48:
369:
808:
769:
also existed at the time. However, the early authorities were temporary and unconnected to local government structure. The first laws authorizing permanent authorities connected to local governments were the
Incorporated Guardians of the Poor, which were created by special acts in the 17th century.
453:
The United States Census counts government units across all States. This includes "special districts." To count the special districts the Census must define the special districts so as to address all such governmental entities across the broad spectrum of 50 states' definitions and interpretations.
474:
In order to be classified as a special district government, rather than as a subordinate agency, an entity must possess three attributesâexistence as an organized entity, governmental character, and substantial autonomy. Each state description also lists various statutory authorities, commissions,
462:
Special district governments provide specific services that are not being supplied by existing general purpose governments. Most perform a single function, but in some instances, their enabling legislation allows them to provide several, usually related, types of services. The services provided by
735:
relationship. To maintain accountability for special districts, states must maintain ultimate control (the power to repeal the authorizing law at any time). Due to public foundation and, thus, ultimate control, the state can freely delegate sovereign power (such as the power to tax) to special
719:
power from the state. Some boards may be appointed by only landowners. Private entities may appoint some or all of the members of a special district; however, there must be evidence of civil office. In addition to special districts with privately appointed boards, a special district may have a
470:
The Census Bureau classification of special district governments covers a wide variety of entities, most of which are officially called districts or authorities. Not all public agencies so termed, however, represent separate governments. Many entities that carry the designation ââdistrictââ or
458:
Special district governments are independent, special purpose governmental units, other than school district governments, that exist as separate entities with substantial administrative and fiscal independence from general purpose local governments. As defined for Census Bureau statistics on
471:ââauthorityââ are, by law, so closely related to county, municipal, town or township, or state governments that they are classified as subordinate agencies of those governments in Census Bureau statistics on governments, and are not counted as separate special district governments.
475:
corporations, and other forms of organizations that have certain governmental characteristics, but are subject by law to administrative or fiscal control by the state or by independent local governments; therefore, they are classified as subordinate agencies of those governments.
667:
in accordance with state law (either constitutional amendment, general law, or special acts) and exist in all states. Special districts are legally separate entities with at least some corporate powers. Districts are created by legislative action, court action, or public
764:
Special districts in the United States follow the
English custom. The earliest known general law in England authorizing special purpose authorities was the Statute of Sewers of 1532. Single purpose authorities created by individual
702:
in 1819. Dartmouth established the fundamental differences between public and private organizations. Critically, a government must be founded by all of the people of a governmental area or by their governmental representatives.
854:
All of the following examples have been found by the U.S. Census Bureau to be special districts. See the Census of
Governments Government Organization publications at a depository library or visit
863:
794:
close behind. State counts of their special districts may differ from the federal count because the states may have different definitions of a special district than the U.S. Census Bureau.
1713:
676:, hearings, voter or landowner approval, or government approval. Tribal governments may create special districts pursuant to state law and may serve on the boards of special districts.
397:
1814:
162:
1454:
Currie, D. P. (1982, Fall). The
Constitution in the Supreme Court: State and Congressional powers, 1801-1835. University of Chicago Law Review. 49 U. Chi. L. Rev. 887.
1752:
1490:
Mitzanry, K, & Manatt, A. (2002, February).What's so special about special districts? A citizen's guide to special districts in
California. 3rd. ed. p. 7 (box).
1071:
1344:
1119:
891:
390:
1356:
Mitzanry, K, & Manatt, A. (2002, February) What's so special about special districts? A citizen's guide to special districts in
California. 3rd. ed. p. 4.
1250:
Mitzanry, K, & Manatt, A. (2002, February).What's so special about special districts? A citizen's guide to special districts in
California. 3rd. ed. p. 2.
1544:
Mead, D. M. (Winter 2002). The role of GASB 34 in the citizen-government accountability relationship. State and Local
Government Review. Vol 34, No. 1 51-63.
744:
There is little information available on the earliest special districts in the United States. It is known that park districts existed in the 18th century.
433:
governments, with substantial administrative and fiscal independence. They are formed to perform a single function or a set of related functions. The term
1610:
Advisory
Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. (1964, May). The problem special districts in American government. Washington, DC UNT Digital Library
55:
1104:
946:
383:
905:
101:
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governments, the term ââspecial district governmentsââ excludes school district governments as they are defined as a separate governmental type.
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216:
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250:
1006:
294:
154:
1291:
1089:
918:
192:
166:
822:
47:
1809:
1044:
1499:
Burns, N. The formation of
American local governments: Private values in public institutions. Oxford University Press, 1994, p. 12.
1418:
Newmyer, R. K. John Marshall and heroic age of the Supreme Court. Louisiana State University Press: Baton Rouge, 2001, pp. 244-253.
1335:
Burns, N. The formation of American local governments: Private values in public institutions. Oxford University Press, 1994, p. 14.
1123:
1096:
1757:
887:
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1048:
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1260:
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was adopted by California in 1887. The U.S. Census Bureau began identifying and collecting data on special districts in 1942.
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fashion as other local governments. Most districts have employees, but some districts exist solely to raise funds by issuing
109:
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1066:
818:
340:
282:
1765:
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868:
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these districts range from such basic social needs as hospitals and fire protection, to the less conspicuous tasks of
1619:
Bollens, J. C. (1957). Special district government in the United States. University of California Press, pp. 142-144.
958:
290:
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900:
179:
158:
88:
84:
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242:
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421:) are independent, special-purpose governmental units that exist separately from local governments such as
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332:
150:
1202:
121:
117:
1694:
Krane, D., Rigos, P. N., and Hill, M. B. Home rule in America: A fifty-state handbook. CQ Press. 2001.
1553:
Hess V. Port Authority Trans-Hudson Corporation, 513 U.S. 30, 115 S. Ct. 394, 130 L. Ed. 2d 245 (1994)
1580:
Hess v. Port Authority Trans-Hudson Corporation, 513 U.S. 30,115 S. Ct. 394, 130 L. Ed. 2d 245 (1994)
70:
35:
430:
221:
174:
1571:
Palm Beach County Health Care District v. Everglades Memorial Hospital, 658 So. 2d 577 (Fla. 1995)
1526:
Palm Beach County Health Care District v. Everglades Memorial Hospital 658 So. 2d 577 (Fla. 1995)
834:
775:
544:
516:, appointed by private entities, popularly elected, or elected by benefited citizens (typically,
229:
145:
1147:
422:
237:
137:
24:
1658:
Webb, S.(1922). English local government: Statutory authorities for special purposes. p. 299.
1649:
Webb, S.(1922). English local government: Statutory authorities for special purposes. p. 300.
324:
286:
1640:
Webb, S.(1922). English local government: Statutory authorities for special purposes. p. 61.
1347:. (1993, March). State laws governing local government structure and administration. page 7.
1774:
608:
600:
509:
373:
266:
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privately founded board; however, such a board could not be given the power to set a tax.
527:
The board of a special district serves primarily as a managing board and often appoints a
8:
1039:
973:
753:
632:
353:
1227:
1691:
Friedman, L. M. A history of American law. (3rd). Simon & Schuster: New York. 2005.
693:
572:
501:
464:
438:
105:
97:
1732:
1667:
Webb, S.(1922). English local government: Statutory authorities for special purposes.
1285:
521:
1780:
Florida Department of Economic Opportunity, Special District Accountability Program
1742:
1370:
1312:
1267:
1183:
79:
1228:"2007 United States Census - Individual State Descriptions - Census of Government"
1769:
1717:
1035:
North Carolina: Research Triangle Regional Public Transit Authority (special act)
576:
528:
485:
442:
345:
315:
1753:
2006 Government Finance and Employment Classification Manual, U.S. Census Bureau
1700:
Zimmerman, J. F. The New England town meeting. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1997.
752:
corporations existed in the 19th century. The first general statute authorizing
672:. The procedures for creating a special district may include procedures such as
531:
for day-to-day operations and decision making and policy implementation. In the
1762:
1372:
2002 Census of Governments, Vol 1, Number 1, Government Organization, GC02(1)-1
1185:
2002 Census of Governments, Vol 1, Number 1, Government Organization, GC02(1)-1
1129:
872:
771:
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208:
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16:
Independent special-purpose governmental units, other than school districts
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districts and can allow them to act autonomously with little supervision.
716:
612:
532:
1074:: East Providence Special Development District Commission (special act)
791:
669:
664:
596:
588:
445:. In 2017, the U.S. had more than 51,296 special district governments.
358:
66:
1679:
U.S. Census Bureau 2012 Census of Governments Governments Organization
1598:
Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533, 84 S. Ct. 136, 12 L. Ed. 2d 506 (1964)
1191:. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. viiâviii.
745:
580:
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Special districts in the United States are founded by some level of
1606:
1604:
1142:
1107:: Buchanan County Tourist Train Development Authority (special act)
924:
787:
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517:
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1412:
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owners). Sometimes, one or more public officials will serve as an
766:
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1601:
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were an early and popular special purpose authority in England.
1409:
993:
Missouri: Jackson County Sports Complex Authority (special act)
685:
644:
113:
1436:
Louisville v. University of Louisville, 54 Ky. 642 (June 1855)
1378:. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. ix.
749:
1589:
Vogt v. Orleans Levee District, 294 F.3d 684 (5th Cir. 2002)
1101:
Vermont: Vermont Public Power Supply Authority (special act)
930:
Hawaiʻi: Central Maui Soil & Water Conservation District
643:
Special districts are authorized by state law and must have
1795:
Last Week Tonight with John Oliver: Special Districts (HBO)
1785:
State and Local Government Review - current and past issues
1116:
West Virginia: Hatfield-McCoy Regional Recreation Authority
1083:
South Dakota: television translator districts (general law)
584:
560:
1758:
2007 Governments Integrated Directory, U.S. Census Bureau
1737:
1562:
Meriwether v. Garrett, 102 U.S. 472, 26 L. Ed. 197 (1880)
951:
Iowa: library districts (joint or regional) (general law)
855:
790:
leads the nation in the number of special districts with
1747:
1727:
1722:
1345:
U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations
892:
Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District
512:, or the like. These boards may be appointed by public
488:
that accomplish legislatively assigned functions using
415:
special service districts, special district governments
1815:
Special administrative structures in the United States
1636:
1634:
1481:
Commissioner v. Shamberg's Estate, 144 F.2d 998 (1945)
1244:
880:
Valley Metro Regional Public Transportation Authority
1775:
Municipal Research and Services Center of Washington
1743:
U.S. Census Bureau/Governments Organization/Volume 1
1711:
A Citizen's Guide to Special Districts in California
1421:
884:
Arkansas: fire ant abatement districts (general law)
778:
are current examples in parts of England and Wales.
535:
states, special districts are often run in the same
1631:
969:
Maryland: water and sewer authorities (general law)
555:Special districts perform many functions including
1448:
1365:
1178:
947:Northwest Indiana Commuter Transportation District
715:, that is, the board has received a delegation of
684:Special districts, like all public entities, have
1445:Ohio v. Neff, 52 Ohio St. 375, 40 N.E. 720 (1895)
1801:
1508:Scholle v. Maryland 90 Md. 729, 46 A. 736 (1900)
1011:New Hampshire: housing authorities (general law)
908:: Pomperaug Valley Water Authority (special act)
484:Special districts serve limited areas and have
1053:Oklahoma: public library systems (general law)
996:Montana: county rail authorities (general law)
990:Mississippi: lighting districts (special acts)
696:addressing public versus private charters was
1675:
1673:
1058:Tualatin Hills Park & Recreation District
391:
1174:
1172:
1388:15A Am Jur 2d Colleges and Universities § 2
1092:: Palacios Seawall Commission (special act)
1670:
1463:Opinion No. 84-134, 1984 Okla. AG LEXIS 17
1086:Tennessee: utility districts (general law)
954:Kansas: industrial districts (general law)
919:Central Florida Tourism Oversight District
398:
384:
1697:Mergent's Municipal and Government Manual
1169:
933:Idaho: auditorium districts (general law)
1723:California Special Districts Association
1124:Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District
1097:Jordan Valley Water Conservancy District
966:Maine: cemetery districts (special acts)
963:Louisiana: West Jefferson Levee District
833:by adding descriptive text and removing
1728:Special Districts Association of Oregon
1472:Opinion No. 1007, 1994 Minn. AG LEXIS 2
1007:Las VegasâClark County Library District
711:Special districts possess some form of
1802:
1397:16B Am Jur 2d Constitutional Law § 723
1290:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1203:"Number of Local Governments by State"
1049:Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District
1022:Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District
1748:Government Accounting Standards Board
1427:Allen v. McKean, 1 F. Cas. 489 (1833)
1153:Local government in the United States
941:Cook Memorial Public Library District
1733:Oregon Special Districts Fact Sheets
1535:Sharpless v. Mayor 21 Pa. 147 (1853)
1158:Public-benefit nonprofit corporation
1067:Philadelphia Regional Port Authority
864:Alabama Municipal Electric Authority
801:
679:
448:
1517:Marks v. Frantz, 179 Ky. 638 (1956)
911:Delaware: tax ditches (general law)
13:
1685:
986:Minnehaha Creek Watershed District
871:: regional electrical authorities
479:
14:
1826:
1704:
959:Highview Fire Protection District
858:and select Governments Division.
759:
723:
495:
1810:Types of administrative division
1031:Port Washington Parking District
901:Regional Transportation District
806:
454:The Census's full definition is:
367:
46:
1763:IRS tax-exempt bond information
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500:Each district is governed by a
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728:There is a citizen-government
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1:
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1132:Solid Waste Disposal District
1016:New Jersey Turnpike Authority
699:Dartmouth College v. Woodward
658:
550:
435:special district governments
7:
1136:
1001:Omaha Public Power District
797:
217:Cities, towns, and villages
110:Alaska Native tribal entity
10:
1831:
739:
467:and upkeep of cemeteries.
122:Tribal Jurisdictional Area
118:Off-reservation trust land
1406:4B M.J. CORPORATIONS § 26
1306:"Government Organization"
927:Special Services District
781:
1110:Washington: Independent
1079:St. John's Fire District
980:HuronâClinton Metroparks
776:Internal drainage boards
419:limited purpose entities
222:Coterminous municipality
175:Consolidated city-county
23:This article is part of
835:less pertinent examples
545:tax increment financing
251:State-recognized tribes
230:Census-designated place
1148:Joint powers authority
856:https://www.census.gov
477:
304:Congressional district
37:Political divisions of
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325:Homeowner association
287:Conservation district
754:irrigation districts
609:wastewater treatment
543:and/or by providing
510:board of supervisors
374:United States portal
1209:. 14 September 2012
1040:Minot Park District
974:Holyoke Water Works
831:improve the article
633:natural gas utility
617:fiber optic systems
354:Unincorporated area
151:Unorganized Borough
1768:2012-08-25 at the
1738:U.S. Census Bureau
1716:2011-07-04 at the
1628:under construction
1367:U.S. Census Bureau
1180:U.S. Census Bureau
694:U.S. Supreme Court
573:parking facilities
502:board of directors
465:mosquito abatement
439:U.S. Census Bureau
437:as defined by the
106:Hawaiian home land
98:Indian reservation
1207:www.governing.com
852:
851:
680:Public foundation
522:ex officio member
449:Census definition
411:Special districts
408:
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291:National monument
193:Unorganized atoll
185:Municipality (PR)
39:the United States
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925:Atlanta BeltLine
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688:foundation. The
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443:school districts
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80:Federal district
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1275:. Retrieved
1268:the original
1255:
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1222:
1211:. Retrieved
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1197:
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1072:Rhode Island
1063:Pennsylvania
1020:New Mexico:
1014:New Jersey:
853:
840:
829:Please help
817:may contain
816:
785:
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727:
713:civil office
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707:Civil office
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683:
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649:civil office
647:foundation,
642:
625:water supply
601:conservation
569:mass transit
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537:town meeting
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499:
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418:
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311:
259:Fourth level
130:Second level
89:Commonwealth
71:Commonwealth
22:
1233:. p. 6
984:Minnesota:
906:Connecticut
639:Legal basis
613:solid waste
533:New England
275:Other areas
201:Third level
155:Census area
57:First level
1804:Categories
1322:2017-12-06
1277:2017-12-06
1237:2017-06-22
1213:2021-01-06
1164:References
999:Nebraska:
978:Michigan:
957:Kentucky:
888:California
823:irrelevant
792:California
670:referendum
665:government
597:irrigation
589:cemeteries
359:Ghost town
1128:Wyoming:
1120:Wisconsin
945:Indiana:
923:Georgia:
878:Arizona:
862:Alabama:
819:excessive
746:Toll road
717:sovereign
674:petitions
659:State law
593:hospitals
581:libraries
551:Functions
514:officials
441:excludes
427:municipal
85:Territory
1766:Archived
1714:Archived
1369:(2002).
1286:cite web
1182:(2002).
1143:District
1137:See also
1105:Virginia
1056:Oregon:
1027:New York
1005:Nevada:
937:Illinois
897:Colorado
825:examples
798:Examples
788:Illinois
767:charters
621:stadiums
605:sewerage
565:highways
557:airports
518:property
431:township
209:Township
159:Villages
26:a series
915:Florida
740:History
692:of the
243:Chapter
146:Borough
1095:Utah:
869:Alaska
782:Trends
730:fiscal
686:public
645:public
631:, and
429:, and
423:county
238:Barrio
142:Parish
138:County
114:Pueblo
1376:(PDF)
1316:(PDF)
1309:(PDF)
1271:(PDF)
1264:(PDF)
1231:(PDF)
1189:(PDF)
1130:Baggs
1090:Texas
750:canal
585:parks
561:ports
541:bonds
417:, or
67:State
1292:link
1045:Ohio
748:and
267:Ward
104:) /
102:list
821:or
1806::
1672:^
1633:^
1603:^
1411:^
1288:}}
1284:{{
1205:.
1171:^
1122::
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29:on
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841:(
837:.
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399:e
392:t
385:v
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285:(
100:(
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