58:
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423:, which also housed a wide array of cargo ships containing fuel and spare parts intended for the base. Flying at high attitude and approaching the island from the north, the bombers remained undetected until they dropped their payload, safely returning. As a result of the raid the Japanese lost a large shipment of fuel, 40 aircraft were destroyed on the ground, port facilities and hangars were destroyed while several ships sustained minor damages. On 28 April, the Japanese launched a massive air raid on the
31:
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263:. At the time the Soviet Union was undergoing a country wide program of mass industrialization in preparation for a potential war on two fronts (with Germany and Japan respectively). The establishment of Manchukuo complicated the situation as its territory now housed a colony of 40,000 Soviet citizens working on the
267:. Although the Soviets refused to officially recognize the new state, they sold the railway to the Japanese in March 1935, at a cut-rate following a series of Japanese provocations. The Soviets felt unready for a new confrontation with Japan, opting to improve relations with China as a temporary countermeasure. The
361:
had been reduced to less than 100 serviceable aircraft. These were machines so outdated that the
Soviets described them as a "museum of antiquity", and were manned by less than 600 men. Morale was low and the improvement of the situation was hampered by corrupt officials who bought outdated foreign
344:
permanently residing in China. Prior to each mission, the pilots changed into
Chinese uniforms, whilst their planes were marked with Chinese Air Force insignia. By 1941, the Soviet-built aircraft sent to China would amount to 885, including two-engine and four-engine bombers, though the latter were
302:
trainers, be sent to China. In March and July 1938 as well as in July 1939, China received loans of 50, 50 and 150 million $ respectively, with an annual interest of 3%. The loans were to be repaid through exports of tea, wool, leather and metals. Upon a
Chinese request the Soviets also agreed to
435:
after running out of fuel and ammunition. On 31 May, 18 Japanese bombers approached Wuhan for a second time, covered by 36 fighters. At the conclusion of the fight, the
Japanese bombers missed their targets and 14 of them were shot down by Soviet fighters. By May, Soviet pilots had destroyed 625
385:
selected the personnel for the Soviet
Volunteer Group. At its peak the Soviet Volunteer Group numbered 3,665 personnel, including doctors, drivers, mechanics, meteorologists, cryptographers, radio operators, airfield managers and pilots. 2,000 of these were pilots and 1,000 took part in combat
362:
equipment in return for bribes. The
Japanese outnumbered the Chinese in the air by a 13:1 ratio and were better trained. Moreover, the Japanese aircraft were faster and equipped with such novelties as night vision devices and radios, easily outmaneuvering and overpowering any opposition.
431:. At 10:00 a.m. they were met by 60 Soviet I-15 and I-16 fighters. In the largest air battle at that point of the war the Japanese lost 21 aircraft, while Soviet losses were limited to 2. Among those killed was Soviet pilot Lev Shuster, who performed an
335:
to bring 155 fighter aircraft, 62 bombers, and 8 trainers into China. The
Soviets arrived as private citizens and initially wore civilian clothing, the mission remaining a secret even from their closest relatives. They were instructed to avoid using the term
390:
where the
Soviets also had a sizeable military mission. Of the aircraft supplied, half were turned over to the Chinese Air Force and half were flown and maintained by Soviet personnel. The Soviet air units were stationed at bases near the cities of
283:. On 21 August, China and the Soviet Union signed a non–aggression pact. Although the pact made no mention of Soviet military support, it de facto established a tacit understanding that the Soviets would provide both military and material aid.
503:. Between 1937 and 1940, a total of 236 Soviet pilots were killed in action or in accidents. There are a total of 70 monuments to the Soviet aviators in China. The most notable of which being Jiefang Gongyuan (Liberation Park) in
414:
On 23 February 1938, the Soviet
Volunteer Group conducted its first operation outside Chinese borders, with 12 and 28 bombers departing from Nanjing and Hankou, respectively. The target was the island of
236:. In the plans of the Japanese general staff, Manchukuo was to serve as a stepping stone for the future conquest of the rest of China. Facing increasing pressure China strengthened its
303:
provide military advisors and volunteer pilots. The first group of military advisors arrived in China in early June 1938. By
February 1939, 3665 Soviet military specialists headed by
1812:
407:
in China's northwest at the terminus of the Soviet supply route. On 13 December 1937, the former temporary capital of Nanjing fell to the Japanese, turning the aerodrome of
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remained silent on the issue of Japanese imperialism, pushing China to reactivate its unofficial communication channels with its only remaining potential ally. The
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Although the personnel were briefed on the situation in China and the importance of their participation in the fight against Japan, they were not volunteers;
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was signed leading to considerable Soviet military assistance to China, including the volunteer squadrons. China paid for the support with raw materials.
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into the main Soviet base. 200 Soviet pilots took part in the defense of the new capital, Hankou, flying in mixed squadrons along with Chinese pilots.
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In the Skies and on the Ground in China: Soviet military advisors and volunteer pilots in China during the period of the Sino–Japanese War 1937–1945
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275:, signed on 25 November 1936, erased the last doubts held by both sides regarding the ongoing reconciliation efforts. On 7 July 1937, the
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between the Soviet Union and Germany in 1939. As a result, the Chinese turned to the United States, which authorized the creation of the
248:, reorganizing the army and providing training and modern arms. German aid began to wane in 1937 and was cut completely in May 1938, as
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bombers. Over 1,200 aircraft had been sent to China by the end of 1941. At the time of the arrival of the first Soviet volunteers, the
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662:На Земле и в Небе Китая: Советские военные советники и летчики–добровольцы в Китае в период японо–китайской войны 1937–1945 гг
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507:, which was built in 1956 and houses the remains of 15 Soviet pilots. The Liberation Park Memorial was renovated in 2008.
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enemy aircraft and damaged 150 military and civilian ships. The Soviet squadrons were withdrawn after the
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never used in combat. Apart from the aforementioned I-15, I-16 and UT-4, the Soviets also supplied
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232:. Japan went on to transform the north–east of China into a puppet state under the name of
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Polikarpov I-16 with Chinese insignia. I-16 was the main fighter plane used by the
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missions. Some of them had been sent directly from the front lines of the
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military airport with the intent of celebrating the birthday of emperor
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Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and His American Volunteers, 1941–1942
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In October 1937, some 450 Soviet pilots and technicians assembled in
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pursued an expansionist policy against its weakened neighbors in the
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Japanese aircraft engineers examine a captured Soviet I-16 fighter.
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The Soviet High Command: A Military-Political History, 1918–1941
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Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945)
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Prelude to Pearl Harbor: The Air War in China, 1937–1941
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In September 1937, a secret decree issued by the Soviet
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National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology
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provided crucial military support to the government of
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Military units and formations disestablished in 1940
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Distinguished pilots who fought in the unit include
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realigned himself with Japan and Manchukuo instead.
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216:and the subsequent worldwide economic crisis, the
1808:Military units and formations established in 1937
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240:. Starting from 1933, a German mission headed by
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1783:Units and formations of the Soviet Air Forces
1586:Chinese-American Composite Wing (Provisional)
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1225:2023 Chinese military exercises around Taiwan
1220:2022 Chinese military exercises around Taiwan
937:Chinese-American Composite Wing (Provisional)
768:
668:]. Moscow: Russian Academy of Sciences.
259:diplomatic ties had been cut following the
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973:101st Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion
858:Department of Conscription Administration
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224:. On 18 September 1931, Japan staged the
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1318:Ship and Ocean Industries R&D Center
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459:Monument to the Soviet aviators in Wuhan
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290:ordered that 225 aircraft, including 62
1803:Volunteer military units and formations
791:Republic of China (Taiwan) Armed Forces
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1308:Taiwan and weapons of mass destruction
888:Republic of China Armed Forces Reserve
723:
571:
1379:12th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron
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968:12th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron
756:
1288:List of military accidents in Taiwan
709:. Harper Collins-Smithsonian Books.
701:
631:
1445:Republic of China Air Force Academy
1246:Coast Guard Administration (Taiwan)
883:All-Out Defense Mobilization Agency
748:Soviet Fighters in the Sky of China
687:(3rd ed.). London: Routledge.
106:3,665 pilots and ground crew (peak)
13:
1450:Republic of China Air Force Museum
1386:(U.S. Air Force training squadron)
14:
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1273:Heng Shan Military Command Center
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196:between 1937 and 1941. After the
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1611:Technical Air Intelligence Unit
1298:National Airborne Service Corps
952:Technical Air Intelligence Unit
909:National Defense Medical Center
202:Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
1390:Thunder Tigers Aerobatics Team
728:. San Diego Aerospace Museum.
228:using it as a pretext for its
184:was the volunteer part of the
1:
1717:Sniper Advanced Targeting Pod
1008:Thunder Tiger Aerobatics Team
653:
230:invasion of Chinese Manchuria
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97:Nationalist Chinese Air Force
24:Советские добровольцы в Китае
1798:Japan–Soviet Union relations
1793:China–Soviet Union relations
873:Ministry of National Defense
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331:, subsequently traveling to
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279:marked the beginning of the
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1788:Republic of China Air Force
1365:Republic of China Air Force
897:National Defense University
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261:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
10:
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1293:Military history of Taiwan
1258:Defense industry of Taiwan
277:Marco Polo Bridge Incident
198:Marco Polo Bridge Incident
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660:Chudodeev, Yuriy (2017).
214:Wall Street Crash of 1929
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1564:American Volunteer Group
1323:Veterans Affairs Council
863:National Security Bureau
517:American Volunteer Group
442:American Volunteer Group
281:Second Sino-Japanese War
212:In the aftermath of the
194:Second Sino-Japanese War
133:Second Sino-Japanese War
1415:Chiashan Air Force Base
683:Erickson, John (2001).
419:, the main base of the
265:Chinese Eastern Railway
1606:Soviet Volunteer Group
1579:Squadron Memorial Hall
947:Soviet Volunteer Group
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324:
323:and Soviet volunteers.
182:Soviet Volunteer Group
19:Soviet Volunteer Group
1384:21st Fighter Squadron
1198:Taiwan Strait crises
1113:T75 light machine gun
978:21st Fighter Squadron
902:Fu Hsing Kang College
458:
368:
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1818:Bombing of Chongqing
1616:Yemenite War of 1979
724:Wagner, Ray (1991).
489:Konstantin Kokkinaki
188:sent to support the
1148:XT-97 assault rifle
646:, pp. 110–116.
438:non-aggression pact
379:Aleksandr Loktionov
307:had been deployed.
273:Anti-Comintern Pact
35:Soviet aviators at
1621:327th Air Division
1574:Black Bat Squadron
1569:Black Cat Squadron
1268:Han Kuang Exercise
1138:T112 assault rifle
1123:T77 submachine gun
998:Black Cat Squadron
993:Black Bat Squadron
622:, pp. 74–106.
485:Grigory Kravchenko
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421:Japanese Air Force
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1420:Chihhang Air Base
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1251:Special Task Unit
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1133:T91 assault rifle
1128:T86 assault rifle
1103:T65 assault rifle
1016:
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853:Air Force Academy
716:978-0-06-124655-5
675:978-5-89282-717-1
610:, pp. 57–69.
586:, pp. 57–60.
562:, pp. 21–29.
550:, pp. 11–21.
388:Spanish Civil War
383:Yakov Smushkevich
359:Chinese Air Force
321:Chinese Air Force
269:League of Nations
238:ties with Germany
190:Republic of China
186:Soviet Air Forces
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82:Republic of China
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1435:Taoyuan Air Base
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1143:T93 sniper rifle
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477:Timofey Khryukin
375:Soviet Air Force
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381:and his deputy
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305:Mikhail Dratvin
296:Polikarpov I-16
292:Polikarpov I-15
246:Chiang Kai-shek
242:Hans von Seeckt
226:Mukden Incident
218:Empire of Japan
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170:Polikarpov I-15
166:Polikarpov I-16
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942:Flying Tigers
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914:Naval Academy
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841:Organizations
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694:0-7146-5178-8
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1533:Chien Hsiang
1283:Kuma Academy
1234:Other topics
1194:Conscription
1168:Chien Hsiang
1098:Type 64 tank
1056:Sky Sword II
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848:Army Academy
815:Marine Corps
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703:Ford, Daniel
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250:Adolf Hitler
211:
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150:Tupolev TB-3
64:Soviet Union
1508:T-34 Mentor
1498:E-2 Hawkeye
1493:Mirage 2000
1158:XTR-101/102
1051:Sky Sword I
572:Wagner 1991
192:during the
129:Engagements
111:Garrison/HQ
1772:Categories
1752:AN/TPS-117
1747:AN/FPS-117
1408:Facilities
1118:T75 pistol
930:Historical
654:References
377:commander
351:Tupolev SB
208:Background
154:Tupolev SB
70:Allegiance
1757:PAVE PAWS
1662:Wan Chien
1630:Equipment
1503:P-3 Orion
1473:Fokker 50
1372:Structure
1178:Albatross
1061:Wan Chien
1038:Sky Bow I
1033:Sky Spear
1028:Sky Horse
1021:Equipment
827:Air Force
632:Ford 2007
523:Footnotes
451:Monuments
409:Xiangyang
403:, and at
401:Chongqing
311:Operation
234:Manchukuo
47:1937–1941
1742:Skyguard
1692:Magic II
1667:AIM-120C
1538:Teng Yun
1461:Aircraft
1173:Cardinal
1083:Yun Feng
798:Branches
734:28440168
705:(2007).
511:See also
429:Hirohito
333:Alma Ata
222:Far East
119:Nanchang
1722:LANTIRN
1712:Paveway
1707:AGM-154
1557:History
1153:Kestrel
961:Current
405:Lanzhou
393:Nanjing
338:comrade
288:Orgburo
161:Fighter
123:Lanzhou
115:Nanjing
52:Country
1702:AGM-84
1697:AGM-65
1682:AGM-88
1523:F-CK-1
1478:C-130H
1187:Issues
732:
713:
691:
672:
417:Taiwan
399:, and
397:Hankou
353:, and
329:Moscow
298:and 8
257:Soviet
200:, the
145:Bomber
88:Branch
79:
61:
44:Active
1727:PAC-3
1677:AIM-7
1672:AIM-9
1647:TC-2A
1543:EC225
1278:Ranks
1093:CM-32
1003:MPSSC
923:Units
664:[
505:Wuhan
425:Wuhan
294:, 93
255:Sino–
1737:TK-3
1732:TK-2
1687:MICA
1642:TC-2
1637:TC-1
1548:S-70
1513:AT-3
1483:F-16
1212:1996
1207:1958
1202:1955
988:ASSC
983:ARPU
810:Navy
805:Army
730:OCLC
711:ISBN
689:ISBN
670:ISBN
499:and
180:The
103:Size
1518:T-5
1488:F-5
1078:III
1074:IIE
1046:III
475:,
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678:.
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