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246:
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stems. The leaves are 4–6 inches (10–15 centimeters) long and 1 in (2.5 cm) wide. The stems have lines of white hairs, while the undersides of the leaves are pubescent. The leaves are often prominently toothed. The flowers have yellow rays and are arranged into small heads on branched pyramidal shaped inflorescences, flowering occurs from July to
October. It has a rhizomatous growth habit, which can produce large colonies of clones. This goldenrod can be found growing on disturbed sites, along dry road sides to moist thickets.
33:
75:
366:
52:
292:
is a herbaceous perennial plant with stems that grow 2–4 feet (60–120 centimeters) and sometimes to 6 ft (180 cm) tall. It has a wide distribution with several varieties, which have significant variability. The lanceolate to broadly linear shaped leaves are alternately arranged on the
314:
Canada goldenrod is visited by a wide variety of insects for its pollen and nectar, including bees, wasps, flies, beetles, butterflies, and moths. It is especially strongly favored as a nectar source by bumblebees and paper wasps, such as
540:
1198:
Weis, A. E., & Abrahamson, W. G. (1986). Evolution of host-plant manipulation by gall makers: ecological and genetic factors in the
Solidago-Eurosta system. The American Naturalist, 127(5), 681-695.
342:. Its root system is very tough, and plants that have been pulled out of the ground prior to freezing and left exposed atop soil have survived winter temperatures down to -26 °C (-14 °F).
281:
held above the foliage. It is an invasive plant in other parts of the continent and several areas worldwide, including Europe and Asia. It is grown as an ornamental in flower gardens.
587:, its invasion has caused widespread concern. Local news reported that the spread of invasive plants including Canada goldenrod has caused the local extinction of 30 native plants in
1432:
Jie Li, Li Pan, Joshua N. Fletcher, Wei Lv, Ye Deng, Michael A. Vincent, Jay P. Slack, T. Scott McCluskey, Zhonghua Jia, Mark
Cushman, and A. Douglas Kinghorn (2014).
418:
Many wasps form parasitic galls inside the stem of goldenrod. There are stem, flower, and bud galls. This species is host to the following insect induced galls:
277:. It is native to northeastern and north-central North America and often forms colonies of upright growing plants, with many small yellow flowers in a branching
597:
1456:
1730:
1464:
1818:
1582:
1317:
311:(such as fire) and rarely persists once shrubs and trees become established. It is found in very dry locations and also waterlogged ones.
1836:
334:
It can be extremely aggressive and tends to form monocultures and near-monocultures in parts of its native range, such as in southwest
1926:
1678:
1054:
1756:
1691:
1302:
728:"Hepatorenal Protective Effects of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Solidago canadensis L. against Paracetamol-Induced Toxicity in Mice"
1854:
667:
1784:
1183:
976:
949:
922:
895:
796:
1905:
2072:
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383:
2052:
1419:
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1616:
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1032:. US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory
2067:
1003:
868:
405:
2024:
1993:
1823:
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473:
59:
1988:
1859:
1282:
387:
1944:
1805:
1522:
1670:
1657:
1556:
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818:
307:
It is found in a variety of habitats. It typically is one of the first plants to colonize an area after a
304:
is sometimes browsed by deer and is good to fair as food for domestic livestock such as cattle or horses.
1952:
1743:
1531:
1448:
1266:
843:
1939:
1696:
1343:
527:
2029:
636:
1846:
1779:
1262:
993:
839:
74:
1631:
1025:
991:
788:
Plants of
British Columbia: Scientific and Common Names of Vascular Plants, Bryophytes, and Lichens
592:
1797:
1085:"Observations on Late Season Pollination of Solidago canadensis L. (Asteraceae) in Southwest Ohio"
1931:
1665:
671:
602:
504:
463:
376:
2003:
1735:
1652:
1484:
704:
522:
483:
423:
1173:
912:
885:
858:
786:
966:
512:
327:. Aside from wasps, it is also visited frequently by honeybees and some butterflies, such as
317:
308:
191:
1885:
939:
1590:
493:
443:
1294:
8:
433:
41:
1420:"Complementary and Alternative Medicine - Penn State Hershey Medical Center - Goldenrod"
2011:
1644:
1129:
1104:
762:
727:
726:
Rahimi, Omid; Asadi Louie, Nilufar; Salehi, Alireza; Faed Maleki, Firouz (2022-12-17).
453:
215:
69:
1918:
1390:
2057:
1880:
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1348:
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999:
972:
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891:
864:
792:
767:
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826:
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province. Eradication attempts are still underway as of 2021. Confusion with native
612:. It is still spreading across China, and sightings have been reported in as far as
2016:
1569:
1208:
Kaltenbach, J.H. (1869). "Die deutschen
Phytophagen aus der Klasse der Insekten ".
1140:
757:
739:
32:
1957:
1895:
1867:
1536:
1338:
1321:
270:
112:
1980:
1810:
1771:
992:
John C. Kricher; National
Audubon Society; National Wildlife Federation (1998).
338:
clay loam. It not only seeds a great deal, but also spreads rapidly via running
1913:
349:
99:
2046:
1621:
1507:
1363:
1152:
1100:
753:
549:
278:
245:
207:
1366:[Scary! Localities fighting the "Devil's Flower", report on sight].
1748:
771:
744:
1970:
941:
A Naturalist's Guide to Field Plants: An
Ecology for Eastern North America
1792:
1704:
1546:
1516:
1872:
713:
County-level distribution map from the North
American Plant Atlas (NAPA)
1683:
1144:
1108:
1084:
390: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
274:
267:
158:
1128:
Werner, Patricia A.; Gross, Ronald S.; Bradbury, Ian K. (1980-10-01).
1709:
1639:
1603:
148:
1478:
365:
1965:
1831:
1501:
1320:[Focus: Goldenrods going wild] (in Chinese). Archived from
588:
584:
572:
168:
138:
125:
1722:
1608:
725:
580:
576:
339:
1595:
613:
609:
553:
1297:[Jiangsu tackles Goldenrod, the exotic plant-killer].
856:
910:
568:
561:
557:
86:
831:. Vol. 20. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press
335:
1130:"The Biology of Canadian Weeds 45. Solidago canadensis L."
825:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
682:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
508:(Loew, 1862) (spring, summer and autumn generations)
1230:Altervista Flora Italiana, Verga d'oro del Canadà,
1127:
860:
A Field Guide to
Western Medicinal Plants and Herbs
1055:"Taxonomic adventures in the world of paper wasps"
985:
784:
1171:
911:France Royer; Richard Dickinson (December 1996).
904:
2044:
1078:
1076:
1436:2014 77 (7), 1739-1743. DOI: 10.1021/np5001413.
1082:
1048:
1046:
995:A Field Guide to Eastern Forests, North America
968:Methods in Comparative Plant Population Ecology
964:
715:. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
1201:
1083:Blackwell, Will H.; Powell, Martha J. (1981).
883:
850:
662:
660:
1165:
1073:
937:
778:
1043:
863:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 131–.
828:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
629:
1333:
1331:
1309:
1244:
1242:
914:Wildflowers of Calgary and Southern Alberta
657:
296:
1207:
1121:
1023:
998:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 2–.
958:
944:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 9–.
816:
812:
810:
808:
666:
627:
50:
31:
1225:
1223:
971:. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–.
877:
857:Steven Foster; Christopher Hobbs (2002).
817:Semple, John C.; Cook, Rachel E. (2006).
761:
743:
406:Learn how and when to remove this message
1426:
1412:
1337:
1328:
1278:
1276:
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917:. University of Alberta. pp. 118–.
539:
244:
1388:
1382:
931:
805:
699:
697:
2045:
1248:
1220:
1030:Fire Effects Information System (FEIS)
890:. Menasha Ridge Press. pp. 124–.
1483:
1482:
1273:
1172:Maureen Heffernan (1 February 2010).
1012:
680:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
1994:d295afef-0b64-4c4c-b5ce-d5d695770d0a
1847:1ebe2ad8-a927-4fec-b911-c77a96d3c195
1052:
887:Wildflowers of the Appalachian Trail
694:
608:, it has reduced orange harvests in
388:adding citations to reliable sources
359:
1175:Native Plants for Your Maine Garden
674:Solidago canadensis
535:
13:
1178:. Down East Books. pp. 213–.
1053:Buck, Matthias (26 October 2012).
14:
2084:
1457:United States Geological Survey:
1442:
1389:Hassler, Frank (21 August 2014).
1236:photos, European distribution map
1210:Verh. Naturh. Ver. Preuss. Rheinl
1133:Canadian Journal of Plant Science
1061:. Entomological Society of Canada
884:Leonard Adkins (10 August 2006).
1945:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:249454-1
1315:
1305:from the original on 2006-06-24.
938:Donald D. Cox (1 January 2005).
571:, particularly the provinces of
364:
73:
1361:
1355:
1287:
1192:
591:, as of 2004. According to the
474:Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis
375:needs additional citations for
1400:. Good Oak Ecological Services
719:
500:(spring and summer generation)
284:
1:
1249:Chen, Yilin; Semple, John C.
785:Hong Qian; K. Klinka (1998).
623:
1351:Literary Archive Foundation.
791:. UBC Press. pp. 440–.
646:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
567:In eastern and southeastern
7:
2073:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1465:Profile: Canada Goldenrod (
1434:Journal of Natural Products
1267:Harvard University Herbaria
844:Harvard University Herbaria
10:
2089:
2053:NatureServe secure species
1364:"可怕！多地围剿"恶魔之花"，看到这种花请立刻上报"
1344:Wild Flowers Worth Knowing
644:Plants of the World Online
544:Canada goldenrod in Japan.
16:Species of flowering plant
2063:Flora of Northern America
1491:
1471:Photos, Drawings, Text. (
1449:Jepson Manual Treatment:
1283:Atlas of Living Australia
1263:Missouri Botanical Garden
1261:– via eFloras.org,
1024:Coladonato, Milo (1993).
840:Missouri Botanical Garden
838:– via eFloras.org,
221:
214:
197:
190:
70:Scientific classification
68:
48:
39:
30:
23:
2068:Plants described in 1753
965:David J. Gibson (2015).
548:It is established as an
355:
348:is winter hardy in USDA
297:Ecology and distribution
1473:Wild Plants of Winnipeg
505:Rhopalomyia solidaginis
464:Eutreta novaeboracensis
1295:"江苏清剿被称为植物杀手的外来生物一枝黄花"
1265:, St. Louis, MO &
842:, St. Louis, MO &
620:species is a concern.
545:
523:Calycomyza solidaginis
484:Lasioptera solidaginis
424:Asteromyia carbonifera
250:
249:Inflorescence in bloom
1475:from Nature Manitoba)
1026:"Solidago canadensis"
732:Journal of Toxicology
543:
513:Schizomyia racemicola
318:Polistes parametricus
248:
1301:(in Chinese). 2004.
745:10.1155/2022/9091605
517:(Osten Sacken, 1862)
494:Rhopalomyia capitata
444:Epiblema scudderiana
438:(Beutenmuller, 1907)
428:(Osten Sacken, 1862)
384:improve this article
1896:Solidago_canadensis
1837:Solidago~canadensis
1583:Solidago_canadensis
1523:Solidago canadensis
1493:Solidago canadensis
1467:Solidago canadensis
1459:Solidago canadensis
1451:Solidago canadensis
1253:Solidago canadensis
1232:Solidago canadensis
821:Solidago canadensis
707:Solidago canadensis
639:Solidago canadensis
454:Eurosta solidaginis
434:Asteromyia tumifica
346:Solidago canadensis
302:Solidago canadensis
290:Solidago canadensis
255:Solidago canadensis
201:Solidago canadensis
42:Conservation status
25:Solidago canadensis
1391:"Canada Goldenrod"
1145:10.4141/cjps80-194
546:
488:Osten Sacken, 1863
264:Canadian goldenrod
251:
183:S. canadensis
2040:
2039:
1881:Open Tree of Life
1485:Taxon identifiers
1349:Project Gutenberg
1185:978-0-89272-900-5
1059:Research Blogging
978:978-0-19-967147-2
951:978-0-8156-0780-9
924:978-0-88864-283-7
897:978-0-89732-974-3
798:978-0-7748-0652-7
552:in many parts of
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324:Polistes fuscatus
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1269:, Cambridge, MA.
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1216:(3, 6): 106–224.
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1139:(4): 1393–1409.
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846:, Cambridge, MA.
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536:Invasive species
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260:Canada goldenrod
235:
233:Doria canadensis
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225:Aster canadensis
203:
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53:
35:
21:
20:
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448:(Clemens, 1860)
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350:hardiness zones
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271:perennial plant
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2017:wfo-0000060775
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1441:
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1327:
1324:on 2004-12-17.
1318:"焦点访谈：疯长的一枝黄花"
1308:
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1259:Flora of China
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1095:(2): 136–139.
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1007:
1005:0-395-92895-8
1001:
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870:0-395-83806-1
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550:invasive weed
542:
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478:(Fitch, 1855)
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468:(Fitch, 1855)
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458:(Fitch, 1855)
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373:This section
371:
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279:inflorescence
276:
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256:
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234:
231:
226:
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220:
217:
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196:
193:
192:Binomial name
189:
185:
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105:
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101:
100:Tracheophytes
98:
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82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
61:
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1492:
1472:
1466:
1458:
1450:
1433:
1428:
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1397:
1384:
1372:. Retrieved
1370:(in Chinese)
1367:
1357:
1342:
1322:the original
1311:
1298:
1289:
1258:
1252:
1231:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1194:
1174:
1167:
1156:. Retrieved
1136:
1132:
1123:
1112:. Retrieved
1092:
1088:
1063:. Retrieved
1058:
1034:. Retrieved
1029:
994:
987:
967:
960:
940:
933:
913:
906:
886:
879:
859:
852:
833:. Retrieved
827:
820:
787:
780:
735:
731:
721:
712:
706:
684:. Retrieved
679:
673:
648:. Retrieved
643:
638:
631:
617:
596:
566:
547:
521:
511:
503:
492:
482:
472:
462:
452:
442:
432:
422:
417:
402:
393:
382:Please help
377:verification
374:
345:
344:
333:
322:
316:
313:
306:
301:
300:
289:
288:
263:
259:
254:
253:
252:
232:
224:
200:
198:
182:
181:
169:
132:
119:
106:
93:
24:
18:
1793:NatureServe
1705:iNaturalist
1517:Wikispecies
1398:goodoak.com
686:18 November
601: [
396:August 2023
309:disturbance
285:Description
258:, known as
236:(L.) Lunell
228:(L.) Kuntze
113:Angiosperms
60:NatureServe
2047:Categories
2001:WisFlora:
1914:Plant List
1554:Calflora:
1404:9 November
1374:25 October
1368:new.qq.com
1362:SUN, hai.
1158:2021-10-22
1114:2021-10-21
1065:9 November
1036:2009-08-24
835:2022-05-01
668:USDA, NRCS
650:2022-04-08
624:References
528:Kaltenbach
498:Felt, 1908
275:Asteraceae
268:herbaceous
159:Asteraceae
1919:gcc-17814
1671:200024550
1658:200024550
1640:FloraBase
1153:0008-4220
1101:0008-7475
754:1687-8205
177:Species:
149:Asterales
83:Kingdom:
2058:Solidago
1989:VicFlora
1978:VASCAN:
1966:Tropicos
1893:PalDat:
1832:NSWFlora
1798:2.639447
1736:10697891
1723:249454-1
1578:eFloraSA
1544:BioLib:
1502:Wikidata
1341:(2005).
1303:Archived
1089:Castanea
772:36573135
738:: 1–11.
670:(n.d.).
618:Solidago
595:program
589:Shanghai
585:Shanghai
573:Zhejiang
340:rhizomes
329:monarchs
266:, is an
216:Synonyms
170:Solidago
155:Family:
139:Asterids
126:Eudicots
2030:1087131
1971:2711073
1780:MoBotPF
1684:5389029
1508:Q254436
1109:4033045
763:9789909
581:Jiangxi
577:Jiangsu
165:Genus:
145:Order:
87:Plantae
58: (
56:Secure
1927:PLANTS
1886:872344
1844:NZOR:
1785:277473
1632:solcan
1629:FEIS:
1622:159491
1596:578217
1316:CCTV.
1182:
1151:
1107:
1099:
1002:
975:
948:
921:
894:
867:
795:
770:
760:
752:
614:Yunnan
610:Ningbo
554:Europe
530:, 1869
2025:WoRMS
1958:74364
1932:SOCA6
1903:PFI:
1855:NZPCN
1824:59297
1762:36224
1749:50599
1731:IRMNG
1710:67808
1697:34917
1617:EUNIS
1609:SOOCA
1570:4Y76S
1557:10382
1547:41389
1537:71581
1394:(PDF)
1299:江南时报
1105:JSTOR
605:]
569:China
562:China
558:Japan
356:Galls
352:3–9.
133:Clade
120:Clade
107:Clade
94:Clade
2004:5083
1981:3445
1940:POWO
1906:5407
1873:7487
1860:2780
1819:NCBI
1757:ITIS
1718:IPNI
1692:GRIN
1679:GBIF
1645:8228
1604:EPPO
1532:APNI
1406:2019
1376:2022
1180:ISBN
1149:ISSN
1097:ISSN
1067:2019
1000:ISBN
973:ISBN
946:ISBN
919:ISBN
892:ISBN
865:ISBN
793:ISBN
768:PMID
750:ISSN
736:2022
688:2015
593:CCTV
583:and
560:and
336:Ohio
321:and
2012:WFO
1953:RHS
1806:NBN
1772:454
1744:ISC
1666:FoC
1653:FNA
1591:EoL
1565:CoL
1141:doi
758:PMC
740:doi
641:L."
386:by
262:or
2049::
2027::
2014::
1991::
1968::
1955::
1942::
1929::
1916::
1883::
1870::
1857::
1834::
1821::
1808::
1795::
1782::
1759::
1746::
1733::
1720::
1707::
1694::
1681::
1668::
1655::
1642::
1619::
1606::
1593::
1580::
1567::
1534::
1519::
1504::
1396:.
1347:.
1330:^
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1234:L.
1222:^
1214:26
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1147:.
1137:60
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1103:.
1093:46
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1087:.
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603:zh
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1069:.
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1008:.
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954:.
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900:.
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823:"
819:"
801:.
774:.
742::
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690:.
676:"
672:"
653:.
637:"
409:)
403:(
398:)
394:(
380:.
62:)
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