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2497:, advertising focused on the diamond product itself rather than the De Beers brand, and associations with celebrities and royalty. Without advertising the De Beers brand, De Beers was advertising its competitors' diamond products as well, but this was not a concern as De Beers dominated the diamond market throughout the 20th century. De Beers' market share dipped temporarily to second place in the global market below Alrosa in the aftermath of the global economic crisis of 2008, down to less than 29% in terms of carats mined, rather than sold. The campaign lasted for decades but was effectively discontinued by early 2011. De Beers still advertises diamonds, but the advertising now mostly promotes its own brands, or licensed product lines, rather than completely "generic" diamond products. The campaign was perhaps best captured by the slogan "
1313:(GIA) developed 11 clarity scales to decide the quality of a diamond for its sale value. The GIA clarity scale spans from Flawless (FL) to included (I) having internally flawless (IF), very, very slightly included (VVS), very slightly included (VS) and slightly included (SI) in between. Impurities in natural diamonds are due to the presence of natural minerals and oxides. The clarity scale grades the diamond based on the color, size, location of impurity and quantity of clarity visible under 10x magnification. Inclusions in diamond can be extracted by optical methods. The process is to take pre-enhancement images, identifying the inclusion removal part and finally removing the diamond facets and noises.
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and experience. Its final goal is to produce a faceted jewel where the specific angles between the facets would optimize the diamond luster, that is dispersion of white light, whereas the number and area of facets would determine the weight of the final product. The weight reduction upon cutting is significant and can be of the order of 50%. Several possible shapes are considered, but the final decision is often determined not only by scientific, but also practical considerations. For example, the diamond might be intended for display or for wear, in a ring or a necklace, singled or surrounded by other gems of certain color and shape. Some of them may be considered as classical, such as
2003:
796:
2372:. There are 28 registered diamond bourses in the world. Bourses are the final tightly controlled step in the diamond supply chain; wholesalers and even retailers are able to buy relatively small lots of diamonds at the bourses, after which they are prepared for final sale to the consumer. Diamonds can be sold already set in jewelry, or sold unset ("loose"). According to the Rio Tinto, in 2002 the diamonds produced and released to the market were valued at US$ 9 billion as rough diamonds, US$ 14 billion after being cut and polished, US$ 28 billion in wholesale diamond jewelry, and US$ 57 billion in retail sales.
911:, samples of materials are struck with a pyramid of standardized dimensions using a known force â a diamond crystal is used for the pyramid to permit a wide range of materials to be tested. From the size of the resulting indentation, a Vickers hardness value for the material can be determined. Diamond's great hardness relative to other materials has been known since antiquity, and is the source of its name. This does not mean that it is infinitely hard, indestructible, or unscratchable. Indeed, diamonds can be scratched by other diamonds and worn down over time even by softer materials, such as vinyl
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or revolutionary activities. Although the
Kimberley Process has been moderately successful in limiting the number of conflict diamonds entering the market, some still find their way in. According to the International Diamond Manufacturers Association, conflict diamonds constitute 2â3% of all diamonds traded. Two major flaws still hinder the effectiveness of the Kimberley Process: (1) the relative ease of smuggling diamonds across African borders, and (2) the violent nature of diamond mining in nations that are not in a technical state of war and whose diamonds are therefore considered "clean".
3025:
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1957:, a series of growth zones can be identified in diamonds. The characteristic pattern in diamonds from the lithosphere involves a nearly concentric series of zones with very thin oscillations in luminescence and alternating episodes where the carbon is resorbed by the fluid and then grown again. Diamonds from below the lithosphere have a more irregular, almost polycrystalline texture, reflecting the higher temperatures and pressures as well as the transport of the diamonds by convection.
3120:
such as silicon carbide, which pass the thermal conductivity test. Optical techniques can distinguish between natural diamonds and synthetic diamonds. They can also identify the vast majority of treated natural diamonds. "Perfect" crystals (at the atomic lattice level) have never been found, so both natural and synthetic diamonds always possess characteristic imperfections, arising from the circumstances of their crystal growth, that allow them to be distinguished from each other.
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diamonds passed through De Beers, but by 2001â2009 the figure had decreased to around 45%, and by 2013 the company's market share had further decreased to around 38% in value terms and even less by volume. De Beers sold off the vast majority of its diamond stockpile in the late 1990s â early 2000s and the remainder largely represents working stock (diamonds that are being sorted before sale). This was well documented in the press but remains little known to the general public.
1467:
2561:, irrelevant for most applications. Eighty percent of mined diamonds (equal to about 135,000,000 carats (27,000 kg) annually) are unsuitable for use as gemstones and are used industrially. In addition to mined diamonds, synthetic diamonds found industrial applications almost immediately after their invention in the 1950s; in 2014, 4,500,000,000 carats (900,000 kg) of synthetic diamonds were produced, 90% of which were produced in China. Approximately 90% of diamond
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575:. It also has a high density, ranging from 3150 to 3530 kilograms per cubic metre (over three times the density of water) in natural diamonds and 3520 kg/m in pure diamond. In graphite, the bonds between nearest neighbors are even stronger, but the bonds between parallel adjacent planes are weak, so the planes easily slip past each other. Thus, graphite is much softer than diamond. However, the stronger bonds make graphite less flammable.
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will cease as soon as the heat is removed because the oxygen is diluted with nitrogen. A clear, flawless, transparent diamond is completely converted to carbon dioxide; any impurities will be left as ash. Heat generated from cutting a diamond will not ignite the diamond, and neither will a cigarette lighter, but house fires and blow torches are hot enough. Jewelers must be careful when molding the metal in a diamond ring.
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polished slowly, using painstaking traditional techniques and greater attention to detail than is the case with most other gemstones; these tend to result in extremely flat, highly polished facets with exceptionally sharp facet edges. Diamonds also possess an extremely high refractive index and fairly high dispersion. Taken together, these factors affect the overall appearance of a polished diamond and most
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2740:. India led the world in diamond production from the time of their discovery in approximately the 9th century BC to the mid-18th century AD, but the commercial potential of these sources had been exhausted by the late 18th century and at that time India was eclipsed by Brazil where the first non-Indian diamonds were found in 1725. Currently, one of the most prominent Indian mines is located at
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various processes for more than half a century. However, in recent years it has become possible to produce gem-quality synthetic diamonds of significant size. It is possible to make colorless synthetic gemstones that, on a molecular level, are identical to natural stones and so visually similar that only a gemologist with special equipment can tell the difference.
2363:, handle a larger number of smaller carat diamonds, while smaller quantities of larger or more valuable diamonds are more likely to be handled in Europe or North America. The recent expansion of this industry in India, employing low cost labor, has allowed smaller diamonds to be prepared as gems in greater quantities than was previously economically feasible.
2335:(WFDB) act as a medium for wholesale diamond exchange, trading both polished and rough diamonds. The WFDB consists of independent diamond bourses in major cutting centers such as Tel Aviv, Antwerp, Johannesburg and other cities across the US, Europe and Asia. In 2000, the WFDB and The International Diamond Manufacturers Association established the
2672:. They are mined from kimberlite and lamproite volcanic pipes, which can bring diamond crystals, originating from deep within the Earth where high pressures and temperatures enable them to form, to the surface. The mining and distribution of natural diamonds are subjects of frequent controversy such as concerns over the sale of
1265:, diamonds are not truly black, but rather contain numerous dark inclusions that give the gems their dark appearance. Colored diamonds contain impurities or structural defects that cause the coloration, while pure or nearly pure diamonds are transparent and colorless. Most diamond impurities replace a carbon atom in the
706:. Both planets are made up of approximately 10 percent carbon and could hypothetically contain oceans of liquid carbon. Since large quantities of metallic fluid can affect the magnetic field, this could serve as an explanation as to why the geographic and magnetic poles of the two planets are unaligned.
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mounted in a fine copper tip. One thermistor functions as a heating device while the other measures the temperature of the copper tip: if the stone being tested is a diamond, it will conduct the tip's thermal energy rapidly enough to produce a measurable temperature drop. This test takes about two to
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Diamond enhancements are specific treatments performed on natural or synthetic diamonds (usually those already cut and polished into a gem), which are designed to better the gemological characteristics of the stone in one or more ways. These include laser drilling to remove inclusions, application of
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After initial cutting, the diamond is shaped in numerous stages of polishing. Unlike cutting, which is a responsible but quick operation, polishing removes material by gradual erosion and is extremely time-consuming. The associated technique is well developed; it is considered as a routine and can be
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for gem-quality diamonds. The
Diamond Trading Company (DTC) is a subsidiary of De Beers and markets rough diamonds from De Beers-operated mines. De Beers and its subsidiaries own mines that produce some 40% of annual world diamond production. For most of the 20th century over 80% of the world's rough
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Nitrogen is by far the most common impurity found in gem diamonds and is responsible for the yellow and brown color in diamonds. Boron is responsible for the blue color. Color in diamond has two additional sources: irradiation (usually by alpha particles), that causes the color in green diamonds, and
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High-purity diamond wafers 5 cm in diameter exhibit perfect resistance in one direction and perfect conductance in the other, creating the possibility of using them for quantum data storage. The material contains only 3 parts per million of nitrogen. The diamond was grown on a stepped substrate,
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Whereas the thermal probe can separate diamonds from most of their simulants, distinguishing between various types of diamond, for example synthetic or natural, irradiated or non-irradiated, etc., requires more advanced, optical techniques. Those techniques are also used for some diamonds simulants,
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scale). After the development of Argyle diamond mine in
Australia in 1986, and marketing, brown diamonds have become acceptable gems. The change was mostly due to the numbers: the Argyle mine, with its 35,000,000 carats (7,000 kg) of diamonds per year, makes about one-third of global production
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Mined rough diamonds are converted into gems through a multi-step process called "cutting". Diamonds are extremely hard, but also brittle and can be split up by a single blow. Therefore, diamond cutting is traditionally considered as a delicate procedure requiring skills, scientific knowledge, tools
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Populations of diamonds from different sources have distributions of δC that vary markedly. Peridotitic diamonds are mostly within the typical mantle range; eclogitic diamonds have values from â40 to +3, although the peak of the distribution is in the mantle range. This variability implies that they
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Screening devices based on diamond type detection can be used to make a distinction between diamonds that are certainly natural and diamonds that are potentially synthetic. Those potentially synthetic diamonds require more investigation in a specialized lab. Examples of commercial screening devices
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Synthetic diamonds are diamonds manufactured in a laboratory, as opposed to diamonds mined from the Earth. The gemological and industrial uses of diamond have created a large demand for rough stones. This demand has been satisfied in large part by synthetic diamonds, which have been manufactured by
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in 2002. The
Kimberley Process aims to ensure that conflict diamonds do not become intermixed with the diamonds not controlled by such rebel groups. This is done by requiring diamond-producing countries to provide proof that the money they make from selling the diamonds is not used to fund criminal
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in South Africa. Production has increased over time and now an accumulated total of 4,500,000,000 carats (900,000 kg) have been mined since that date. Twenty percent of that amount has been mined in the last five years, and during the last 10 years, nine new mines have started production; four
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The boundary between gem-quality diamonds and industrial diamonds is poorly defined and partly depends on market conditions (for example, if demand for polished diamonds is high, some lower-grade stones will be polished into low-quality or small gemstones rather than being sold for industrial use).
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The hardness of diamond contributes to its suitability as a gemstone. Because it can only be scratched by other diamonds, it maintains its polish extremely well. Unlike many other gems, it is well-suited to daily wear because of its resistance to scratchingâperhaps contributing to its popularity as
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and the atoms form in planes, with each bound to three nearest neighbors, 120 degrees apart. In diamond, they are sp and the atoms form tetrahedra, with each bound to four nearest neighbors. Tetrahedra are rigid, the bonds are strong, and, of all known substances, diamond has the greatest number of
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Industrial use of diamonds has historically been associated with their hardness, which makes diamond the ideal material for cutting and grinding tools. As the hardest known naturally occurring material, diamond can be used to polish, cut, or wear away any material, including other diamonds. Common
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in
Botswana, which is a single large-pit mine that can produce between 12,500,000 and 15,000,000 carats (2,500 and 3,000 kg) of diamonds per year). Secondary alluvial diamond deposits, on the other hand, tend to be fragmented amongst many different operators because they can be dispersed over
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Finding kimberlites requires persistence, and only a small fraction contain diamonds that are commercially viable. The only major discoveries since about 1980 have been in Canada. Since existing mines have lifetimes of as little as 25 years, there could be a shortage of new diamonds in the future.
1252:, which are commonly used for growth of synthetic diamond by high-pressure high-temperature techniques, have been detected in diamond as individual atoms; the maximum concentration is 0.01% for nickel and even less for cobalt. Virtually any element can be introduced to diamond by ion implantation.
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that ranges from 690 °C (1,274 °F) to 840 °C (1,540 °F); smaller crystals tend to burn more easily. It increases in temperature from red to white heat and burns with a pale blue flame, and continues to burn after the source of heat is removed. By contrast, in air the combustion
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form, which is single-stage crystal growth. Most other diamonds show more evidence of multiple growth stages, which produce inclusions, flaws, and defect planes in the crystal lattice, all of which affect their hardness. It is possible to treat regular diamonds under a combination of high pressure
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if they occupy the entire crystal. Their colors range from yellow to green or gray, sometimes with cloud-like white to gray impurities. Their most common shape is cuboidal, but they can also form octahedra, dodecahedra, macles, or combined shapes. The structure is the result of numerous impurities
3144:'s Diamond Spotter. Stones in the DâZ color range can be examined through the DiamondSure UV/visible spectrometer, a tool developed by De Beers. Similarly, natural diamonds usually have minor imperfections and flaws, such as inclusions of foreign material, that are not seen in synthetic diamonds.
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can be found in narrow (1 to 4 meters) dikes and sills, and in pipes with diameters that range from about 75 m to 1.5 km. Fresh rock is dark bluish green to greenish gray, but after exposure rapidly turns brown and crumbles. It is hybrid rock with a chaotic mixture of small minerals and rock
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Early diamond identification tests included a scratch test relying on the superior hardness of diamond. This test is destructive, as a diamond can scratch another diamond, and is rarely used nowadays. Instead, diamond identification relies on its superior thermal conductivity. Electronic thermal
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A large trade in gem-grade diamonds exists. Although most gem-grade diamonds are sold newly polished, there is a well-established market for resale of polished diamonds (e.g. pawnbroking, auctions, second-hand jewelry stores, diamantaires, bourses, etc.). One hallmark of the trade in gem-quality
1124:, which means the diamonds' surface cannot be wet by water, but can be easily wet and stuck by oil. This property can be utilized to extract diamonds using oil when making synthetic diamonds. However, when diamond surfaces are chemically modified with certain ions, they are expected to become so
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and Wawa). Thus, the kimberlites formed independently of the diamonds and served only to transport them to the surface. Kimberlites are also much younger than the cratons they have erupted through. The reason for the lack of older kimberlites is unknown, but it suggests there was some change in
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Between 25% and 35% of natural diamonds exhibit some degree of fluorescence when examined under invisible long-wave ultraviolet light or higher energy radiation sources such as X-rays and lasers. Incandescent lighting will not cause a diamond to fluoresce. Diamonds can fluoresce in a variety of
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and can also cut it. Diamonds can scratch other diamonds, but this can result in damage to one or both stones. Hardness tests are infrequently used in practical gemology because of their potentially destructive nature. The extreme hardness and high value of diamond means that gems are typically
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The surface of diamonds is partially oxidized. The oxidized surface can be reduced by heat treatment under hydrogen flow. That is to say, this heat treatment partially removes oxygen-containing functional groups. But diamonds (spC) are unstable against high temperature (above about 400 °C
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Once purchased by
Sightholders (which is a trademark term referring to the companies that have a three-year supply contract with DTC), diamonds are cut and polished in preparation for sale as gemstones ('industrial' stones are regarded as a by-product of the gemstone market; they are used for
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tonnes) of synthetic diamonds produced per year are for industrial use. Around 50% of the 133 million carats of natural diamonds mined per year end up in industrial use. Mining companies' expenses average 40 to 60 US dollars per carat for natural colorless diamonds, while synthetic
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pipes can be difficult to find. They weather quickly (within a few years after exposure) and tend to have lower topographic relief than surrounding rock. If they are visible in outcrops, the diamonds are never visible because they are so rare. In any case, kimberlites are often covered with
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fetched the highest price per carat ever paid for a diamond when it was sold at auction for 10.5 million Swiss francs (6.97 million euros, or US$ 9.5 million at the time). That record was, however, beaten the same year: a 5-carat (1.0 g) vivid pink diamond was sold for $
498:, although a few have come from as deep as 800 kilometres (500 mi). Under high pressure and temperature, carbon-containing fluids dissolved various minerals and replaced them with diamonds. Much more recently (hundreds to tens of million years ago), they were carried to the surface in
736:(see the figure) stacked together. Although there are 18 atoms in the figure, each corner atom is shared by eight unit cells and each atom in the center of a face is shared by two, so there are a total of eight atoms per unit cell. The length of each side of the unit cell is denoted by
1725:, and there can be multiple ages in the same kimberlite, indicating multiple episodes of diamond formation. The kimberlites themselves are much younger. Most of them have ages between tens of millions and 300 million years old, although there are some older exceptions (Argyle,
3084:âan amorphous carbonaceous material that has some physical properties similar to those of the diamond. Advertising suggests that such a coating would transfer some of these diamond-like properties to the coated stone, hence enhancing the diamond simulant. Techniques such as
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is the primary gemological characteristic of gem diamonds. In the 20th century, experts in gemology developed methods of grading diamonds and other gemstones based on the characteristics most important to their value as a gem. Four characteristics, known informally as the
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of the diamond crystal lattice. Plastic deformation is the cause of color in some brown and perhaps pink and red diamonds. In order of increasing rarity, yellow diamond is followed by brown, colorless, then by blue, green, black, pink, orange, purple, and red. "Black", or
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process where a CâOâHâNâS fluid or melt dissolves minerals in a rock and replaces them with new minerals. (The vague term CâOâHâNâS is commonly used because the exact composition is not known.) Diamonds form from this fluid either by reduction of oxidized carbon (e.g.,
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colors including blue (most common), orange, yellow, white, green and very rarely red and purple. Although the causes are not well understood, variations in the atomic structure, such as the number of nitrogen atoms present are thought to contribute to the phenomenon.
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Only a very small fraction of the diamond ore consists of actual diamonds. The ore is crushed, during which care is required not to destroy larger diamonds, and then sorted by density. Today, diamonds are located in the diamond-rich density fraction with the help of
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from the magma, and this helps to keep the magma fluid. At the surface, the initial eruption explodes out through fissures at high speeds (over 200 m/s (450 mph)). Then, at lower pressures, the rock is eroded, forming a pipe and producing fragmented rock
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Laboratories use techniques such as spectroscopy, microscopy, and luminescence under shortwave ultraviolet light to determine a diamond's origin. They also use specially made instruments to aid them in the identification process. Two screening instruments are the
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for synthetic, gem-quality colorless diamonds. However, a purchaser is more likely to encounter a synthetic when looking for a fancy-colored diamond because only 0.01% of natural diamonds are fancy-colored, while most synthetic diamonds are colored in some way.
872:(fused without melting by the application of heat and pressure), is black in color and tougher than single crystal diamond. It has never been observed in a volcanic rock. There are many theories for its origin, including formation in a star, but no consensus.
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The most time-consuming part of the cutting is the preliminary analysis of the rough stone. It needs to address a large number of issues, bears much responsibility, and therefore can last years in case of unique diamonds. The following issues are considered:
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powder can be prepared. The resulting sparks are of the usual red-orange color, comparable to charcoal, but show a very linear trajectory which is explained by their high density. Diamond also reacts with fluorine gas above about 700 °C (1,292 °F).
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Several methods for identifying synthetic diamonds can be performed, depending on the method of production and the color of the diamond. CVD diamonds can usually be identified by an orange fluorescence. DâJ colored diamonds can be screened through the
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nanometers. This means that pure diamond should transmit visible light and appear as a clear colorless crystal. Colors in diamond originate from lattice defects and impurities. The diamond crystal lattice is exceptionally strong, and only atoms of
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The
Canadian Government has set up a body known as the Canadian Diamond Code of Conduct to help authenticate Canadian diamonds. This is a stringent tracking system of diamonds and helps protect the "conflict free" label of Canadian diamonds.
1769:, the thickest part of the lithosphere. These regions have high enough pressure and temperature to allow diamonds to form and they are not convecting, so diamonds can be stored for billions of years until a kimberlite eruption samples them.
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in 2010 suggest that, at ultra-high pressures and temperatures (about 10 million atmospheres or 1 TPa and 50,000 °C), diamond melts into a metallic fluid. The extreme conditions required for this to occur are present in the
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expressed in parts per thousand. Common rocks from the mantle such as basalts, carbonatites, and kimberlites have ratios between â8 and â2. On the surface, organic sediments have an average of â25 while carbonates have an average of 0.
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2268:, created in 1929 to become the first and biggest diamond bourse dedicated to rough diamonds. Another important diamond center is New York City, where almost 80% of the world's diamonds are sold, including auction sales.
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The equilibrium pressure and temperature conditions for a transition between graphite and diamond are well established theoretically and experimentally. The equilibrium pressure varies linearly with temperature, between
177:
3235:. The popularity of diamonds has risen since the 19th century because of increased supply, improved cutting and polishing techniques, growth in the world economy, and innovative and successful advertising campaigns.
1911:(having resided in the mantle since the Earth formed). Instead, they are the result of tectonic processes, although (given the ages of diamonds) not necessarily the same tectonic processes that act in the present.
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As a part of reducing its influence, De Beers withdrew from purchasing diamonds on the open market in 1999 and ceased, at the end of 2008, purchasing
Russian diamonds mined by the largest Russian diamond company
482:
or impurities (about one per million of lattice atoms) can color a diamond blue (boron), yellow (nitrogen), brown (defects), green (radiation exposure), purple, pink, orange, or red. Diamond also has a very high
2259:
The production and distribution of diamonds is largely consolidated in the hands of a few key players, and concentrated in traditional diamond trading centers, the most important being
Antwerp, where 80% of all
1677:, help identify promising regions to explore. This is aided by isotopic dating and modeling of the geological history. Then surveyors must go to the area and collect samples, looking for kimberlite fragments or
2508:
Brown-colored diamonds constituted a significant part of the diamond production, and were predominantly used for industrial purposes. They were seen as worthless for jewelry (not even being assessed on the
2292:. As of January 2011, De Beers states that it only sells diamonds from the following four countries: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Canada. Alrosa had to suspend their sales in October 2008 due to the
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were found as inclusions in diamond samples. The inclusions formed at depths between 400 and 800 km, straddling the upper and lower mantle, and provide evidence for water-rich fluid at these depths.
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Usually, attempting to deform bulk diamond crystal by tension or bending results in brittle fracture. However, when single crystalline diamond is in the form of micro/nanoscale wires or needles (~100â300
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techniques, such as repolishing, crack filling, or clever arrangement of the stone in the jewelry. Remaining non-diamond inclusions are removed through laser drilling and filling of the voids produced.
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Approximately 130,000,000 carats (26,000 kg) of diamonds are mined annually, with a total value of nearly US$ 9 billion, and about 100,000 kg (220,000 lb) are synthesized annually.
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in the mid-20th century, succeeded in reviving the
American diamond market and the firm created new markets in countries where no diamond tradition had existed before. N. W. Ayer's marketing included
439:. Diamond as a form of carbon is a tasteless, odourless, strong, brittle solid, colourless in pure form, a poor conductor of electricity, and insoluble in water. Another solid form of carbon known as
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2264:, 50% of all cut diamonds and more than 50% of all rough, cut and industrial diamonds combined are handled. This makes Antwerp a de facto "world diamond capital". The city of Antwerp also hosts the
665:
Above the graphiteâdiamondâliquid carbon triple point, the melting point of diamond increases slowly with increasing pressure; but at pressures of hundreds of GPa, it decreases. At high pressures,
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1894:, in a ratio of approximately 99:1 by mass. This ratio has a wide range in meteorites, which implies that it also varied a lot in the early Earth. It can also be altered by surface processes like
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Splitting a diamond with a hammer is difficult, a well-calculated, angled blow can cut the diamond, piece-by-piece, but it can also ruin the diamond itself. Alternatively, it can be cut with a
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abrasives). The cutting and polishing of rough diamonds is a specialized skill that is concentrated in a limited number of locations worldwide. Traditional diamond cutting centers are Antwerp,
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6286:
8730:, Wenckus JF, "Method and means of rapidly distinguishing a simulated diamond from natural diamond", published December 18, 1984, assigned to Ceres Electronics Corporation
2390:
6390:(NovemberâDecember 2003). "The Centers of Planets: In laboratories and computers, shocked and squeezed matter turns metallic, coughs up diamonds and reveals Earth's white-hot center".
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repeated and expanded that experiment. By demonstrating that burning diamond and graphite releases the same amount of gas, he established the chemical equivalence of these substances.
2716:
The slightly misshapen octahedral shape of this rough diamond crystal in matrix is typical of the mineral. Its lustrous faces also indicate that this crystal is from a primary deposit
2251:. One contributory factor is the geological nature of diamond deposits: several large primary kimberlite-pipe mines each account for significant portions of market share (such as the
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nanometers in diameter, micrometers long), they can be elastically stretched by as much as 9â10 percent tensile strain without failure, with a maximum local tensile stress of about
7798:
Coelho RT, Yamada S, Aspinwall DK, Wise ML (1995). "The application of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tool materials when drilling and reaming aluminum-based alloys including MMC".
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at high speeds, as carbon is soluble in iron at the high temperatures created by high-speed machining, leading to greatly increased wear on diamond tools compared to alternatives.
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company, as the world's largest diamond mining company, holds a dominant position in the industry, and has done so since soon after its founding in 1888 by the British businessman
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The hardness of diamond and its ability to cleave strongly depend on the crystal orientation. Therefore, the crystallographic structure of the diamond to be cut is analyzed using
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1002:¡m. This value is good compared to other ceramic materials, but poor compared to most engineering materials such as engineering alloys, which typically exhibit toughness over 80
494:
Most natural diamonds have ages between 1 billion and 3.5 billion years. Most were formed at depths between 150 and 250 kilometres (93 and 155 mi) in the Earth's
4034:
Fukura S, Nakagawa T, Kagi H (November 2005). "High spatial resolution photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopic measurements of a natural polycrystalline diamond, carbonado".
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diamonds is its remarkable concentration: wholesale trade and diamond cutting is limited to just a few locations; in 2003, 92% of the world's diamonds were cut and polished in
5287:
Collins AT, Kanda H, Isoya J, Ammerlaan CA, Van Wyk JA (1998). "Correlation between optical absorption and EPR in high-pressure diamond grown from a nickel solvent catalyst".
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performed by technicians. After polishing, the diamond is reexamined for possible flaws, either remaining or induced by the process. Those flaws are concealed through various
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2296:, but the company reported that it had resumed selling rough diamonds on the open market by October 2009. Apart from Alrosa, other important diamond mining companies include
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groups. The diamond supply chain is controlled by a limited number of powerful businesses, and is also highly concentrated in a small number of locations around the world.
8392:
1281:, and applies a grading scale from "D" (colorless) to "Z" (light yellow). Yellow diamonds of high color saturation or a different color, such as pink or blue, are called
3607:
Bundy P, Bassett WA, Weathers MS, Hemley RJ, Mao HK, Goncharov AF (1996). "The pressure-temperature phase and transformation diagram for carbon; updated through 1994".
2450:
Most diamonds contain visible non-diamond inclusions and crystal flaws. The cutter has to decide which flaws are to be removed by the cutting and which could be kept.
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use this attribute to cleave some stones before faceting them. "Impact toughness" is one of the main indexes to measure the quality of synthetic industrial diamonds.
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1140:(752 °F)) under atmospheric pressure. The structure gradually changes into spC above this temperature. Thus, diamonds should be reduced below this temperature.
841:. The crystals can have rounded-off and unexpressive edges and can be elongated. Diamonds (especially those with rounded crystal faces) are commonly found coated in
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direction (along the longest diagonal of the cubic diamond lattice). Therefore, whereas it might be possible to scratch some diamonds with other materials, such as
9447:
6247:
3012:
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5699:
2585:. Less expensive industrial-grade diamonds (bort) with more flaws and poorer color than gems, are used for such purposes. Diamond is not suitable for machining
961:, Australia. These diamonds are generally small, perfect to semiperfect octahedra, and are used to polish other diamonds. Their hardness is associated with the
889:
The extreme hardness of diamond in certain orientations makes it useful in materials science, as in this pyramidal diamond embedded in the working surface of a
8797:
Welbourn C (2006). "Identification of Synthetic Diamonds: Present Status and Future Developments, Proceedings of the 4th International Gemological Symposium".
3549:
2432:
1425:
that show no sign of transport by magma. In addition, when meteorites strike the ground, the shock wave can produce high enough temperatures and pressures for
2428:
2424:
6834:
4628:
4236:
1858:
gigapascals. At depths greater than 240 km, ironânickel metal phases are present and carbon is likely to be either dissolved in them or in the form of
11537:
7825:
Sakamoto M, Endriz JG, Scifres DR (1992). "120 W CW output power from monolithic AlGaAs (800 nm) laser diode array mounted on diamond heatsink".
2904:
Mineral resource exploitation in general causes irreversible environmental damage, which must be weighed against the socio-economic benefits to a country.
2557:
Industrial diamonds are valued mostly for their hardness and thermal conductivity, making many of the gemological characteristics of diamonds, such as the
598:. It also has high electrical resistance. It is chemically inert, not reacting with most corrosive substances, and has excellent biological compatibility.
5487:
3642:
Wang CX, Yang GW (2012). "Thermodynamic and kinetic approaches of diamond and related nanomaterials formed by laser ablation in liquid". In Yang G (ed.).
5407:
3920:
Bandosz TJ, Biggs MJ, Gubbins KE, Hattori Y, Iiyama T, Kaneko T, Pikunic J, Thomson K (2003). "Molecular models of porous carbons". In Radovic LR (ed.).
783:, it is formed of layers stacked in a repeating ABCABC ... pattern. Diamonds can also form an ABAB ... structure, which is known as hexagonal diamond or
9544:
2698:
became commonplace, the separation was done with grease belts; diamonds have a stronger tendency to stick to grease than the other minerals in the ore.
1701:
Diamonds are dated by analyzing inclusions using the decay of radioactive isotopes. Depending on the elemental abundances, one can look at the decay of
8440:
6654:
6442:
7024:
2501:". This slogan is now being used by De Beers Diamond Jewelers, a jewelry firm which is a 50/50% joint venture between the De Beers mining company and
1273:. The most common impurity, nitrogen, causes a slight to intense yellow coloration depending upon the type and concentration of nitrogen present. The
463:
of any natural material, properties that are used in major industrial applications such as cutting and polishing tools. They are also the reason that
6205:
Lee CA, Jiang H, Dasgupta R, Torres M (2019). "A Framework for Understanding Whole-Earth Carbon Cycling". In Orcutt BN, Daniel I, Dasgupta R (eds.).
5966:
4825:
4660:
Dang C, Chou JP, Dai B, Chou CT, Yang Y, Fan R, et al. (January 2021). "Achieving large uniform tensile elasticity in microfabricated diamond".
3024:
1074:. The conductivity and blue color originate from boron impurity. Boron substitutes for carbon atoms in the diamond lattice, donating a hole into the
8817:
6278:
5230:
1523:. Lamproites with diamonds that are not economically viable are also found in the United States, India, and Australia. In addition, diamonds in the
7002:
1366:
Diamonds are extremely rare, with concentrations of at most parts per billion in source rock. Before the 20th century, most diamonds were found in
4302:
6941:
5081:
3770:
3111:
probes are widely used in the gemological centers to separate diamonds from their imitations. These probes consist of a pair of battery-powered
2060:
makes them more stable than graphite. The isotopic signatures of some nanodiamonds indicate they were formed outside the Solar System in stars.
918:
Diamond hardness depends on its purity, crystalline perfection, and orientation: hardness is higher for flawless, pure crystals oriented to the
9573:
9262:
6770:
6127:
5034:
4152:
2128:, and as industrial abrasives for cutting hard materials. The markets for gem-grade and industrial-grade diamonds value diamonds differently.
1485:
Diamonds are far from evenly distributed over the Earth. A rule of thumb known as Clifford's rule states that they are almost always found in
6091:
4182:
8020:
7462:
3062:(silicon carbide) can be treated as a diamond simulant, though more costly to produce than cubic zirconia. Both are produced synthetically.
2569:
Within the category of industrial diamonds, there is a sub-category comprising the lowest-quality, mostly opaque stones, which are known as
540:. Natural, synthetic, and imitation diamonds are most commonly distinguished using optical techniques or thermal conductivity measurements.
6918:
5532:
4711:
Banerjee A, Bernoulli D, Zhang H, Yuen MF, Liu J, Dong J, et al. (April 2018). "Ultralarge elastic deformation of nanoscale diamond".
7322:
9082:
8197:
7102:
6888:
6483:
4279:
3080:
Coatings are increasingly used to give a diamond simulant such as cubic zirconia a more "diamond-like" appearance. One such substance is
969:
Diamonds cut glass, but this does not positively identify a diamond because other materials, such as quartz, also lie above glass on the
7976:
7888:
7436:
6631:
5721:
Wei L, Kuo PK, Thomas RL, Anthony TR, Banholzer WF (June 1993). "Thermal conductivity of isotopically modified single crystal diamond".
1296:
once belonging to the King of Spain, fetched over US$ 24 million at a Christie's auction. In May 2009, a 7.03-carat (1.406 g)
7707:
7080:
3054:
A diamond simulant is a non-diamond material that is used to simulate the appearance of a diamond, and may be referred to as diamante.
2611:. With the continuing advances being made in the production of synthetic diamonds, future applications are becoming feasible. The high
654:, diamond rapidly converts to graphite. Rapid conversion of graphite to diamond requires pressures well above the equilibrium line: at
208:
Typically yellow, brown, or gray to colorless. Less often blue, green, black, translucent white, pink, violet, orange, purple, and red.
9016:
Histoire de l'AcadĂŠmie royale des sciences, avec les MĂŠmoires de MathĂŠmatique & de Physique, tirĂŠs des registres de cette AcadĂŠmie
8980:
Histoire de l'AcadĂŠmie royale des sciences, avec les MĂŠmoires de MathĂŠmatique & de Physique, tirĂŠs des registres de cette AcadĂŠmie
7506:
6582:
9027:
8995:
7050:
6058:
4265:
3077:
sealants to fill cracks, treatments to improve a white diamond's color grade, and treatments to give fancy color to a white diamond.
1681:. The latter have compositions that reflect the conditions where diamonds form, such as extreme melt depletion or high pressures in
8948:
6976:
6686:
5563:
1854:
kilometers or greater. In subduction zones, which are colder, it becomes stable at temperatures of 800 °C and pressures of 3.5
8874:
7140:
1808:. However, diamonds in peridotite rarely survive the trip to the surface. Another common source that does keep diamonds intact is
5586:
2103:
1846:
occurring at greater temperatures as the pressure increases. Thus, underneath continents it becomes stable at temperatures of 950
868:, stewartite, and framesite, but there is no widely accepted set of criteria. Carbonado, a type in which the diamond grains were
8984:
History of the Royal Academy of Sciences, with the Memoirs of Mathematics & Physics, drawn from the records of this academy]
8289:
World Federation of Diamond Bourses (WFDB) and International Diamond Manufacturers Association: Joint Resolution of 19 July 2000
7613:
2861:
In some of the more politically unstable central African and west African countries, revolutionary groups have taken control of
1566:, and new minerals that crystallized during the eruption. The texture varies with depth. The composition forms a continuum with
2010:
In rare cases, diamonds have been found that contain a cavity within which is a second diamond. The first double diamond, the
9441:
9408:
9364:
9341:
9322:
9289:
9256:
9235:
9216:
9178:
9159:
9140:
8924:
8766:
8680:
8653:
8616:
8297:
8259:
8049:
7970:
7782:
7751:
7650:
7597:
7570:
7355:
7302:
7272:
7178:
6823:"Commission Decision of 25 July 2001 declaring a concentration to be compatible with the common market and the EEA Agreement"
6732:
6625:
6222:
6030:
6005:
5943:
5873:
5778:
5470:
5148:
4513:
4471:
4444:
4417:
4390:
4348:
4273:
3958:
3929:
3904:
3868:
3651:
3588:
3524:
3496:
3471:
3446:
1827:
A smaller fraction of diamonds (about 150 have been studied) come from depths of 330â660 km, a region that includes the
799:
One face of an uncut octahedral diamond, showing trigons (of positive and negative relief) formed by natural chemical etching
470:
Because the arrangement of atoms in diamond is extremely rigid, few types of impurity can contaminate it (two exceptions are
9472:
9295:
6738:
2954:(CVD). The growth occurs under low pressure (below atmospheric pressure). It involves feeding a mixture of gases (typically
1439:
in Russia may have the world's largest diamond deposit, estimated at trillions of carats, and formed by an asteroid impact.
1006:
MPa¡m. As with any material, the macroscopic geometry of a diamond contributes to its resistance to breakage. Diamond has a
860:
Diamonds can also form polycrystalline aggregates. There have been attempts to classify them into groups with names such as
646:, 20 °C (293 K) and 1 standard atmosphere (0.10 MPa), the stable phase of carbon is graphite, but diamond is
578:
Diamonds have been adopted for many uses because of the material's exceptional physical characteristics. It has the highest
554:
Diamond is a solid form of pure carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal. Solid carbon comes in different forms known as
11685:
10218:
9197:
6175:
2993:. This method is mostly used for coatings, but can also produce single crystals several millimeters in size (see picture).
2843:
2826:
of Canada and Brazil. Diamond prospectors continue to search the globe for diamond-bearing kimberlite and lamproite pipes.
2818:. Australia boasts the richest diamantiferous pipe, with production from the Argyle diamond mine reaching peak levels of 42
2339:
to prevent the trading of diamonds used to fund war and inhumane acts. WFDB's additional activities include sponsoring the
1973:
Geological evidence supports a model in which kimberlite magma rises at 4â20 meters per second, creating an upward path by
1086:
7670:
5008:
1839:
with excess silicon). A similar proportion of diamonds comes from the lower mantle at depths between 660 and 800 km.
1244:
can be introduced into diamond during the growth at significant concentrations (up to atomic percents). Transition metals
10975:
9972:
8143:
7913:
6282:
6062:
5199:
2332:
2224:
1309:
Clarity is one of the 4C's (color, clarity, cut and carat weight) that helps in identifying the quality of diamonds. The
715:
6255:
5424:
Hounsome LS, Jones R, Shaw MJ, Briddon PR, Ăberg S, Briddon P, Ăberg S (2006). "Origin of brown coloration in diamond".
9566:
5168:
3837:
1191:
776:
of the diagonal along a cubic cell, or as one lattice with two atoms associated with each lattice point. Viewed from a
7537:
7232:
3415:
2747:
Diamond extraction from primary deposits (kimberlites and lamproites) started in the 1870s after the discovery of the
2355:, Johannesburg, New York City, and Tel Aviv. Recently, diamond cutting centers have been established in China, India,
2056:, having diameters of a few nanometers. Sufficiently small diamonds can form in the cold of space because their lower
9381:
8847:
8332:
8166:
5691:
1670:
1446:. Coal is formed from buried prehistoric plants, and most diamonds that have been dated are far older than the first
643:
448:
3541:
2752:
more are waiting to be opened soon. Most of these mines are located in Canada, Zimbabwe, Angola, and one in Russia.
1413:, and most of this section discusses those diamonds. However, there are other sources. Some blocks of the crust, or
11690:
11665:
6866:
2939:
impurities. Other colors may also be reproduced such as blue, green or pink, which are a result of the addition of
2811:
1418:
1310:
1274:
93:
1570:, but the latter have too much oxygen for carbon to exist in a pure form. Instead, it is locked up in the mineral
1562:(minerals and rocks carried up from the lower crust and mantle), pieces of surface rock, altered minerals such as
857:
with sizes between 1 and 5 microns. These diamonds probably formed in kimberlite magma and sampled the volatiles.
7702:
6822:
6800:
4232:
3389:
2865:, using proceeds from diamond sales to finance their operations. Diamonds sold through this process are known as
2475:
1321:
9896:
9891:
1386:), but these deposits are not of commercial quality. These types of deposit were derived from localized igneous
11695:
11670:
11553:
11544:
3294:
901:
549:
255:
9414:
8110:
Lorenz V (2007). "Argyle in Western Australia: The world's richest diamantiferous pipe; its past and future".
5358:
3148:
are D-Screen (WTOCD / HRD Antwerp), Alpha Diamond Analyzer (Bruker / HRD Antwerp), and D-Secure (DRC Techno).
1026:
GPa. This exceptionally high value, along with the hardness and transparency of diamond, are the reasons that
11680:
9559:
8583:
7871:
2776:
2344:
1706:
1702:
290:
8429:
6664:
5903:"Popigai, Siberiaâwell preserved giant impact structure, national treasury, and world's geological heritage"
11675:
11497:
11466:
9115:
7028:
3141:
3104:
2783:
is open to the public, and is the only mine in the world where members of the public can dig for diamonds.
2636:
2002:
1186:
7206:
6972:
4529:
Eremets MI, Trojan IA, Gwaze P, Huth J, Boehler R, Blank VD (October 3, 2005). "The strength of diamond".
3712:"Carbon under extreme conditions: phase boundaries and electronic properties from first-principles theory"
9111:
From Mine to Mistress: Corporate Strategies and Government Policies in the International Diamond Industry
8825:
5222:
4148:
2562:
2550:
A diamond knife blade used for cutting ultrathin sections (typically 70 to 350 nm) for transmission
2368:
6998:
6505:
Heaney PJ, de Vicenzi EP (2005). "Strange Diamonds: the Mysterious Origins of Carbonado and Framesite".
4905:
Zhang W, Ristein J, Ley L (October 2008). "Hydrogen-terminated diamond electrodes. II. Redox activity".
1148:
At room temperature, diamonds do not react with any chemical reagents including strong acids and bases.
9939:
9504:
4505:
4312:
2771:. In 2004, the discovery of a microscopic diamond in the U.S. led to the January 2008 bulk-sampling of
1899:
1842:
Diamond is thermodynamically stable at high pressures and temperatures, with the phase transition from
1689:, where the compositions of minerals are analyzed as if they were in equilibrium with mantle minerals.
927:
103:
8727:
5636:"Inclusion extraction from diamond clarity images based on the analysis of diamond optical properties"
1597:
All three of the diamond-bearing rocks (kimberlite, lamproite and lamprophyre) lack certain minerals (
1515:, a weaker zone surrounding the central craton that has undergone compressional tectonics. Instead of
11660:
11481:
10429:
6945:
3778:
3228:
2951:
2857:
Unsustainable diamond mining in Sierra Leone. Documentary as part of the Vrinda Project for Wikibooks
2815:
2240:
2099:
2039:
1718:
525:
326:
9246:
6760:
4144:
3667:
Wang X, Scandolo S, Car R (October 2005). "Carbon phase diagram from ab initio molecular dynamics".
1882:
of carbon (for comparison, the atmosphere-ocean system has about 44,000 gigatonnes). Carbon has two
966:
and high temperature to produce diamonds that are harder than the diamonds used in hardness gauges.
919:
11476:
10265:
10087:
9705:
5386:
2927:
The majority of commercially available synthetic diamonds are yellow and are produced by so-called
2265:
2216:
1831:. They formed in eclogite but are distinguished from diamonds of shallower origin by inclusions of
1625:. They are all derived from magma types that erupt rapidly from small amounts of melt, are rich in
1436:
1374:, where they tend to accumulate because of their size and density. Rarely, they have been found in
1035:
332:
24:
8005:
7774:
6105:
4174:
2822:
metric tons per year in the 1990s. There are also commercial deposits being actively mined in the
2279:. De Beers is currently the world's largest operator of diamond production facilities (mines) and
11655:
10968:
10896:
9989:
9965:
9477:
8024:
7470:
6475:
5524:
4870:
3487:
Angus JC (1997). "Structure and thermochemistry of diamond". In Paoletti A, Tucciarone A (eds.).
3133:
2301:
2280:
2117:
2107:
2023:
1828:
1710:
1164:
1071:
954:
83:
60:
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7318:
7264:
Handbook of carbon, graphite, diamond, and fullerenes: properties, processing, and applications
6587:
5381:
4307:
3464:
Handbook of carbon, graphite, diamond, and fullerenes: properties, processing, and applications
3181:
3161:
2340:
1714:
1641:. These characteristics allow the melts to carry diamonds to the surface before they dissolve.
1626:
1536:
1431:
1133:
1094:
1082:
838:
830:
9052:
8756:
8670:
8606:
8287:
8249:
8220:
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7640:
7587:
7383:
7345:
7262:
7168:
7110:
6892:
6055:
Proceedings of Exploration 07: Fifth Decennial International Conference on Mineral Exploration
5863:
4499:
4434:
4338:
4259:
1030:
cells are the main tool for high pressure experiments. These anvils have reached pressures of
11105:
10796:
9592:
7960:
7697:
7560:
7428:
7292:
6615:
6279:"Rare 'double diamond' discovery comes as race to restart mothballed Ellendale mine heats up"
4461:
4407:
3950:
3896:
3889:
3580:
2862:
2823:
2632:
2336:
908:
890:
567:
295:
245:
9431:
9312:
7866:
7496:
7076:
4380:
4145:"Diamonds from Outer Space: Geologists Discover Origin of Earth's Mysterious Black Diamonds"
3572:
1337:
Extremely rare purple fluorescent diamonds from the Ellendale L-Channel deposit in Australia
10633:
10290:
9643:
9582:
8540:
8138:
7836:
7739:
6553:
6514:
6399:
6317:
5730:
5647:
5435:
5373:
5331:
5296:
5049:
4961:
4914:
4879:
4834:
4781:
4720:
4669:
4580:
4538:
4092:
4043:
4006:
3813:
3723:
3676:
3616:
3338:
2814:. In 2005, Russia produced almost one-fifth of the global diamond output, according to the
2612:
2604:
2498:
2412:
2252:
2011:
1974:
1785:
898:
674:
650:
and its rate of conversion to graphite is negligible. However, at temperatures above about
579:
559:
460:
428:
118:
9537:""A Contribution to the Understanding of Blue Fluorescence on the Appearance of Diamonds""
9530:
7054:
5919:
5902:
3644:
Laser ablation in liquids: principles and applications in the preparation of nanomaterials
3018:
Synthetic diamonds of various colors grown by the high-pressure high-temperature technique
1435:
to form. Impact-type microdiamonds can be used as an indicator of ancient impact craters.
787:, but this is far less common and is formed under different conditions from cubic carbon.
8:
10628:
9011:
8975:
7999:
7827:
6447:
6251:
5496:
3192:), 'to overpower, tame'. Diamonds are thought to have been first recognized and mined in
3100:
3081:
3071:
2966:
2877:
2876:
In response to public concerns that their diamond purchases were contributing to war and
2596:
2551:
2486:
2463:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2293:
2196:
2143:
1954:
1666:
1563:
1498:
1289:
1257:
905:
834:
763:
677:
crystal structure, and a similar structure is predicted for carbon at high pressures. At
582:
and the highest sound velocity. It has low adhesion and friction, and its coefficient of
386:
280:
268:
8940:
8544:
8531:
Werner M, Locher R (1998). "Growth and application of undoped and doped diamond films".
7840:
7768:
6690:
6557:
6518:
6403:
6321:
5734:
5651:
5555:
5439:
5377:
5335:
5300:
5053:
4965:
4918:
4883:
4868:
Landstrass MI, Ravi KV (1989). "Resistivity of chemical vapor deposited diamond films".
4838:
4785:
4724:
4673:
4584:
4569:"Implementation of micro-ball nanodiamond anvils for high-pressure studies above 6 Mbar"
4542:
4096:
4047:
4019:
4010:
3994:
3817:
3727:
3680:
3620:
3342:
455:
and converts to it at a negligible rate under those conditions. Diamond has the highest
11645:
11404:
10961:
10037:
10017:
9958:
9680:
9662:
9074:
8556:
7132:
6423:
6415:
6368:
6228:
6121:
5673:
5399:
5269:
5073:
4984:
4949:
4850:
4805:
4771:
4744:
4693:
4601:
4568:
4126:
4113:
4082:
4070:
3829:
3746:
3711:
3364:
3306:
3085:
2803:
2691:
2600:
2137:
1686:
1662:
1478:
1395:
595:
488:
464:
444:
235:
20:
8552:
6540:
Shumilova T, Tkachev S, Isaenko S, Shevchuk S, RappenglĂźck M, Kazakov V (April 2016).
5395:
5322:
Zaitsev AM (2000). "Vibronic spectra of impurity-related optical centers in diamond".
5308:
4823:
Collins AT (1993). "The Optical and Electronic Properties of Semiconducting Diamond".
821:. As diamond's crystal structure has a cubic arrangement of the atoms, they have many
11650:
11039:
10484:
10067:
9437:
9404:
9360:
9337:
9318:
9285:
9252:
9231:
9212:
9193:
9174:
9155:
9136:
9078:
9019:
8987:
8920:
8762:
8676:
8649:
8612:
8560:
8293:
8255:
8045:
7966:
7811:
7778:
7747:
7646:
7617:
7593:
7566:
7397:
7388:
7351:
7298:
7268:
7174:
6728:
6621:
6427:
6360:
6232:
6218:
6026:
6001:
5869:
5774:
5746:
5677:
5665:
5466:
5426:
5403:
5273:
5144:
5121:
5065:
4989:
4930:
4854:
4797:
4736:
4697:
4685:
4606:
4509:
4467:
4440:
4413:
4386:
4344:
4269:
4118:
3954:
3925:
3900:
3864:
3833:
3801:
3751:
3692:
3647:
3628:
3584:
3573:
3520:
3492:
3467:
3442:
3368:
3356:
3279:
3239:
2918:
2893:
2835:
2807:
2494:
2444:
2423:
diamonds, etc. Some of them are special, produced by certain companies, for example,
2420:
2200:
2027:
1950:
1470:
1168:
912:
642:). However, the phases have a wide region about this line where they can coexist. At
583:
517:
499:
432:
273:
6372:
5077:
4130:
2155:, are now commonly used as the basic descriptors of diamonds: these are its mass in
1862:. Thus, the deeper origin of some diamonds may reflect unusual growth environments.
1738:
11640:
11471:
11127:
11110:
10394:
10223:
10177:
10097:
9919:
9849:
9755:
9064:
8548:
8511:
8478:
8436:
8370:
8212:
8089:
7880:
7844:
7807:
6561:
6522:
6407:
6352:
6325:
6210:
6154:
6097:
5914:
5842:
5738:
5655:
5601:
5443:
5391:
5339:
5304:
5261:
5111:
5057:
4979:
4969:
4922:
4887:
4842:
4809:
4789:
4748:
4728:
4677:
4596:
4588:
4546:
4213:
4108:
4100:
4051:
4014:
3821:
3741:
3731:
3684:
3624:
3346:
3301:
3289:
3251:
3197:
3041:
2970:
2729:
2721:
2483:
Marketing has significantly affected the image of diamond as a valuable commodity.
2416:
2408:
2359:, Namibia and Botswana. Cutting centers with lower cost of labor, notably Surat in
2232:
1987:
1474:
1410:
1367:
1355:
1333:
1195:
1062:
Other specialized applications also exist or are being developed, including use as
812:
529:
520:
can be grown from high-purity carbon under high pressures and temperatures or from
495:
484:
456:
356:
303:
225:
67:
11062:
5935:
4436:
Innovative superhard materials and sustainable coatings for advanced manufacturing
4055:
3688:
3250:, proving that diamond is composed of carbon. Later, in 1797, the English chemist
2189:(how close to white or colorless; for fancy diamonds how intense is its hue), and
2063:
High pressure experiments predict that large quantities of diamonds condense from
1163:
microns) burns with a shower of sparks after ignition from a flame. Consequently,
11522:
11510:
11359:
11034:
10489:
10424:
10235:
10208:
9804:
9760:
9726:
9668:
9499:
9482:
9279:
8908:
8882:
7733:
6718:
6659:
6566:
6541:
6387:
6356:
5116:
5099:
3271:
2772:
2725:
2649:
2381:
2191:
1801:
1630:
1528:
1524:
1454:, but diamonds formed in this way are rare, and the carbon source is more likely
1451:
1266:
1011:
958:
935:
826:
572:
537:
5742:
5100:"Origins of sp(3)C peaks in C1s X-ray Photoelectron Spectra of Carbon Materials"
3242:
used a lens to concentrate the rays of the sun on a diamond in an atmosphere of
1850:
degrees Celsius and pressures of 4.5 gigapascals, corresponding to depths of 150
11367:
11204:
10842:
10786:
10774:
10703:
10347:
10285:
9901:
9710:
9674:
7917:
7666:
6999:"Judgment of the Court of First Instance of 11 July 2007 â Alrosa v Commission"
6889:"Certainty in the Diamond Industry? Watch Out For Tipping Points â IDEX's Memo"
6765:
6329:
5605:
5447:
5061:
4954:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4926:
4567:
Dubrovinsky L, Dubrovinskaia N, Prakapenka VB, Abakumov AM (October 23, 2012).
3716:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3247:
3209:
3055:
2889:
2881:
2795:
2787:
2748:
2741:
2737:
2645:
2317:
2147:
2057:
2019:
1895:
1883:
1387:
1152:
1007:
962:
690:
533:
479:
401:
113:
10062:
9377:
Diamond Design: A Study of the Reflection and Refraction of Light in a Diamond
8739:
7884:
6526:
6214:
6047:
5343:
5191:
3173:
1753:
1070:
are natural semiconductors, in contrast to most diamonds, which are excellent
11634:
11530:
11399:
10917:
10847:
10806:
10474:
10228:
10213:
10162:
9934:
9788:
9687:
9653:
9352:
9023:
8991:
8916:
8389:
A meta-analysis of the environmental impact specific to diamond mining is in
7401:
6861:
4633:
3360:
3232:
3205:
2986:
2839:
2733:
2674:
2539:
2510:
2261:
2236:
2185:
1277:(GIA) classifies low saturation yellow and brown diamonds as diamonds in the
1181:
1117:
1063:
1027:
994:, which is a material's ability to resist breakage from forceful impact. The
923:
795:
729:
622:
611:
436:
396:
366:
213:
125:
11310:
11044:
5164:
4974:
4793:
4732:
4681:
3736:
11445:
11431:
11427:
11414:
11314:
11265:
11010:
10942:
10937:
10932:
10884:
10837:
10667:
10613:
10399:
10280:
10240:
10132:
9924:
9069:
7501:
7236:
6364:
5750:
5669:
5265:
5125:
5069:
4993:
4934:
4846:
4801:
4740:
4689:
4610:
4217:
4122:
4071:"Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase mediates diabetes-induced retinal neuropathy"
3755:
3696:
3411:
3201:
2982:
2978:
2683:
2546:
2534:
2395:
2276:
2172:
2157:
2006:
Double diamond discovered in the Ellendale Diamond Field, Western Australia
1991:
1929:
1789:
1730:
mantle chemistry or tectonics. No kimberlite has erupted in human history.
1726:
1551:
1505:, the largest producer of diamonds by weight in the world, is located in a
1466:
1375:
1297:
1293:
1219:
1206:
1075:
1067:
939:
780:
639:
587:
503:
190:
9375:
8851:
8516:
8499:
8483:
8466:
8375:
8358:
8174:
7848:
5847:
5830:
4566:
2786:
Today, most commercially viable diamond deposits are in Russia (mostly in
2694:, after which the final sorting steps are done by hand. Before the use of
2086:, the toughest form of diamond, is that it originated in a white dwarf or
1417:, have been buried deep enough as the crust thickened so they experienced
11271:
11182:
11082:
10890:
10879:
10769:
10608:
10558:
10553:
10469:
10311:
10187:
10137:
10012:
10007:
9886:
9865:
9608:
8216:
8093:
6159:
6142:
5660:
5635:
2944:
2885:
2620:
2454:
2404:
2385:
2167:
2079:
2053:
1813:
1773:
1762:
1567:
1540:
1447:
1270:
1224:
1201:
1104:
from the normal 5.6 eV to near zero by selective mechanical deformation.
975:
946:
784:
591:
571:
atoms per unit volume, which is why it is both the hardest and the least
521:
376:
148:
6856:
6473:
6419:
6411:
4087:
3351:
3326:
2595:
Specialized applications include use in laboratories as containment for
2256:
many hundreds of square kilometers (e.g., alluvial deposits in Brazil).
1898:. The fraction is generally compared to a standard sample using a ratio
885:
606:
11595:
11419:
11393:
11151:
11145:
10713:
10658:
10533:
10446:
10404:
10306:
10255:
10192:
10167:
10042:
9551:
9400:
Secrets of the Gem Trade: The Connoisseur's Guide to Precious Gemstones
7592:. Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration (U.S.). p. 416.
6101:
5463:
Secrets Of The Gem Trade, The Connoisseur's Guide To Precious Gemstones
5009:"Two-inch diamond wafers could store a billion Blu-Ray's worth of data"
4592:
3575:
Polishing of diamond materials: mechanisms, modeling and implementation
3385:
3284:
3112:
3059:
2974:
2764:
1978:
1821:
1781:
1777:
1674:
1657:
1614:
1606:
1546:
1516:
1486:
1391:
1326:
1125:
1121:
999:
970:
808:
647:
507:
452:
218:
197:
136:
10414:
8326:"Voluntary Code of Conduct For Authenticating Canadian Diamond Claims"
6792:
5488:"Blue-grey diamond belonging to King of Spain has sold for record 16.3
4629:"Improved diamond anvil cell allows higher pressures than ever before"
4550:
3825:
3096:
2652:, although significant sources of the mineral have been discovered in
2075:. Some extrasolar planets may be almost entirely composed of diamond.
1685:. However, indicator minerals can be misleading; a better approach is
11422:
11372:
11304:
11299:
11256:
11210:
11190:
11186:
11087:
11072:
11067:
10999:
10859:
10852:
10723:
10718:
10698:
10623:
10548:
10542:
10523:
10419:
10360:
10275:
10172:
10107:
10082:
10072:
10002:
9981:
9820:
9638:
8986:] (in French), Gallica: AcadĂŠmie des sciences, pp. 564â591,
6724:
4948:
Shi Z, Dao M, Tsymbalov E, Shapeev A, Li J, Suresh S (October 2020).
4891:
2669:
2616:
2578:
2352:
2248:
2180:
2125:
2087:
2083:
2049:
1891:
1887:
1805:
1761:
Most gem-quality diamonds come from depths of 150â250 km in the
1622:
1602:
1555:
1520:
1502:
1455:
1379:
1262:
995:
869:
733:
696:
670:
555:
511:
5252:
Lederle F, Koch J, HĂźbner EG (February 21, 2019). "Colored Sparks".
5035:"Diamond stabilization of ice multilayers at human body temperature"
3151:
2366:
Diamonds prepared as gemstones are sold on diamond exchanges called
1919:
1442:
A common misconception is that diamonds form from highly compressed
720:
416:
11613:
11583:
11441:
11409:
11388:
11334:
11322:
11276:
11251:
11241:
11199:
11161:
10984:
10927:
10901:
10827:
10754:
10693:
10683:
10678:
10638:
10578:
10568:
10528:
10510:
10499:
10494:
10409:
10365:
10250:
10245:
10182:
10122:
10112:
10077:
10052:
10027:
10022:
9929:
9770:
9633:
9627:
9398:
8575:
7210:
6343:
Kerr RA (October 1999). "Neptune may crush methane into diamonds".
4776:
4762:
LLorca J (April 2018). "On the quest for the strongest materials".
4104:
2962:
2936:
2799:
2791:
2780:
2760:
2756:
2582:
2490:
2356:
2323:
2272:
2244:
2176:
2124:
The most familiar uses of diamonds today are as gemstones used for
1843:
1832:
1809:
1797:
1742:
1682:
1598:
1559:
1358:
is also indicative, but other materials have similar refractivity.
1350:
Diamonds can be identified by their high thermal conductivity (900â
1241:
1233:
1213:
1101:
1093:-related species adsorbed at the surface, and it can be removed by
1090:
926:, the hardest diamonds can only be scratched by other diamonds and
804:
741:
563:
475:
440:
6917:. The Gem & Jewellery Export Promotion Council. Archived from
5773:. Littleton, CO: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration.
3046:
2892:, the diamond industry and diamond-trading nations introduced the
2398:
Diamondâan example of unusual diamond cut and jewelry arrangement.
762:
A diamond cubic lattice can be thought of as two interpenetrating
176:
41:
11589:
11577:
11435:
11362:
11246:
11173:
11122:
11029:
10922:
10832:
10744:
10653:
10618:
10603:
10588:
10573:
10436:
10370:
10321:
10260:
10117:
10092:
10057:
9881:
8710:
Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft
8498:
Shigley JE, Shen AH, Breeding CM, McClure SF, Shigley JE (2004).
8112:
Gemmologie, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft
6830:
3030:
Colorless gem cut from diamond grown by chemical vapor deposition
2957:
2768:
2705:
2701:
2586:
2527:
2360:
2220:
2215:. Other important centers of diamond cutting and trading are the
2072:
2064:
1983:
1943:
1866:
1865:
In 2018 the first known natural samples of a phase of ice called
1859:
1793:
1618:
1610:
1576:
1571:
1511:
1414:
1383:
950:
699:
666:
319:
10993:
Gemmological classifications by E. Ya. Kievlenko (1980), updated
9109:
5900:
3437:
Delhaes P (2000). "Polymorphism of carbon". In Delhaes P (ed.).
3200:
of the stone could be found many centuries ago along the rivers
2577:
industrial applications of this property include diamond-tipped
1010:
and is therefore more fragile in some orientations than others.
11601:
11571:
11354:
11317:
11194:
11178:
11077:
10822:
10728:
10688:
10663:
10598:
10583:
10479:
10464:
10459:
10375:
10326:
10316:
10032:
9997:
9018:(in French), Gallica: AcadĂŠmie des sciences, pp. 591â616,
9014:[Second memoir on the destruction of diamond by fire],
8198:"Discovery and Mining of the Argyle Diamond Deposit, Australia"
8080:
Janse AJ (2007). "Global Rough Diamond Production Since 1870".
7642:
Diamond deposits: origin, exploration, and history of discovery
6539:
5771:
Diamond deposits: origin, exploration, and history of discovery
3243:
2665:
2661:
2653:
2608:
2289:
2228:
2068:
2015:
1965:
1836:
1817:
1746:
1638:
1582:
1579:
1532:
1490:
1249:
1245:
865:
703:
76:
8978:[First memoir on the destruction of diamond by fire],
2522:
1649:
11607:
11294:
11261:
11167:
11157:
11116:
10801:
10791:
10781:
10764:
10759:
10749:
10708:
10538:
10518:
10454:
10386:
10127:
10102:
10047:
8818:"DTC Appoints GIA Distributor of DiamondSure and DiamondView"
6248:"Bizarre 'nesting doll' diamond found inside another diamond"
4068:
3223:
Diamonds have been treasured as gemstones since their use as
3193:
2990:
2940:
2695:
2657:
2589:
2212:
2208:
2090:. Diamonds formed in stars may have been the first minerals.
2045:
1879:
1634:
1403:
1371:
1237:
1100:
Thin needles of diamond can be made to vary their electronic
979:
861:
848:
Some diamonds contain opaque fibers. They are referred to as
822:
817:
747:
The nearest neighbor distance in the diamond lattice is 1.732
471:
10953:
9950:
6474:
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (August 25, 2011).
3993:
Cartigny P, Palot M, Thomassot E, Harris JW (May 30, 2014).
3992:
2712:
2479:
Diamond balance scale 0.01â25 carat jeweler's measuring tool
1661:
vegetation, sediments, soils, or lakes. In modern searches,
990:
Somewhat related to hardness is another mechanical property
586:
is extremely low. Its optical transparency extends from the
558:
depending on the type of chemical bond. The two most common
467:
can subject materials to pressures found deep in the Earth.
11565:
11449:
11383:
11376:
11328:
11024:
10673:
10648:
10643:
10593:
10355:
8708:
Shigley JE (2007). "Observations on new coated gemstones".
8579:
7743:
3224:
2965:) into a chamber and splitting them into chemically active
2932:
2570:
2558:
2502:
1653:
Diavik Mine, on an island in Lac de Gras in northern Canada
1443:
1399:
1370:. Loose diamonds are also found along existing and ancient
1081:
Substantial conductivity is commonly observed in nominally
8976:"Premier mĂŠmoire sur la destruction du diamant par le feu"
8497:
8430:"The Global Diamond Industry: Lifting the Veil of Mystery"
5831:"Recent Advances in Understanding the Geology of Diamonds"
5286:
4710:
4311:. Vol. 39, no. 3. pp. 52â59. Archived from
3919:
3606:
2907:
2112:
1497:
billion years or more. However, there are exceptions. The
688:
Results published in an article in the scientific journal
9509:
9057:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
9012:"Second mĂŠmoire sur la destruction du diamant par le feu"
7797:
5901:
Deutsch A, Masaitis VL, Langenhorst F, Grieve RA (2000).
5556:"Vivid pink diamond sells for record $ 10.8 million"
5097:
3246:, and showed that the only product of the combustion was
2297:
1493:, the stable cores of continents with typical ages of 2.5
1458:
rocks and organic carbon in sediments, rather than coal.
1129:
1054:, very close to the theoretical limit for this material.
19:
This article is about the mineral. For the gemstone, see
8648:. Great Britain: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 12â19.
7294:
Antique jewellery: its manufacture, materials and design
6143:"Diamond Impurities Reveal Water Deep Within the Mantle"
5692:"Fact Checking Diamond Fluorescence: 11 Myths Dispelled"
5423:
4459:
8331:. Canadian Diamond Code Committee. 2006. Archived from
7667:"Diamond: The mineral Diamond information and pictures"
6089:
5525:"Rare blue diamond sells for record $ 9.5 million"
5192:"Diamonds are Flammable! How to Safeguard Your Jewelry"
4204:
Seal M (November 25, 1958). "The abrasion of diamond".
2996:
As of 2010, nearly all 5,000 million carats (1,000
2950:
Another popular method of growing synthetic diamond is
2514:
of natural diamonds; 80% of Argyle diamonds are brown.
1554:) up to the size of watermelons. They are a mixture of
945:
The hardest natural diamonds mostly originate from the
755:
is the lattice constant, usually given in Angstrøms as
728:
The most common crystal structure of diamond is called
8500:"Lab Grown Colored Diamonds from Chatham Created Gems"
7800:
International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture
7735:
Synthetic Diamond: Emerging CVD Science and Technology
6542:"A "diamond-like star" in the lab. Diamond-like glass"
6308:
Tielens AG (July 12, 2013). "The molecular universe".
6204:
6048:"Kimberlite pipe models: significance for exploration"
4947:
4528:
3212:. Diamonds have been known in India for at least 3,000
2320:, the owner of several major diamond mines in Africa.
2078:
Diamonds may exist in carbon-rich stars, particularly
2052:, about three percent of the carbon is in the form of
1977:
of the rock. As the pressure decreases, a vapor phase
1159:
Diamond powder of an appropriate grain size (around 50
9357:
Chemistry and physics of carbon: a series of advances
8195:
7824:
7343:
7233:"North America Diamond Sales Show No Sign of Slowing"
7209:. World Federation of Diamond Bourses. Archived from
6176:"Pockets of water may lie deep below Earth's surface"
5143:. Vol. 1. Dover Publications. pp. 115â117.
5098:
Fujimoto A, Yamada Y, Koinuma M, Sato S (June 2016).
3231:. Their usage in engraving tools also dates to early
3172:), 'proper, unalterable, unbreakable, untamed', from
2343:
every two years, as well as the establishment of the
1450:. It is possible that diamonds can form from coal in
9350:
9277:
9168:
8643:
5032:
3947:
Gems: Their sources, descriptions and identification
3261:
2542:
blade with tiny diamonds shown embedded in the metal
1721:. Those found in kimberlites have ages ranging from
1301:
10.8 million in Hong Kong on December 1, 2009.
724:
Diamond unit cell, showing the tetrahedral structure
9190:
Applications of Diamond Films and Related Materials
8850:. SSEF Swiss Gemmological Institute. Archived from
5720:
1990:phase and then metamorphism and hydration produces
1605:) that are incompatible with diamond formation. In
1285:diamonds and fall under a different grading scale.
998:
of natural diamond has been measured as 50â65
11552:
8356:
6865:. Vol. 382, no. 8517. 2007. p. 68.
5936:"How do diamonds form? They don't form from coal!"
4069:Mohammad G, Siddiquei MM, Abu El-Asrar AM (2006).
4033:
3888:
3579:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp.
1041:
982:(magnifying glass) to identify diamonds "by eye".
8758:Raman spectroscopy in archaeology and art history
8576:"The Business of Diamonds, From Mining to Retail"
8464:
8075:
8073:
7456:
7454:
7347:Handbook of industrial diamonds and diamond films
6025:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5251:
4826:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A
3995:"Diamond Formation: A Stable Isotope Perspective"
3152:Etymology, earliest use and composition discovery
1820:as an oceanic plate plunges into the mantle at a
1613:is large and conspicuous, while lamproite has Ti-
1022:Diamond has compressive yield strength of 130â140
11632:
8761:. Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 387â394.
7916:. United Nations. March 21, 2001. Archived from
7698:"Industrial Diamonds Statistics and Information"
6504:
6209:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 313â357.
5359:"Optical absorption and luminescence in diamond"
3709:
2022:, Russia, in 2019. Another one was found in the
1151:In an atmosphere of pure oxygen, diamond has an
9314:Diamond: Electronic Properties and Applications
9228:The Properties of Natural and Synthetic Diamond
9100:
8907:
8754:
8398:(Report). Imperial College London Consultants.
8105:
8103:
6443:"It rains solid diamonds on Uranus and Neptune"
6385:
4904:
4659:
3924:. Vol. 28. Marcel Dekker. pp. 46â47.
3666:
3050:Gem-cut synthetic silicon carbide set in a ring
2300:, which is the world's largest mining company;
2067:into a "diamond rain" on the ice giant planets
9433:Optical Properties of Diamond: A Data Handbook
9149:
8933:
8070:
7965:. New York: Hearthside Press. pp. 22â28.
7451:
7319:"The Classical and Special Shapes of Diamonds"
6720:Russia's Diamond Colony: The Republic of Sakha
6093:Deep Carbon Observatory: A Decade of Discovery
5940:Geology and Earth Science News and Information
5824:
5822:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5810:
4867:
4562:
4560:
4405:
4261:Properties, Growth and Applications of Diamond
3886:
3519:. University Science Books. pp. 257â260.
2581:and saws, and the use of diamond powder as an
2331:Further down the supply chain, members of The
11538:
10969:
9966:
9567:
9331:
9187:
8247:
8164:
7731:
7173:. World Bank Publications. pp. 297â299.
6583:"Life and Rocks May Have Co-Evolved on Earth"
6085:
6083:
5828:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5790:
4460:Marinescu ID, TĂśnshoff HK, Inasaki I (2000).
4385:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 7â10.
3999:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
3710:Correa AA, Bonev SA, Galli G (January 2006).
1325:Necklace of rough light brown diamonds under
1034:. Much higher pressures may be possible with
852:if the fibers grow from a clear substrate or
8530:
8100:
7908:
7906:
7638:
7166:
5768:
4622:
4620:
3771:"Diamond oceans possible on Uranus, Neptune"
3510:
3508:
2517:
2048:are rare, they are very common in space. In
1473:of the world. The pink and orange areas are
8848:"SSEF diamond spotter and SSEF illuminator"
8127:
8125:
8037:
7954:
7952:
7950:
7860:
7858:
7766:
7286:
7284:
7053:. Alrosa. December 22, 2009. Archived from
6793:"The history of the Antwerp Diamond Center"
5465:. Brunswick House Press. pp. 223â224.
5033:Wissner-Gross AD, Kaxiras E (August 2007).
4557:
4343:. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 165â166.
4257:
4247:– via Shure Applications Engineering.
3988:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3944:
3882:
3880:
2935:) processes. The yellow color is caused by
2199:). A large, flawless diamond is known as a
2171:(quality of the cut is graded according to
1960:
1128:that they can stabilize multiple layers of
11545:
11531:
11493:
10976:
10962:
9973:
9959:
9574:
9560:
9403:(Second ed.). Brunswick House Press.
9107:
8726:
8196:Shigley JE, Chapman J, Ellison RK (2001).
8023:. Mail Today. July 1, 2010. Archived from
7565:. Cambridge University Press. p. 34.
7344:Prelas MA, Popovici G, Bigelow LK (1998).
7162:
7160:
7158:
7027:. The De Beers Group. 2007. Archived from
6966:
6939:
6881:
6620:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 42.
6126:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6080:
6045:
6023:A dictionary of geology and earth sciences
5964:
5829:Shirey SB, Shigley JE (December 1, 2013).
5787:
4463:Handbook of ceramic grinding and polishing
4432:
4409:Synthetic, Imitation and Treated Gemstones
2720:Historically, diamonds were found only in
1942:) or oxidation of a reduced phase such as
1057:
681:, the transition is predicted to occur at
532:can also be made out of materials such as
9373:
9068:
9009:
8973:
8750:
8748:
8515:
8482:
8374:
7903:
7727:
7725:
7460:
6716:
6565:
6158:
6059:Decennial Mineral Exploration Conferences
5998:Economic Geology: Principles and Practice
5918:
5846:
5659:
5385:
5227:Science Questions with Surprising Answers
5115:
4983:
4973:
4775:
4617:
4600:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4266:Institution of Engineering and Technology
4112:
4086:
4018:
3858:
3745:
3735:
3570:
3505:
3350:
3088:should easily identify such a treatment.
2755:In the U.S., diamonds have been found in
2447:to choose the optimal cutting directions.
759:= 3.567 Ă
, which is 0.3567 nm.
9581:
9473:"Have You Ever Tried to Sell a Diamond?"
9278:Koizumi S, Nebel CE, Nesladek M (2008).
9173:. Great Britain: Butterworth-Heinemann.
9050:
8872:
8796:
8792:
8790:
8424:
8422:
8420:
8292:. World Diamond Council. July 19, 2000.
8243:
8241:
8122:
8010:Ball was a geologist in British service.
7947:
7855:
7692:
7690:
7688:
7497:"Have You Ever Tried To Sell a Diamond?"
7490:
7488:
7281:
7051:"Media releases â Media Centre â Alrosa"
6712:
6710:
6708:
6245:
4374:
4372:
4233:"The wear and care of records and styli"
3967:
3877:
3641:
3602:
3600:
3380:
3378:
3095:
3045:
2847:
2711:
2700:
2545:
2533:
2521:
2474:
2389:
2322:
2111:
2001:
1964:
1918:
1752:
1737:
1648:
1465:
1332:
1320:
1200:
1185:
884:
794:
719:
605:
415:
9470:
9429:
9310:
9281:Physics and Applications of CVD Diamond
9244:
8815:
8707:
8668:
8393:Environmental Impacts of Mined Diamonds
8251:Resource politics in Sub-Saharan Africa
7958:
7938:
7864:
7494:
7439:from the original on September 13, 2012
7260:
7256:
7254:
7155:
6307:
6173:
6167:
6140:
5861:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5633:
5553:
5522:
5413:from the original on September 6, 2015.
5321:
5254:European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry
4822:
4332:
4330:
4185:from the original on September 26, 2020
3799:
3461:
3436:
2908:Synthetics, simulants, and enhancements
2644:Roughly 49% of diamonds originate from
2104:List of countries by diamond production
1914:
1461:
1345:
1089:. This conductivity is associated with
897:Diamond is the hardest material on the
11633:
9541:Gemological Institute of America (GIA)
9130:
9114:(2nd ed.). Mining Journal Press.
9085:from the original on February 19, 2023
8745:
8675:. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 115.
8573:
8134:"Microscopic diamond found in Montana"
8109:
7867:"The Many Facets of Man-Made Diamonds"
7722:
7558:
7297:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 82â102.
6803:from the original on February 22, 2013
6773:from the original on November 26, 2010
6595:from the original on September 2, 2017
6440:
6289:from the original on November 26, 2021
6276:
6068:from the original on December 24, 2012
6020:
5584:
5356:
5006:
4761:
4497:
4480:
4282:from the original on February 19, 2023
4230:
3895:. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p.
3863:. Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. p. 2.16.
3466:. Noyes Publications. pp. 40â41.
3441:. Gordon & Breach. pp. 1â24.
1949:Using probes such as polarized light,
1927:Diamonds in the mantle form through a
1637:than more common mantle melts such as
11526:
10957:
9954:
9555:
9531:Properties of diamond: Ioffe database
9497:
9450:from the original on November 9, 2023
9298:from the original on November 9, 2023
9225:
9206:
8889:from the original on November 9, 2023
8787:
8775:from the original on November 9, 2023
8689:from the original on November 9, 2023
8625:from the original on November 9, 2023
8604:
8467:"Gemesis Laboratory Created Diamonds"
8446:from the original on January 31, 2012
8417:
8405:from the original on December 3, 2021
8306:from the original on November 9, 2023
8268:from the original on November 9, 2023
8238:
8131:
8079:
8058:from the original on November 9, 2023
7979:from the original on November 9, 2023
7891:from the original on October 28, 2008
7685:
7673:from the original on October 23, 2014
7585:
7527:
7485:
7408:from the original on November 9, 2023
7364:from the original on November 9, 2023
7290:
7187:from the original on November 9, 2023
7143:from the original on October 18, 2022
7005:from the original on December 1, 2017
6969:"De Beers to Halve Diamond Stockpile"
6857:"Business: Changing facets; Diamonds"
6761:"Jews Surrender Gem Trade to Indians"
6741:from the original on November 9, 2023
6705:
6652:
6634:from the original on November 9, 2023
6613:
5967:"10 common scientific misconceptions"
5946:from the original on October 30, 2013
5882:from the original on November 9, 2023
5566:from the original on December 2, 2020
5504:from the original on February 7, 2009
5189:
5138:
4816:
4626:
4412:. Gulf Professional. pp. 34â37.
4378:
4369:
4357:from the original on November 9, 2023
4300:
4175:"Diamonds Are Indestructible, Right?"
4155:from the original on December 9, 2007
3768:
3597:
3486:
3375:
2131:
1784:. The most dominant rock type in the
1765:. Such depths occur below cratons in
1205:The most famous colored diamond, the
1143:
9417:from the original on August 19, 2019
9396:
9265:from the original on August 20, 2014
8004:. London: TrĂźbner & Co. p.
7997:
7426:
7251:
6580:
6455:from the original on August 27, 2017
6342:
5995:
5977:from the original on January 6, 2017
5933:
5757:
5485:
5460:
5167:. Gemological Institute of America.
4641:from the original on January 2, 2018
4336:
4327:
4203:
3539:
3514:
3418:from the original on January 7, 2019
3327:"IMAâCNMNC approved mineral symbols"
3324:
2844:Child labour in the diamond industry
1772:Host rocks in a mantle keel include
1481:, which together constitute cratons.
709:
230:Spinel law common (yielding "macle")
9384:from the original on March 12, 2023
9118:from the original on March 10, 2020
8951:from the original on March 20, 2007
8941:"Chinese made first use of diamond"
8390:
8357:Kjarsgaard BA, Levinson AA (2002).
7770:Turning And Mechanical Manipulation
6827:Case No COMP/M.2333 â De Beers/LVMH
6283:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
5702:from the original on March 24, 2022
5615:from the original on April 18, 2021
5587:"Objective ciamond clarity grading"
5233:from the original on August 1, 2019
5202:from the original on August 1, 2019
5171:from the original on August 1, 2019
5087:from the original on July 24, 2011.
4239:from the original on March 26, 2023
4020:10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105259
2829:
2489:, the advertising firm retained by
2333:World Federation of Diamond Bourses
2225:International Gemological Institute
1986:). As the eruption wanes, there is
1907:are not formed from carbon that is
1878:The mantle has roughly one billion
1733:
1539:are found in a type of rock called
1111:
716:Crystallographic defects in diamond
13:
9464:
9030:from the original on July 10, 2022
8254:. GIGA-Hamburg. pp. 305â313.
7325:from the original on July 14, 2015
7235:. A&W diamonds. Archived from
6186:from the original on March 8, 2018
4206:Proceedings of the Royal Society A
3840:from the original on July 30, 2022
3646:. Pan Stanford. pp. 164â165.
3552:from the original on March 7, 2020
2615:of diamond makes it suitable as a
2565:is currently of synthetic origin.
2457:, which is a more reliable method.
2347:(IDC) to oversee diamond grading.
1997:
1792:consisting mostly of the minerals
1192:National Museum of Natural History
942:, which are often worn every day.
928:nanocrystalline diamond aggregates
14:
11707:
9524:
9010:Lavoisier A (October 15, 2007) ,
8974:Lavoisier A (October 15, 2007) ,
8586:from the original on July 7, 2017
8465:Shigley JE, Abbaschian R (2002).
7773:. Holtzapffel & Co. pp.
7614:"The Australian Diamond Industry"
7509:from the original on May 17, 2008
7083:from the original on May 12, 2011
6967:Even-Zohar C (November 3, 1999).
6940:Even-Zohar C (November 6, 2008).
6869:from the original on May 12, 2011
6837:from the original on May 12, 2011
6486:from the original on May 14, 2023
5965:Pak-Harvey A (October 31, 2013).
5535:from the original on May 16, 2009
5220:
5165:"Diamond Care and Cleaning Guide"
3091:
3058:is the most common. The gemstone
2775:in a remote part of Montana. The
2607:, and limited use in specialized
2505:, the luxury goods conglomerate.
1873:
1757:Red garnet inclusion in a diamond
1017:
978:still rely upon skilled use of a
644:standard temperature and pressure
601:
11504:
11492:
9133:Properties and growth of diamond
9044:
8998:from the original on May 9, 2022
8963:
8901:
8866:
8840:
8809:
8755:Edwards HG, Chalmers GM (2005).
8720:
8701:
8662:
8637:
8598:
8567:
8524:
8491:
8458:
8383:
8350:
8318:
8280:
8189:
8158:
8031:
8021:"Biggest diamond found in Panna"
8013:
8001:Diamonds, Gold and Coal of India
7991:
7932:
7818:
7791:
7760:
7710:from the original on May 6, 2009
7659:
7632:
7606:
7579:
7552:
7530:"Interview with Forevermark CEO"
7521:
7463:"10 Things Rocking the Industry"
7420:
7376:
7337:
7311:
7225:
7199:
7125:
7095:
7069:
7043:
7017:
6991:
6891:. idexonline.com. Archived from
6090:Deep Carbon Observatory (2019).
6021:Allaby M (2013). "mobile belt".
5634:Wang W, Cai L (September 2019).
5223:"Can you light diamond on fire?"
3802:"Diamond: Molten under pressure"
3392:from the original on May 6, 2009
3264:
3023:
3011:
3001:manufacturers' expenses average
2812:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1421:. These have evenly distributed
1419:ultra-high-pressure metamorphism
1311:Gemological Institute of America
1275:Gemological Institute of America
790:
566:. In graphite, the bonds are sp
429:solid form of the element carbon
420:Main diamond producing countries
298:to subtransparent to translucent
240:111 (perfect in four directions)
40:
11106:Yellow, Green, Violet Sapphires
9609:Lonsdaleite (hexagonal diamond)
9334:Diamond Grading ABC: the Manual
9169:O'Donoghue M, Joyner L (2003).
8644:O'Donoghue M, Joyner L (2003).
8608:Industrial Minerals & Rocks
8041:Encyclopedia of African history
7703:United States Geological Survey
7589:Industrial minerals & rocks
7536:. Jckonline.com. Archived from
7469:. Jckonline.com. Archived from
7350:. CRC Press. pp. 984â992.
7267:. William Andrew. p. 280.
7137:internationaldiamondcouncil.org
7077:"Another record profit for BHP"
6960:
6942:"Crisis Mitigation at De Beers"
6933:
6907:
6849:
6815:
6785:
6753:
6679:
6646:
6607:
6574:
6533:
6498:
6467:
6434:
6379:
6336:
6301:
6270:
6246:Wei-Haas M (October 10, 2019).
6239:
6198:
6134:
6039:
6014:
5989:
5958:
5927:
5920:10.18814/epiiugs/2000/v23i1/002
5894:
5855:
5714:
5684:
5627:
5578:
5547:
5516:
5479:
5454:
5417:
5350:
5315:
5280:
5245:
5214:
5183:
5157:
5132:
5091:
5026:
5000:
4941:
4898:
4861:
4755:
4704:
4653:
4522:
4453:
4426:
4399:
4294:
4251:
4224:
4197:
4167:
4137:
4062:
4027:
3949:(5th ed.). Great Britain:
3938:
3922:Chemistry and physics of carbon
3913:
3887:Ashcroft NW, Mermin ND (1976).
3852:
3793:
3762:
3703:
3660:
3635:
3103:image of a diamond, taken in a
3065:
2082:. One theory for the origin of
1816:rock that typically forms from
1329:(top) and normal light (bottom)
1316:
1292:, a 35.56-carat (7.112 g)
1042:Elasticity and tensile strength
766:lattices with one displaced by
11554:Mohs scale of mineral hardness
9380:. London: E. & F.N. Spon.
9317:. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
9053:"On the nature of the diamond"
8533:Reports on Progress in Physics
7732:Spear KE, Dismukes JP (1994).
7461:JCK Staff (January 26, 2011).
7429:"Keep the Diamond Dream Alive"
6277:Fowler C (November 26, 2021).
5554:Pomfret J (December 1, 2009).
5366:Reports on Progress in Physics
4466:. William Andrew. p. 21.
3564:
3533:
3480:
3455:
3430:
3404:
3318:
3295:List of largest rough diamonds
3238:In 1772, the French scientist
2929:high-pressure high-temperature
1644:
550:Material properties of diamond
1:
10983:
9980:
9251:. Hearthside Press New York.
9188:Feldman A, Robins LH (1991).
8822:Professional Jeweler Magazine
8816:Donahue PJ (April 19, 2004).
7872:Chemical and Engineering News
7079:. ABC News. August 22, 2007.
6617:Jewelrymaking through history
5971:The Christian Science Monitor
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5309:10.1016/S0925-9635(97)00270-7
5289:Diamond and Related Materials
4231:Weiler HD (April 13, 2021) .
4056:10.1016/j.diamond.2005.08.046
4036:Diamond and Related Materials
3689:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.185701
2912:
2777:Crater of Diamonds State Park
2345:International Diamond Council
2327:Diamond polisher in Amsterdam
1097:or other surface treatments.
875:
803:Diamonds occur most often as
638:(the diamond/graphite/liquid
543:
449:room temperature and pressure
431:with its atoms arranged in a
11498:List of gemstones by species
11467:List of individual gemstones
11128:Precious White and Fire Opal
9471:Epstein EJ (February 1982).
9336:. Antwerp: Rubin & Son.
9101:General and cited references
8913:Natural History: A Selection
8574:Pisani B (August 27, 2012).
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8132:Cooke S (October 17, 2004).
7943:. John Lane Co. p. 159.
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6944:. DIB online. Archived from
6797:Antwerp World Diamond Center
6567:10.1016/j.carbon.2016.01.068
6441:Kaplan S (August 25, 2017).
6357:10.1126/science.286.5437.25a
6207:Deep carbon: past to present
5486:Khan U (December 10, 2008).
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4627:Wogan T (November 2, 2012).
4258:Neves AJ, NazarĂŠ MH (2001).
3769:Bland E (January 15, 2010).
3629:10.1016/0008-6223(96)00170-4
3491:. IOS Press. pp. 9â30.
3312:
3142:Swiss Gemmological Institute
3105:scanning electron microscope
3035:
2637:Exploration diamond drilling
2530:with synthetic diamond blade
2470:
1409:Most diamonds come from the
985:
7:
11686:Minerals in space group 227
9359:. New York: Marcel Dekker.
9171:Identification of gemstones
8646:Identification of gemstones
8553:10.1088/0034-4885/61/12/002
7109:. Rio Tinto. Archived from
6174:Perkins S (March 8, 2018).
6141:Cartier K (April 2, 2018).
5743:10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.3764
5396:10.1088/0034-4885/42/10/001
5190:Jones C (August 27, 2016).
5007:Irving M (April 28, 2022).
4149:National Science Foundation
3945:Webster R, Read PG (2000).
3257:
3216:years but most likely 6,000
2619:for integrated circuits in
2161:(a carat being equal to 0.2
2093:
2033:
1108:which eliminated cracking.
880:
845:, an opaque gum-like skin.
10:
11712:
9940:Aggregated diamond nanorod
9230:. London: Academic Press.
9211:. London: Academic Press.
8044:. CRC Press. p. 767.
6689:. Debswana. Archived from
6653:Adiga A (April 12, 2004).
6476:"A planet made of diamond"
6330:10.1103/RevModPhys.85.1021
6061:, 2007. pp. 667â677.
5606:10.15506/JoG.2014.34.4.316
5523:Nebehay S (May 12, 2009).
5448:10.1103/PhysRevB.73.125203
5062:10.1103/physreve.76.020501
4950:"Metallization of diamond"
4927:10.1103/PhysRevE.78.041603
4506:Cambridge University Press
4433:Lee J, Novikov NV (2005).
3540:Gray T (October 8, 2009).
3185:
3165:
3069:
3039:
2916:
2833:
2630:
2538:Close-up photograph of an
2379:
2375:
2135:
2097:
2037:
1969:Diagram of a volcanic pipe
1361:
1304:
1223:corresponding to the deep
1179:
781:crystallographic direction
713:
547:
18:
11560:
11490:
11482:List of sapphires by size
11459:
11347:
11285:
11232:
11223:
11136:
11096:
11053:
11008:
10998:
10991:
10910:
10872:
10815:
10737:
10508:
10445:
10384:
10346:
10339:
10299:
10201:
10155:
10148:
9988:
9910:
9840:
9779:
9746:
9738:(cyclo[18]carbon)
9696:
9617:
9589:
9502:. The Diamond Deception.
9498:Tyson P (November 2000).
9209:The Properties of Diamond
9026:, ark:/12148/bpt6k35711,
8994:, ark:/12148/bpt6k35711,
8611:. SME. pp. 426â430.
7885:10.1021/cen-v082n005.p026
6527:10.2113/gselements.1.2.85
6310:Reviews of Modern Physics
6215:10.1017/9781108677950.011
6000:. John Wiley & Sons.
5868:. Elsevier. p. 248.
5344:10.1103/PhysRevB.61.12909
4637:. Nature Communications.
4508:. pp. 223, 230â249.
4439:. Springer. p. 102.
4075:Mediators of Inflammation
3136:and marketed by the GIA.
2952:chemical vapor deposition
2816:British Geological Survey
2708:'s Udachnaya diamond mine
2626:
2597:high-pressure experiments
2518:Industrial-grade diamonds
2316:(78%) diamond mines; and
2241:Diamond Exchange District
2100:Diamonds as an investment
2040:Extraterrestrial diamonds
1535:and microdiamonds in the
1087:chemical vapor deposition
560:allotropes of pure carbon
526:chemical vapor deposition
407:
395:
385:
375:
365:
355:
347:
339:
318:
302:
289:
279:
267:
254:
244:
234:
224:
212:
204:
189:
184:
169:
164:
147:
124:
112:
102:
92:
82:
66:
56:
51:
46:A natural diamond crystal
39:
34:
11477:List of emeralds by size
9722:(cyclo[6]carbon)
9706:Linear acetylenic carbon
9332:Pagel-Theisen V (2001).
9311:Pan LS, Kani DR (1995).
7321:. kristallsmolensk.com.
6053:. In Milkereit B (ed.).
3571:Chen Y, Zhang L (2013).
2266:Antwerpsche Diamantkring
2217:Antwerp diamond district
1961:Transport to the surface
1437:Popigai impact structure
1175:
1165:pyrotechnic compositions
610:Theoretically predicted
25:Diamond (disambiguation)
11691:Native element minerals
11666:Group IV semiconductors
10475:Nickel silver (alpacca)
9351:Radovic RL, Walker RM,
8879:A Greek-English Lexicon
5723:Physical Review Letters
4975:10.1073/pnas.2013565117
4871:Applied Physics Letters
4794:10.1126/science.aat5211
4733:10.1126/science.aar4165
4682:10.1126/science.abc4174
4531:Applied Physics Letters
3737:10.1073/pnas.0510489103
3669:Physical Review Letters
3517:Chemical Thermodynamics
3439:Graphite and precursors
3132:, both produced by the
2108:Clean Diamond Trade Act
2024:Ellendale Diamond Field
1696:
1116:Diamonds are naturally
1058:Electrical conductivity
891:Vickers hardness tester
9766:Carbide-derived carbon
9648:(buckminsterfullerene)
9543:. 2007. Archived from
9070:10.1098/rstl.1797.0005
8171:Guerrilla News Network
8038:Shillington K (2005).
7767:Holtzapffel C (1856).
7562:The nature of diamonds
6046:Kjarsgaard BA (2007).
5266:10.1002/ejic.201801300
4847:10.1098/rsta.1993.0017
4501:The nature of diamonds
4218:10.1098/rspa.1958.0250
3489:The physics of diamond
3331:Mineralogical Magazine
3107:
3051:
2858:
2717:
2709:
2554:
2543:
2531:
2480:
2399:
2341:World Diamond Congress
2328:
2121:
2007:
1970:
1924:
1923:Age zones in a diamond
1758:
1750:
1723:1 to 3.5 billion years
1671:electrical resistivity
1654:
1489:on the oldest part of
1482:
1338:
1330:
1209:
1198:
1190:Brown diamonds at the
1134:human body temperature
953:fields located in the
894:
839:disdyakis dodecahedron
831:rhombicosidodecahedron
800:
725:
615:
487:and a relatively high
421:
361:2.418 (at 500 nm)
23:. For other uses, see
11696:Transparent materials
11671:Impact event minerals
11045:Natural marine pearls
10816:Other natural objects
9547:on September 8, 2017.
9500:"Diamonds in the Sky"
9150:O'Donoghue M (2006).
9108:Even-Zohar C (2007).
8873:Liddell HG, Scott R.
8740:U.S. patent 4,488,821
8517:10.5741/GEMS.40.2.128
8484:10.5741/GEMS.38.4.301
8376:10.5741/GEMS.38.3.208
8226:on September 30, 2009
6915:"The Elusive Sparcle"
6655:"Uncommon Brilliance"
5848:10.5741/GEMS.49.4.188
4573:Nature Communications
4406:O'Donoghue M (1997).
4181:. December 16, 2015.
3951:Butterworth-Heinemann
3099:
3049:
2856:
2824:Northwest Territories
2715:
2704:
2633:List of diamond mines
2549:
2537:
2525:
2478:
2393:
2337:World Diamond Council
2326:
2281:distribution channels
2195:(how free is it from
2120:diamond set in a ring
2115:
2044:Although diamonds on
2005:
1968:
1922:
1756:
1745:with centimeter-size
1741:
1707:samarium to neodymium
1703:rubidium to strontium
1652:
1469:
1336:
1324:
1204:
1189:
1072:electrical insulators
934:the preferred gem in
909:Vickers hardness test
888:
798:
723:
609:
419:
263:10 (defining mineral)
94:Strunz classification
11681:Luminescent minerals
11164:, pink, yellow-green
10291:Wire wrapped jewelry
10271:RepoussĂŠ and chasing
9583:Allotropes of carbon
9478:The Atlantic Monthly
9374:Tolkowsky M (1919).
9248:The Book of Diamonds
9051:Smithson T (1797) .
8359:"Diamonds in Canada"
8338:on February 29, 2012
8217:10.5741/GEMS.37.1.26
8139:The Montana Standard
8094:10.5741/GEMS.43.2.98
7998:Ball V (1881). "1".
7962:The Book of Diamonds
7645:. SME. p. 158.
7540:on November 28, 2012
7396:(5): 760â764. 1940.
7133:"Introduction | IDC"
6717:Tichotsky J (2000).
6258:on November 27, 2021
6160:10.1029/2018EO095949
6108:on December 17, 2019
5661:10.1364/OE.27.027242
5594:Journal of Gemmology
5104:Analytical Chemistry
4303:"Diamonds on Demand"
4268:. pp. 142â147.
4042:(11â12): 1950â1954.
3859:Rajendran V (2004).
3196:, where significant
2613:thermal conductivity
2603:), high-performance
2499:a diamond is forever
2487:N. W. Ayer & Son
2294:global energy crisis
2146:of white light into
1975:hydraulic fracturing
1915:Formation and growth
1715:argon-40 to argon-39
1667:aeromagnetic surveys
1617:and lamprophyre has
1462:Surface distribution
1346:Thermal conductivity
580:thermal conductivity
478:). Small numbers of
461:thermal conductivity
11676:Industrial minerals
11511:Minerals portal
11083:Precious Black Opal
10833:Ebonite (vulcanite)
9430:Zaitsev AM (2001).
8672:The diamond formula
8669:Barnard AS (2000).
8545:1998RPPh...61.1665W
8504:Gems & Gemology
8471:Gems & Gemology
8205:Gems & Gemology
8177:on January 26, 2007
8146:on January 21, 2005
8082:Gems & Gemology
7939:Catelle WR (1911).
7914:"Conflict Diamonds"
7849:10.1049/el:19920123
7841:1992ElL....28..197S
7828:Electronics Letters
7495:Epstein EJ (1982).
7261:Pierson HO (1993).
7213:on October 25, 2016
7025:"Mining operations"
6799:. August 16, 2012.
6558:2016Carbo.100..703S
6519:2005Eleme...1...85H
6448:The Washington Post
6412:10.1511/2003.38.905
6404:2003AmSci..91..516S
6322:2013RvMP...85.1021T
6252:National Geographic
5865:The Mantle and Core
5862:Carlson RW (2005).
5835:Gems & Gemology
5735:1993PhRvL..70.3764W
5652:2019OExpr..2727242W
5646:(19): 27242â27255.
5497:The Daily Telegraph
5440:2006PhRvB..73l5203H
5378:1979RPPh...42.1605W
5336:2000PhRvB..6112909Z
5330:(19): 12909â12922.
5301:1998DRM.....7..333C
5054:2007PhRvE..76b0501W
4966:2020PNAS..11724634S
4960:(40): 24634â24639.
4919:2008PhRvE..78d1603Z
4884:1989ApPhL..55..975L
4839:1993RSPTA.342..233C
4786:2018Sci...360..264L
4725:2018Sci...360..300B
4674:2021Sci...371...76D
4585:2012NatCo...3.1163D
4543:2005ApPhL..87n1902E
4151:. January 8, 2007.
4097:2006ApJ...653L.153G
4048:2005DRM....14.1950F
4011:2014AREPS..42..699C
3891:Solid state physics
3818:2010NatPh...6....9S
3728:2006PNAS..103.1204C
3681:2005PhRvL..95r5701W
3621:1996Carbo..34..141B
3462:Pierson HO (2012).
3352:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
3343:2021MinM...85..291W
3101:Cathodoluminescence
3082:diamond-like carbon
3072:Diamond enhancement
2878:human rights abuses
2552:electron microscopy
2464:diamond enhancement
2304:, the owner of the
1955:cathodoluminescence
1788:, peridotite is an
1663:geophysical methods
1537:island arc of Japan
1519:, the host rock is
1509:, also known as an
1499:Argyle diamond mine
1290:Wittelsbach Diamond
1258:plastic deformation
1212:Diamond has a wide
835:tetrakis hexahedron
815:octahedra known as
764:face-centered cubic
675:body-centered cubic
465:diamond anvil cells
104:Dana classification
11333:Opaque iridescent
11224:Jewelry-Industrial
11170:yellow, blue, pink
10178:Jewellery designer
9861:(cyclopropatriene)
9842:hypothetical forms
9663:Fullerene whiskers
9245:Hershey W (1940).
8437:Bain & Company
8167:"The Diamond Life"
7959:Hershey W (1940).
7865:Yarnell A (2004).
7559:Harlow GE (1998).
7473:on January 7, 2013
7239:on January 6, 2009
7170:Africa's silk road
7107:Rio Tinto web site
7057:on August 20, 2013
6895:on January 9, 2015
6480:Astronomy magazine
6392:American Scientist
6102:10.17863/CAM.44064
6096:. Washington, DC.
5698:. March 27, 2018.
5585:Cowing MD (2014).
5048:(2 Pt 1): 020501.
4913:(4 Pt 1): 041603.
4593:10.1038/ncomms2160
4498:Harlow GE (1998).
4382:The diamond makers
3800:Silvera I (2010).
3307:Superhard material
3108:
3086:Raman spectroscopy
3052:
2859:
2718:
2710:
2692:X-ray fluorescence
2601:diamond anvil cell
2555:
2544:
2532:
2481:
2400:
2329:
2138:Diamond (gemstone)
2132:Gem-grade diamonds
2122:
2008:
1971:
1925:
1759:
1751:
1687:geothermobarometry
1679:indicator minerals
1655:
1483:
1471:Geologic provinces
1339:
1331:
1279:normal color range
1210:
1199:
1144:Chemical stability
913:phonograph records
895:
801:
740:and is 3.567
732:. It is formed of
726:
616:
596:optical dispersion
530:Imitation diamonds
518:Synthetic diamonds
500:volcanic eruptions
489:optical dispersion
447:form of carbon at
422:
402:Pressure dependent
348:Optical properties
21:Diamond (gemstone)
11628:
11627:
11520:
11519:
11348:Industrial stones
11343:
11342:
11219:
11218:
10951:
10950:
10868:
10867:
10738:Organic gemstones
10335:
10334:
9948:
9947:
9816:(diatomic carbon)
9748:mixed sp/sp forms
9485:on March 15, 2006
9443:978-3-540-66582-3
9410:978-0-9728223-2-9
9366:978-0-8247-0987-7
9343:978-3-9800434-6-5
9324:978-0-7923-9524-9
9291:978-3-527-40801-6
9258:978-1-4179-7715-4
9237:978-0-12-255352-3
9226:Field JE (1992).
9218:978-0-12-255350-9
9207:Field JE (1979).
9180:978-0-7506-5512-5
9161:978-0-7506-5856-0
9142:978-0-85296-875-8
9131:Davies G (1994).
8926:978-0-14-044413-1
8799:Gems and Gemology
8768:978-0-85404-522-8
8682:978-0-7506-4244-6
8655:978-0-7506-5512-5
8618:978-0-87335-233-8
8605:Kogel JE (2006).
8539:(12): 1665â1710.
8363:Gems and Gemology
8299:978-90-04-13656-4
8261:978-3-928049-91-7
8051:978-1-57958-453-5
7972:978-1-4179-7715-4
7784:978-1-879335-39-4
7753:978-0-471-53589-8
7652:978-0-87335-213-0
7599:978-0-87335-233-8
7586:Kogel JE (2006).
7572:978-0-521-62935-5
7433:Rapaport Magazine
7389:Popular Mechanics
7357:978-0-8247-9994-6
7304:978-0-7478-0385-0
7291:James DS (1998).
7274:978-0-8155-1339-1
7180:978-0-8213-6835-0
7001:. EUR-Lex. 2007.
6734:978-90-5702-420-7
6693:on March 17, 2012
6667:on March 10, 2007
6627:978-0-313-33507-5
6614:Hesse RW (2007).
6224:978-1-108-67795-0
6032:978-0-19-174433-4
6007:978-1-4443-9486-3
5875:978-0-08-044848-0
5780:978-0-87335-213-0
5729:(24): 3764â3767.
5472:978-0-9728223-8-1
5427:Physical Review B
5372:(10): 1605â1659.
5357:Walker J (1979).
5324:Physical Review B
5150:978-0-486-15125-0
5110:(12): 6110â6114.
5042:Physical Review E
4907:Physical Review E
4833:(1664): 233â244.
4770:(6386): 264â265.
4719:(6386): 300â302.
4551:10.1063/1.2061853
4515:978-0-521-62935-5
4473:978-0-8155-1424-4
4446:978-0-8493-3512-9
4419:978-0-7506-3173-0
4392:978-0-521-65474-6
4379:Hazen RM (1999).
4350:978-0-7506-6449-3
4275:978-0-85296-785-0
4212:(1254): 379â393.
4179:Dominion Jewelers
3960:978-0-7506-1674-4
3931:978-0-8247-0987-7
3906:978-0-03-083993-1
3870:978-0-07-058369-6
3861:Materials science
3826:10.1038/nphys1491
3781:on March 11, 2012
3653:978-981-4241-52-6
3590:978-1-84996-408-1
3542:"Gone in a Flash"
3526:978-1-891389-32-0
3498:978-1-61499-220-2
3473:978-0-8155-1739-9
3448:978-90-5699-228-6
3280:Deep carbon cycle
3240:Antoine Lavoisier
3198:alluvial deposits
3003:$ 2,500 per carat
2947:after synthesis.
2919:Synthetic diamond
2894:Kimberley Process
2867:conflict diamonds
2854:
2836:Kimberley Process
2808:Western Australia
2722:alluvial deposits
2680:conflict diamonds
2495:product placement
2445:X-ray diffraction
2421:hearts and arrows
2028:Western Australia
1951:photoluminescence
1719:rhenium to osmium
1529:Superior province
1368:alluvial deposits
1227:wavelength of 225
1169:synthetic diamond
1085:diamond grown by
904:. To conduct the
825:that belong to a
710:Crystal structure
584:thermal expansion
502:and deposited in
451:, but diamond is
445:chemically stable
433:crystal structure
414:
413:
178:Interactive image
11703:
11661:Economic geology
11547:
11540:
11533:
11524:
11523:
11509:
11508:
11507:
11496:
11495:
11472:List of diamonds
11230:
11229:
11006:
11005:
10978:
10971:
10964:
10955:
10954:
10395:Britannia silver
10344:
10343:
10153:
10152:
9975:
9968:
9961:
9952:
9951:
9920:Activated carbon
9876:
9875:
9874:
9860:
9859:
9858:
9831:
9830:
9829:
9815:
9814:
9813:
9799:
9798:
9797:
9756:Amorphous carbon
9737:
9736:
9735:
9721:
9720:
9719:
9576:
9569:
9562:
9553:
9552:
9548:
9520:
9518:
9516:
9494:
9492:
9490:
9481:. Archived from
9459:
9457:
9455:
9426:
9424:
9422:
9397:Wise RW (2016).
9393:
9391:
9389:
9370:
9347:
9328:
9307:
9305:
9303:
9274:
9272:
9270:
9241:
9222:
9203:
9199:978-1-48329124-6
9184:
9165:
9146:
9127:
9125:
9123:
9095:
9094:
9092:
9090:
9072:
9048:
9042:
9038:
9037:
9035:
9006:
9005:
9003:
8967:
8961:
8960:
8958:
8956:
8947:. May 17, 2005.
8937:
8931:
8930:
8905:
8899:
8898:
8896:
8894:
8870:
8864:
8863:
8861:
8859:
8854:on June 27, 2009
8844:
8838:
8837:
8835:
8833:
8828:on March 6, 2012
8824:. Archived from
8813:
8807:
8806:
8794:
8785:
8784:
8782:
8780:
8752:
8743:
8742:
8736:
8735:
8731:
8724:
8718:
8717:
8705:
8699:
8698:
8696:
8694:
8666:
8660:
8659:
8641:
8635:
8634:
8632:
8630:
8602:
8596:
8595:
8593:
8591:
8571:
8565:
8564:
8528:
8522:
8521:
8519:
8495:
8489:
8488:
8486:
8462:
8456:
8455:
8453:
8451:
8445:
8434:
8426:
8415:
8414:
8412:
8410:
8404:
8397:
8387:
8381:
8380:
8378:
8354:
8348:
8347:
8345:
8343:
8337:
8330:
8322:
8316:
8315:
8313:
8311:
8284:
8278:
8277:
8275:
8273:
8245:
8236:
8235:
8233:
8231:
8225:
8219:. Archived from
8202:
8193:
8187:
8186:
8184:
8182:
8173:. Archived from
8162:
8156:
8155:
8153:
8151:
8142:. Archived from
8129:
8120:
8119:
8107:
8098:
8097:
8077:
8068:
8067:
8065:
8063:
8035:
8029:
8028:
8027:on July 7, 2011.
8017:
8011:
8009:
7995:
7989:
7988:
7986:
7984:
7956:
7945:
7944:
7936:
7930:
7929:
7927:
7925:
7920:on March 9, 2010
7910:
7901:
7900:
7898:
7896:
7862:
7853:
7852:
7822:
7816:
7815:
7795:
7789:
7788:
7764:
7758:
7757:
7729:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7715:
7694:
7683:
7682:
7680:
7678:
7669:. minerals.net.
7663:
7657:
7656:
7636:
7630:
7629:
7627:
7625:
7620:on July 16, 2009
7616:. Archived from
7610:
7604:
7603:
7583:
7577:
7576:
7556:
7550:
7549:
7547:
7545:
7525:
7519:
7518:
7516:
7514:
7492:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7478:
7458:
7449:
7448:
7446:
7444:
7435:. Diamonds.net.
7424:
7418:
7417:
7415:
7413:
7380:
7374:
7373:
7371:
7369:
7341:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7330:
7315:
7309:
7308:
7288:
7279:
7278:
7258:
7249:
7248:
7246:
7244:
7229:
7223:
7222:
7220:
7218:
7207:"Bourse listing"
7203:
7197:
7196:
7194:
7192:
7164:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7148:
7129:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7118:
7099:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7073:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7062:
7047:
7041:
7040:
7038:
7036:
7031:on June 13, 2008
7021:
7015:
7014:
7012:
7010:
6995:
6989:
6988:
6986:
6984:
6975:. Archived from
6973:National Jeweler
6964:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6953:
6937:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6926:
6921:on June 16, 2009
6911:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6900:
6885:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6874:
6853:
6847:
6846:
6844:
6842:
6819:
6813:
6812:
6810:
6808:
6789:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6778:
6769:. May 15, 2006.
6757:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6746:
6714:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6698:
6683:
6677:
6676:
6674:
6672:
6663:. Archived from
6650:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6639:
6611:
6605:
6604:
6602:
6600:
6578:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6537:
6531:
6530:
6502:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6491:
6471:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6460:
6438:
6432:
6431:
6383:
6377:
6376:
6340:
6334:
6333:
6316:(3): 1021â1081.
6305:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6294:
6274:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6263:
6254:. Archived from
6243:
6237:
6236:
6202:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6191:
6171:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6138:
6132:
6131:
6125:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6104:. Archived from
6087:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6067:
6052:
6043:
6037:
6036:
6018:
6012:
6011:
5996:Pohl WL (2011).
5993:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5951:
5931:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5898:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5887:
5859:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5826:
5785:
5784:
5766:
5755:
5754:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5663:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5614:
5591:
5582:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5571:
5551:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5520:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5491:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5461:Wise RW (2001).
5458:
5452:
5451:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5389:
5363:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5319:
5313:
5312:
5295:(2â5): 333â338.
5284:
5278:
5277:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5218:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5139:Bauer M (2012).
5136:
5130:
5129:
5119:
5095:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5039:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4987:
4977:
4945:
4939:
4938:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4892:10.1063/1.101694
4865:
4859:
4858:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4779:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4624:
4615:
4614:
4604:
4564:
4555:
4554:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4495:
4478:
4477:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4376:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4337:Read PG (2005).
4334:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4315:on March 2, 2012
4301:Boser U (2008).
4298:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4116:
4090:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4022:
3990:
3965:
3964:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3894:
3884:
3875:
3874:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3777:. Archived from
3766:
3760:
3759:
3749:
3739:
3722:(5): 1204â1208.
3707:
3701:
3700:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3604:
3595:
3594:
3578:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3515:Rock PA (1983).
3512:
3503:
3502:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3382:
3373:
3372:
3354:
3325:Warr LN (2021).
3322:
3302:List of minerals
3290:List of diamonds
3274:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3252:Smithson Tennant
3219:
3215:
3187:
3167:
3160:is derived from
3042:Diamond simulant
3027:
3015:
3004:
2999:
2960:
2855:
2830:Political issues
2821:
2773:kimberlite pipes
2730:Krishna district
2233:Diamond District
2164:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1734:Origin in mantle
1724:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1496:
1452:subduction zones
1356:refractive index
1353:
1230:
1222:
1196:Washington, D.C.
1162:
1112:Surface property
1053:
1049:
1033:
1025:
1005:
779:
775:
774:
770:
684:
680:
661:
658:, a pressure of
657:
653:
637:
633:
629:
625:
594:and it has high
562:are diamond and
485:refractive index
357:Refractive index
335:
329:
314:
312:
304:Specific gravity
260:
250:Irregular/Uneven
200:
180:
173:
159:
142:
133:
130:Hexoctahedral (m
73:
72:(repeating unit)
44:
32:
31:
11711:
11710:
11706:
11705:
11704:
11702:
11701:
11700:
11631:
11630:
11629:
11624:
11556:
11551:
11521:
11516:
11505:
11503:
11486:
11455:
11339:
11281:
11225:
11215:
11132:
11092:
11049:
10994:
10987:
10982:
10952:
10947:
10906:
10864:
10853:Spondylus shell
10811:
10733:
10504:
10490:Stainless steel
10441:
10425:Sterling silver
10385:Precious metal
10380:
10348:Precious metals
10331:
10295:
10197:
10144:
9984:
9979:
9949:
9944:
9906:
9897:Metallic carbon
9873:
9870:
9869:
9868:
9866:
9857:
9854:
9853:
9852:
9850:
9836:
9828:
9825:
9824:
9823:
9821:
9812:
9809:
9808:
9807:
9805:
9800:(atomic carbon)
9796:
9793:
9792:
9791:
9789:
9775:
9761:Carbon nanofoam
9742:
9734:
9731:
9730:
9729:
9727:
9718:
9715:
9714:
9713:
9711:
9692:
9657:
9647:
9613:
9603:Diamond (cubic)
9585:
9580:
9535:
9527:
9514:
9512:
9488:
9486:
9467:
9465:Further reading
9462:
9453:
9451:
9444:
9420:
9418:
9411:
9387:
9385:
9367:
9344:
9325:
9301:
9299:
9292:
9268:
9266:
9259:
9238:
9219:
9200:
9181:
9162:
9143:
9121:
9119:
9103:
9098:
9088:
9086:
9049:
9045:
9041:
9033:
9031:
9001:
8999:
8968:
8964:
8954:
8952:
8939:
8938:
8934:
8927:
8919:. p. 371.
8909:Pliny the Elder
8906:
8902:
8892:
8890:
8883:Perseus Project
8871:
8867:
8857:
8855:
8846:
8845:
8841:
8831:
8829:
8814:
8810:
8795:
8788:
8778:
8776:
8769:
8753:
8746:
8738:
8733:
8725:
8721:
8706:
8702:
8692:
8690:
8683:
8667:
8663:
8656:
8642:
8638:
8628:
8626:
8619:
8603:
8599:
8589:
8587:
8572:
8568:
8529:
8525:
8496:
8492:
8463:
8459:
8449:
8447:
8443:
8432:
8428:
8427:
8418:
8408:
8406:
8402:
8395:
8388:
8384:
8355:
8351:
8341:
8339:
8335:
8328:
8324:
8323:
8319:
8309:
8307:
8300:
8286:
8285:
8281:
8271:
8269:
8262:
8246:
8239:
8229:
8227:
8223:
8200:
8194:
8190:
8180:
8178:
8163:
8159:
8149:
8147:
8130:
8123:
8108:
8101:
8078:
8071:
8061:
8059:
8052:
8036:
8032:
8019:
8018:
8014:
7996:
7992:
7982:
7980:
7973:
7957:
7948:
7937:
7933:
7923:
7921:
7912:
7911:
7904:
7894:
7892:
7863:
7856:
7823:
7819:
7796:
7792:
7785:
7765:
7761:
7754:
7746:. p. 628.
7730:
7723:
7713:
7711:
7696:
7695:
7686:
7676:
7674:
7665:
7664:
7660:
7653:
7637:
7633:
7623:
7621:
7612:
7611:
7607:
7600:
7584:
7580:
7573:
7557:
7553:
7543:
7541:
7526:
7522:
7512:
7510:
7493:
7486:
7476:
7474:
7459:
7452:
7442:
7440:
7425:
7421:
7411:
7409:
7382:
7381:
7377:
7367:
7365:
7358:
7342:
7338:
7328:
7326:
7317:
7316:
7312:
7305:
7289:
7282:
7275:
7259:
7252:
7242:
7240:
7231:
7230:
7226:
7216:
7214:
7205:
7204:
7200:
7190:
7188:
7181:
7165:
7156:
7146:
7144:
7131:
7130:
7126:
7116:
7114:
7113:on May 11, 2013
7103:"Our Companies"
7101:
7100:
7096:
7086:
7084:
7075:
7074:
7070:
7060:
7058:
7049:
7048:
7044:
7034:
7032:
7023:
7022:
7018:
7008:
7006:
6997:
6996:
6992:
6982:
6980:
6979:on July 5, 2009
6965:
6961:
6951:
6949:
6948:on May 12, 2011
6938:
6934:
6924:
6922:
6913:
6912:
6908:
6898:
6896:
6887:
6886:
6882:
6872:
6870:
6855:
6854:
6850:
6840:
6838:
6821:
6820:
6816:
6806:
6804:
6791:
6790:
6786:
6776:
6774:
6759:
6758:
6754:
6744:
6742:
6735:
6727:. p. 254.
6715:
6706:
6696:
6694:
6685:
6684:
6680:
6670:
6668:
6651:
6647:
6637:
6635:
6628:
6612:
6608:
6598:
6596:
6579:
6575:
6538:
6534:
6503:
6499:
6489:
6487:
6472:
6468:
6458:
6456:
6439:
6435:
6384:
6380:
6341:
6337:
6306:
6302:
6292:
6290:
6275:
6271:
6261:
6259:
6244:
6240:
6225:
6203:
6199:
6189:
6187:
6172:
6168:
6139:
6135:
6119:
6118:
6111:
6109:
6088:
6081:
6071:
6069:
6065:
6050:
6044:
6040:
6033:
6019:
6015:
6008:
5994:
5990:
5980:
5978:
5963:
5959:
5949:
5947:
5942:. geology.com.
5934:King H (2012).
5932:
5928:
5899:
5895:
5885:
5883:
5876:
5860:
5856:
5827:
5788:
5781:
5767:
5758:
5719:
5715:
5705:
5703:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5632:
5628:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5589:
5583:
5579:
5569:
5567:
5552:
5548:
5538:
5536:
5521:
5517:
5507:
5505:
5489:
5484:
5480:
5473:
5459:
5455:
5422:
5418:
5410:
5361:
5355:
5351:
5320:
5316:
5285:
5281:
5250:
5246:
5236:
5234:
5219:
5215:
5205:
5203:
5188:
5184:
5174:
5172:
5163:
5162:
5158:
5151:
5141:Precious Stones
5137:
5133:
5096:
5092:
5084:
5037:
5031:
5027:
5017:
5015:
5005:
5001:
4946:
4942:
4903:
4899:
4878:(10): 975â977.
4866:
4862:
4821:
4817:
4760:
4756:
4709:
4705:
4668:(6524): 76â78.
4658:
4654:
4644:
4642:
4625:
4618:
4565:
4558:
4527:
4523:
4516:
4496:
4481:
4474:
4458:
4454:
4447:
4431:
4427:
4420:
4404:
4400:
4393:
4377:
4370:
4360:
4358:
4351:
4335:
4328:
4318:
4316:
4299:
4295:
4285:
4283:
4276:
4256:
4252:
4242:
4240:
4229:
4225:
4202:
4198:
4188:
4186:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4158:
4156:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4088:physics/0608014
4067:
4063:
4032:
4028:
3991:
3968:
3961:
3943:
3939:
3932:
3918:
3914:
3907:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3857:
3853:
3843:
3841:
3798:
3794:
3784:
3782:
3767:
3763:
3708:
3704:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3640:
3636:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3569:
3565:
3555:
3553:
3546:Popular Science
3538:
3534:
3527:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3435:
3431:
3421:
3419:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3395:
3393:
3384:
3383:
3376:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3272:Minerals portal
3270:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3225:religious icons
3217:
3213:
3154:
3116:three seconds.
3094:
3074:
3068:
3044:
3038:
3031:
3028:
3019:
3016:
3002:
2997:
2955:
2921:
2915:
2910:
2848:
2846:
2834:Main articles:
2832:
2819:
2767:, Wyoming, and
2650:Southern Africa
2639:
2629:
2520:
2473:
2435:diamonds, etc.
2388:
2382:Diamond cutting
2380:Main articles:
2378:
2162:
2148:spectral colors
2140:
2134:
2110:
2096:
2042:
2036:
2014:, was found by
2000:
1998:Double diamonds
1963:
1941:
1937:
1917:
1884:stable isotopes
1876:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1829:transition zone
1822:subduction zone
1800:; it is low in
1736:
1722:
1711:uranium to lead
1699:
1647:
1633:, and are less
1631:magnesium oxide
1590:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1575:
1494:
1464:
1364:
1352:2320 W¡m¡K
1351:
1348:
1319:
1307:
1267:crystal lattice
1228:
1217:
1184:
1178:
1160:
1146:
1114:
1060:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1036:nanocrystalline
1031:
1023:
1020:
1012:Diamond cutters
1003:
988:
959:New South Wales
883:
878:
793:
777:
772:
768:
767:
718:
712:
682:
678:
659:
655:
651:
635:
631:
627:
620:
604:
568:orbital hybrids
552:
546:
538:silicon carbide
331:3500â3530
330:
324:
310:
308:
258:
195:
171:
157:
140:
135:
131:
71:
70:
61:Native minerals
47:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11709:
11699:
11698:
11693:
11688:
11683:
11678:
11673:
11668:
11663:
11658:
11656:Cubic minerals
11653:
11648:
11643:
11626:
11625:
11623:
11622:
11616:
11610:
11604:
11598:
11592:
11586:
11580:
11574:
11568:
11561:
11558:
11557:
11550:
11549:
11542:
11535:
11527:
11518:
11517:
11515:
11514:
11491:
11488:
11487:
11485:
11484:
11479:
11474:
11469:
11463:
11461:
11457:
11456:
11454:
11453:
11439:
11425:
11417:
11412:
11407:
11402:
11397:
11391:
11386:
11380:
11370:
11368:Petrified wood
11365:
11357:
11351:
11349:
11345:
11344:
11341:
11340:
11338:
11337:
11331:
11325:
11320:
11307:
11302:
11297:
11291:
11289:
11283:
11282:
11280:
11279:
11274:
11269:
11259:
11254:
11249:
11244:
11238:
11236:
11227:
11221:
11220:
11217:
11216:
11214:
11213:
11207:
11202:
11197:
11176:
11171:
11165:
11155:
11154:, polychromous
11149:
11142:
11140:
11134:
11133:
11131:
11130:
11125:
11120:
11113:
11108:
11102:
11100:
11094:
11093:
11091:
11090:
11085:
11080:
11075:
11070:
11065:
11059:
11057:
11051:
11050:
11048:
11047:
11042:
11037:
11032:
11027:
11022:
11016:
11014:
11003:
10996:
10995:
10992:
10989:
10988:
10981:
10980:
10973:
10966:
10958:
10949:
10948:
10946:
10945:
10940:
10935:
10930:
10925:
10920:
10915:
10914:Related topics
10911:
10908:
10907:
10905:
10904:
10899:
10894:
10888:
10882:
10876:
10874:
10870:
10869:
10866:
10865:
10863:
10862:
10857:
10856:
10855:
10845:
10840:
10835:
10830:
10825:
10819:
10817:
10813:
10812:
10810:
10809:
10804:
10799:
10794:
10789:
10784:
10779:
10778:
10777:
10772:
10762:
10757:
10752:
10747:
10741:
10739:
10735:
10734:
10732:
10731:
10726:
10721:
10716:
10711:
10706:
10701:
10696:
10691:
10686:
10681:
10676:
10671:
10661:
10656:
10651:
10646:
10641:
10636:
10631:
10626:
10621:
10616:
10611:
10606:
10601:
10596:
10591:
10586:
10581:
10576:
10571:
10566:
10561:
10556:
10551:
10546:
10536:
10531:
10526:
10521:
10515:
10513:
10506:
10505:
10503:
10502:
10497:
10492:
10487:
10482:
10477:
10472:
10467:
10462:
10457:
10451:
10449:
10443:
10442:
10440:
10439:
10434:
10433:
10432:
10422:
10417:
10412:
10407:
10402:
10397:
10391:
10389:
10382:
10381:
10379:
10378:
10373:
10368:
10363:
10358:
10352:
10350:
10341:
10337:
10336:
10333:
10332:
10330:
10329:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10309:
10303:
10301:
10297:
10296:
10294:
10293:
10288:
10286:Wire sculpture
10283:
10278:
10273:
10268:
10263:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10233:
10232:
10231:
10226:
10221:
10211:
10205:
10203:
10199:
10198:
10196:
10195:
10190:
10185:
10180:
10175:
10170:
10165:
10159:
10157:
10150:
10146:
10145:
10143:
10142:
10141:
10140:
10135:
10125:
10120:
10115:
10110:
10105:
10100:
10095:
10090:
10085:
10080:
10075:
10070:
10065:
10060:
10055:
10050:
10045:
10040:
10035:
10030:
10025:
10020:
10015:
10010:
10005:
10000:
9994:
9992:
9986:
9985:
9978:
9977:
9970:
9963:
9955:
9946:
9945:
9943:
9942:
9937:
9932:
9927:
9922:
9916:
9914:
9908:
9907:
9905:
9904:
9902:Penta-graphene
9899:
9894:
9889:
9884:
9879:
9871:
9863:
9855:
9846:
9844:
9838:
9837:
9835:
9834:
9826:
9818:
9810:
9802:
9794:
9785:
9783:
9777:
9776:
9774:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9758:
9752:
9750:
9744:
9743:
9741:
9740:
9732:
9724:
9716:
9708:
9702:
9700:
9694:
9693:
9691:
9690:
9685:
9655:
9645:
9636:
9631:
9623:
9621:
9615:
9614:
9612:
9611:
9606:
9598:
9596:
9587:
9586:
9579:
9578:
9571:
9564:
9556:
9550:
9549:
9533:
9526:
9525:External links
9523:
9522:
9521:
9495:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9460:
9442:
9427:
9409:
9394:
9371:
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9329:
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9308:
9290:
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9242:
9236:
9223:
9217:
9204:
9198:
9185:
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9147:
9141:
9128:
9104:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9096:
9043:
9040:
9039:
9007:
8970:
8962:
8932:
8925:
8900:
8865:
8839:
8808:
8786:
8767:
8744:
8719:
8700:
8681:
8661:
8654:
8636:
8617:
8597:
8566:
8523:
8510:(2): 128â145.
8490:
8477:(4): 301â309.
8457:
8416:
8382:
8369:(3): 208â238.
8349:
8317:
8298:
8279:
8260:
8237:
8188:
8157:
8121:
8099:
8069:
8050:
8030:
8012:
7990:
7971:
7946:
7931:
7902:
7854:
7835:(2): 197â199.
7817:
7806:(5): 761â774.
7790:
7783:
7759:
7752:
7721:
7684:
7658:
7651:
7631:
7605:
7598:
7578:
7571:
7551:
7520:
7484:
7450:
7419:
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7336:
7310:
7303:
7280:
7273:
7250:
7224:
7198:
7179:
7154:
7124:
7094:
7068:
7042:
7016:
6990:
6959:
6932:
6906:
6880:
6848:
6814:
6784:
6766:Spiegel Online
6752:
6733:
6704:
6678:
6645:
6626:
6606:
6573:
6532:
6497:
6466:
6433:
6398:(6): 516â525.
6378:
6335:
6300:
6269:
6238:
6223:
6197:
6166:
6133:
6079:
6038:
6031:
6013:
6006:
5988:
5957:
5926:
5893:
5874:
5854:
5841:(4): 188â222.
5786:
5779:
5756:
5713:
5683:
5640:Optics Express
5626:
5600:(4): 316â332.
5577:
5546:
5515:
5478:
5471:
5453:
5434:(12): 125203.
5416:
5387:10.1.1.467.443
5349:
5314:
5279:
5260:(7): 928â937.
5244:
5213:
5182:
5156:
5149:
5131:
5090:
5025:
4999:
4940:
4897:
4860:
4815:
4754:
4703:
4652:
4616:
4556:
4537:(14): 141902.
4521:
4514:
4479:
4472:
4452:
4445:
4425:
4418:
4398:
4391:
4368:
4349:
4326:
4293:
4274:
4250:
4223:
4196:
4166:
4136:
4105:10.1086/510451
4061:
4026:
4005:(1): 699â732.
3966:
3959:
3953:. p. 17.
3937:
3930:
3912:
3905:
3876:
3869:
3851:
3806:Nature Physics
3792:
3775:Discovery News
3761:
3702:
3675:(18): 185701.
3659:
3652:
3634:
3615:(2): 141â153.
3596:
3589:
3563:
3532:
3525:
3504:
3497:
3479:
3472:
3454:
3447:
3429:
3414:. WebMineral.
3403:
3374:
3337:(3): 291â320.
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3259:
3256:
3248:carbon dioxide
3153:
3150:
3093:
3092:Identification
3090:
3070:Main article:
3067:
3064:
3056:Cubic zirconia
3040:Main article:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3010:
2917:Main article:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2890:United Nations
2871:blood diamonds
2831:
2828:
2796:Udachnaya pipe
2790:, for example
2788:Sakha Republic
2749:Diamond Fields
2738:Southern India
2675:blood diamonds
2628:
2625:
2519:
2516:
2472:
2469:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2448:
2377:
2374:
2361:Gujarat, India
2318:Petra Diamonds
2262:rough diamonds
2136:Main article:
2133:
2130:
2095:
2092:
2058:surface energy
2038:Main article:
2035:
2032:
1999:
1996:
1962:
1959:
1939:
1935:
1916:
1913:
1896:photosynthesis
1875:
1874:Carbon sources
1872:
1780:, two type of
1735:
1732:
1698:
1695:
1646:
1643:
1588:
1463:
1460:
1411:Earth's mantle
1363:
1360:
1354:). Their high
1347:
1344:
1318:
1315:
1306:
1303:
1180:Main article:
1177:
1174:
1153:ignition point
1145:
1142:
1113:
1110:
1064:semiconductors
1059:
1056:
1043:
1040:
1019:
1018:Yield strength
1016:
1008:cleavage plane
987:
984:
963:crystal growth
882:
879:
877:
874:
829:, octahedron,
792:
789:
711:
708:
691:Nature Physics
603:
602:Thermodynamics
600:
548:Main article:
545:
542:
534:cubic zirconia
412:
411:
409:
405:
404:
399:
393:
392:
389:
383:
382:
379:
373:
372:
369:
363:
362:
359:
353:
352:
349:
345:
344:
341:
337:
336:
325:3.5â3.53
322:
316:
315:
306:
300:
299:
293:
287:
286:
283:
277:
276:
271:
265:
264:
261:
252:
251:
248:
242:
241:
238:
232:
231:
228:
222:
221:
216:
210:
209:
206:
202:
201:
193:
187:
186:
185:Identification
182:
181:
174:
167:
166:
162:
161:
151:
145:
144:
128:
122:
121:
116:
114:Crystal system
110:
109:
106:
100:
99:
96:
90:
89:
86:
80:
79:
74:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
16:Form of carbon
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11708:
11697:
11694:
11692:
11689:
11687:
11684:
11682:
11679:
11677:
11674:
11672:
11669:
11667:
11664:
11662:
11659:
11657:
11654:
11652:
11649:
11647:
11644:
11642:
11639:
11638:
11636:
11621:
11617:
11615:
11611:
11609:
11605:
11603:
11599:
11597:
11593:
11591:
11587:
11585:
11581:
11579:
11575:
11573:
11569:
11567:
11563:
11562:
11559:
11555:
11548:
11543:
11541:
11536:
11534:
11529:
11528:
11525:
11513:
11512:
11501:
11500:
11499:
11489:
11483:
11480:
11478:
11475:
11473:
11470:
11468:
11465:
11464:
11462:
11458:
11451:
11447:
11443:
11440:
11437:
11433:
11429:
11426:
11424:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11411:
11408:
11406:
11403:
11401:
11398:
11395:
11392:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11381:
11378:
11374:
11371:
11369:
11366:
11364:
11361:
11358:
11356:
11353:
11352:
11350:
11346:
11336:
11332:
11330:
11326:
11324:
11321:
11319:
11316:
11312:
11308:
11306:
11303:
11301:
11298:
11296:
11293:
11292:
11290:
11288:
11284:
11278:
11275:
11273:
11270:
11267:
11263:
11260:
11258:
11255:
11253:
11250:
11248:
11245:
11243:
11240:
11239:
11237:
11235:
11231:
11228:
11222:
11212:
11208:
11206:
11203:
11201:
11198:
11196:
11192:
11188:
11184:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11169:
11166:
11163:
11159:
11156:
11153:
11150:
11147:
11144:
11143:
11141:
11139:
11135:
11129:
11126:
11124:
11121:
11118:
11114:
11112:
11109:
11107:
11104:
11103:
11101:
11099:
11095:
11089:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11071:
11069:
11066:
11064:
11063:Pink sapphire
11061:
11060:
11058:
11056:
11052:
11046:
11043:
11041:
11038:
11036:
11035:Blue Sapphire
11033:
11031:
11028:
11026:
11023:
11021:
11018:
11017:
11015:
11013:
11012:
11007:
11004:
11001:
10997:
10990:
10986:
10979:
10974:
10972:
10967:
10965:
10960:
10959:
10956:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10934:
10931:
10929:
10926:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10918:Body piercing
10916:
10913:
10912:
10909:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10892:
10889:
10886:
10883:
10881:
10878:
10877:
10875:
10871:
10861:
10858:
10854:
10851:
10850:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10820:
10818:
10814:
10808:
10807:Tortoiseshell
10805:
10803:
10800:
10798:
10795:
10793:
10790:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10776:
10773:
10771:
10768:
10767:
10766:
10763:
10761:
10758:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10742:
10740:
10736:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10717:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10707:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10682:
10680:
10677:
10675:
10672:
10669:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10655:
10652:
10650:
10647:
10645:
10642:
10640:
10637:
10635:
10632:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10622:
10620:
10617:
10615:
10612:
10610:
10607:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10595:
10592:
10590:
10587:
10585:
10582:
10580:
10577:
10575:
10572:
10570:
10567:
10565:
10562:
10560:
10557:
10555:
10552:
10550:
10547:
10544:
10540:
10537:
10535:
10532:
10530:
10527:
10525:
10522:
10520:
10517:
10516:
10514:
10512:
10507:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10483:
10481:
10478:
10476:
10473:
10471:
10468:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10458:
10456:
10453:
10452:
10450:
10448:
10444:
10438:
10435:
10431:
10428:
10427:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10408:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10398:
10396:
10393:
10392:
10390:
10388:
10383:
10377:
10374:
10372:
10369:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10357:
10354:
10353:
10351:
10349:
10345:
10342:
10338:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10304:
10302:
10298:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10230:
10227:
10225:
10222:
10220:
10217:
10216:
10215:
10212:
10210:
10207:
10206:
10204:
10200:
10194:
10191:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10181:
10179:
10176:
10174:
10171:
10169:
10166:
10164:
10163:Bench jeweler
10161:
10160:
10158:
10154:
10151:
10147:
10139:
10136:
10134:
10131:
10130:
10129:
10126:
10124:
10121:
10119:
10116:
10114:
10111:
10109:
10106:
10104:
10101:
10099:
10096:
10094:
10091:
10089:
10086:
10084:
10081:
10079:
10076:
10074:
10071:
10069:
10066:
10064:
10061:
10059:
10056:
10054:
10051:
10049:
10046:
10044:
10041:
10039:
10036:
10034:
10031:
10029:
10026:
10024:
10021:
10019:
10016:
10014:
10011:
10009:
10006:
10004:
10001:
9999:
9996:
9995:
9993:
9991:
9987:
9983:
9976:
9971:
9969:
9964:
9962:
9957:
9956:
9953:
9941:
9938:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9928:
9926:
9923:
9921:
9918:
9917:
9915:
9913:
9909:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9888:
9885:
9883:
9880:
9878:
9877:(prismane C8)
9864:
9862:
9848:
9847:
9845:
9843:
9839:
9833:
9819:
9817:
9803:
9801:
9787:
9786:
9784:
9782:
9778:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9753:
9751:
9749:
9745:
9739:
9725:
9723:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9703:
9701:
9699:
9695:
9689:
9688:Glassy carbon
9686:
9683:
9682:
9677:
9676:
9671:
9670:
9665:
9664:
9659:
9658:
9650:
9649:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9629:
9625:
9624:
9622:
9620:
9616:
9610:
9607:
9605:
9604:
9600:
9599:
9597:
9595:
9594:
9588:
9584:
9577:
9572:
9570:
9565:
9563:
9558:
9557:
9554:
9546:
9542:
9538:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9528:
9511:
9507:
9506:
9501:
9496:
9484:
9480:
9479:
9474:
9469:
9468:
9449:
9445:
9439:
9435:
9434:
9428:
9416:
9412:
9406:
9402:
9401:
9395:
9383:
9379:
9378:
9372:
9368:
9362:
9358:
9354:
9349:
9345:
9339:
9335:
9330:
9326:
9320:
9316:
9315:
9309:
9297:
9293:
9287:
9284:. Wiley VCH.
9283:
9282:
9276:
9264:
9260:
9254:
9250:
9249:
9243:
9239:
9233:
9229:
9224:
9220:
9214:
9210:
9205:
9201:
9195:
9191:
9186:
9182:
9176:
9172:
9167:
9163:
9157:
9153:
9148:
9144:
9138:
9134:
9129:
9117:
9113:
9112:
9106:
9105:
9084:
9080:
9076:
9071:
9066:
9062:
9058:
9054:
9047:
9029:
9025:
9021:
9017:
9013:
9008:
8997:
8993:
8989:
8985:
8981:
8977:
8972:
8971:
8966:
8950:
8946:
8942:
8936:
8928:
8922:
8918:
8917:Penguin Books
8914:
8910:
8904:
8888:
8884:
8880:
8876:
8869:
8853:
8849:
8843:
8827:
8823:
8819:
8812:
8804:
8800:
8793:
8791:
8774:
8770:
8764:
8760:
8759:
8751:
8749:
8741:
8729:
8723:
8716:(1â2): 53â56.
8715:
8711:
8704:
8688:
8684:
8678:
8674:
8673:
8665:
8657:
8651:
8647:
8640:
8624:
8620:
8614:
8610:
8609:
8601:
8585:
8581:
8577:
8570:
8562:
8558:
8554:
8550:
8546:
8542:
8538:
8534:
8527:
8518:
8513:
8509:
8505:
8501:
8494:
8485:
8480:
8476:
8472:
8468:
8461:
8442:
8438:
8431:
8425:
8423:
8421:
8401:
8394:
8386:
8377:
8372:
8368:
8364:
8360:
8353:
8334:
8327:
8321:
8305:
8301:
8295:
8291:
8290:
8283:
8267:
8263:
8257:
8253:
8252:
8244:
8242:
8222:
8218:
8214:
8210:
8206:
8199:
8192:
8176:
8172:
8168:
8161:
8145:
8141:
8140:
8135:
8128:
8126:
8118:(1â2): 35â40.
8117:
8113:
8106:
8104:
8095:
8091:
8088:(2): 98â119.
8087:
8083:
8076:
8074:
8057:
8053:
8047:
8043:
8042:
8034:
8026:
8022:
8016:
8007:
8003:
8002:
7994:
7978:
7974:
7968:
7964:
7963:
7955:
7953:
7951:
7942:
7935:
7919:
7915:
7909:
7907:
7890:
7886:
7882:
7878:
7874:
7873:
7868:
7861:
7859:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7830:
7829:
7821:
7813:
7809:
7805:
7801:
7794:
7786:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7771:
7763:
7755:
7749:
7745:
7741:
7737:
7736:
7728:
7726:
7709:
7705:
7704:
7699:
7693:
7691:
7689:
7677:September 24,
7672:
7668:
7662:
7654:
7648:
7644:
7643:
7635:
7619:
7615:
7609:
7601:
7595:
7591:
7590:
7582:
7574:
7568:
7564:
7563:
7555:
7539:
7535:
7531:
7524:
7508:
7504:
7503:
7498:
7491:
7489:
7472:
7468:
7464:
7457:
7455:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7423:
7407:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7390:
7385:
7384:"Gem Cutting"
7379:
7363:
7359:
7353:
7349:
7348:
7340:
7324:
7320:
7314:
7306:
7300:
7296:
7295:
7287:
7285:
7276:
7270:
7266:
7265:
7257:
7255:
7238:
7234:
7228:
7212:
7208:
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7186:
7182:
7176:
7172:
7171:
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7161:
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7142:
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7128:
7112:
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7098:
7082:
7078:
7072:
7056:
7052:
7046:
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7004:
7000:
6994:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6963:
6947:
6943:
6936:
6920:
6916:
6910:
6899:September 24,
6894:
6890:
6884:
6868:
6864:
6863:
6862:The Economist
6858:
6852:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6818:
6802:
6798:
6794:
6788:
6772:
6768:
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6756:
6740:
6736:
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6726:
6722:
6721:
6713:
6711:
6709:
6692:
6688:
6682:
6666:
6662:
6661:
6656:
6649:
6633:
6629:
6623:
6619:
6618:
6610:
6599:September 26,
6594:
6590:
6589:
6584:
6577:
6568:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6536:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6501:
6490:September 25,
6485:
6481:
6477:
6470:
6454:
6450:
6449:
6444:
6437:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6382:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6339:
6331:
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6323:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6304:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6273:
6257:
6253:
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6234:
6230:
6226:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6201:
6185:
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6156:
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6148:
6144:
6137:
6129:
6123:
6107:
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6099:
6095:
6094:
6086:
6084:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6049:
6042:
6034:
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6017:
6009:
6003:
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5992:
5976:
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5968:
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5945:
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5930:
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5908:
5904:
5897:
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5877:
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5858:
5849:
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5840:
5836:
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5823:
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5813:
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5809:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5795:
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5772:
5765:
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5752:
5748:
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5736:
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5728:
5724:
5717:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5687:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5630:
5619:September 19,
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5588:
5581:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5550:
5534:
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5499:
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5482:
5474:
5468:
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5457:
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5445:
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5420:
5409:
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5360:
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5275:
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5224:
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4955:
4951:
4944:
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4908:
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4893:
4889:
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4881:
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4852:
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4840:
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4827:
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4799:
4795:
4791:
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4783:
4778:
4773:
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4730:
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4722:
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4707:
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4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4656:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4634:Physics World
4630:
4623:
4621:
4612:
4608:
4603:
4598:
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4590:
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4578:
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4128:
4124:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4081:(2): 510451.
4080:
4076:
4072:
4065:
4057:
4053:
4049:
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4030:
4021:
4016:
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3898:
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3839:
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3831:
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3753:
3748:
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3733:
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3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
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3670:
3663:
3655:
3649:
3645:
3638:
3630:
3626:
3622:
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3592:
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3582:
3577:
3576:
3567:
3551:
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3536:
3528:
3522:
3518:
3511:
3509:
3500:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3475:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3450:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3379:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3317:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3262:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3233:human history
3230:
3229:ancient India
3226:
3221:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3183:
3182:Ancient Greek
3179:
3175:
3171:
3163:
3162:Ancient Greek
3159:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3048:
3043:
3026:
3021:
3014:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2987:welding torch
2984:
2983:arc discharge
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2953:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2863:diamond mines
2845:
2841:
2840:Blood diamond
2837:
2827:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2802:, Australia (
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2734:Krishna River
2731:
2727:
2723:
2714:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2563:grinding grit
2560:
2553:
2548:
2541:
2540:angle grinder
2536:
2529:
2524:
2515:
2512:
2511:diamond color
2506:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2468:
2465:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2237:New York City
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2119:
2118:brilliant cut
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2004:
1995:
1993:
1992:serpentinites
1989:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1932:
1931:
1921:
1912:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1755:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1731:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1651:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1512:orogenic belt
1508:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1427:microdiamonds
1424:
1423:microdiamonds
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1343:
1335:
1328:
1323:
1314:
1312:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1288:In 2008, the
1286:
1284:
1283:fancy colored
1280:
1276:
1272:
1269:, known as a
1268:
1264:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1182:Diamond color
1173:
1170:
1166:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1068:blue diamonds
1065:
1055:
1039:
1037:
1029:
1028:diamond anvil
1015:
1013:
1009:
1001:
997:
993:
983:
981:
977:
972:
967:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
943:
941:
940:wedding rings
937:
931:
929:
925:
924:boron nitride
921:
916:
914:
910:
907:
903:
900:
892:
887:
873:
871:
867:
863:
858:
855:
851:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
819:
814:
810:
806:
797:
791:Crystal habit
788:
786:
782:
778:<1 1 1>
765:
760:
758:
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
730:diamond cubic
722:
717:
707:
705:
701:
698:
693:
692:
686:
683:1100 GPa
676:
672:
668:
663:
649:
645:
641:
624:
613:
612:phase diagram
608:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
576:
574:
569:
565:
561:
557:
551:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
513:
509:
505:
504:igneous rocks
501:
497:
492:
490:
486:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
437:diamond cubic
434:
430:
426:
418:
410:
406:
403:
400:
398:
397:Melting point
394:
390:
388:
384:
380:
378:
374:
370:
368:
367:Birefringence
364:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
340:Polish luster
338:
334:
328:
323:
321:
317:
307:
305:
301:
297:
294:
292:
288:
284:
282:
278:
275:
272:
270:
266:
262:
257:
253:
249:
247:
243:
239:
237:
233:
229:
227:
223:
220:
217:
215:
214:Crystal habit
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
188:
183:
179:
175:
168:
163:
155:
152:
150:
146:
138:
129:
127:
126:Crystal class
123:
120:
117:
115:
111:
107:
105:
101:
97:
95:
91:
87:
85:
81:
78:
75:
69:
65:
62:
59:
55:
50:
43:
38:
33:
30:
26:
22:
11619:
11502:
11446:Pyrophyllite
11415:Serpentinite
11396:(green mica)
11286:
11266:Baltic amber
11233:
11137:
11097:
11054:
11019:
11009:
10943:Wearable art
10938:Phaleristics
10933:Metalworking
10838:Gutta-percha
10614:Lapis lazuli
10563:
10400:Colored gold
10281:Stonesetting
9935:Carbon fiber
9925:Carbon black
9911:
9892:Cubic carbon
9841:
9780:
9747:
9697:
9679:
9673:
9667:
9661:
9652:
9642:
9641:, including
9626:
9618:
9602:
9601:
9590:
9545:the original
9540:
9513:. Retrieved
9503:
9487:. Retrieved
9483:the original
9476:
9452:. Retrieved
9436:. Springer.
9432:
9419:. Retrieved
9399:
9386:. Retrieved
9376:
9356:
9333:
9313:
9300:. Retrieved
9280:
9267:. Retrieved
9247:
9227:
9208:
9192:. Elsevier.
9189:
9170:
9154:. Elsevier.
9151:
9132:
9120:. Retrieved
9110:
9087:. Retrieved
9060:
9056:
9046:
9032:, retrieved
9015:
9000:, retrieved
8983:
8979:
8965:
8953:. Retrieved
8944:
8935:
8912:
8903:
8893:February 20,
8891:. Retrieved
8878:
8868:
8856:. Retrieved
8852:the original
8842:
8830:. Retrieved
8826:the original
8821:
8811:
8802:
8798:
8777:. Retrieved
8757:
8722:
8713:
8709:
8703:
8691:. Retrieved
8671:
8664:
8645:
8639:
8627:. Retrieved
8607:
8600:
8590:September 9,
8588:. Retrieved
8569:
8536:
8532:
8526:
8507:
8503:
8493:
8474:
8470:
8460:
8448:. Retrieved
8407:. Retrieved
8385:
8366:
8362:
8352:
8340:. Retrieved
8333:the original
8320:
8308:. Retrieved
8288:
8282:
8270:. Retrieved
8250:
8230:February 20,
8228:. Retrieved
8221:the original
8211:(1): 26â41.
8208:
8204:
8191:
8179:. Retrieved
8175:the original
8160:
8148:. Retrieved
8144:the original
8137:
8115:
8111:
8085:
8081:
8060:. Retrieved
8040:
8033:
8025:the original
8015:
8000:
7993:
7981:. Retrieved
7961:
7940:
7934:
7922:. Retrieved
7918:the original
7893:. Retrieved
7879:(5): 26â31.
7876:
7870:
7832:
7826:
7820:
7803:
7799:
7793:
7769:
7762:
7734:
7712:. Retrieved
7701:
7675:. Retrieved
7661:
7641:
7634:
7622:. Retrieved
7618:the original
7608:
7588:
7581:
7561:
7554:
7544:September 9,
7542:. Retrieved
7538:the original
7533:
7523:
7511:. Retrieved
7502:The Atlantic
7500:
7477:September 9,
7475:. Retrieved
7471:the original
7466:
7443:September 9,
7441:. Retrieved
7432:
7427:Rapaport M.
7422:
7410:. Retrieved
7393:
7387:
7378:
7366:. Retrieved
7346:
7339:
7327:. Retrieved
7313:
7293:
7263:
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7237:the original
7227:
7217:February 12,
7215:. Retrieved
7211:the original
7201:
7189:. Retrieved
7169:
7145:. Retrieved
7136:
7127:
7115:. Retrieved
7111:the original
7106:
7097:
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7071:
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7055:the original
7045:
7033:. Retrieved
7029:the original
7019:
7007:. Retrieved
6993:
6981:. Retrieved
6977:the original
6962:
6950:. Retrieved
6946:the original
6935:
6923:. Retrieved
6919:the original
6909:
6897:. Retrieved
6893:the original
6883:
6873:December 22,
6871:. Retrieved
6860:
6851:
6839:. Retrieved
6826:
6817:
6805:. Retrieved
6796:
6787:
6777:November 29,
6775:. Retrieved
6764:
6755:
6743:. Retrieved
6719:
6695:. Retrieved
6691:the original
6681:
6669:. Retrieved
6665:the original
6658:
6648:
6636:. Retrieved
6616:
6609:
6597:. Retrieved
6586:
6581:Wei-Haas M.
6576:
6549:
6545:
6535:
6513:(2): 85â89.
6510:
6506:
6500:
6488:. Retrieved
6479:
6469:
6457:. Retrieved
6446:
6436:
6395:
6391:
6386:Scandolo S,
6381:
6351:(5437): 25.
6348:
6344:
6338:
6313:
6309:
6303:
6293:November 27,
6291:. Retrieved
6272:
6262:November 27,
6260:. Retrieved
6256:the original
6241:
6206:
6200:
6188:. Retrieved
6179:
6169:
6150:
6146:
6136:
6112:December 13,
6110:. Retrieved
6106:the original
6092:
6070:. Retrieved
6054:
6041:
6022:
6016:
5997:
5991:
5979:. Retrieved
5970:
5960:
5948:. Retrieved
5939:
5929:
5910:
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5896:
5884:. Retrieved
5864:
5857:
5838:
5834:
5770:
5726:
5722:
5716:
5704:. Retrieved
5695:
5686:
5643:
5639:
5629:
5617:. Retrieved
5597:
5593:
5580:
5568:. Retrieved
5559:
5549:
5537:. Retrieved
5528:
5518:
5506:. Retrieved
5495:
5481:
5462:
5456:
5431:
5425:
5419:
5369:
5365:
5352:
5327:
5323:
5317:
5292:
5288:
5282:
5257:
5253:
5247:
5235:. Retrieved
5226:
5216:
5204:. Retrieved
5195:
5185:
5173:. Retrieved
5159:
5140:
5134:
5107:
5103:
5093:
5045:
5041:
5028:
5016:. Retrieved
5012:
5002:
4957:
4953:
4943:
4910:
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4900:
4875:
4869:
4863:
4830:
4824:
4818:
4767:
4763:
4757:
4716:
4712:
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4665:
4661:
4655:
4643:. Retrieved
4632:
4576:
4572:
4534:
4530:
4524:
4500:
4462:
4455:
4435:
4428:
4408:
4401:
4381:
4359:. Retrieved
4339:
4317:. Retrieved
4313:the original
4306:
4296:
4284:. Retrieved
4260:
4253:
4241:. Retrieved
4226:
4209:
4205:
4199:
4187:. Retrieved
4178:
4169:
4157:. Retrieved
4139:
4078:
4074:
4064:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4002:
3998:
3946:
3940:
3921:
3915:
3890:
3860:
3854:
3842:. Retrieved
3809:
3805:
3795:
3783:. Retrieved
3779:the original
3774:
3764:
3719:
3715:
3705:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3643:
3637:
3612:
3608:
3574:
3566:
3554:. Retrieved
3545:
3535:
3516:
3488:
3482:
3463:
3457:
3438:
3432:
3420:. Retrieved
3406:
3394:. Retrieved
3334:
3330:
3320:
3237:
3222:
3189:
3177:
3169:
3157:
3155:
3146:
3138:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3109:
3079:
3075:
3066:Enhancements
3053:
2995:
2979:hot filament
2949:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2903:
2899:
2888:Africa, the
2875:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2785:
2754:
2746:
2719:
2688:
2684:paramilitary
2679:
2673:
2643:
2640:
2594:
2575:
2567:
2556:
2507:
2485:
2482:
2460:
2437:
2401:
2396:Daria-i-Noor
2367:
2365:
2349:
2330:
2286:
2277:Cecil Rhodes
2270:
2258:
2253:Jwaneng mine
2223:, where the
2205:
2190:
2184:
2166:
2156:
2152:
2141:
2123:
2080:white dwarfs
2077:
2062:
2054:nanodiamonds
2043:
2009:
1972:
1948:
1928:
1926:
1908:
1905:
1877:
1864:
1841:
1826:
1804:and high in
1790:igneous rock
1786:upper mantle
1771:
1767:mantle keels
1766:
1760:
1700:
1691:
1678:
1656:
1596:
1568:carbonatites
1545:
1510:
1506:
1484:
1441:
1432:nanodiamonds
1430:
1426:
1422:
1408:
1378:(notably in
1376:glacial till
1365:
1349:
1340:
1317:Fluorescence
1308:
1298:blue diamond
1294:blue diamond
1287:
1282:
1278:
1254:
1211:
1207:Hope Diamond
1158:
1150:
1147:
1138:
1115:
1106:
1099:
1080:
1076:valence band
1061:
1045:
1032:600 GPa
1021:
991:
989:
976:diamantaires
968:
944:
932:
917:
906:quantitative
896:
859:
853:
849:
847:
842:
816:
802:
761:
756:
752:
748:
746:
737:
727:
689:
687:
664:
640:triple point
617:
590:to the deep
588:far infrared
577:
573:compressible
553:
516:
493:
469:
424:
423:
191:Formula mass
153:
29:
11428:Ophicalcite
11309:Colorless,
11272:Chrysoprase
11183:Spessartine
11148:â Verdelite
11040:Alexandrite
10880:Art jewelry
10704:Tiger's eye
10609:Labradorite
10559:Chrysocolla
10554:Chrysoberyl
10470:Mokume-gane
10447:Base metals
10219:centrifugal
10188:Silversmith
10063:Ferronnière
10013:Belt buckle
10008:Belly chain
9887:Haeckelites
9832:(tricarbon)
9781:other forms
9681:Nanoscrolls
9454:November 9,
9302:November 9,
9063:: 123â127.
8805:(3): 34â35.
8779:November 9,
8693:November 9,
8629:November 9,
8450:January 14,
8391:Oluleye G.
8342:October 30,
8310:November 5,
8272:November 9,
8062:November 9,
7983:November 9,
7941:The Diamond
7412:November 9,
7368:November 9,
7191:November 9,
7147:October 18,
6841:February 6,
6745:November 9,
6671:November 3,
6638:November 9,
6588:Smithsonian
6552:: 703â709.
6459:October 16,
5913:(1): 3â12.
5886:November 9,
4579:(1): 1163.
4361:November 9,
4308:Smithsonian
4286:November 9,
4189:October 31,
4159:October 28,
3844:November 9,
3812:(1): 9â10.
3785:January 16,
3556:October 31,
3180:), 'not' +
3130:DiamondView
3126:DiamondSure
3113:thermistors
2973:ignited by
2945:irradiation
2682:by African
2621:electronics
2455:diamond saw
2386:Diamond cut
2312:(60%), and
2173:proportions
1988:pyroclastic
1930:metasomatic
1835:(a form of
1814:metamorphic
1774:harzburgite
1763:lithosphere
1645:Exploration
1550:fragments (
1547:Kimberlites
1541:lamprophyre
1507:mobile belt
1487:kimberlites
1448:land plants
1271:carbon flaw
1225:ultraviolet
1126:hydrophilic
1122:hydrophobic
955:New England
920:<111>
899:qualitative
807:or rounded
785:lonsdaleite
673:have a BC8
662:is needed.
660:35 GPa
656:2000 K
652:4500 K
636:5000 K
632:12 GPa
592:ultraviolet
522:hydrocarbon
508:kimberlites
377:Pleochroism
296:Transparent
291:Diaphaneity
196:12.01
160:m (No. 227)
149:Space group
11635:Categories
11596:Orthoclase
11432:Serpentine
11420:Aventurine
11394:Listwanite
11185:(malaya),
11152:Indicolite
11146:Tourmaline
11119:(Imperial)
11111:Aquamarine
10714:Tourmaline
10659:Prasiolite
10534:Aventurine
10405:Crown gold
10307:Draw plate
10256:Metal clay
10193:Watchmaker
10183:Lapidarist
10168:Clockmaker
10043:Collar pin
10038:Chatelaine
9639:Fullerenes
9515:January 2,
9489:January 2,
9353:Thrower PA
9269:August 18,
9135:. INSPEC.
8728:US 4488821
7895:October 3,
7087:August 23,
7061:January 4,
7035:January 4,
5981:August 30,
5500:. London.
5221:Baird CS.
4777:2105.05099
4243:August 25,
3388:. Mindat.
3285:Diamondoid
3060:moissanite
2975:microwaves
2913:Synthetics
2810:) and the
2765:New Mexico
2631:See also:
2579:drill bits
2227:is based,
2197:inclusions
2144:dispersion
2098:See also:
2050:meteorites
2012:Matryoshka
1909:primordial
1880:gigatonnes
1782:peridotite
1778:lherzolite
1675:gravimetry
1658:Kimberlite
1615:phlogopite
1607:kimberlite
1564:serpentine
1556:xenocrysts
1517:kimberlite
1392:weathering
1388:intrusions
1372:shorelines
1118:lipophilic
1038:diamonds.
971:Mohs scale
936:engagement
902:Mohs scale
876:Mechanical
734:unit cells
714:See also:
697:ice giants
648:metastable
556:allotropes
544:Properties
512:lamproites
453:metastable
408:References
387:Dispersion
343:Adamantine
274:Adamantine
256:Mohs scale
219:Octahedral
137:H-M symbol
84:IMA symbol
11646:Abrasives
11423:quartzite
11375:(Porouse
11373:Cacholong
11335:feldspars
11305:Rhodonite
11300:Amazonite
11287:2nd order
11257:Malachite
11234:1st order
11211:Turquoise
11191:Almandine
11187:Rhodolite
11138:4th order
11098:3rd order
11088:Tanzanite
11073:Tsavorite
11068:Demantoid
11055:2nd order
11011:1st order
10985:Gemstones
10860:Toadstone
10797:Operculum
10724:Variscite
10719:Turquoise
10699:Tanzanite
10634:Moonstone
10629:Marcasite
10624:Malachite
10549:Carnelian
10524:Amazonite
10511:gemstones
10485:Pinchbeck
10430:Argentium
10420:Shibuichi
10361:Palladium
10340:Materials
10276:Soldering
10266:Polishing
10241:Engraving
10236:Enameling
10202:Processes
10173:Goldsmith
10108:Tie chain
10083:Neck ring
10073:Lapel pin
9982:Jewellery
9669:Nanotubes
9388:March 13,
9122:April 18,
9079:186213726
9024:1967-4783
8992:1967-4783
8955:March 21,
8561:250878100
8181:March 21,
7624:August 4,
7402:0032-4558
7009:April 26,
6983:April 26,
6952:April 26,
6925:April 26,
6725:Routledge
6687:"Jwaneng"
6428:120975663
6388:Jeanloz R
6233:210787128
6122:cite book
5678:203141270
5508:March 31,
5404:250857323
5382:CiteSeerX
5274:104449284
5237:August 1,
5206:August 1,
5175:August 1,
5018:April 29,
5013:New Atlas
4855:202574625
4698:229935085
4340:Gemmology
3834:120836330
3412:"Diamond"
3386:"Diamond"
3369:235729616
3361:0026-461X
3313:Citations
3156:The name
3036:Simulants
2736:delta in
2670:Australia
2617:heat sink
2471:Marketing
2353:Amsterdam
2302:Rio Tinto
2249:Amsterdam
2126:adornment
2088:supernova
2084:carbonado
2030:in 2021.
1806:magnesium
1683:eclogites
1635:oxidizing
1627:volatiles
1623:amphibole
1603:kalsilite
1560:xenoliths
1525:Wawa belt
1521:lamproite
1503:Australia
1479:platforms
1456:carbonate
1396:transport
1380:Wisconsin
1263:carbonado
1218:5.5
1167:based on
1130:water ice
1095:annealing
1052:89â98 GPa
996:toughness
992:toughness
986:Toughness
809:octahedra
751:/4 where
742:angstroms
671:germanium
621:1.7
614:of carbon
524:gases by
506:known as
351:Isotropic
285:Colorless
165:Structure
11651:Crystals
11614:Corundum
11584:Fluorite
11442:Pagodite
11410:Fluorite
11405:Selenite
11389:Obsidian
11323:Hematite
11277:Charoite
11252:Nephrite
11242:Lazurite
11200:Amethyst
11162:Heliodor
10928:Gemology
10902:Fineness
10893:(purity)
10828:Bog-wood
10775:Precious
10755:Ammolite
10694:Sunstone
10684:Sodalite
10679:Sapphire
10639:Obsidian
10579:Fluorite
10569:Diopside
10529:Amethyst
10509:Mineral
10500:Tungsten
10495:Titanium
10410:Electrum
10366:Platinum
10251:Kazaziye
10246:Filigree
10224:lost-wax
10123:Toe ring
10113:Tie clip
10088:Pectoral
10078:Necklace
10053:Cufflink
10028:Bracelet
10023:Bolo tie
10003:Barrette
9930:Charcoal
9771:Q-carbon
9698:sp forms
9675:Nanobuds
9634:Graphene
9628:Graphite
9619:sp forms
9448:Archived
9415:Archived
9382:Archived
9355:(1965).
9296:Archived
9263:Archived
9116:Archived
9083:Archived
9028:archived
8996:archived
8949:Archived
8945:BBC News
8911:(2004).
8887:Archived
8875:"Adamas"
8832:March 2,
8773:Archived
8687:Archived
8623:Archived
8584:Archived
8441:Archived
8400:Archived
8304:Archived
8266:Archived
8056:Archived
7977:Archived
7889:Archived
7708:Archived
7671:Archived
7507:Archived
7437:Archived
7406:Archived
7362:Archived
7329:July 14,
7323:Archived
7185:Archived
7141:Archived
7117:March 5,
7081:Archived
7003:Archived
6867:Archived
6835:Archived
6833:. 2003.
6807:June 30,
6801:Archived
6771:Archived
6739:Archived
6697:March 9,
6632:Archived
6593:Archived
6507:Elements
6484:Archived
6453:Archived
6420:27858301
6373:42814647
6365:10532884
6287:Archived
6190:June 30,
6184:Archived
6072:March 1,
6063:Archived
5975:Archived
5950:June 29,
5944:Archived
5907:Episodes
5880:Archived
5751:10053956
5700:Archived
5670:31674589
5610:Archived
5564:Archived
5533:Archived
5502:Archived
5408:Archived
5231:Archived
5200:Archived
5169:Archived
5126:27264720
5082:Archived
5078:44344503
5070:17929997
4994:33020306
4935:18999435
4802:29674578
4741:29674589
4690:33384375
4639:Archived
4611:23093199
4355:Archived
4319:June 13,
4280:Archived
4237:Archived
4183:Archived
4153:Archived
4131:59405368
4123:24347828
3838:Archived
3756:16432191
3697:16383918
3550:Archived
3416:Archived
3390:Archived
3258:See also
3210:Godavari
3128:and the
2967:radicals
2963:hydrogen
2956:1 to 99
2943:or from
2937:nitrogen
2804:Northern
2800:Botswana
2792:Mir pipe
2781:Arkansas
2761:Colorado
2757:Arkansas
2605:bearings
2583:abrasive
2491:De Beers
2433:Sole Mio
2413:marquise
2357:Thailand
2308:(100%),
2273:De Beers
2245:Tel Aviv
2177:symmetry
2165:grams),
2116:A round
2094:Industry
2034:In space
1979:exsolves
1860:carbides
1844:graphite
1833:majorite
1810:eclogite
1798:pyroxene
1749:crystals
1743:Eclogite
1665:such as
1599:melilite
1415:terranes
1390:through
1327:UV light
1242:hydrogen
1234:nitrogen
1214:band gap
1102:band gap
1091:hydrogen
957:area in
881:Hardness
870:sintered
805:euhedral
679:0 K
628:0 K
564:graphite
476:nitrogen
457:hardness
441:graphite
259:hardness
246:Fracture
236:Cleavage
226:Twinning
98:1.CB.10a
57:Category
11641:Diamond
11620:Diamond
11590:Apatite
11578:Calcite
11460:Related
11436:Calcite
11382:Marble
11363:granite
11360:Graphic
11327:Common
11247:Jadeite
11205:Citrine
11179:Garnets
11174:Peridot
11123:Elbaite
11115:Orange
11030:Emerald
11020:Diamond
11000:Jewelry
10923:Fashion
10897:Finding
10745:Abalone
10654:Peridot
10619:Larimar
10604:Kyanite
10589:Howlite
10574:Emerald
10564:Diamond
10437:Tumbaga
10415:ShakudĹ
10371:Rhodium
10322:Mandrel
10261:Plating
10214:Casting
10209:Carving
10118:Tie pin
10093:Pendant
10068:Genital
10058:Earring
9912:related
9882:Chaoite
9421:May 11,
9089:July 1,
9034:July 1,
9002:July 1,
8541:Bibcode
8409:July 1,
7837:Bibcode
7775:176â178
6831:EUR-Lex
6554:Bibcode
6515:Bibcode
6400:Bibcode
6345:Science
6318:Bibcode
6180:Science
5731:Bibcode
5706:June 6,
5696:GIA 4Cs
5648:Bibcode
5570:July 1,
5560:Reuters
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