1000:
2879:
transportation functions played by water. In addition, to this clear scientific interest in water solubility and solvent effects; accurate predictions of solubility are important industrially. The ability to accurately predict a molecule's solubility represents potentially large financial savings in many chemical product development processes, such as pharmaceuticals. In the pharmaceutical industry, solubility predictions form part of the early stage lead optimisation process of drug candidates. Solubility remains a concern all the way to formulation. A number of methods have been applied to such predictions including
44:
2925:, to create parametric equations and QSPR models and combinations of the two. The use of these cycles enables the calculation of the solvation free energy indirectly via either gas (in the sublimation cycle) or a melt (fusion cycle). This is helpful as calculating the free energy of solvation directly is extremely difficult. The free energy of solvation can be converted to a solubility value using various formulae, the most general case being shown below, where the numerator is the free energy of solvation,
1721:
52:
2906:
2914:
2265:) and silica may be separated by dissolving the salt in water, and filtering off the undissolved silica. The synthesis of chemical compounds, by the milligram in a laboratory, or by the ton in industry, both make use of the relative solubilities of the desired product, as well as unreacted starting materials, byproducts, and side products to achieve separation.
803:. For highly defective crystals, solubility may increase with the increasing degree of disorder. Both of these effects occur because of the dependence of solubility constant on the Gibbs energy of the crystal. The last two effects, although often difficult to measure, are of practical importance. For example, they provide the driving force for
2810:, whereby the composition of the solute in solution does not match that of the solid. This solubilization is accompanied by alteration of the "primary solid" and possibly formation of a secondary solid phase. However, in general, some primary solid also remains and a complex solubility equilibrium establishes. For example, dissolution of
2887:. These models provide efficient predictions of solubility and represent the current standard. The draw back such models is that they can lack physical insight. A method founded in physical theory, capable of achieving similar levels of accuracy at an sensible cost, would be a powerful tool scientifically and industrially.
789:
757:
For a solid that dissolves in a redox reaction, solubility is expected to depend on the potential (within the range of potentials under which the solid remains the thermodynamically stable phase). For example, solubility of gold in high-temperature water is observed to be almost an order of magnitude
376:
Conversion between these various ways of measuring solubility may not be trivial, since it may require knowing the density of the solution — which is often not measured, and cannot be predicted. While the total mass is conserved by dissolution, the final volume may be different from both the volume
367:
For solutions of liquids or gases in liquids, the quantities of both substances may be given volume rather than mass or mole amount; such as litre of solute per litre of solvent, or litre of solute per litre of solution. The value may be given as a percentage, and the abbreviation "v/v" for "volume
649:
are said to be "soluble in hydrochloric acid", although in fact the aqueous acid irreversibly degrades the solid to give soluble products. Most ionic solids dissociate when dissolved in polar solvents. In those cases where the solute is not recovered upon evaporation of the solvent, the process is
396:
with the molecules or ions of the solute. In those cases, the sum of the moles of molecules of solute and solvent is not really the total moles of independent particles solution. To sidestep that problem, the solubility per mole of solution is usually computed and quoted as if the solute does not
2312:
For example, relatively low solubility compounds are found to be soluble in more extreme environments, resulting in geochemical and geological effects of the activity of hydrothermal fluids in the Earth's crust. These are often the source of high quality economic mineral deposits and precious or
2137:
is equal to the solubility of the substance. When the dissolution rate of a pure substance is normalized to the surface area of the solid (which usually changes with time during the dissolution process), then it is expressed in kg/ms and referred to as "intrinsic dissolution rate". The intrinsic
2249:
Solubility is often said to be one of the "characteristic properties of a substance", which means that solubility is commonly used to describe the substance, to indicate a substance's polarity, to help to distinguish it from other substances, and as a guide to applications of the substance. For
888:
solutes exhibit more complex behavior with temperature. As the temperature is raised, gases usually become less soluble in water (exothermic dissolution reaction related to their hydration) (to a minimum, which is below 120 °C for most permanent gases), but more soluble in organic solvents
2308:
In flowing systems, differences in solubility often determine the dissolution-precipitation driven transport of species. This happens when different parts of the system experience different conditions. Even slightly different conditions can result in significant effects, given sufficient time.
2789:
during synthesis. Each combination produces a different solubility of Sn in ZnSb. Hence solubility studies in compounds, concluded upon the first instance of observing secondary phases separating out might underestimate solubility. While the maximum number of phases separating out at once in
2766:. In the solid's crystalline structure, the 'solute' element can either take the place of the matrix within the lattice (a substitutional position; for example, chromium in iron) or take a place in a space between the lattice points (an interstitial position; for example, carbon in iron).
2878:
Solubility is a property of interest in many aspects of science, including but not limited to: environmental predictions, biochemistry, pharmacy, drug-design, agrochemical design, and protein ligand binding. Aqueous solubility is of fundamental interest owing to the vital biological and
128:, while the solvent is usually solid or liquid. Both may be pure substances, or may themselves be solutions. Gases are always miscible in all proportions, except in very extreme situations, and a solid or liquid can be "dissolved" in a gas only by passing into the gaseous state first.
2772:
In solid compounds (as opposed to elements), the solubility of a solute element can also depend on the phases separating out in equilibrium. For example, amount of Sn soluble in the ZnSb phase can depend significantly on whether the phases separating out in equilibrium are
634:). A stable state of the solubility equilibrium occurs when the rates of dissolution and re-joining are equal, meaning the relative amounts of dissolved and non-dissolved materials are equal. If the solvent is removed, all of the substance that had dissolved is recovered.
2798:(mostly interstitial or substitutional point defects) involved in the solid-solution can be chemically intuited beforehand, then using some simple thermodynamic guidelines can considerably reduce the number of samples required to establish maximum solubility.
2794:, for chemical compounds there is no limit on the number of such phase separating combinations itself. Hence, establishing the "maximum solubility" in solid compounds experimentally can be difficult, requiring equilibration of many samples. If the dominant
1810:
Dissolution is not an instantaneous process. The rate of solubilization (in kg/s) is related to the solubility product and the surface area of the material. The speed at which a solid dissolves may depend on its crystallinity or lack thereof in the case of
2145:
Dissolution rates vary by orders of magnitude between different systems. Typically, very low dissolution rates parallel low solubilities, and substances with high solubilities exhibit high dissolution rates, as suggested by the Noyes-Whitney equation.
308:
of solvent (g/kg). The number may be expressed as a percentage in this case, and the abbreviation "w/w" may be used to indicate "weight per weight". (The values in g/L and g/kg are similar for water, but that may not be the case for other solvents.)
1157:
1921:
1591:, the solubility of the gas does not depend on the bubble radius in any other way than through the effect of the radius on pressure (i.e. the solubility of gas in the liquid in contact with small bubbles is increased due to pressure increase by Δ
613:
The thresholds to describe something as insoluble, or similar terms, may depend on the application. For example, one source states that substances are described as "insoluble" when their solubility is less than 0.1 g per 100 mL of solvent.
2292:, will preferentially dissolve in the organic layer. The other reaction products, including the magnesium bromide, will remain in the aqueous layer, clearly showing that separation based on solubility is achieved. This process, known as
263:
The solubility of a specific solute in a specific solvent is generally expressed as the concentration of a saturated solution of the two. Any of the several ways of expressing concentration of solutions can be used, such as the
3916:
Wood, Maxwell; Toriyama, Michael; Dugar, Shristi; Male, James; Anand, Shashwat; Stevanović, Vladan; Snyder, Jeff (2020). "Phase
Boundary Mapping of Tin-Doped ZnSb Reveals Thermodynamic Route to High Thermoelectric Efficiency".
2245:
Solubility is of fundamental importance in a large number of scientific disciplines and practical applications, ranging from ore processing and nuclear reprocessing to the use of medicines, and the transport of pollutants.
3219:
3123:
3020:
2182:
can affect the numerical value of solubility constant. While the solubility constant is not as simple as solubility, the value of this constant is generally independent of the presence of other species in the solvent.
2721:
or water, since the polarity of these solvents is too high. Sugar will not dissolve in gasoline, since sugar is too polar in comparison with gasoline. A mixture of gasoline and sugar can therefore be separated by
2313:
semi-precious gems. In the same way, compounds with low solubility will dissolve over extended time (geological time), resulting in significant effects such as extensive cave systems or
Karstic land surfaces.
964:. Portlandite solubility increases at low temperature. This temperature dependence is sometimes referred to as "retrograde" or "inverse" solubility. Occasionally, a more complex pattern is observed, as with
193:, which is how fast a solid solute dissolves in a liquid solvent. This property depends on many other variables, such as the physical form of the two substances and the manner and intensity of mixing.
3873:
El-Mansy, Mohamed & Yahia, Ibrahim S. & Alfaify, Sa. (2015). Conformational and
Vibrational Properties of Indigo Dye: DFT Approach. Organo Opto-Electronics An International Journal. 3. 1-9.
4257:
Palmer, D. S.; McDonagh, J. L.; Mitchell, J. B. O.; van Mourik, T.; Fedorov, M. V. (2012). "First-Principles
Calculation of the Intrinsic Aqueous Solubility of Crystalline Druglike Molecules".
304:
of solvent (g/L). The quantity of solvent can instead be expressed in mass, as grams of solute per 100 grams of solvent (g/(100 g), often written as g/100 g), or as grams of solute per
2852:
In this case, the solubility of albite is expected to depend on the solid-to-solvent ratio. This kind of solubility is of great importance in geology, where it results in formation of
1625:
buffer. The decrease of solubility of carbon dioxide in seawater when temperature increases is also an important retroaction factor (positive feedback) exacerbating past and future
2785:+Sn(L)). Besides these, the ZnSb compound with Sn as a solute can separate out into other combinations of phases after the solubility limit is reached depending on the initial
1036:
1836:
1479:
135:
and the presence of other dissolved substances) as well as on temperature and pressure. The dependency can often be explained in terms of interactions between the particles (
1511:
1823:. In some cases, solubility equilibria can take a long time to establish (hours, days, months, or many years; depending on the nature of the solute and other factors).
1363:
1303:
795:
Solubility (metastable, at concentrations approaching saturation) also depends on the physical size of the crystal or droplet of solute (or, strictly speaking, on the
2135:
2096:
2067:
1207:
2806:
Many substances dissolve congruently (i.e. the composition of the solid and the dissolved solute stoichiometrically match). However, some substances may dissolve
2038:
2013:
1991:
1969:
1947:
1571:
1551:
1403:
1383:
1327:
1267:
1247:
1227:
1180:
4848:
3542:
4194:
Abramov, Y. A. (2015). "Major Source of Error in QSPR Prediction of
Intrinsic Thermodynamic Solubility of Drugs: Solid vs Nonsolid State Contributions?".
2762:
that give the limits of solute addition. That is, the lines show the maximum amount of a component that can be added to another component and still be in
948:), whose solubility at 70 °C is about half of its value at 25 °C. The dissolution of calcium hydroxide in water is also an exothermic process (Δ
2492:
2921:
These cycles have been used for attempts at first principles predictions (solving using the fundamental physical equations) using physically motivated
3367:
3131:
3035:
3510:
I. Lee and J. Lee (2012): "Measurement of mixing ratio and volume change of ethanol-water binary mixtures using suspended microchannel resonators".
2174:. It describes the balance between dissolved ions from the salt and undissolved salt. The solubility constant is also "applicable" (i.e. useful) to
2947:
2880:
1026:
For condensed phases (solids and liquids), the pressure dependence of solubility is typically weak and usually neglected in practice. Assuming an
2859:
In principle, both congruent and incongruent dissolution can lead to the formation of secondary solid phases in equilibrium. So, in the field of
1014:, used for purification of solids, depends on a solute's different solubilities in hot and cold solvent. A few exceptions exist, such as certain
2384:
However, there is a limit to how much salt can be dissolved in a given volume of water. This concentration is the solubility and related to the
1645:
at the Earth surface, temperature starts to increase. When a deglaciation period is initiated, the progressive warming of the oceans releases CO
3477:
Claudius
Kormann, Detlef W. Bahnemann, and Michael R. Hoffmann (1988): "Preparation and characterization of quantum-size titanium dioxide".
3029:. The original formula is given first, followed by a revised formula which takes a different assumption of complete miscibility in octanol.
3025:
Well known fitted equations for solubility prediction are the general solubility equations. These equations stem from the work of
Yalkowsky
2203:
are empirical methods for the prediction of solubility. It is also possible to predict solubility from other physical constants such as the
843: < 0) character of the dissolution reaction, the solubility of a given compound may increase or decrease with temperature. The
4550:
4413:
Ran, Y.; N. Jain; S.H. Yalkowsky (2001). "Prediction of
Aqueous Solubility of Organic Compounds by the General Solubility Equation (GSE)".
2902:(solid to a molten phase) and the free energy of mixing (molten to solution). These two process are represented in the following diagrams.
397:
dissociate or form complexes—that is, by pretending that the mole amount of solution is the sum of the mole amounts of the two substances.
312:
Alternatively, the solubility of a solute can be expressed in moles instead of mass. For example, if the quantity of solvent is given in
731:
change that accompanies the solvation. Factors such as temperature and pressure will alter this balance, thus changing the solubility.
417:
in water. A number of other descriptive terms are also used to qualify the extent of solubility for a given application. For example,
2769:
In microelectronic fabrication, solid solubility refers to the maximum concentration of impurities one can place into the substrate.
862:
change. For most solids and liquids, their solubility increases with temperature because their dissolution reaction is endothermic (Δ
1794:
Chemists often exploit differences in solubilities to separate and purify compounds from reaction mixtures, using the technique of
2898:(solid to gas without going through a liquid state) and the free energy of solvating a gaseous molecule (gas to solution), or the
2230:
solvent (water). The logarithm of these two values enables compounds to be ranked in terms of hydrophilicity (or hydrophobicity).
1689:. This view is simplistic, but it is a useful rule of thumb. The overall solvation capacity of a solvent depends primarily on its
742:) in liquids. Solubility will also depend on the excess or deficiency of a common ion in the solution, a phenomenon known as the
622:
Solubility occurs under dynamic equilibrium, which means that solubility results from the simultaneous and opposing processes of
255:
of very fine solid particles in a liquid. The quantitative solubility of such substances is generally not well-defined, however.
3239:
3696:
Salvatore
Filippone, Frank Heimanna and André Rassat (2002). "A highly water-soluble 2+1 b-cyclodextrin–fullerene conjugate".
1431:
is used to quantify the solubility of gases in solvents. The solubility of a gas in a solvent is directly proportional to the
870:), the solubility of ionic solutes tends to decrease due to the change of properties and structure of liquid water; the lower
4053:
3900:
3805:
3608:
3583:
2467:= 36 and is, therefore, more soluble. The following table gives an overview of solubility rules for various ionic compounds.
999:
4504:
4487:
4317:"Uniting Cheminformatics and Chemical Theory To Predict the Intrinsic Aqueous Solubility of Crystalline Druglike Molecules"
3531:"Pharmacopeia of the United States of America, 32nd revision, and the National Formulary, 27th edition", 2009, pp.1 to 12.
2211:
4366:"Deep Architectures and Deep Learning in Chemoinformatics: The Prediction of Aqueous Solubility for Drug-Like Molecules"
4924:
4595:
4070:
2192:
1740:
solvent (with some separation of positive (δ+) and negative (δ-) charges in the covalent molecule) such as
800:
189:; even though one might say, informally, that one "dissolved" the other. The solubility is also not the same as the
4543:
1816:
1626:
709:
650:
referred to as solvolysis. The thermodynamic concept of solubility does not apply straightforwardly to solvolysis.
17:
2717:
because both petroleum jelly and gasoline are non-polar hydrocarbons. It will not, on the other hand, dissolve in
4156:
Cramer, C. J.; Truhlar, D. G. (1999). "Implicit
Solvation Models: Equilibria, Structure, Spectra, and Dynamics".
3550:
2200:
162:
Under certain conditions, the concentration of the solute can exceed its usual solubility limit. The result is a
4448:
Yalkowsky, S.H.; Valvani, S.C. (1980). "Solubility and partitioning I: solubility of nonelectrolytes in water".
2254:
is described as "insoluble in water, alcohol, or ether but soluble in chloroform, nitrobenzene, or concentrated
1641:, when the astronomical parameters of the Earth orbit and its rotation axis progressively change and modify the
105:
solution, one in which no more solute can be dissolved. At this point, the two substances are said to be at the
4685:
3251:
2895:
109:. For some solutes and solvents, there may be no such limit, in which case the two substances are said to be "
1581:
1011:
4071:"A Review of Methods for the Calculation of Solution Free Energies and the Modelling of Systems in Solution"
734:
Solubility may also strongly depend on the presence of other species dissolved in the solvent, for example,
4914:
4909:
4838:
4009:
Anand, Shashwat; Wolverton, Chris; Snyder, Jeff (2022). "Thermodynamic Guidelines for Maximum Solubility".
2293:
2196:
815:
The solubility of a given solute in a given solvent is function of temperature. Depending on the change in
3248: – Linear relationship between the temperatures at which two solutions exert the same vapour pressure
1420:(which decreases its solubility with decreasing pressure) can result in decreased productivity with time.
1152:{\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial \ln N_{i}}{\partial P}}\right)_{T}=-{\frac {V_{i,aq}-V_{i,cr}}{RT}}}
328:
The solubility of a substance in a liquid may also be expressed as the quantity of solute per quantity of
196:
The concept and measure of solubility are extremely important in many sciences besides chemistry, such as
4768:
4536:
3837:"A century of dissolution research: From Noyes and Whitney to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System"
1916:{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} m}{\mathrm {d} t}}=A{\frac {D}{d}}(C_{\mathrm {s} }-C_{\mathrm {b} })}
957:
2335:) dissolve in water, which arises because of the attraction between positive and negative charges (see:
4823:
3669:
2139:
1827:
1600:
909:
758:
higher (i.e. about ten times higher) when the redox potential is controlled using a highly oxidizing Fe
1445:
4715:
2175:
1768:
1649:
into the atmosphere because of its lower solubility in warmer sea water. In turn, higher levels of CO
627:
348:
35:
4700:
4635:
3260:
1795:
977:
389:
1412:
The pressure dependence of solubility does occasionally have practical significance. For example,
4655:
3320:
3293:
3233:
2795:
2339:). For example, the salt's positive ions (e.g. Ag) attract the partially negative oxygen atom in
2273:
1819:. Many practical systems illustrate this effect, for example in designing methods for controlled
1756:
1606:
Henry's law is valid for gases that do not undergo change of chemical speciation on dissolution.
1487:
953:
844:
240:. Most chemical reactions of scientific, industrial, or practical interest only happen after the
4231:
Computing the Aqueous solubility of Organic Drug-Like Molecules and Understanding Hydrophobicity
2894:. The two common thermodynamic cycles used involve either the calculation of the free energy of
4753:
4748:
4605:
3314:
2807:
2163:
2162:
are used to describe saturated solutions of ionic compounds of relatively low solubility (see
1406:
751:
352:
106:
97:
The extent of the solubility of a substance in a specific solvent is generally measured as the
3892:
3573:
2890:
Methods founded in physical theory tend to use thermodynamic cycles, a concept from classical
2261:
Solubility of a substance is useful when separating mixtures. For example, a mixture of salt (
1332:
1272:
4853:
4833:
4121:
Tomasi, J.; Mennucci, B.; Cammi, R. (2005). "Quantum Mechanical Continuum Solvation Models".
3797:
3791:
2016:
1681:". This statement indicates that a solute will dissolve best in a solvent that has a similar
799:
or molar surface area of the solute). For quantification, see the equation in the article on
796:
276:
of the solute for a specific mass, volume, or mole amount of the solvent or of the solution.
3236: – Difference in properties of one mole of substance in a mixture vs. an ideal solution
1717:
is insoluble in water, fairly soluble in methanol, and highly soluble in non-polar benzene.
4567:
4559:
4085:
3965:
3756:
3275:
2864:
2786:
2680:
2347:. Likewise, the salt's negative ions (e.g. Cl) attract the partially positive hydrogens in
2251:
2234:
2167:
2113:
2074:
2045:
2040:= thickness of the boundary layer of the solvent at the surface of the dissolving substance
1306:
1185:
867:
848:
724:
435:
of solute: (The solubilities of the examples are approximate, for water at 20–25 °C.)
393:
83:
43:
3245:
1744:, as thus the sea is salty as it accumulates dissolved salts since early geological ages.
62:
solution. The solution was initially prepared at 20 °C and then stored for 2 days at 4 °C.
8:
4680:
4650:
3674:
2297:
2159:
933:
871:
828:
735:
580:
56:
4089:
3969:
3760:
3670:"What substances, such as cerium sulfate, have a lower solubility when they are heated?"
3323: – Relation between temperature and the equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction
2233:
The energy change associated with dissolving is usually given per mole of solute as the
131:
The solubility mainly depends on the composition of solute and solvent (including their
102:
4919:
4390:
4365:
4341:
4316:
4292:
4026:
3986:
3953:
3934:
3772:
3460:
3242: – System to differentiate drugs on the basis of their solubility and permeability
2899:
2727:
2385:
2204:
2171:
2023:
1998:
1976:
1954:
1932:
1799:
1764:
1682:
1556:
1536:
1413:
1388:
1368:
1312:
1252:
1232:
1212:
1165:
836:
418:
75:
4315:
McDonagh, J. L.; Nath, N.; De Ferrari, L.; van Mourik, T.; Mitchell, J. B. O. (2014).
4207:
4069:
Skyner, R.; McDonagh, J. L.; Groom, C. R.; van Mourik, T.; Mitchell, J. B. O. (2015).
3954:"Solubility design leading to high figure of merit in low-cost Ce-CoSb3 skutterudites"
2170:. Since it is a product of ion concentrations in equilibrium, it is also known as the
653:
When a solute dissolves, it may form several species in the solution. For example, an
4858:
4817:
4720:
4509:
4465:
4430:
4395:
4346:
4284:
4256:
4211:
4173:
4138:
4103:
4049:
4030:
3991:
3938:
3896:
3885:
3856:
3801:
3714:
3604:
3579:
3464:
3452:
3317: – Thermodynamic equilibrium between a solid and a solution of the same compound
2860:
2602:
2360:
2356:
2289:
1748:
1737:
1690:
1686:
1654:
1638:
1518:
1007:
989:
941:
866: > 0). In liquid water at high temperatures, (e.g. that approaching the
743:
713:
405:
The extent of solubility ranges widely, from infinitely soluble (without limit, i.e.
186:
182:
178:
4296:
3776:
3695:
3377:
4793:
4788:
4620:
4580:
4499:
4457:
4422:
4385:
4377:
4336:
4328:
4274:
4266:
4234:
4203:
4165:
4130:
4093:
4018:
3981:
3973:
3926:
3848:
3764:
3706:
3515:
3482:
3444:
3419:
3381:
3372:
3305:
2853:
2326:
2322:
1642:
1607:
1432:
893:
804:
782:
717:
509:
414:
385:
190:
59:
4022:
3852:
4778:
4763:
4695:
4660:
4645:
4640:
4625:
4590:
3299:
2710:
2281:
2262:
1733:
1634:
1436:
1417:
925:
917:
561:
490:
163:
4488:"Estimation of the aqueous solubility I: application to organic nonelectrolytes"
3519:
1993:= surface area of the interface between the dissolving substance and the solvent
4828:
4783:
4773:
4690:
4585:
4575:
3269:
3214:{\displaystyle \log _{10}(S)=0.5-\log _{10}(P)-0.01({\text{melting point}}-25)}
3118:{\displaystyle \log _{10}(S)=0.8-\log _{10}(P)-0.01({\text{melting point}}-25)}
2922:
2891:
2763:
2751:
2178:, the reverse of the dissolving reaction. As with other equilibrium constants,
1729:
1614:
1428:
1027:
965:
905:
747:
697:
599:
528:
148:
94:
is the opposite property, the inability of the solute to form such a solution.
31:
1720:
296:
of solvent (g/(100 mL), often written as g/100 ml), or as grams of solute per
4903:
4873:
4710:
4670:
4615:
3698:
3456:
3376:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
3015:{\displaystyle \log S(V_{m})={\frac {\Delta G_{\text{solvation}}}{-2.303RT}}}
2867:
2759:
2718:
2285:
2255:
2107:
1820:
1710:
1588:
1574:
875:
344:
167:
98:
4314:
3385:
750:
of solutions. The last two effects can be quantified using the equation for
336:, it may be expressed as moles of solute per litre of solution (mol/L), the
51:
4730:
4725:
4513:
4461:
4434:
4399:
4350:
4288:
4215:
4177:
4142:
4107:
3995:
3930:
3860:
3718:
3448:
2930:
2676:
2619:
2559:
2530:
2502:
2481:
2269:
1772:
1015:
774:
723:
The solubility of one substance in another is determined by the balance of
209:
4469:
3498:
1526:
788:
351:
at equilibrium (mass of solute per mass of solute plus solvent). Both are
30:
This article is about a chemical property. For the algebraic concept, see
4883:
4798:
2905:
2884:
2445:
2179:
1714:
1522:
945:
920:
in water) exhibit solubility that is fairly independent of temperature (Δ
356:
293:
273:
221:
213:
110:
4046:
Geochemical processes, weathering and groundwater recharge in catchments
3486:
332:, rather than of solvent. For example, following the common practice in
4878:
4868:
4863:
4279:
4098:
3977:
3768:
3435:
Tomlinson, Charles (1868-01-01). "On Supersaturated Saline Solutions".
3296: – Process of incorporating the solubilizate into or onto micelles
3284:
2791:
2747:
2739:
2723:
2227:
2219:
1694:
1630:
985:
973:
642:
177:
The concept of solubility does not apply when there is an irreversible
171:
4426:
4381:
4332:
4270:
4238:
4169:
4134:
3658:(27th ed.). Cleveland, Ohio: Chemical Rubber Publishing Co. 1943.
3423:
2709:, is the usual guide to solubility with organic systems. For example,
4888:
4843:
4758:
4528:
3710:
2662:
2634:
2611:
2555:
2498:
2336:
2223:
2215:
2103:
1812:
1622:
981:
701:
623:
392:
in non-trivial ways when dissolved; conversely, the solvent may form
333:
313:
297:
67:
3414:
J. de Swaan Arons and G. A. M. Diepen (1966): "Gas—Gas Equilibria".
2913:
2218:(Log P), is a measure of differential solubility of a compound in a
1701:
is very soluble in highly polar water, less soluble in fairly polar
4705:
4505:
10.1002/1520-6017(200102)90:2<234::aid-jps14>3.0.co;2-v
3836:
3224:
These equations are founded on the principles of the fusion cycle.
2815:
2714:
2684:
2638:
2623:
2578:
2563:
2534:
2506:
2485:
1815:
solids and the surface area (crystallite size) and the presence of
1702:
1666:
1618:
892:
The chart shows solubility curves for some typical solid inorganic
859:
816:
406:
400:
347:(moles of solute per total moles of solute plus solvent) or by the
337:
317:
305:
285:
229:
225:
217:
152:
140:
2195:
is a theoretical model describing the solubility of polymers. The
4808:
4610:
4600:
3254: – chemistry rule concerning co-precipitation and adsorption
2883:(QSAR), quantitative structure–property relationships (QSPR) and
2672:
2666:
2646:
2582:
2570:
2545:
2526:
2521:
2355:. Note: the oxygen atom is partially negative because it is more
2277:
1798:. This applies in vast areas of chemistry from drug synthesis to
1775:) depends on temperature and is given by the relationship: Δ
1706:
969:
897:
728:
705:
654:
410:
252:
251:
The term "soluble" is sometimes used for materials that can form
241:
237:
233:
205:
201:
197:
156:
87:
3952:
Tang, Yinglu; Hanus, Riley; Chen, Sin-wen; Snyder, Jeff (2015).
3308: – Capacity of a substance to dissolve in a homogeneous way
2098:= mass concentration of the substance in the bulk of the solvent
1657:
and carbon dioxide acts as an amplifier of the general warming.
1621:
is also affected by temperature, pH of the solution, and by the
343:
In more specialized contexts the solubility may be given by the
3796:(2nd ed.). Lexington, Massachusetts: D. C, Heath. p.
3642:
The ASME Handbook on Water Technology for Thermal Power Systems
2938:
2863:, the solubility for both cases is described more generally on
2811:
2755:
2658:
2650:
2630:
2598:
2590:
2586:
2549:
2513:
1435:
of that gas above the solvent. This relationship is similar to
929:
901:
889:(endothermic dissolution reaction related to their solvation).
778:
739:
631:
269:
121:
79:
3302: – Law of thermodynamics for vapour pressure of a mixture
4630:
4068:
2909:
Thermodynamic cycle for calculating solvation via sublimation
2743:
2615:
2332:
2280:. Benzoic acid is more soluble in an organic solvent such as
1741:
1674:
1514:
912:, and show a large increase in solubility with temperature (Δ
646:
301:
300:
of solvent (g/dL); or, less commonly, as grams of solute per
245:
117:
3644:. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. p. 442.
3501:". Online page at Abler Help Center. Accessed on 2021-11-26.
4120:
2654:
2594:
1698:
1580:
The solubility of gases is sometimes also quantified using
1010:
nearly always increases with temperature. The technique of
708:
in water are expected to differ, even though they are both
641:
is also used in some fields where the solute is altered by
381:
289:
265:
136:
3272: – Gas law regarding proportionality of dissolved gas
2758:
or solubility line (or curve) is the line (or lines) on a
1705:, and practically insoluble in non-polar solvents such as
936:, become less soluble in water as temperature increases (Δ
4043:
3437:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
2433:= , in the absence of other silver or chloride salts, so
2395:. This equilibrium constant depends on the type of salt (
2316:
885:
170:
and will rapidly exclude the excess solute if a suitable
144:
125:
4412:
3747:
G.W. Greenwood (1969). "The Solubility of Gas Bubbles".
2917:
Thermodynamic cycle for calculating solvation via fusion
2410:
that will dissolve in 1 liter of pure water as follows:
2403:, for example), temperature, and the common ion effect.
1513:
is a temperature-dependent constant (for example, 769.2
27:
Capacity of a substance to dissolve in a homogeneous way
3404:(1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Publishing. p. 108.
3310:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
3265:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2420:= × / M (definition of solubility product; M = mol/L)
807:(the crystal size spontaneously increasing with time).
132:
2456:
is poorly soluble in water. For instance, table salt (
1826:
The rate of dissolution can be often expressed by the
3915:
3834:
3789:
3575:
Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Genesis of Gold Deposits
3134:
3038:
2950:
2116:
2077:
2048:
2026:
2001:
1979:
1957:
1935:
1839:
1559:
1539:
1490:
1448:
1391:
1371:
1335:
1315:
1275:
1255:
1235:
1215:
1188:
1168:
1039:
4849:
List of boiling and freezing information of solvents
4008:
3289:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
3280:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
3256:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2444:
The result: 1 liter of water can dissolve 1.34 × 10
2069:= mass concentration of the substance on the surface
746:. To a lesser extent, solubility will depend on the
181:
between the two substances, such as the reaction of
4363:
4222:
3951:
3662:
2166:). The solubility constant is a special case of an
878:
and in a change of hydration energy affecting the Δ
3884:
3835:Dokoumetzidis, Aristides; Macheras, Panos (2006).
3213:
3117:
3014:
2696:
2300:. Recycling is used to ensure maximum extraction.
2129:
2090:
2061:
2032:
2007:
1985:
1963:
1941:
1915:
1565:
1545:
1505:
1473:
1397:
1377:
1357:
1321:
1297:
1261:
1241:
1221:
1201:
1174:
1151:
371:
355:numbers between 0 and 1 which may be expressed as
4310:
4308:
4306:
2288:, and when shaken with this organic solvent in a
1629:as observed in ice cores from the Vostok site in
1610:shows a case when this assumption does not hold.
960:, lowe temperatures favorsf dissolution of Ca(OH)
428:of solvent required to dissolve one unit of mass
421:gives the following terms, according to the mass
368:per volume" may be used to indicate this choice.
4901:
4447:
4189:
4187:
2452:at room temperature. Compared with other salts,
2429:= 1.8 × 10 (from a table of solubility products)
1830:or the Nernst and Brunner equation of the form:
401:Qualifiers used to describe extent of solubility
4252:
4250:
4248:
3599:Hefter, G. T.; Tomkins, R. P. T., eds. (2003).
3399:
1577:of the dissolved gas in the liquid (in mol/L).
691:
377:of the solvent and the sum of the two volumes.
258:
4303:
4048:. Rotterdam: Taylor & Francis. p. 6.
3882:
3746:
3601:The Experimental Determination of Solubilities
3344:as its solvation power according to Reichardt.
940: < 0). This is also the case for
4544:
4485:
4184:
4155:
3793:Macroscale and Microscale Organic Experiments
3598:
3571:
3540:
2881:quantitative structure–activity relationships
362:
4415:Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling
4370:Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling
4364:Lusci, A.; Pollastri, G.; Baldi, P. (2013).
4321:Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling
4245:
4149:
4114:
4062:
2790:equilibrium can be determined by the Gibb's
2268:Another example of this is the synthesis of
1736:(common salt) is easily soluble in a highly
413:in water, to essentially insoluble, such as
224:, and even in non-technical activities like
4357:
3731:
1385:-th component in the dissolving solid, and
896:in liquid water (temperature is in degrees
657:solution of cobalt(II) chloride can afford
323:
244:have been dissolved in a suitable solvent.
4551:
4537:
4259:Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation
4044:O.M. Saether; P. de Caritat, eds. (1997).
3578:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 135–136.
3395:
3393:
2801:
2303:
1732:(with positive and negative ions) such as
279:
113:in all proportions" (or just "miscible").
4503:
4481:
4479:
4389:
4340:
4278:
4097:
3985:
3549:. University of Wisconsin. Archived from
3541:Rogers, Elizabeth; Stovall, Iris (2000).
3434:
3263: – Aspect of computational chemistry
2149:
1467:
4228:
3639:
3491:
3408:
2912:
2904:
2873:
2738:This term is often used in the field of
1719:
858:) to temperature change and to reaction
727:between the solvent and solute, and the
248:is by far the most common such solvent.
50:
42:
4193:
3622:
3620:
3543:"Fundamentals of Chemistry: Solubility"
3481:,volume 92, issue 18, pages 5196–5201.
3471:
3390:
3363:
3361:
1724:Dissolution of sodium chloride in water
1030:, the dependence can be quantified as:
952: < 0). As dictated by the
916: > 0). Some solutes (e.g.
14:
4902:
4558:
4476:
3592:
3504:
3240:Biopharmaceutics Classification System
2317:Solubility of ionic compounds in water
1805:
1553:is the partial pressure (in atm), and
1423:
904:minus 273.15). Many salts behave like
4532:
3824:(7th ed.). Merck & Co. 1960.
2154:
980:at 32 °C to form a more soluble
645:. For example, many metals and their
4233:(Thesis). University of St Andrews.
3617:
3358:
2359:than hydrogen, and vice versa (see:
4406:
3630:, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, 1999.
2701:The principle outlined above under
2212:octanol-water partition coefficient
2138:dissolution rate is defined by the
1728:In even more simple terms a simple
1669:used for predicting solubility is "
1365:is the partial molar volume of the
696:Solubility is defined for specific
593:Practically insoluble or insoluble
47:Example of a dissolved solid (left)
24:
4492:Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
4486:Jain, N.; Yalkowsky, S.H. (2001).
4450:Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
3734:Mechanochemistry of Solid Surfaces
3400:Clugston, M.; Fleming, R. (2000).
3373:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
2982:
1904:
1889:
1854:
1844:
1497:
1461:
1069:
1048:
998:
787:
25:
4936:
4524:
4208:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00119
3891:. John Wiley & Sons. p.
3736:. World Scientific Publishing Co.
3656:Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
3626:John W. Hill, Ralph H. Petrucci,
3418:, volume 44, issue 6, page 2322.
3278: – method of carpet cleaning
2733:
2186:
847:relates the change of solubility
777:than with a moderately oxidizing
700:. For example, the solubility of
617:
2406:One can calculate the amount of
2201:Hildebrand solubility parameters
1474:{\displaystyle p=k_{\rm {H}}\,c}
1269:refers to constant temperature,
924: ≈ 0). A few, such as
288:often express the solubility as
147:) of the two substances, and of
4441:
4037:
4002:
3945:
3909:
3887:Chemistry, Concept and Problems
3883:C. Houk; R. Post, eds. (1997).
3876:
3867:
3828:
3814:
3783:
3740:
3725:
3689:
3648:
3633:
3565:
3334:
2746:element will dissolve into the
2742:to refer to the extent that an
2697:Solubility of organic compounds
2296:, is an important technique in
2240:
1653:in the atmosphere increase the
1329:-th component in the solution,
1229:-th component in the solution,
996:) in the dissolution reaction.
823:) of the dissolution reaction,
688:, each of which interconverts.
380:Moreover, many solids (such as
372:Conversion of solubility values
55:Formation of crystals in a 4.2
3790:Kenneth J. Williamson (1994).
3534:
3525:
3428:
3208:
3194:
3185:
3179:
3154:
3148:
3112:
3098:
3089:
3083:
3058:
3052:
2973:
2960:
2581:(chlorates and perchlorates),
1910:
1880:
1709:. In contrast, a non-polar or
1685:to itself, based on favorable
810:
13:
1:
4023:10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c03715
3853:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.07.011
3479:Journal of Physical Chemistry
3351:
2702:
2193:Flory–Huggins solution theory
1747:The solubility is favored by
1693:. For example, a very polar (
1582:Bunsen solubility coefficient
968:, where the less soluble deca
882:of the dissolution reaction.
4839:Inorganic nonaqueous solvent
3749:Journal of Materials Science
2197:Hansen solubility parameters
1949:= mass of dissolved material
1209:is the mole fraction of the
692:Factors affecting solubility
259:Quantification of solubility
86:with another substance, the
7:
3520:10.1109/ICSENS.2012.6411272
3416:Journal of Chemical Physics
3227:
2814:may result in formation of
2750:without forming a separate
2214:, usually expressed as its
2102:For dissolution limited by
1679:Similia similibus solventur
1660:
1506:{\displaystyle k_{\rm {H}}}
1416:of oil fields and wells by
1249:is the pressure, the index
1021:
988:) with a smaller change in
10:
4941:
4824:Acid dissociation constant
3514:, volume 2012, pages 1-3.
3287: – chemical substance
2320:
2140:United States Pharmacopeia
1791:means greater solubility.
910:disodium hydrogen arsenate
363:Liquid and gaseous solutes
320:of the solution (mol/kg).
29:
4925:Underwater diving physics
4807:
4739:
4669:
4566:
3919:Advanced Energy Materials
1587:In the presence of small
1182:iterates the components,
36:solution (disambiguation)
4229:McDonagh, J. L. (2015).
3340:The solvent polarity is
3327:
3261:Flexible SPC water model
2294:liquid–liquid extraction
1796:liquid-liquid extraction
1673:" also expressed in the
1358:{\displaystyle V_{i,cr}}
1298:{\displaystyle V_{i,aq}}
978:water of crystallization
958:Le Chatelier's principle
626:and phase joining (e.g.
324:Per quantity of solution
284:In particular, chemical
4789:Solubility table (data)
4656:Apparent molar property
4196:Molecular Pharmaceutics
3547:Department of Chemistry
3386:10.1351/goldbook.S05740
3294:Micellar solubilization
3234:Apparent molar property
2802:Incongruent dissolution
2796:crystallographic defect
2304:Differential solubility
2274:phenylmagnesium bromide
2110:if mixing is present),
1757:enthalpy of dissolution
1439:and can be written as:
280:Per quantity of solvent
164:supersaturated solution
4754:Total dissolved solids
4749:Solubility equilibrium
4674:and related quantities
4462:10.1002/jps.2600690814
4011:Chemistry of Materials
3931:10.1002/aenm.202100181
3640:P. Cohen, ed. (1989).
3572:I.Y. Nekrasov (1996).
3449:10.1098/rstl.1868.0028
3315:Solubility equilibrium
3252:Fajans–Paneth–Hahn Law
3215:
3119:
3016:
2937:is the temperature in
2918:
2910:
2331:Some ionic compounds (
2164:solubility equilibrium
2150:Theories of solubility
2131:
2092:
2063:
2034:
2009:
1987:
1965:
1943:
1917:
1828:Noyes–Whitney equation
1725:
1637:scale, because of the
1601:Young–Laplace equation
1567:
1547:
1533:) in water at 298 K),
1507:
1475:
1407:universal gas constant
1399:
1379:
1359:
1323:
1299:
1263:
1243:
1223:
1203:
1176:
1153:
1003:
835: > 0) or
801:solubility equilibrium
792:
752:solubility equilibrium
574:Very slightly soluble
394:coordination complexes
107:solubility equilibrium
63:
48:
34:. For other uses, see
4854:Partition coefficient
4834:Polar aprotic solvent
3958:Nature Communications
3216:
3120:
3017:
2916:
2908:
2900:free energy of fusion
2874:Solubility prediction
2569:compounds (excluding
2548:(ethanoates) (except
2132:
2130:{\displaystyle C_{s}}
2093:
2091:{\displaystyle C_{b}}
2064:
2062:{\displaystyle C_{s}}
2035:
2017:diffusion coefficient
2010:
1988:
1966:
1944:
1918:
1723:
1568:
1548:
1508:
1476:
1414:precipitation fouling
1400:
1380:
1360:
1324:
1300:
1264:
1244:
1224:
1204:
1202:{\displaystyle N_{i}}
1177:
1154:
1002:
797:specific surface area
791:
725:intermolecular forces
253:colloidal suspensions
54:
46:
4769:Enthalpy of solution
4696:Volume concentration
4691:Number concentration
3732:E.M. Gutman (1994).
3321:van 't Hoff equation
3276:Hot water extraction
3132:
3036:
2948:
2865:chemical composition
2787:chemical composition
2460:) has a much higher
2235:enthalpy of solution
2168:equilibrium constant
2160:Solubility constants
2114:
2075:
2046:
2024:
1999:
1977:
1955:
1933:
1837:
1557:
1537:
1488:
1446:
1389:
1369:
1333:
1313:
1307:partial molar volume
1273:
1253:
1233:
1213:
1186:
1166:
1037:
954:van 't Hoff equation
868:critical temperature
849:equilibrium constant
845:van 't Hoff equation
116:The solute can be a
74:is the ability of a
4915:Physical properties
4910:Chemical properties
4681:Molar concentration
4651:Dilution (equation)
4090:2015PCCP...17.6174S
4078:Phys Chem Chem Phys
3970:2015NatCo...6.7584T
3761:1969JMatS...4..320G
3675:Scientific American
3603:. Wiley-Blackwell.
3499:W/W (Weight/Weight)
3487:10.1021/j100329a027
2707:like dissolves like
2298:synthetic chemistry
1806:Rate of dissolution
1671:like dissolves like
1424:Solubility of gases
934:cerium(III) sulfate
872:dielectric constant
581:dicalcium phosphate
316:, the value is the
101:of the solute in a
4721:Isotopic abundance
4686:Mass concentration
4560:Chemical solutions
4099:10.1039/C5CP00288E
3978:10.1038/ncomms8584
3769:10.1007/BF00550401
3402:Advanced Chemistry
3211:
3115:
3012:
2919:
2911:
2781:+Sn(L)) or (ZnSnSb
2491:compounds (except
2386:solubility product
2205:enthalpy of fusion
2172:solubility product
2155:Solubility product
2127:
2088:
2059:
2030:
2005:
1983:
1961:
1939:
1913:
1800:spent nuclear fuel
1765:hydrophobic effect
1726:
1683:chemical structure
1639:Milankovich cycles
1563:
1543:
1503:
1471:
1395:
1375:
1355:
1319:
1295:
1259:
1239:
1219:
1199:
1172:
1149:
1006:The solubility of
1004:
874:results in a less
793:
716:and have the same
541:Sparingly soluble
419:U.S. Pharmacopoeia
292:of solute per 100
64:
49:
4897:
4896:
4427:10.1021/ci010287z
4382:10.1021/ci400187y
4333:10.1021/ci4005805
4271:10.1021/ct300345m
4170:10.1021/cr960149m
4135:10.1021/cr9904009
4055:978-90-5410-641-8
3902:978-0-471-12120-6
3807:978-0-669-19429-6
3705:(14): 1508–1509.
3628:General Chemistry
3610:978-0-471-49708-0
3585:978-90-5410-723-1
3424:10.1063/1.1727043
3200:
3104:
3010:
2992:
2861:Materials Science
2854:metamorphic rocks
2835:O ⇌ Na + Al(OH)
2713:will dissolve in
2694:
2693:
2493:lithium phosphate
2440:= 1.34 × 10 mol/L
2361:chemical polarity
2290:separatory funnel
2033:{\displaystyle d}
2008:{\displaystyle D}
1986:{\displaystyle A}
1964:{\displaystyle t}
1942:{\displaystyle m}
1878:
1862:
1755:) and depends on
1749:entropy of mixing
1697:) solute such as
1687:entropy of mixing
1655:greenhouse effect
1566:{\displaystyle c}
1546:{\displaystyle p}
1398:{\displaystyle R}
1378:{\displaystyle i}
1322:{\displaystyle i}
1262:{\displaystyle T}
1242:{\displaystyle P}
1222:{\displaystyle i}
1175:{\displaystyle i}
1147:
1076:
1012:recrystallization
1008:organic compounds
990:Gibbs free energy
942:calcium hydroxide
805:precipitate aging
744:common-ion effect
714:calcium carbonate
611:
610:
555:Slightly soluble
187:hydrochloric acid
183:calcium hydroxide
179:chemical reaction
151:concepts such as
16:(Redirected from
4932:
4794:Solubility chart
4621:Phase separation
4581:Aqueous solution
4553:
4546:
4539:
4530:
4529:
4518:
4517:
4507:
4483:
4474:
4473:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4421:(5): 1208–1217.
4410:
4404:
4403:
4393:
4376:(7): 1563–1575.
4361:
4355:
4354:
4344:
4312:
4301:
4300:
4282:
4265:(9): 3322–3337.
4254:
4243:
4242:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4202:(6): 2126–2141.
4191:
4182:
4181:
4164:(8): 2161–2200.
4158:Chemical Reviews
4153:
4147:
4146:
4129:(8): 2999–3093.
4123:Chemical Reviews
4118:
4112:
4111:
4101:
4075:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4017:(4): 1638–1648.
4006:
4000:
3999:
3989:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3890:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3711:10.1039/b202410a
3693:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3637:
3631:
3624:
3615:
3614:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3553:on 13 April 2015
3538:
3532:
3529:
3523:
3508:
3502:
3495:
3489:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3432:
3426:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3397:
3388:
3365:
3345:
3338:
3311:
3306:Rate of solution
3290:
3281:
3266:
3257:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3201:
3198:
3175:
3174:
3144:
3143:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3105:
3102:
3079:
3078:
3048:
3047:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3011:
3009:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2980:
2972:
2971:
2847:
2470:
2469:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2409:
2402:
2398:
2380:
2354:
2346:
2327:Solubility table
2323:Solubility chart
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2006:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1787:. Smaller Δ
1771:of dissolution (
1643:solar irradiance
1595: = 2γ/
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1433:partial pressure
1404:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1162:where the index
1158:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1115:
1114:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1046:
718:chemical formula
687:
510:calcium chloride
438:
437:
415:titanium dioxide
212:, as well as in
191:rate of solution
60:ammonium sulfate
21:
18:Solid solubility
4940:
4939:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4803:
4764:Solvation shell
4735:
4673:
4665:
4661:Miscibility gap
4646:Serial dilution
4641:Supersaturation
4591:Buffer solution
4562:
4557:
4527:
4522:
4521:
4484:
4477:
4446:
4442:
4411:
4407:
4362:
4358:
4313:
4304:
4255:
4246:
4227:
4223:
4192:
4185:
4154:
4150:
4119:
4115:
4073:
4067:
4063:
4056:
4042:
4038:
4007:
4003:
3950:
3946:
3914:
3910:
3903:
3881:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3833:
3829:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3788:
3784:
3745:
3741:
3730:
3726:
3694:
3690:
3680:
3678:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3638:
3634:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3570:
3566:
3556:
3554:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3509:
3505:
3497:Abler (2021): "
3496:
3492:
3476:
3472:
3433:
3429:
3413:
3409:
3398:
3391:
3366:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3348:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3309:
3288:
3279:
3264:
3255:
3230:
3197:
3170:
3166:
3139:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3101:
3074:
3070:
3043:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
2996:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2979:
2967:
2963:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2876:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2804:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2736:
2711:petroleum jelly
2699:
2688:
2627:
2606:
2567:
2538:
2510:
2489:
2466:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2428:
2419:
2407:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2357:electronegative
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2329:
2321:Main articles:
2319:
2306:
2282:dichloromethane
2263:sodium chloride
2243:
2189:
2157:
2152:
2121:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2082:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1870:
1853:
1852:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1808:
1734:sodium chloride
1713:solute such as
1663:
1652:
1648:
1635:geological time
1627:climate changes
1558:
1555:
1554:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1426:
1418:calcium sulfate
1390:
1387:
1386:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1139:
1123:
1119:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1082:
1068:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1024:
963:
926:calcium sulfate
918:sodium chloride
857:
813:
773:
769:
765:
761:
736:complex-forming
694:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
620:
577:1000 to 10,000
562:calcium sulfate
503:Freely soluble
491:calcium nitrate
479:
472:
457:
450:
434:
427:
403:
374:
365:
340:of the latter.
326:
282:
274:amount in moles
261:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4938:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4829:Protic solvent
4826:
4821:
4813:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4774:Lattice energy
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4745:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4677:
4675:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4626:Eutectic point
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4586:Solid solution
4583:
4578:
4576:Ideal solution
4572:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4556:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4533:
4526:
4525:External links
4523:
4520:
4519:
4498:(2): 234–252.
4475:
4456:(8): 912–922.
4440:
4405:
4356:
4327:(3): 844–856.
4302:
4244:
4221:
4183:
4148:
4113:
4084:(9): 6174–91.
4061:
4054:
4036:
4001:
3964:(7584): 7584.
3944:
3908:
3901:
3875:
3866:
3827:
3813:
3806:
3782:
3755:(4): 320–322.
3739:
3724:
3688:
3661:
3647:
3632:
3616:
3609:
3591:
3584:
3564:
3533:
3524:
3503:
3490:
3470:
3427:
3407:
3389:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3282:
3273:
3267:
3258:
3249:
3246:Dühring's rule
3243:
3237:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3126:
3125:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3023:
3022:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2923:solvent models
2892:thermodynamics
2875:
2872:
2868:phase diagrams
2850:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2803:
2800:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2764:solid solution
2735:
2734:Solid solution
2732:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2670:
2643:
2642:
2625:
2609:
2604:
2575:
2574:
2565:
2553:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2508:
2496:
2487:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2464:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2392:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2350:
2342:
2318:
2315:
2305:
2302:
2242:
2239:
2188:
2187:Other theories
2185:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2124:
2120:
2100:
2099:
2085:
2081:
2070:
2056:
2052:
2041:
2029:
2019:
2004:
1994:
1982:
1972:
1960:
1950:
1938:
1924:
1923:
1912:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1846:
1807:
1804:
1802:reprocessing.
1730:ionic compound
1662:
1659:
1650:
1646:
1617:solubility in
1615:carbon dioxide
1562:
1542:
1530:
1499:
1494:
1482:
1481:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1425:
1422:
1394:
1374:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1318:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1258:
1238:
1218:
1196:
1192:
1171:
1160:
1159:
1145:
1142:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1028:ideal solution
1023:
1020:
966:sodium sulfate
961:
906:barium nitrate
855:
812:
809:
771:
767:
763:
759:
748:ionic strength
693:
690:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
667:], [CoCl(H
664:
660:
619:
618:Molecular view
616:
609:
608:
605:
602:
600:barium sulfate
597:
594:
590:
589:
586:
583:
578:
575:
571:
570:
567:
564:
559:
556:
552:
551:
549:
547:
545:
542:
538:
537:
534:
531:
529:sodium oxalate
526:
523:
519:
518:
515:
512:
507:
504:
500:
499:
496:
493:
488:
485:
481:
480:
477:
470:
465:
462:
459:
455:
448:
442:
432:
425:
402:
399:
373:
370:
364:
361:
325:
322:
281:
278:
260:
257:
174:site appears.
32:solvable group
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4937:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4716:Mass fraction
4714:
4712:
4711:Mole fraction
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4671:Concentration
4668:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4616:Phase diagram
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4596:Flory–Huggins
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4554:
4549:
4547:
4542:
4540:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4482:
4480:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4409:
4401:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4360:
4352:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4225:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4190:
4188:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4117:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4057:
4051:
4047:
4040:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4005:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3948:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3912:
3904:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3888:
3879:
3870:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3847:(1–2): 1–11.
3846:
3842:
3841:Int. J. Pharm
3838:
3831:
3823:
3817:
3809:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3794:
3786:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3735:
3728:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3699:Chem. Commun.
3692:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3665:
3657:
3651:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3623:
3621:
3612:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3587:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3568:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3528:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3403:
3396:
3394:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3362:
3357:
3343:
3337:
3333:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3225:
3205:
3202:
3199:melting point
3191:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3128:
3127:
3109:
3106:
3103:melting point
3095:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2986:
2976:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2855:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2808:incongruently
2799:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2760:phase diagram
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2719:ethyl alcohol
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2689:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2447:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2425:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2404:
2391:
2387:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2310:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2286:diethyl ether
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2256:sulfuric acid
2253:
2247:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2176:precipitation
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2122:
2118:
2109:
2108:mass transfer
2105:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2027:
2020:
2018:
2002:
1995:
1980:
1973:
1958:
1951:
1936:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1899:
1895:
1884:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1858:
1848:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1821:drug delivery
1818:
1814:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1677:language as "
1676:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1608:Sieverts' law
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1575:concentration
1560:
1540:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1492:
1468:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1392:
1372:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1316:
1308:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1256:
1236:
1216:
1194:
1190:
1169:
1143:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1016:cyclodextrins
1013:
1009:
1001:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
890:
887:
883:
881:
877:
876:polar solvent
873:
869:
865:
861:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
808:
806:
802:
798:
790:
786:
784:
780:
776:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
732:
730:
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
689:
656:
651:
648:
644:
640:
635:
633:
629:
628:precipitation
625:
615:
606:
603:
601:
598:
595:
592:
591:
587:
584:
582:
579:
576:
573:
572:
568:
565:
563:
560:
557:
554:
553:
550:
548:
546:
543:
540:
539:
535:
532:
530:
527:
524:
521:
520:
516:
513:
511:
508:
505:
502:
501:
497:
494:
492:
489:
486:
484:Very soluble
483:
482:
476:
469:
466:
463:
460:
454:
447:
443:
440:
439:
436:
431:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
398:
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
369:
360:
358:
354:
353:dimensionless
350:
349:mass fraction
346:
345:mole fraction
341:
339:
335:
331:
321:
319:
315:
310:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
277:
275:
271:
267:
256:
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
173:
169:
165:
160:
158:
154:
150:
149:thermodynamic
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
99:concentration
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
61:
58:
53:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4779:Raoult's law
4740:
4731:Ternary plot
4726:Mixing ratio
4495:
4491:
4453:
4449:
4443:
4418:
4414:
4408:
4373:
4369:
4359:
4324:
4320:
4262:
4258:
4230:
4224:
4199:
4195:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4081:
4077:
4064:
4045:
4039:
4014:
4010:
4004:
3961:
3957:
3947:
3922:
3918:
3911:
3886:
3878:
3869:
3844:
3840:
3830:
3821:
3816:
3792:
3785:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3733:
3727:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3679:. Retrieved
3673:
3664:
3655:
3650:
3641:
3635:
3627:
3600:
3594:
3574:
3567:
3555:. Retrieved
3551:the original
3546:
3536:
3527:
3511:
3506:
3493:
3478:
3473:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3415:
3410:
3401:
3371:
3341:
3336:
3300:Raoult's law
3223:
3026:
3024:
2934:
2931:gas constant
2926:
2920:
2889:
2877:
2858:
2851:
2831:(s) + H + 7H
2805:
2771:
2768:
2737:
2730:with water.
2706:
2700:
2461:
2443:
2437:= 1.8 × 10 M
2432:
2423:
2414:
2405:
2389:
2383:
2330:
2311:
2307:
2270:benzoic acid
2267:
2260:
2248:
2244:
2241:Applications
2232:
2209:
2190:
2158:
2144:
2101:
1925:
1825:
1817:polymorphism
1809:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1773:Gibbs energy
1760:
1752:
1746:
1727:
1678:
1670:
1664:
1612:
1605:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1579:
1483:
1437:Raoult's law
1427:
1411:
1161:
1025:
1005:
993:
949:
937:
921:
913:
891:
884:
879:
863:
852:
840:
832:
824:
820:
814:
794:
775:redox buffer
756:
733:
722:
695:
652:
638:
636:
621:
612:
558:100 to 1000
474:
467:
452:
445:
429:
422:
404:
379:
375:
366:
342:
329:
327:
311:
283:
262:
250:
210:oceanography
195:
176:
161:
130:
115:
96:
92:Insolubility
91:
82:, to form a
71:
65:
40:
4884:Lyonium ion
4799:Miscibility
4784:Henry's law
4280:10023/25470
3822:Merck Index
3443:: 659–673.
3270:Henry's law
2896:sublimation
2885:data mining
2690:compounds)
2540:compounds)
2516:compounds)
2228:hydrophilic
2220:hydrophobic
2180:temperature
1769:free energy
1715:naphthalene
1695:hydrophilic
1429:Henry's law
946:portlandite
829:endothermic
811:Temperature
624:dissolution
357:percentages
294:millilitres
222:agriculture
214:engineering
166:, which is
4904:Categories
4879:Amphiphile
4874:Lipophilic
4869:Hydrophile
4864:Hydrophobe
4741:Solubility
4636:Saturation
4606:Suspension
4239:10023/6534
3378:Solubility
3352:References
3285:Hydrotrope
2792:phase rule
2748:base metal
2740:metallurgy
2728:extraction
2724:filtration
2612:Hydroxides
2556:Phosphates
2552:compounds)
2499:Carbonates
2476:Insoluble
1763:) and the
1711:lipophilic
1665:A popular
1631:Antarctica
986:thenardite
974:mirabilite
837:exothermic
710:polymorphs
643:solvolysis
639:solubility
544:30 to 100
409:) such as
390:dissociate
172:nucleation
168:metastable
72:solubility
4920:Solutions
4889:Lyate ion
4844:Solvation
4759:Solvation
4701:Normality
4031:246516386
3939:234807088
3465:110079029
3457:0261-0523
3203:−
3189:−
3177:
3164:−
3146:
3107:−
3093:−
3081:
3068:−
3050:
2998:−
2991:solvation
2983:Δ
2955:
2579:Chlorides
2337:solvation
2250:example,
2224:1-octanol
2222:solvent (
2216:logarithm
2104:diffusion
1896:−
1813:amorphous
1783:– TΔ
1633:. At the
1623:carbonate
1117:−
1092:−
1070:∂
1055:
1049:∂
982:anhydrous
972:crystal (
827:, on the
702:aragonite
659:[Co(H
637:The term
604:0.000245
596:≥ 10,000
525:10 to 30
334:titration
314:kilograms
298:decilitre
286:handbooks
141:molecules
103:saturated
76:substance
68:chemistry
4859:Polarity
4818:Category
4706:Molality
4568:Solution
4514:11169540
4435:11604020
4400:23795551
4351:24564264
4297:26334468
4289:26605739
4216:25880026
4178:11849023
4143:16092826
4108:25660403
3996:26189943
3861:16920290
3777:93098036
3719:12189867
3557:22 April
3228:See also
2839:(s) + 3H
2816:gibbsite
2744:alloying
2715:gasoline
2703:polarity
2681:Group II
2675:(except
2673:Sulfides
2649:(except
2647:Sulfates
2618:(except
2589:(except
2583:bromides
2558:(except
2546:Acetates
2529:(except
2527:Sulfites
2522:Nitrates
2501:(except
2473:Soluble
2226:) and a
2199:and the
1779:= Δ
1703:methanol
1691:polarity
1667:aphorism
1661:Polarity
1619:seawater
1527:dioxygen
1022:Pressure
976:) loses
860:enthalpy
817:enthalpy
785:buffer.
738:anions (
522:Soluble
506:1 to 10
461:Example
407:miscible
338:molarity
330:solution
318:molality
306:kilogram
242:reagents
230:cleaning
226:painting
218:medicine
153:enthalpy
111:miscible
84:solution
4809:Solvent
4611:Colloid
4601:Mixture
4470:7400936
4391:3739985
4342:3965570
4086:Bibcode
3987:4518255
3966:Bibcode
3757:Bibcode
3512:SENSORS
3342:defined
2939:kelvins
2929:is the
2705:, that
2677:Group I
2620:Group I
2587:iodides
2560:Group I
2531:Group I
2503:Group I
2482:Group I
2278:dry ice
1926:where:
1759:(Δ
1751:(Δ
1707:benzene
1589:bubbles
1573:is the
1405:is the
1309:of the
1305:is the
984:phase (
970:hydrate
902:kelvins
900:, i.e.
898:Celsius
886:Gaseous
740:ligands
729:entropy
706:calcite
675:], CoCl
655:aqueous
607:409000
444:Range (
411:ethanol
388:) will
238:brewing
234:cooking
206:physics
202:biology
198:geology
157:entropy
124:, or a
88:solvent
4512:
4468:
4433:
4398:
4388:
4349:
4339:
4295:
4287:
4214:
4176:
4141:
4106:
4052:
4029:
3994:
3984:
3937:
3925:(20).
3899:
3859:
3804:
3775:
3717:
3681:28 May
3607:
3582:
3463:
3455:
2823:NaAlSi
2812:albite
2756:solvus
2754:. The
2616:oxides
2514:uranyl
2252:indigo
1971:= time
1767:. The
1599:; see
1484:where
932:) and
930:gypsum
698:phases
647:oxides
632:solids
495:158.7
487:<1
270:volume
236:, and
208:, and
122:liquid
80:solute
78:, the
4631:Alloy
4293:S2CID
4074:(PDF)
4027:S2CID
3935:S2CID
3773:S2CID
3461:S2CID
3368:IUPAC
3328:Notes
3027:et al
3001:2.303
2752:phase
2446:moles
2372:⇌ Ag
2333:salts
2272:from
1742:water
1738:polar
1675:Latin
894:salts
588:5000
585:0.02
566:0.21
517:1.54
498:0.63
464:g/dL
441:Term
386:salts
382:acids
359:(%).
302:litre
290:grams
272:, or
246:Water
185:with
143:, or
137:atoms
118:solid
4510:PMID
4466:PMID
4431:PMID
4396:PMID
4347:PMID
4285:PMID
4212:PMID
4174:PMID
4139:PMID
4104:PMID
4050:ISBN
3992:PMID
3897:ISBN
3857:PMID
3802:ISBN
3715:PMID
3703:2002
3683:2014
3605:ISBN
3580:ISBN
3559:2015
3453:ISSN
3192:0.01
3096:0.01
2933:and
2683:and
2665:and
2637:and
2614:and
2601:and
2585:and
2562:and
2533:and
2512:and
2484:and
2458:NaCl
2454:AgCl
2450:AgCl
2408:AgCl
2401:NaCl
2399:vs.
2397:AgCl
2378:(aq)
2376:+ Cl
2374:(aq)
2368:AgCl
2325:and
2276:and
2210:The
2191:The
2106:(or
1699:urea
1613:The
1525:for
956:and
908:and
825:i.e.
704:and
569:490
533:3.9
384:and
266:mass
155:and
145:ions
120:, a
4500:doi
4458:doi
4423:doi
4386:PMC
4378:doi
4337:PMC
4329:doi
4275:hdl
4267:doi
4235:hdl
4204:doi
4166:doi
4131:doi
4127:105
4094:doi
4019:doi
3982:PMC
3974:doi
3927:doi
3893:121
3849:doi
3845:321
3765:doi
3707:doi
3516:doi
3483:doi
3445:doi
3441:158
3420:doi
3382:doi
3380:".
3168:log
3161:0.5
3137:log
3072:log
3065:0.8
3041:log
2952:log
2843:SiO
2773:(Zn
2726:or
2573:))
2448:of
2370:(s)
2363:).
2284:or
2258:".
1603:).
1523:mol
1519:atm
783:NiO
766:-Fe
712:of
630:of
536:26
514:65
126:gas
66:In
4906::
4508:.
4496:90
4494:.
4490:.
4478:^
4464:.
4454:69
4452:.
4429:.
4419:41
4417:.
4394:.
4384:.
4374:53
4372:.
4368:.
4345:.
4335:.
4325:54
4323:.
4319:.
4305:^
4291:.
4283:.
4273:.
4261:.
4247:^
4210:.
4200:12
4198:.
4186:^
4172:.
4162:99
4160:.
4137:.
4125:.
4102:.
4092:.
4082:17
4080:.
4076:.
4025:.
4015:34
4013:.
3990:.
3980:.
3972:.
3960:.
3956:.
3933:.
3923:11
3921:.
3895:.
3855:.
3843:.
3839:.
3800:.
3798:40
3771:.
3763:.
3751:.
3713:.
3672:.
3619:^
3545:.
3459:.
3451:.
3439:.
3392:^
3370:,
3360:^
3206:25
3172:10
3141:10
3110:25
3076:10
3045:10
2941:.
2870:.
2856:.
2818:.
2777:Sb
2685:NH
2679:,
2667:Ca
2663:Sr
2661:,
2659:Ba
2657:,
2655:Pb
2653:,
2651:Ag
2641:)
2639:Tl
2635:Sr
2633:,
2631:Ba
2629:,
2624:NH
2622:,
2603:Hg
2599:Cu
2597:,
2595:Pb
2593:,
2591:Ag
2571:Li
2564:NH
2550:Ag
2535:NH
2507:NH
2505:,
2486:NH
2465:sp
2427:sp
2418:sp
2393:sp
2388:,
2237:.
2207:.
2142:.
2015:=
1584:.
1529:(O
1409:.
1052:ln
1018:.
992:(Δ
856:sp
839:(Δ
831:(Δ
819:(Δ
779:Ni
754:.
720:.
683:O)
679:(H
671:O)
663:O)
478:su
471:sv
458:)
456:su
449:sv
433:su
426:sv
268:,
232:,
228:,
220:,
216:,
204:,
200:,
159:.
139:,
133:pH
90:.
70:,
4820:)
4816:(
4552:e
4545:t
4538:v
4516:.
4502::
4472:.
4460::
4437:.
4425::
4402:.
4380::
4353:.
4331::
4299:.
4277::
4269::
4263:8
4241:.
4237::
4218:.
4206::
4180:.
4168::
4145:.
4133::
4110:.
4096::
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