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followers and respect for David's right to the princely title, if she broke with the
Ottomans and immediately returned to Guria. In case of refusal, the Russian threatened to pronounce David "a traitor" and strip him of his right to rule. Paskevich's letters were intercepted by the Ottoman authorities and never reached the addressee. In the meantime, General Hesse took Kintrishi on 9 August 1829. Sophia, David, and their retinue narrowly escaped to Trebizond, where the princess, exhausted and demoralized, died at the small town of
95:, ruler of Guria. They had five children together, one son and four daughters. Mamia, who had accepted Russian suzerainty over his principality in 1810, died on 21 November 1826, at the age of 37. The widowed princess Sophia hurried to proclaim the succession of her underage son David under her own tutelage on 24 November 1826. The Russian commander-in-chief in the Caucasus, General
159:'s two battalions to Guria, ostensibly bound for cooperation with the Gurian forces. Sensing the imminent threat, on the night of 1 to 2 October 1828, Sophia with her son David and the eldest daughter Ekaterina and an entourage of loyal nobles fled Guria to Kobuleti. The Russian troops quickly occupied Guria, seizing Sophia's two little daughters at the Gurieli castle of
163:, and repulsed an attack from the Ottoman territory on the frontier fort of St. Nicholas. Sophia was declared deposed, her properties confiscated, and a provisional administration—consisting of four Russia-friendly Gurian princes and presided by the Russian colonel Kulyabka—was set up to run the principality, nominally, in the name of Prince David.
171:
In the spring of 1829, Sophia, from her residence at the
Kintrishi glade, in the immediate neighborhood of Guria, issued proclamations to the Gurians calling on them to resist the Russians and defend their rightful sovereign. Paskevich sent her several letters promising amnesty for her and her
103:—presided by Sophia and consisting of the leading nobles of Guria. The Gurian leaders quickly became divided in loyalties and Sophia suspected the Russians were making use of the council to undermine her authority and Guria's autonomy.
176:(Platana) on 7 September 1829 and was buried at the local Greek monastery of St. Sofia; her grave has been lost. On 9 September 1829, David was proclaimed deposed and Guria was directly annexed to the Russian Empire.
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Russian and
Ottoman empires was approaching, Sophia opened clandestine negotiations with the Ottoman representatives and reached out to Gurian political exiles who had fled to the Ottoman-controlled district of
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The fall of Poti to the
Russian troops forced Princess Sophia to step back and write a letter to Paskevich, promising to rally a Gurian force to aid the Russians in the conquest of Kobuleti and
128:
during the 1820 anti-Russian rebellion. Sophia and her favorite, Prince David
Machutadze, became vocal in calling for a break with Russia. Unlike Imereti and
99:, insisted the move was not valid until sanctioned by the Russian government. Eventually, the two sides agreed to appoint a regency council—headquartered in
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and replaced them with stronger Gurian patrols, opening a line of communications with Poti and causing the
Russian commander-in-chief
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From dynastic principality to imperial district: the incorporation of Guria into the
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Princess Sophia was a daughter of Giorgi
Tsulukidze, a high-ranking nobleman of the
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Noble families of the
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Russia and the
Eastern Question: Army, Government, and Society, 1815–1833
382:] (in Russian). Tiflis: Caucasus Military District Staff Typography.
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The Consolidation of Russian Dominance over the Caucasus, Vol. 4, Part 2
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136:, immediately north of Guria. Furthermore, Sophia expelled Mingrelian
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The Consolidation of Russian Dominance over the Caucasus
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Grebelsky, P. Kh.; Dumin, S.V.; Lapin, V.V. (1993).
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encroachment on Gurian self-rule and sided with the
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372:Belyavsky, N.N.; Potto, V.A., eds. (1908).
360:Утверждение русского владычества на Кавказе
357:Belyavsky, N.N.; Potto, V.A., eds. (1904).
475:19th-century people from Georgia (country)
470:18th-century people from Georgia (country)
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43:(წულუკიძე) (died 7 September 1829) was a
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148:to forewarn her of the consequences.
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192:Grebelsky, Dumin & Lapin 1993
410:(Ph.D.). University of Michigan.
115:Map of the Principality of Guria
75:, where she died the same year.
71:, but failed and had to flee to
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485:Princesses consort of Guria
91:. Around 1814, she married
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435:. London: Reaktion Books.
423:] (in Russian). Vesti.
306:Belyavsky & Potto 1908
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387:Bitis, Alexander (2006).
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79:Marriage and regency
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140:from the shores of
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167:Downfall and death
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89:Kingdom of Imereti
51:, in southwestern
107:Russo-Turkish War
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318:Church 2001
240:Church 2001
121:war between
454:Categories
351:References
342:Bitis 2006
157:Karl Hesse
85:Tsulukidze
41:Tsulukidze
130:Mingrelia
73:Trebizond
32:romanized
431:(2012).
174:Akçaabat
161:Likhauri
126:Kobuleti
101:Nagomari
21:Georgian
119:As the
65:Russian
53:Georgia
39:), née
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153:Batumi
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419:[
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180:Notes
49:Guria
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134:Poti
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19:(
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