4780:
4254:
4198:
3806:
3705:
3624:
3572:
3404:
2944:
2623:
1739:
1653:
1432:
1403:
1358:
1303:
1202:
1190:
1109:
293:
213:
138:
3238:
Explorations in Classical Sociological Theory: Seeing the Social World
1080:, elite or managerial theory, and class analysis, which overlaps with
5302:
5199:
5128:
5022:
4995:
4549:
4494:
4101:
3775:
3592:
1436:
1428:
1287:
1237:
1198:
1144:
1128:
1116:
1033:
1029:
1001:
975:
967:
943:
935:
712:
668:
55:
3909:
Power, Politics, and Society: An Introduction to Political Sociology
3697:
3608:
3564:
3388:
3089:
Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots: The Basics
1599:
radical change in a society can often by portrayed as illegitimate.
2549:
Another knowledge is possible : beyond northern epistemologies
1367:
939:
915:
5567:
4900:
4884:
2753:. Friedrich Engels, R. Pascal. Mansfield, CT: Martino Publishing.
2155:
Politics and society : an introduction to political sociology
922:
as sites of social and political conflict and power contestation.
859:
5049:
4741:
4046:
Political Sociology – Power, Place and Difference Programme Group
3464:
Studying the power elite : fifty years of who rules America?
2961:
Principles of public administration : Malaysian perspectives
2718:. Friedrich Engels, Gareth Stedman Jones. London: Penguin Books.
1935:(4 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 575–576.
1856:: Political Sociology Power, Place and Difference Programme Group
1817:
1810:
1718:
1631:
the "Corporate Rich", major landowners and corporate shareholders
1375:
1371:
1124:
1081:
1059:
985:
947:
99:
36:
3160:
1173:
1134:
1634:
the "Warlords", senior military officers, most importantly the
1414:
1240:
economic interest. Two years later, that idea was expounded in
1120:
978:
to understand an integral theme of political sociology; power.
3050:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 296–305.
3010:
The Political and Social Theory of Max Weber: Collected Essays
1542:
Utilization of facilities by leaders within their organization
2422:. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press.
2051:"Sociological Approaches: Old and New in Political Sociology"
1805:
Tawnya Adkins Covert (2017), "What is Political Sociology?" (
1625:"Celebrities", prominent entertainers and media personalities
1545:
The importance of the psychological attributes of the leaders
1071:
How socio-political cultures and identities change over time.
4070:
3951:
Politics and Society: An Introduction to Political Sociology
3914:
Janoski, T., Hicks, A., Schwartz, M. and Alford,, R., 2005.
3727:
Diamond, Larry Jay (2002). "Thinking About Hybrid Regimes".
3762:
Zakaria, Fareed (1997). "The Rise of Illiberal Democracy".
3126:
1816:
V. Bautista (2020), "Introduction to Political Sociology" (
1767:
Seymour Martin Lipset on the social requisites of democracy
1644:, sometimes variously drawn from elected officials of the
5091:
2387:. Richard A. Cloward (1 ed.). Boston: Beacon Press.
3807:"The Lipset Hypothesis in a Property Rights Perspective"
3130:
The Max Weber dictionary: key words and central concepts
2817:
Newman, Michael (2004). "Miliband, Ralph (1924–1994)".
1193:(i.e. present) era and the state (or absence of one) in
3133:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 18–21.
2583:"From the Sociology of Politics to Political Sociology"
3228:
1394:) essay. Therein, Weber unveils the definition of the
3373:"Decisions and Nondecisions: An Analytical Framework"
3207:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 40.
2895:
An ethic of responsibility in international relations
1875:: Political and Historical Sociology Research Cluster
1518:
how one can circulate from being elite to non-elite.
3965:
The Wiley-Blackwell companion to political sociology
3854:
European Journal of Cultural and Political Sociology
2453:
The Wiley-Blackwell companion to political sociology
2275:"Political Trends Affecting Nonmetropolitan America"
2055:
Grand Theories and Ideologies in the Social Sciences
1667:
is a book by research psychologist and sociologist,
4056:
Political and Historical Sociology Research Cluster
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3006:
2785:
A Contribution to the critique of political economy
2057:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 81–96,
1587:citizens, the capitalist system results in unequal
1236:(1846), Marx viewed the state as a creature of the
986:§ Political sociology vs sociology of politics
3162:
2892:
2305:
1539:Need for leaders, specialized staff and facilities
1013:study the relationships of society and politics.
3544:
1491:
5597:
3907:Dobratz, B., Waldner, L. and Buzzell, T., 2019.
3593:"Citizenship and Social Class: And Other Essays"
3072:
1734:and for their further evolution, listed below:
1700:
1591:and thus possible political inequality as well.
1549:
1400:monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force
1127:?", and "What difference does knowledge make to
3432:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 31.
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
1115:Where a typical research question in political
3988:. Social Science Research, 30(2), pp. 171–194.
3981:. American Sociological Review, 67(1), p. 109.
3590:
3370:
3304:Philosophy of education : an encyclopedia
4916:
4086:
3085:
2890:
2552:. Boaventura de Sousa Santos. London: Verso.
2002:Bendix, Reinhard; Lipset, Seymour M. (1957).
1322:, of whom he had been a friend. He published
1218:, his basic conception is that the state and
1135:Political sociology vs. sociology of politics
884:
3930:Readings in contemporary political sociology
3241:. Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press. pp.
3113:
2823:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2001:
1652:parties but usually professional government
1465:theory. This ties to his broader concept of
4307:
4003:Political sociology and the people's health
3918:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
3371:Bachrach, Peter; Baratz, Morton S. (1963).
3161:Marshall Sashkin; Molly G. Sashkin (2003).
3013:. University of Chicago Press. p. 46.
4923:
4909:
4093:
4079:
3963:Amenta, E., Nash, K. and Scott, A., 2016.
3495:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3194:
2992:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2694:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2366:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2128:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1973:(1 ed.). New York: Harper & Row.
1848:European Consortium for Political Research
891:
877:
62:
4019:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
3875:
3865:
3591:Fiddle, Seymour; Marshall, T. H. (1951).
3509:
3300:
3047:Max Weber : an intellectual portrait
2625:Critique of Hegel's 'Philosophy of right'
2598:
2272:
2196:. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
1824:
1185:can be divided into three subject areas:
3992:
3804:
2886:
2884:
2415:
2048:
1172:
930:Political sociology was conceived as an
31:
3761:
3726:
3460:
2820:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2580:
2189:
2158:. New York: Prentice Hall. p. 13.
2093:
1318:was influenced by American sociologist
1215:Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right
14:
5598:
4017:The new political sociology of science
3683:
3538:
3200:
3169:. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. p.
3154:
3127:Richard Swedberg; Ola Agevall (2005).
3043:
3000:
2930:
2816:
2750:The German ideology, Parts I & III
2545:
2282:Journal of Research in Rural Education
1829:
1227:solution, namely universal suffrage".
1209:and in his mature, more nuanced work.
1205:phase which predates the unsuccessful
1054:Understanding the dynamics of how the
954:. This new area drawing upon works by
4904:
4074:
3977:Jacobs, D. and Carmichael, J., 2002.
3847:
3686:The American Political Science Review
3586:
3584:
3582:
3425:
3234:
3039:
3037:
2957:
2899:. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp.
2881:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2781:
2707:
2705:
2659:
2655:
2653:
2380:
2331:
2094:Clemens, Elisabeth Stephanie (2016).
1966:
1928:
1306:respectively, are examples of this.
5554:
4858:
4005:. Abingdon: Oxford University Press.
3967:. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons.
3946:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3342:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
3335:
3307:. New York: Routledge. p. 179.
2810:
2746:
2711:
2621:
2546:Santos, Boaventura de Sousa (2007).
2498:
2338:(2 ed.). Long Grove, Illinois.
2306:Wilma van der Veen, E (2009-12-12).
2185:
2183:
2151:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2089:
2087:
1970:Political sociology; selected essays
1962:
1960:
1866:
1850:: Political Sociology Standing Group
1838:: Political Sociology Research Group
1155:as a synonym. Sartori outlines that
1143:account of politics (e.g. exploring
4930:
4870:
4066:Introduction to Political Sociology
3944:Introduction to political sociology
3939:. Long Grove, Ill.: Waveland Press.
3916:The handbook of political sociology
3265:
1330:
24:
4041:Political Sociology Standing Group
4031:Political Sociology Research Group
3579:
3034:
2843:
2702:
2650:
2600:10.1111/j.1477-7053.1969.tb00173.x
1261:
1251:economic interpretation of history
25:
5627:
4024:
4015:Frickel, S. and Moore, K., 2006.
3377:American Political Science Review
2308:"POLITICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES"
2227:The politics of social inequality
2180:
2136:
2084:
1957:
1842:American Sociological Association
1642:Executive Office of the President
1309:
5577:
5566:
5553:
5542:
5541:
4883:
4869:
4857:
4834:
4833:
3984:Jacobs, D. and Helms, R., 2001.
2581:Sartori, Giovanni (1969-04-01).
1844:: Section on Political Sociology
1398:as that entity that possesses a
858:
43:. "All Oppression is Connected".
5496:List of social science journals
3901:
3895:
3841:
3798:
3755:
3720:
3677:
3658:
3631:
3503:
3454:
3419:
3364:
3329:
3294:
3259:
3092:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 38–42.
2951:
2924:
2775:
2740:
2615:
2574:
2539:
2492:
2444:
2409:
2374:
2325:
2314:from the original on 2009-12-12
2299:
1324:The State in Capitalist Society
1177:A portrait picture of Karl Marx
925:
444:Peace, war, and social conflict
5616:Subfields of political science
5453:Science and technology studies
4036:Section on Political Sociology
3971:
2266:
2218:
2042:
1995:
1922:
1776:: The Social Bases of Politics
1602:
1492:Italian school of elite theory
13:
1:
4100:
3942:Orum, A. and Dale, J., 2009.
3867:10.1080/23254823.2019.1570859
3638:Diamond, Larry and Gary Marks
3510:Palmisano, Joseph M. (2001).
1916:
1862:: Political Sociology Cluster
1753:United States Social Security
1701:T. H. Marshall on citizenship
1550:Pluralism and power relations
1486:
1353:
4061:What is Political Sociology?
3597:American Sociological Review
3461:Domhoff, G. William (2018).
3429:The sociological imagination
3007:Wolfgang J. Mommsen (1992).
2837:UK public library membership
2505:Media, Culture & Society
2288:(3): 161–166. Archived from
2190:Domhoff, G. William (1967).
2097:What is political sociology?
1710:Citizenship and Social Class
1381:
1314:English Marxist sociologist
1290:and fascism, as well as the
1168:
7:
4051:Political Sociology Cluster
3932:. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.
3545:Kenneth E. Miller (1967). "
2381:Piven, Frances Fox (2000).
2273:Nachtigal, Paul M. (1994).
1879:
1695:
1579:), and cultural sociology (
1455:this tripartite distinction
1044:
10:
5632:
4757:Human environmental impact
4009:
3957:
3235:Allan, Kenneth D. (2005).
2020:10.1177/001139215700600201
1688:, and political scientist
1676:of four men: sociologists
1089:Elite or managerial theory
995:
115:Human environmental impact
5537:
5504:
5488:
5235:
4961:
4938:
4830:
4733:
4658:
4467:
4224:
4174:
4136:
4108:
3937:Power, state, and society
3426:Mills, C. Wright (2000).
3339:Democracy and its critics
3301:Chambliss, J. J. (2014).
3044:Bendix, Reinhard (1977).
2663:Participation in politics
2587:Government and Opposition
2049:Kryzanek, Ann P. (2010),
1932:A dictionary of sociology
1886:Bibliography of sociology
1799:
1575:), structuration theory (
1163:
1024:to other figures such as
4194:Structural functionalism
3549:by G. William Domhoff".
3336:Dahl, Robert A. (1989).
3201:Hooghe, Liesbet (2001).
2958:Jeong, Chun Hai (2012).
2517:10.1177/0163443707086859
2332:Coser, Lewis A. (2003).
1967:Coser, Lewis A. (1967).
1207:1848 uprisings in Europe
1039:
209:Structural functionalism
5141:international relations
4766:Industrial revolutions
4214:Symbolic interactionism
3848:Korom, Philipp (2019).
3811:SSRN Electronic Journal
3516:. Detroit: Gale Group.
3266:Nye, Robert A. (1977).
2715:The Communist manifesto
2660:Parry, Geraint (1972).
2416:Phillips, Anne (1991).
2063:10.1057/9780230112612_5
1860:University of Cambridge
1854:University of Amsterdam
1563:), post-structuralism (
1445:(modern law and state,
1243:The Communist Manifesto
1181:Marx's ideas about the
229:Symbolic interactionism
124:Industrial revolutions
5468:Quantum social science
4204:Social constructionism
3805:Czegledi, Pal (2015).
3086:George Ritzer (2009).
2891:Daniel Warner (1991).
2829:10.1093/ref:odnb/55138
2484:: CS1 maint: others (
2258:: CS1 maint: others (
2152:Rush, Michael (1992).
1891:Political anthropology
1825:Research organisations
1794:democratic transitions
1778:political sociologist
1388:Politics as a Vocation
1189:states, states in the
1178:
219:Social constructionism
44:
5505:Other categorizations
5358:International studies
5343:History of technology
5278:Communication studies
5161:public administration
4811:Social stratification
4693:Conversation analysis
4250:Cultural anthropology
4240:Comparative sociology
4166:Sociological practice
4001:Beckfield, J., 2018.
3993:Health and well-being
3741:10.1353/jod.2002.0025
2933:Politics & Policy
2419:Engendering democracy
1780:Seymour Martin Lipset
1759:and even more so, to
1738:The lessening of the
1636:Joint Chiefs of Staff
1532:iron law of oligarchy
1480:public administration
1425:traditional authority
1411:charismatic authority
1292:scientific management
1230:By the time he wrote
1176:
1157:sociology of politics
1153:sociology of politics
956:Alexis de Tocqueville
594:Conversation analysis
169:Social stratification
35:
5338:Historical sociology
4260:Historical sociology
3953:. London: Routledge.
3921:Lachmann, R., 2010.
3911:. London: Routledge.
3819:10.2139/ssrn.2573981
3729:Journal of Democracy
2782:Karl., Marx (2010).
1929:Scott, John (2014).
1896:Political philosophy
1789:Modernization theory
1784:economic development
1581:Jeffrey C. Alexander
1255:forces of production
5606:Political sociology
5518:Geisteswissenschaft
5512:Behavioral sciences
5438:Political sociology
5353:Information science
5298:Development studies
4821:Social cycle theory
4280:Social anthropology
4270:Political sociology
4161:Sociological theory
3552:Journal of Politics
2853:Weber, Max (2015).
2747:Marx, Karl (2011).
2712:Marx, Karl (2002).
2622:Marx, Karl (1843).
2499:Nash, Kate (2008).
1830:Political sociology
1475:Economy and Society
1463:social evolutionism
1233:The German Ideology
904:Political sociology
179:Social cycle theory
50:Part of a series on
27:Branch of sociology
5573:Society portal
5060:auxiliary sciences
4890:Society portal
4791:Social environment
4415:race and ethnicity
4265:Industrial society
3935:Neuman, W., 2008.
3670:2008-07-18 at the
3653:Carl Albert Center
3643:2007-08-31 at the
3547:Who Rules America?
3513:World of sociology
3467:. Abingdon, Oxon.
2945:10.1111/polp.12100
2193:Who rules America?
1911:Political identity
1901:Political spectrum
1873:Harvard University
1836:Aalborg University
1757:right to education
1669:G. William Domhoff
1664:Who Rules America?
1284:passive revolution
1179:
1102:G. William Domhoff
912:levels of analysis
865:Society portal
488:History of science
469:Race and ethnicity
149:Social environment
45:
5611:Philosophy of law
5593:
5592:
5433:Political economy
5428:Political ecology
5283:Community studies
5273:Cognitive science
5236:Interdisciplinary
5136:Political science
4898:
4897:
4786:Social complexity
4718:Social experiment
4463:
4462:
4290:Social psychology
3651:a Journal of the
3523:978-1-84972-101-1
3474:978-1-351-58862-1
3439:978-0-19-976112-8
3314:978-1-138-86652-2
3252:978-1-4129-0572-5
3214:978-0-521-00143-4
3180:978-1-57675-193-0
3140:978-0-8047-5095-0
3099:978-0-07-340438-7
3020:978-0-226-53400-8
2971:978-967-349-233-6
2910:978-1-55587-266-3
2866:978-1-137-36586-6
2835:(Subscription or
2795:978-1-142-42574-6
2760:978-1-61427-048-5
2559:978-1-84467-117-5
2463:978-1-4443-5509-3
2107:978-0-7456-9160-2
2072:978-1-349-28839-7
2008:Current Sociology
1942:978-0-19-176305-2
1867:Interdisciplinary
1678:E. Digby Baltzell
1613:conspiracy theory
1503:(1858–1941), and
1392:Politik als Beruf
1374:and conventional
1348:cultural hegemony
1006:Political science
932:interdisciplinary
908:interdisciplinary
901:
900:
619:Social experiment
499:Social psychology
144:Social complexity
16:(Redirected from
5623:
5581:
5571:
5570:
5557:
5556:
5545:
5544:
5448:Regional science
5293:Cultural studies
5268:Business studies
4925:
4918:
4911:
4902:
4901:
4888:
4887:
4873:
4872:
4861:
4860:
4837:
4836:
4816:Social structure
4713:Network analysis
4305:
4304:
4295:Sociolinguistics
4285:Social movements
4209:Social darwinism
4146:Public sociology
4095:
4088:
4081:
4072:
4071:
3949:Rush, M., 1992.
3928:Nash, K., 2007.
3925:. Oxford: Wiley.
3923:States and Power
3890:
3889:
3879:
3869:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3776:10.2307/20048274
3759:
3753:
3752:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3681:
3675:
3662:
3656:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3588:
3577:
3576:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3494:
3486:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3272:. London: SAGE.
3263:
3257:
3256:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3168:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3124:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3083:
3070:
3069:
3041:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2991:
2983:
2964:. Kuala Lumpur.
2955:
2949:
2948:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2898:
2888:
2879:
2878:
2850:
2841:
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2832:
2814:
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2779:
2773:
2772:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2709:
2700:
2699:
2693:
2685:
2657:
2648:
2647:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2602:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2483:
2475:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2365:
2357:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2279:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2249:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2187:
2178:
2177:
2149:
2134:
2133:
2127:
2119:
2091:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2046:
2040:
2039:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1926:
1714:economic welfare
1336:Nicos Poulantzas
1331:Nicos Poulantzas
1300:Frederick Taylor
1147:areas through a
1106:Nicos Poulantzas
893:
886:
879:
863:
862:
614:Network analysis
504:Sociocybernetics
494:Social movements
224:Social darwinism
174:Social structure
66:
47:
46:
21:
5631:
5630:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5621:
5620:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5589:
5565:
5533:
5500:
5484:
5458:Science studies
5242:Administration
5231:
4957:
4934:
4932:Social sciences
4929:
4899:
4894:
4882:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4796:Social equality
4729:
4728:
4727:
4654:
4468:Major theorists
4459:
4303:
4300:Urban sociology
4275:Rural sociology
4227:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4189:Critical theory
4184:Conflict theory
4170:
4151:Social research
4138:General aspects
4132:
4104:
4099:
4027:
4022:
4012:
3995:
3974:
3960:
3904:
3898:
3893:
3846:
3842:
3803:
3799:
3764:Foreign Affairs
3760:
3756:
3725:
3721:
3698:10.2307/1951731
3682:
3678:
3672:Wayback Machine
3663:
3659:
3645:Wayback Machine
3636:
3632:
3609:10.2307/2087636
3589:
3580:
3565:10.2307/2128630
3543:
3539:
3524:
3508:
3504:
3488:
3487:
3475:
3459:
3455:
3440:
3424:
3420:
3389:10.2307/1952568
3369:
3365:
3350:
3334:
3330:
3315:
3299:
3295:
3280:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3233:
3229:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3199:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3159:
3155:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3125:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3084:
3073:
3058:
3042:
3035:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3005:
3001:
2985:
2984:
2972:
2956:
2952:
2929:
2925:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2889:
2882:
2867:
2851:
2844:
2834:
2815:
2811:
2796:
2780:
2776:
2761:
2745:
2741:
2726:
2710:
2703:
2687:
2686:
2674:
2658:
2651:
2636:
2620:
2616:
2579:
2575:
2560:
2544:
2540:
2497:
2493:
2477:
2476:
2464:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2430:
2414:
2410:
2395:
2379:
2375:
2359:
2358:
2346:
2330:
2326:
2317:
2315:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2277:
2271:
2267:
2251:
2250:
2238:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2204:
2188:
2181:
2166:
2150:
2137:
2121:
2120:
2108:
2092:
2085:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2047:
2043:
2000:
1996:
1981:
1965:
1958:
1943:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1906:Power structure
1882:
1869:
1832:
1827:
1802:
1769:
1703:
1698:
1682:C. Wright Mills
1621:Social Register
1609:C. Wright Mills
1605:
1577:Anthony Giddens
1571:), pragmatism (
1565:Michel Foucault
1552:
1497:Vilfredo Pareto
1494:
1489:
1467:rationalisation
1443:legal authority
1384:
1356:
1340:Instrumentalist
1333:
1320:C. Wright Mills
1312:
1267:Antonio Gramsci
1264:
1262:Antonio Gramsci
1212:In Marx's 1843
1195:post-capitalist
1171:
1166:
1137:
1047:
1042:
998:
928:
897:
857:
850:
849:
810:
800:
799:
727:
653:
639:
637:Major theorists
629:
628:
564:
554:
553:
244:
234:
233:
204:Critical theory
199:Conflict theory
194:
184:
183:
154:Social equality
95:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5629:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5575:
5563:
5551:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5514:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5401:social science
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5333:Global studies
5330:
5328:Gender studies
5325:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5311:social science
5307:Environmental
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5006:macroeconomics
5003:
5001:microeconomics
4993:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4928:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4905:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4879:
4867:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4752:Human behavior
4749:
4744:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4445:stratification
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4311:
4309:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4230:
4226:Related fields
4222:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4142:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4098:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4026:
4025:External links
4023:
4021:
4020:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4006:
3999:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3982:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3860:(4): 448–473.
3840:
3797:
3754:
3719:
3676:
3665:Diamond, Larry
3657:
3630:
3578:
3537:
3522:
3502:
3473:
3453:
3438:
3418:
3383:(3): 632–642.
3363:
3348:
3328:
3313:
3293:
3278:
3258:
3251:
3227:
3213:
3193:
3179:
3153:
3139:
3112:
3098:
3071:
3056:
3033:
3019:
2999:
2970:
2950:
2923:
2909:
2880:
2865:
2842:
2809:
2794:
2788:. Nabu Press.
2774:
2759:
2739:
2724:
2701:
2672:
2649:
2634:
2614:
2593:(2): 195–214.
2573:
2558:
2538:
2511:(2): 167–181.
2491:
2462:
2443:
2428:
2408:
2393:
2373:
2344:
2324:
2298:
2295:on 2013-10-30.
2265:
2236:
2217:
2202:
2179:
2164:
2135:
2106:
2083:
2071:
2041:
1994:
1979:
1956:
1941:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1801:
1798:
1768:
1765:
1761:social welfare
1749:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1706:T. H. Marshall
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1690:Robert A. Dahl
1657:
1656:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1604:
1601:
1589:economic power
1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1530:developed the
1505:Robert Michels
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1459:rational-legal
1451:
1450:
1440:
1433:patrimonialism
1422:
1383:
1380:
1355:
1352:
1332:
1329:
1316:Ralph Miliband
1311:
1310:Ralph Miliband
1308:
1263:
1260:
1187:pre-capitalist
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1136:
1133:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
997:
994:
972:Émile Durkheim
964:Robert Michels
927:
924:
899:
898:
896:
895:
888:
881:
873:
870:
869:
868:
867:
852:
851:
848:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
811:
806:
805:
802:
801:
655:
654:
640:
635:
634:
631:
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627:
626:
621:
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611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
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571:
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560:
559:
556:
555:
552:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
264:Astrosociology
261:
256:
251:
245:
240:
239:
236:
235:
232:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
195:
190:
189:
186:
185:
182:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
122:
117:
112:
110:Human behavior
107:
102:
96:
93:
92:
89:
88:
87:
86:
81:
76:
68:
67:
59:
58:
52:
51:
26:
18:Sociopolitical
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5628:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5586:
5585:
5580:
5576:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5524:Human science
5522:
5520:
5519:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5487:
5481:
5480:Vegan studies
5478:
5476:
5473:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5443:Public health
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5377:Philosophies
5376:
5374:
5373:Media studies
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5348:Human ecology
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5258:Anthrozoology
5256:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5198:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5183:developmental
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5166:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5156:public policy
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5107:legal systems
5105:
5103:
5102:legal history
5100:
5098:
5097:jurisprudence
5095:
5094:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5048:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4933:
4926:
4921:
4919:
4914:
4912:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4832:
4829:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4801:Social equity
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4747:Globalization
4745:
4743:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4683:Computational
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4325:consciousness
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4228:and subfields
4223:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4156:Social theory
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4091:
4089:
4084:
4082:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3887:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3692:(1): 69–105.
3691:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3661:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3634:
3626:
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3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3587:
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3570:
3566:
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3558:
3554:
3553:
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3533:
3529:
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3506:
3498:
3492:
3484:
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3476:
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3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
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3382:
3378:
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3359:
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3349:0-300-04409-7
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3297:
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3231:
3216:
3210:
3206:
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3142:
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3132:
3131:
3123:
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3119:
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3080:
3078:
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3057:0-520-03503-8
3053:
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3038:
3022:
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3012:
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2995:
2989:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2939:(6): 824–49.
2938:
2934:
2927:
2912:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2887:
2885:
2876:
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2838:
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2791:
2787:
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2725:0-14-044757-1
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2691:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2673:0-87471-131-2
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2645:
2641:
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2631:
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2465:
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2420:
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2386:
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2369:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2345:1-57766-307-1
2341:
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2336:
2328:
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2302:
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2239:
2237:0-7623-0756-0
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2229:
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2205:
2203:0-13-958363-7
2199:
2195:
2194:
2186:
2184:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2165:0-7450-1215-9
2161:
2157:
2156:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2131:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2100:. Cambridge.
2099:
2098:
2090:
2088:
2074:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1980:0-06-131293-2
1976:
1972:
1971:
1963:
1961:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1774:Political Man
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:social rights
1728:
1724:
1721:acquired via
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1670:
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1616:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1573:Luc Boltanski
1570:
1569:Judith Butler
1566:
1562:
1558:
1557:social theory
1544:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1501:Gaetano Mosca
1499:(1848–1923),
1498:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1430:
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1345:
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1337:
1328:
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1321:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:assembly line
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1276:civil society
1272:
1269:'s theory of
1268:
1259:
1256:
1253:in which the
1252:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1221:
1220:civil society
1217:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1175:
1161:
1158:
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1146:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:structuralist
1095:
1094:Theda Skocpol
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1037:
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957:
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949:
945:
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937:
934:sub-field of
933:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
894:
889:
887:
882:
880:
875:
874:
872:
871:
866:
861:
856:
855:
854:
853:
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843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
830:Organizations
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
812:
809:
804:
803:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
779: ·
778:
775: ·
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
735: ·
734:
731:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
667: ·
666:
662:
659:
652:
648:
645:
642:
641:
638:
633:
632:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
584:Computational
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
566:
563:
558:
557:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
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495:
492:
489:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
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465:
462:
460:
457:
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452:
450:
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415:
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410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
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387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
329:Environmental
327:
324:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
279:Consciousness
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
246:
243:
238:
237:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
196:
193:
188:
187:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
159:Social equity
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
105:Globalization
103:
101:
98:
97:
91:
90:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
71:
70:
69:
65:
61:
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49:
48:
42:
41:New York City
38:
34:
30:
19:
5582:
5558:
5546:
5516:
5437:
5323:Food studies
5263:Area studies
5016:mathematical
5011:econometrics
4969:Anthropology
4881:
4874:
4862:
4838:
4806:Social power
4708:Mathematical
4688:Ethnographic
4668:Quantitative
4435:small groups
4308:Sociology of
4269:
4235:Anthropology
4175:Perspectives
3902:Introductory
3896:Bibliography
3857:
3853:
3843:
3810:
3800:
3770:(6): 22–43.
3767:
3763:
3757:
3735:(2): 21–35.
3732:
3728:
3722:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3660:
3648:
3633:
3600:
3596:
3556:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3512:
3505:
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3428:
3421:
3380:
3376:
3366:
3338:
3331:
3303:
3296:
3268:
3261:
3237:
3230:
3218:. Retrieved
3203:
3196:
3184:. Retrieved
3164:
3156:
3144:. Retrieved
3129:
3103:. Retrieved
3088:
3046:
3024:. Retrieved
3009:
3002:
2960:
2953:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2914:. Retrieved
2894:
2855:
2818:
2812:
2784:
2777:
2749:
2742:
2714:
2662:
2624:
2617:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2548:
2541:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2452:
2446:
2418:
2411:
2383:
2376:
2334:
2327:
2316:. Retrieved
2301:
2290:the original
2285:
2281:
2268:
2226:
2220:
2192:
2154:
2096:
2076:, retrieved
2054:
2044:
2014:(2): 79–99.
2011:
2007:
1997:
1969:
1931:
1924:
1772:
1770:
1750:
1727:civil rights
1709:
1704:
1684:, economist
1662:
1661:
1658:
1606:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1553:
1526:Sociologist
1525:
1513:
1509:
1495:
1473:
1471:
1452:
1391:
1385:
1357:
1334:
1323:
1313:
1265:
1248:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1224:
1213:
1211:
1180:
1156:
1152:
1149:sociological
1141:reductionist
1138:
1114:
1086:
1074:
1048:
1015:
1011:
999:
990:
980:
952:World War II
929:
926:Introduction
903:
902:
815:Bibliography
729:
657:
656:
643:
609:Mathematical
589:Ethnographic
569:Quantitative
453:
254:Architecture
192:Perspectives
164:Social power
29:
5584:Wikiversity
5475:Social work
5363:Linguistics
5288:Criminology
5205:criminology
5188:personality
5146:comparative
5124:Linguistics
5117:private law
4974:archaeology
4876:WikiProject
4678:Comparative
4673:Qualitative
4640:Baudrillard
4490:Tocqueville
4385:immigration
4360:environment
4245:Criminology
3972:Criminology
3559:: 565–567.
1723:citizenship
1686:Paul Sweezy
1673:power elite
1654:bureaucrats
1603:Power elite
1561:Stuart Hall
1447:bureaucracy
1404:ideal types
1298:methods of
1280:bourgeoisie
1201:phase, the
1084:analysis.
960:James Bryce
820:Terminology
789:Baudrillard
665:Tocqueville
579:Comparative
574:Qualitative
544:Victimology
374:Immigration
359:Generations
274:Criminology
5600:Categories
5529:Humanities
5463:historical
5396:psychology
5368:Management
5210:demography
5168:Psychology
5151:philosophy
5112:public law
5043:integrated
4840:Categories
4781:Popularity
4734:Key themes
4698:Historical
4450:technology
4255:Demography
4199:Positivism
3649:Extension,
3603:(3): 422.
3483:1000395483
2839:required.)
2318:2021-06-16
2078:2021-06-16
1917:References
1740:income gap
1650:Republican
1646:Democratic
1487:Approaches
1429:patriarchs
1364:pluralists
1359:Bob Jessop
1354:Bob Jessop
1304:Henry Ford
1203:young Marx
1191:capitalist
1110:Bob Jessop
845:By country
599:Historical
524:Technology
464:Punishment
449:Philosophy
424:Mathematic
414:Literature
379:Industrial
369:Historical
294:Demography
214:Positivism
139:Popularity
94:Key themes
5407:Planning
5386:economics
5303:Education
5200:Sociology
5178:cognitive
5129:semiotics
5080:political
5038:technical
5023:Geography
4996:Economics
4703:Interview
4485:Martineau
4390:knowledge
4350:education
4345:economics
4102:Sociology
3835:155609832
3827:1556-5068
3792:151236500
3749:154815836
3617:0003-1224
3532:246969831
3491:cite book
3448:610027153
3413:145048045
3397:0003-0554
3323:909324368
2988:cite book
2980:849815163
2875:907284212
2804:629920309
2769:792820929
2690:cite book
2609:0017-257X
2533:144223251
2525:0163-4437
2480:cite book
2472:779166506
2362:cite book
2254:cite book
2124:cite book
2116:932385459
2036:145607717
2028:0011-3921
1951:910157494
1437:feudalism
1419:religious
1382:Max Weber
1288:reformism
1238:bourgeois
1225:political
1199:communist
1169:Karl Marx
1145:political
1129:democracy
1117:sociology
1078:pluralism
1034:Max Weber
1030:Karl Marx
1002:Sociology
976:Karl Marx
968:Max Weber
944:communism
936:sociology
661:Martineau
604:Interview
529:Terrorism
509:Sociology
454:Political
394:Knowledge
314:Education
56:Sociology
5548:Category
5416:regional
5411:land use
5246:business
5215:internet
5173:abnormal
5075:military
5065:economic
5055:cultural
5028:physical
4989:physical
4979:cultural
4851:Journals
4762:Identity
4645:Bourdieu
4635:Habermas
4630:Luhmann
4625:Foucault
4560:Mannheim
4535:Durkheim
4420:religion
4410:military
4405:medicine
4355:emotions
4340:deviance
4123:Timeline
3886:32309461
3784:20048274
3714:53686238
3668:Archived
3641:Archived
3358:19264138
3220:23 March
3186:22 March
3146:23 March
3105:22 March
3026:22 March
2734:48754391
2568:74525259
2438:22984818
2403:43894515
2354:53480377
2312:Archived
2246:45505958
2174:26551452
1880:See also
1725:, from "
1696:Concepts
1415:familial
1376:Marxists
1372:statists
1368:elitists
1271:hegemony
1045:Overview
1026:Durkheim
940:politics
916:families
840:Timeline
825:Journals
793:Bourdieu
785:Habermas
781:Luhmann
777:Foucault
721:Mannheim
701:Durkheim
474:Religion
434:Military
399:Language
384:Internet
339:Feminist
323:Jealousy
309:Economic
304:Disaster
299:Deviance
242:Branches
120:Identity
5560:Commons
5391:history
5381:science
5316:studies
5050:History
4962:Primary
4948:History
4943:Outline
4864:Commons
4742:Society
4659:Methods
4650:Giddens
4615:Goffman
4610:Schoeck
4555:Du Bois
4520:Tönnies
4500:Spencer
4430:science
4400:leisure
4330:culture
4118:History
4113:Outline
4010:Science
3958:General
3877:7099882
3706:1951731
3625:2087636
3573:2128630
3405:1952568
3288:3881843
3066:3751900
2916:5 April
1818:YouTube
1811:paywall
1719:England
1528:Michels
1125:poverty
1082:Marxist
1060:society
1022:Spencer
996:Origins
948:fascism
918:to the
797:Giddens
795:·
791:·
783:·
771:·
769:Goffman
765:Schoeck
751:·
743:·
719:·
717:Du Bois
715:·
707:·
703:·
695:·
689:Tönnies
687:·
673:Spencer
671:·
649:·
562:Methods
539:Utopian
484:Science
429:Medical
419:Marxist
409:Leisure
319:Emotion
284:Culture
100:Society
79:Outline
74:History
37:Protest
5251:public
5193:social
5085:social
4984:social
4723:Survey
4620:Bauman
4595:Nisbet
4590:Merton
4580:Gehlen
4575:Adorno
4540:Addams
4530:Simmel
4525:Veblen
4515:Pareto
4505:Le Bon
4480:Sieyès
4380:health
4375:gender
4365:family
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1515:Pareto
1164:People
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950:, and
906:is an
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773:Bauman
753:Nisbet
749:Merton
741:Gehlen
737:Adorno
730:1900s:
705:Addams
697:Simmel
693:Veblen
685:Pareto
677:Le Bon
658:1800s:
651:Sieyès
644:1700s:
624:Survey
549:Visual
459:Public
364:Health
354:Gender
344:Fiscal
334:Family
5421:urban
5225:urban
5220:rural
5070:human
5033:human
4953:Index
4846:lists
4600:Mills
4570:Fromm
4565:Elias
4550:Weber
4475:Comte
4440:space
4425:sport
4335:death
4128:Index
3831:S2CID
3788:S2CID
3780:JSTOR
3745:S2CID
3710:S2CID
3702:JSTOR
3621:JSTOR
3569:JSTOR
3409:S2CID
3401:JSTOR
2903:–10.
2529:S2CID
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2278:(PDF)
2032:S2CID
1520:Mosca
1439:) and
1396:state
1344:class
1183:state
1056:state
1040:Scope
1018:Comte
982:Power
920:state
808:Lists
757:Mills
733:Fromm
725:Elias
713:Weber
647:Comte
534:Urban
519:Sport
514:Space
479:Rural
439:Music
389:Jewry
289:Death
249:Aging
84:Index
5489:List
4605:Bell
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4545:Mead
4510:Ward
4495:Marx
4455:work
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