1391:
put them into the paper; and the important business of making a pin is, in this manner, divided into about eighteen distinct operations, which, in some manufactories, are all performed by distinct hands, though in others the same man will sometimes perform two or three of them. I have seen a small manufactory of this kind, where ten men only were employed, and where some of them consequently performed two or three distinct operations. But though they were very poor, and therefore but indifferently accommodated with the necessary machinery, they could, when they exerted themselves, make among them about twelve pounds of pins in a day. There are in a pound upwards of four thousand pins of a middling size. Those ten persons, therefore, could make among them upwards of forty-eight thousand pins in a day. Each person, therefore, making a tenth part of forty-eight thousand pins, might be considered as making four thousand eight hundred pins in a day. But if they had all wrought separately and independently, and without any of them having been educated to this peculiar business, they certainly could not each of them have made twenty, perhaps not one pin in a day.
1370:, Smith famously argued that the difference between a street porter and a philosopher was as much a consequence of the division of labour as its cause. Therefore, while for Plato the level of specialisation determined by the division of labour was externally determined, for Smith it was the dynamic engine of economic progress. However, in a further chapter of the same book, Smith criticised the division of labour, saying that it makes man "as stupid and ignorant as it is possible for a human creature to become" and that it can lead to "the almost entire corruption and degeneracy of the great body of the people.…unless the government takes some pains to prevent it." The contradiction has led to some debate over Smith's opinion of the division of labour.
1247:
3872:
based on an equally divided knowledge has become possible. The people who like to deride any suggestion that this may so usually distort the argument by insinuating that it asserts that by some miracle just that sort of system has spontaneously grown up which is best suited to modern civilisation. It is the other way round: man has been able to develop that division of labour on which our civilisation is based because he happened to stumble upon a method which made it possible. Had he not done so, he might still have developed some other, altogether different, type of civilisation, something like the "state" of the termite ants, or some other altogether unimaginable type.
1207:
44:
1118:
work to support himself. And it is impossible for a man of many trades to do all of them well. In large cities, however, because many make demands on each trade, one alone is enough to support a man, and often less than one: for instance one man makes shoes for men, another for women, there are places even where one man earns a living just by mending shoes, another by cutting them out, another just by sewing the uppers together, while there is another who performs none of these operations but assembles the parts. Of necessity, he who pursues a very specialised task will do it best.
1151:…like workmen in the street of the silversmiths, where one vessel, in order that it may go out perfect, passes through the hands of many, when it might have been finished by one perfect workman. But the only reason why the combined skill of many workmen was thought necessary, was, that it is better that each part of an art should be learned by a special workman, which can be done speedily and easily, than that they should all be compelled to be perfect in one art throughout all its parts, which they could only attain slowly and with difficulty.
982:
1346:
79:
4927:
1429:
3566:
3863:
4922:
their ordinary employments. The man whose whole life is spent in performing a few simple operations, of which the effects too are, perhaps, always the same, or very nearly the same, has no occasion to exert his understanding, or to exercise his invention in finding out expedients for removing difficulties which never occur. He naturally loses, therefore, the habit of such exertion, and generally becomes as stupid and ignorant as it is possible for a human creature to become.
1481:
3747:
906:
4521:
4425:
4318:
3965:
1199:
3801:
1332:; but we shall be even more surprised, when we know how many different operations, most of them very delicate, are mandatory to make a good pin. We are going to go through these operations in a few words to stimulate the curiosity to know their detail; this enumeration will supply as many articles which will make the division of this work.… The first operation is to have brass go through the drawing plate to calibrate it.…
894:
1282:
the least failure in either of these particulars must be attended with inevitable ruin and misery. Society provides a remedy for these three inconveniences. By the conjunction of forces, our power is augmented: By the partition of employment, our ability increases: And by mutual succour we are less exposed to fortune and accidents. 'Tis by this additional force, ability, and security, that society becomes advantageous.
3590:
4023:
3578:
3648:. That is, some forms of labour co-operation are purely due to "technical necessity", but others are a result of a "social control" function related to a class and status hierarchy. If these two divisions are conflated, it might appear as though the existing division of labour is technically inevitable and immutable, rather than (in good part) socially constructed and influenced by
1298:
3721:, Smith observes the division of labour results in "a proportionable increase of the productive powers of labour." While they shared this belief, Durkheim believed the division of labour applied to all "biological organisms generally," while Smith believed this law applied "only to human societies." This difference may result from the influence of
4394:) or by women (e.g., in clearing forests), but are only least-effort or role-consistent tendencies. To the extent that women clear forests for agriculture, for example, they tend to do the entire agricultural sequence of tasks on those clearings. In theory, these types of constraints could be removed by provisions of child care, but
4921:
In the progress of the division of labour, the employment of the far greater part of those who live by labour, that is, of the great body of people, comes to be confined to a few very simple operations, frequently one or two. But the understandings of the greater part of men are necessarily formed by
3913:
Efficient policies to encourage employment and combat unemployment are essential if countries are to reap the full benefits of globalisation and avoid a backlash against open trade... Job losses in some sectors, along with new job opportunities in other sectors, are an inevitable accompaniment of the
1281:
When every individual person labors apart, and only for himself, his force is too small to execute any considerable work; his labour being employed in supplying all his different necessities, he never attains a perfection in any particular art; and as his force and success are not at all times equal,
4410:
in a chosen field later report increased satisfaction compared to their previous jobs. This can be attributed to their high levels of specialisation. The higher the training needed for the specialised job position, the higher is the level of job satisfaction as well, although many highly specialised
3940:
The majority of workers in industry and services were wage and salary earners—58 per cent of the industrial workforce and 65 per cent of the services workforce. But a large portion was self-employed or involved in family labour. Filmer suggests the total of employees worldwide in the 1990s was about
3871:
The price system is just one of those formations which man has learned to use (though he is still very far from having learned to make the best use of it) after he had stumbled upon it without understanding it. Through it, not only a division of labour but also a coordinated utilisation of resources
1117:
Just as the various trades are most highly developed in large cities, in the same way, food at the palace is prepared in a far superior manner. In small towns, the same man makes couches, doors, ploughs and tables, and often he even builds houses, and still, he is thankful if only he can find enough
969:
as well as skills. Training and combinations of equipment and other assets acting together are often important. For example, an individual may specialise by acquiring tools and the skills to use them effectively just as an organisation may specialise by acquiring specialised equipment and hiring or
4285:
There are also advantages in a reduced division of labour where knowledge would otherwise have to be transferred between stages. For example, having a single person deal with a customer query means that only that one person has to be familiar with the customer's details. It is also likely to result
4230:
that the division of labour is limited by the extent of the market. This is because it is by the exchange that each person can be specialised in their work and yet still have access to a wide range of goods and services. Hence, reductions in barriers to exchange lead to increases in the division of
4146:
Development of new technology: technological developments have led to a decrease in the amount of job specialisation in organisations as new technology makes it easier for fewer employees to accomplish a variety of tasks and still enhance production. New technology has also been helpful in the flow
3787:
prevails in more advanced societies, while mechanical solidarity typifies less developed societies. He explains that in societies with more mechanical solidarity, the diversity and division of labour is much less, so individuals have a similar worldview. Similarly, Durkheim opines that in societies
3731:
on
Durkheim's writings. For example, Durkheim observed an apparent relationship between "the functional specialisation of the parts of an organism" and "the extent of that organism's evolutionary development," which he believed "extended the scope of the division of labour so as to make its origins
1450:
All crafts, trades and arts have profited from the division of labour; for when each worker sticks to one particular kind of work that needs to be handled differently from all the others, he can do it better and more easily than when one person does everything. Where work is not thus differentiated
1390:
One man draws out the wire; another straights it; a third cuts it; a fourth points it; a fifth grinds it at the top for receiving the head; to make the head requires two or three distinct operations; to put it on is a peculiar business; to whiten the pins is another; it is even a trade by itself to
1091:
Silvermintz (2010) noted that "Historians of economic thought credit Plato, primarily on account of arguments advanced in his
Republic, as an early proponent of the division of labour." Notwithstanding this, Silvermintz argues that "While Plato recognises both the economic and political benefits of
4257:
and the use of multi-skilled work teams. For instance, one stage of a production process may temporarily work at a slower pace, forcing other stages to slow down. One answer to this is to make some portion of resources mobile between stages so that those resources must be capable of undertaking a
1270:
But if one will wholly apply himself to the making of Bows and Arrows, whilst another provides Food, a third builds Huts, a fourth makes
Garments, and a fifth Utensils, they not only become useful to one another, but the Callings and Employments themselves will in the same Number of Years receive
4281:
of task durations and so are subject to subsequent revisions. Again, consolidating tasks so that they are undertaken consecutively by the same resources and having resources available that can be called on at short-notice from other tasks can help to reduce such problems, though at the cost of
1385:
often leads to greater skill and greater productivity on their particular subtasks than would be achieved by the same number of workers each carrying out the original broad task, in part due to increased quality of production, but more importantly because of increased efficiency of production,
1184:
the division of labour was necessary and useful. The similarity of the examples provided by these scholars with those provided by Adam Smith (such as al-Ghazali's needle factory and Tusi's claim that exchange, and by extension the division of labour, are the consequences of the human reasoning
1226:
would build ships as units, finishing one before starting another. But the Dutch had it organised with several teams each doing the same tasks for successive ships. People with a particular task to do must have discovered new methods that were only later observed and justified by writers on
3897:
of not using resources for other work, compared to the opportunity costs experienced by countries. Critics, however, allege that international specialisation cannot be explained sufficiently in terms of "the work nations do best", rather that this specialisation is guided more by
3816:. The primary argument is that the economic gains accruing from the division of labour far outweigh the costs, thus developing on the thesis that division of labour leads to cost efficiencies. It is argued that it is fully possible to achieve balanced human development within
3673:(1854), on the basis that it removes people from a sense of connectedness with society and with the world at large, including nature. He claimed that the average man in a civilised society is less wealthy, in practice than one in "savage" society. The answer he gave was that
1020:, pastoralism and agriculture led to more reliable and abundant food supplies, which increased the population and led to specialisation of labour, including new classes of artisans, warriors, and the development of elites. This specialisation was furthered by the process of
4258:
wider range of tasks. Another is to consolidate tasks so that they are undertaken one after another by the same workers and other resources. Stocks between stages can also help to reduce the problem to some extent but are costly and can hamper quality control. Modern
4113:
Commitment division of labour, the style of the future, is oriented on including the employee and building a level of internal commitment towards accomplishing tasks. Tasks include more responsibility and are coordinated based on expertise rather than a formal
965:). Individuals, organisations, and nations are endowed with or acquire specialised capabilities, and either form combinations or trade to take advantage of the capabilities of others in addition to their own. Specialised capabilities may include equipment or
3640:
Additionally, Marx argued that the division of labour creates less-skilled workers. As the work becomes more specialised, less training is needed for each specific job, and the workforce, overall, is less skilled than if one worker did one job entirely.
3949:
In 2006 the service sector's share of global employment overtook agriculture for the first time, increasing from 39.5 to 40 per cent. Agriculture decreased from 39.7 per cent to 38.7 per cent. The industry sector accounted for 21.3 per cent of total
1399:. For example, pin makers were organised with one making the head, another the body, each using different equipment. Similarly, he emphasised a large number of skills, used in cooperation and with suitable equipment, were required to build a ship.
4374:
across the full range of human societies can be summarised by a large number of logically complementary implicational constraints of the following form: if women of childbearing ages in a given community tend to do X (e.g., preparing soil for
4492:
Division of labour, instead, refers to the allocation of tasks to individuals or organisations according to the skills and/or equipment those people or organisations possess. Often division of labour and division of work are both part of the
3637:: workers become more and more specialised and work becomes repetitive, eventually leading to complete alienation from the process of production. The worker then becomes "depressed spiritually and physically to the condition of a machine."
1071:
Well then, how will our state supply these needs? It will need a farmer, a builder, and a weaver, and also, I think, a shoemaker and one or two others to provide for our bodily needs. So that the minimum state would consist of four or five
1036:, were proponents of division of labour. Also, having workers perform single or limited tasks eliminated the long training period required to train craftsmen, who were replaced with less-paid but more productive unskilled workers.
4581:
A job divided into elemental parts is sometimes called "disaggregated work". Workers specialising in particular parts of the job are called professionals. The workers doing a portion of a non-recurring work may be called
4122:
in a field and boosting organisational production. However, disadvantages of job specialisation included limited employee skill, dependence on entire department fluency, and employee discontent with repetitive tasks.
4390:. This type of finding has been replicated in a variety of studies, including those on modern industrial economies. These entailments do not restrict how much work for any given task could be done by men (e.g., in
1013:) culture, where assignment of jobs in some cities coincided with an increase in trade and economic interdependence. Division of labour generally also increases both producer and individual worker productivity.
1092:
the division of labour, he ultimately critiques this form of economic arrangement insofar as it hinders the individual from ordering his own soul by cultivating acquisitive motives over prudence and reason."
4131:
It is widely accepted among economists and social theorists that the division of labour is, to a great extent, inevitable within capitalist societies, simply because no one can do all tasks at once. Labour
1336:
By "division of this work," du
Monceau is referring to the subdivisions of the text describing the various trades involved in the pin making activity; this can also be described as a division of labour.
6239:
1386:
leading to a higher nominal output of units produced per time unit. Smith uses the example of a production capability of an individual pin maker compared to a manufacturing business that employed 10 men:
4203:
by exploiting the poverty of workers in the developing world, where wages are much lower. These increased profits enable these companies to pay higher wages and taxes in the developed world (which fund
1176:
The division of labour was discussed by multiple medieval
Persian scholars. They considered the division of labour between members of a household, between members of society and between nations. For
3788:
with more organic solidarity, the diversity of occupations is greater, and individuals depend on each other more, resulting in greater benefits to society as a whole. Durkheim's work enabled
3941:
880 million, compared with around a billion working on their own account on the land (mainly peasants), and some 480 million working on their own account in industry and services. The 2007
6498:
6146:
Kelly, E. L.; Goldberg, L. R. (1959). "Correlates of later performance and specialization in psychology: A follow-up study of the trainees assessed in the VA Selection
Research Project".
1412:
or technological progress are possible because human and physical capital are matched, usually in an organisation. See also a short discussion of Adam Smith's theory in the context of
6655:. Speakers: Bina Agarwal, Martin Baily, Jean-Louis Beffa, Richard N. Cooper, Jan Fagerberg, Elhanan Helpman, Shelly Lundberg, Valentina Meliciani, Peter Nunnenkamp. Recorded in 2009.
3656:
society, the division of labour is transcended, meaning that balanced human development occurs where people fully express their nature in the variety of creative work that they do.
4136:
is a very common feature of the modern capitalist workplace structure, and the way these hierarchies are structured can be influenced by a variety of different factors, including:
1363:
foresaw the essence of industrialism by determining that division of labour represents a substantial increase in productivity. Like du
Monceau, his example was the making of pins.
1185:
capability and that no animals have been observed to exchange one bone for another) led some scholars to conjecture that Smith was influenced by the medieval
Persian scholarship.
1757:
1722:
3914:
process of globalisation... The challenge is to ensure that the adjustment process involved in matching available workers with new job openings works as smoothly as possible.
3835:
in which a specific task is performed by a mechanical device, instead of an individual labourer. This method of production is significantly more effective in both yield and
5660:
3633:
Marx argued that increasing the specialisation may also lead to workers with poorer overall skills and a lack of enthusiasm for their work. He described the process as
4208:
in first world countries), thus creating a working class satisfied with their standard of living and not inclined to revolution. This concept is further explored in
4091:(produces the most and best output with the least input) will generally be adopted. Often, techniques that work in one place or time do not work as well in another.
1542:
3739:" and worked to determine whether it should be embraced or resisted by first analysing its functions. Durkheim hypothesised that the division of labour fosters
3710:
observes that the division of labour appears in all societies and positively correlates with societal advancement because it increases as a society progresses.
5949:
3754:
As social solidarity cannot be directly quantified, Durkheim indirectly studies solidarity by "classify the different types of law to find...the different
6054:
4379:) they will also do Y (e.g., the planting); while for men the logical reversal in this example would be that if men plant, they will prepare the soil.
4776:
Silvermintz, Daniel (2010). "Plato's
Supposed Defense of the Division of Labor: A Reexamination of the Role of Job Specialisation in the Republic".
4231:
labour and so help to drive economic growth. Limitations to the division of labour have also been related to coordination and transportation costs.
4489:
refers to the division of a large task, contract, or project into smaller tasks—each with a separate schedule within the overall project schedule.
3013:
1374:
agreed with Smith: "Nothing tends to materialize man, and to deprive his work of the faintest trace of mind, more than extreme division of labor."
4382:
White, Brudner, and Burton's (1977) "Entailment Theory and Method: A Cross-Cultural
Analysis of the Sexual Division of Labor", using statistical
3732:
contemporaneous with the origins of life itself…implying that its conditions must be found in the essential properties of all organised matter."
6652:
1872:
4823:
4181:
often add to this analysis by defending that the presence of coercive hierarchy in any form is contrary to the values of liberty and equality.
1420:
wrote a seminal work "On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures" analysing perhaps for the first time the division of labour in factories.
5316:, "dedicated himself to the establishment of sociology as a legitimate and respected science and as an instrument of rational social action."
1502:
5148:
1497:
4993:
4072:
In the modern world, those specialists most preoccupied in their work with theorising about the division of labour are those involved in
936:
868:
4242:'). Jobs that are too specialised in a narrow range of tasks are said to result in demotivation due to boredom and alienation. Hence, a
3922:
and national statistical offices. In one study, Deon Filmer estimated that 2.474 billion people participated in the global non-domestic
3843:
saw the very idea of a task being performed by a specialised mechanical device as being the greatest achievement of division of labour.
6643:
1642:
1517:
4595:
3620:
6446:
6435:
6110:
3713:
Durkheim arrived at the same conclusion regarding the positive effects of the division of labour as his theoretical predecessor,
1752:
17:
6082:
Rummel, Jeffrey L.; Walter, Zhiping; Dewan, Rajiv; Seidman, Abraham (2005). "Activity consolidation to improve responsiveness".
5998:
3769:, a sense of unity resulting from individuals engaging in similar work who hold shared backgrounds, traditions, and values; and
2446:
2428:
1857:
1438:
1218:
was the first modern writer to take note of the division of labour, showing its has worth in existence and usefulness in Dutch
1164:
5099:
6688:
6487:
6297:
5897:
5862:
5729:
5698:
5664:
5633:
5570:
5367:
5335:
5256:
5228:
4914:
4833:
4386:
analysis, shows that tasks more frequently chosen by women in these order relations are those more convenient in relation to
3341:
3268:
1712:
6175:"Effects of Job Specialization and Departmentalization on Job Satisfaction among the Staff of a Nigerian University Library"
4978:
2818:
4670:
1238:. His breakthrough was to divide up the work so that large parts of it could be done by people with no extensive training.
4406:
Job satisfaction has been shown to improve as an employee is given the task of a specific job. Students who have received
4041:
4033:
6591:
6174:
4542:
4446:
4335:
4151:
It is often argued that the most equitable principle in allocating people within hierarchies is that of true (or proven)
3982:
3893:. This would mean that countries specialise in the work they can do at the lowest relative cost measured in terms of the
2259:
1847:
1667:
1597:
1572:
6572:
4931: Curiously, this edition's Index carries no reference to this instance of usage of the phrase 'division of labour.'
4690:
4253:
variations and uncertainties. These help to explain issues in modern work organisation, such as task consolidations in
3945:
Global Employment Trends Report indicated that services have surpassed agriculture for the first time in human history:
1160:
6413:
6327:
6212:
5387:
5312:
5057:
4568:
4472:
4357:
4059:
4004:
3942:
3919:
3755:
2086:
1737:
1687:
4550:
4454:
4757:
3702:
3399:
3346:
2011:
1652:
4286:
in the query being handled faster due to the elimination of delays in passing the query between different people.
4106:, the style of the past, is based on the principles of job specialisation and the division of labour. This is the
5537:
4278:
3852:
2853:
2403:
2101:
1979:
1677:
1577:
1532:
1137:, Augustine seems to be aware of the role of different social layers in the production of goods, like household (
929:
5980:
1131:
shows that the division of labour was practised and understood in late Imperial Rome. In a brief passage of his
6668:
6352:
4878:
4546:
4450:
4339:
4254:
3986:
3821:
3634:
1899:
1797:
1777:
1682:
1607:
1321:
5562:
Divided world, divided class : global political economy and the stratification of labour under capitalism
3779:, a society in which individuals engage in different kinds of work that benefit society and other individuals.
2001:
6698:
6693:
4274:
4259:
3808:
Marx's theories, including his negative claims regarding the division of labour, have been criticised by the
3613:
3148:
2051:
1820:
1702:
267:
1246:
529:
6606:
5542:
4675:
4152:
2823:
2703:
1877:
1792:
1632:
1480:
6673:
4906:
4087:, such things are not decided consciously. Different people try different things, and that which is most
3836:
3331:
3133:
2603:
1732:
1657:
1552:
878:
98:
88:
4943:
6371:
6220:
4808:
4110:
style of job specialisation, where employees are given a very narrow set of tasks or one specific task.
3103:
3078:
3003:
2366:
2164:
1602:
1287:
922:
872:
402:
392:
4173:
claim hierarchy is created to support the power structures in capitalist societies which maintain the
4140:
Size: as organisations increase in size, there is a correlation in the rise of the division of labour.
6381:
4303:
4088:
3645:
3243:
2250:
2134:
1852:
1747:
1707:
1637:
1622:
1451:
and divided, where everyone is a jack-of-all-trades, the crafts remain at an utterly primitive level.
282:
5032:
3918:
Few studies have taken place regarding the global division of labour. Information can be drawn from
1266:(1714). This elaborates many matters raised by the original poem about a 'Grumbling Hive'. He says:
6621:
6204:
6199:
4720:
4531:
4435:
4307:
3772:
3727:
3606:
3336:
1697:
1617:
1567:
975:
851:
589:
544:
397:
166:
110:
4849:
Hosseini, Hamid (1998). "Seeking the Roots of Adam Smith's Division of Labor in Medieval Persia".
4803:
2021:
604:
6510:
5768:
5173:
4535:
4439:
4328:
4249:
There are also limitations to the division of labour (and the division of work) that result from
3975:
3501:
3481:
2314:
2046:
1929:
1782:
1742:
1562:
1557:
1512:
554:
362:
352:
312:
302:
209:
132:
5073:
5047:
1408:
would be used. Smith's insight suggests that the huge increases in productivity obtainable from
1271:
much greater Improvements, than if all had been promiscuously followed by every one of the Five.
6678:
6477:
5393:
4825:
Social Institutions and the Politics of Recognition: From the Ancient Greeks to the Reformation
3429:
2753:
2159:
2091:
2081:
2069:
724:
569:
307:
247:
204:
151:
5000:
3743:, yielding "a wholly moral phenomenon" that ensures "mutual relationships" among individuals.
5019:
4749:
4234:
There can be motivational advantages to a reduced division of labour (which has been termed ‘
4226:
3890:
3644:
Among Marx's theoretical contributions is his sharp distinction between the economic and the
2573:
2418:
1994:
1802:
1717:
1662:
1371:
1355:
1262:
1138:
1025:
1005:
processes. The concept and implementation of division of labour has been observed in ancient
858:
539:
514:
499:
357:
297:
277:
272:
43:
6640:
1206:
6338:
6244:
5405:
5160:
4650:
4407:
4103:
4099:
Two styles of management that are seen in modern organisations are control and commitment:
3685:
3486:
3439:
3434:
3419:
3409:
3376:
3351:
3238:
3213:
3113:
2828:
2398:
2213:
2169:
1974:
1939:
1889:
1831:
1672:
1547:
1537:
1490:
1177:
1060:
1017:
609:
431:
382:
347:
287:
252:
156:
146:
93:
33:
6173:
Adeyoyin, S. O.; Agbeze-Unazi, F.; Oyewunmi, O. O.; Adegun, A. I.; Ayodele, R. O. (2015).
2283:
1787:
8:
6334:
6111:"Entailment Theory and Method: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Sexual Division of Labor"
4147:
of information between departments helping to reduce the feeling of department isolation.
3886:
3809:
3681:
3664:
3545:
3496:
3198:
3018:
2508:
2149:
2129:
2124:
2016:
2006:
1954:
1944:
1862:
1842:
1692:
1612:
1507:
1029:
962:
835:
644:
466:
407:
332:
322:
292:
219:
127:
6402:, Antti Parpo, and Lina Eriksson. 2008. "Household Regimes Matter." Pp. 197–257 in
6390:
Moral Sentiments and Material Interests: The Foundations of Cooperation in Economic Life
2953:
1934:
1395:
Smith saw the importance of matching skills with equipment—usually in the context of an
504:
51:
6611:
6501:
6404:
6225:
6121:
6058:
6029:
5972:
5934:
5833:
5533:
5501:
5466:
5297:
4635:
4607:
4583:
4510:
4200:
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3784:
3558:
3540:
3518:
3444:
3381:
3371:
3326:
3321:
3278:
2983:
2708:
2678:
2543:
2513:
2373:
2199:
2179:
2119:
1867:
1770:
1727:
1587:
1257:
1128:
990:
863:
819:
624:
461:
456:
436:
387:
327:
317:
262:
257:
229:
224:
194:
62:
6069:
5950:"Future work design research and practice: Towards an elaborated model of work design"
5767:
Heuer, Jan-Ocko; Lux, Thomas; Mau, Steffen; Zimmermann, Katharina (16 November 2020).
3033:
6529:
6521:
6483:
6409:
6399:
6311:
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6293:
6208:
6021:
6017:
5903:
5893:
5868:
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5694:
5639:
5629:
5604:
5600:
Unequal development : an essay on the social formations of peripheral capitalism
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3649:
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3163:
3143:
2733:
2653:
2578:
2388:
2319:
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2245:
2174:
2154:
2026:
1989:
1969:
1959:
1949:
1922:
1884:
1827:
1228:
1064:
1021:
1002:
754:
729:
639:
519:
476:
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367:
199:
161:
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1984:
1582:
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1083:
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966:
804:
749:
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634:
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594:
549:
422:
372:
342:
337:
6428:
The Division of Labour: The Labour Process and Class Struggle in Modern Capitalism
5921:
Houthakker, H. S. (1956). "Economics and Biology: Specialization and Speciation".
4143:
Cost: cost limits small organisations from dividing their labour responsibilities.
3735:
Since Durkheim's division of labour applied to all organisms, he considered it a "
3293:
684:
32:"Economic specialization" redirects here. For a list of economic specialties, see
6647:
6576:
6558:
6549:
6541:
6537:
6347:
6277:
6265:
6234:
6062:
5769:"Legitimizing Inequality: The Moral Repertoires of Meritocracy in Four Countries"
5433:
5156:
4900:
4705:
4685:
4630:
4625:
4603:
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4270:
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3414:
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2728:
2668:
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2528:
2503:
2349:
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1964:
1894:
1627:
1417:
1133:
1033:
954:
898:
809:
774:
739:
674:
599:
584:
471:
446:
441:
417:
189:
184:
5127:
Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals by Immanuel Kant - Free Ebook
2933:
1103:, in the 4th century BC, makes a passing reference to division of labour in his
981:
6601:
6473:
6456:
6377:
6281:
6194:
6095:
5074:"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, by Adam Smith"
4710:
4640:
4591:
4239:
3789:
3722:
3528:
3356:
3258:
3193:
3183:
3173:
3168:
3088:
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2923:
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2658:
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2643:
2618:
2608:
2583:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2463:
2144:
2076:
2031:
1807:
1647:
1345:
829:
814:
779:
764:
744:
714:
534:
451:
141:
137:
6569:
6289:
5785:
5608:
5362:. Masters of social theory (4 ed.). Newbury Park, California: Sage Publ.
5220:
4862:
4789:
3792:
to progress more efficiently "in…the understanding of human social behavior."
2783:
564:
6662:
6533:
6507:] The Shape of the Division of Labour: Nations, Industries and Households
6315:
6269:
6025:
5907:
5872:
5829:
5794:
5643:
5580:
5266:
5196:
4665:
4620:
4107:
3882:
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3223:
3093:
3083:
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2748:
2723:
2718:
2688:
2613:
2518:
2468:
2393:
2378:
2324:
2298:
2056:
1837:
1443:
1428:
1404:
1375:
1215:
794:
784:
759:
699:
694:
689:
669:
659:
629:
619:
524:
427:
6423:
6240:
Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century
5968:
78:
6580:
6517:
6493:
4926:
4715:
4700:
4695:
4395:
4387:
4077:
3862:
3762:
3466:
3288:
3263:
3228:
3158:
3153:
3138:
3123:
3073:
3063:
2913:
2898:
2888:
2838:
2808:
2793:
2778:
2743:
2563:
2523:
2473:
2423:
2344:
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1396:
958:
910:
824:
769:
664:
654:
649:
574:
122:
5623:
4166:
This claim, however, is often disputed by various sources, particularly:
6417:
6261:
4295:
4192:
4188:
4160:
4156:
3736:
3692:
citizenry is vital for the spiritual and physical health of the country.
3303:
3248:
3203:
3098:
3043:
2968:
2798:
2788:
2693:
2673:
2633:
2558:
2548:
2538:
2339:
2036:
1909:
1592:
1527:
1413:
1010:
799:
789:
579:
214:
5837:
5484:
Alpert, Harry (1959). "Emile Durkheim: A Perspective and Appreciation".
5280:
Alpert, Harry (1959). "Emile Durkheim: A Perspective and Appreciation".
5125:
989:
An increasing division of labour is associated with the growth of total
6627:
6615:
6385:
6229:
5625:
Scientific management : a management idea to reach a mass audience
5505:
5462:
5301:
5249:
Scientific management : a management idea to reach a mass audience
5185:
4587:
4411:
jobs can be monotonous and produce high rates of burnout periodically.
4383:
4342: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4221:
4084:
4073:
3989: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3817:
3714:
3298:
3108:
2938:
2848:
2843:
2833:
2713:
2638:
2598:
2593:
2433:
2233:
2208:
1904:
1522:
1409:
1360:
1181:
1105:
998:
709:
509:
6604:
1951. "The Division of Labor is Limited by the Extent of the Market."
5809:
5598:
4246:
approach to work design contributed to worsened industrial relations.
3839:, and utilises the division of labour to the fullest extent possible.
3746:
6553:
6159:
5887:
5852:
5821:
5560:
4680:
4660:
4243:
4178:
4133:
3923:
3653:
3533:
3476:
3424:
3404:
3233:
2858:
2453:
2408:
2218:
1301:
970:
training skilled operators. The division of labour is the motive for
559:
490:
70:
37:
27:
Separation of tasks in any system so that participants may specialise
6218:—— 1985. "Human Capital, Effort, and the Sexual Division of Labor."
5497:
5449:
Merton, Robert K (1994). "Durkheim's Division of Labor in Society".
5293:
4520:
4424:
4317:
4163:
or as a justification of why a division of labour is the way it is.
3964:
1381:
The specialisation and concentration of the workers on their single
1198:
6433:
Groenewegen, Peter. 1987. "division of labour." Pp. 901–07 in
6344:
Filmer, Deon. "Estimating the World at Work" (a background report).
4599:
4376:
4250:
3899:
3800:
3459:
3454:
3253:
2334:
1382:
1378:
shared similar views to Smith, though was generally more negative.
1223:
1219:
1100:
6307:
6172:
6109:
White, Douglas R.; Burton, Michael L.; Brudner, Lilyan A. (1977).
4645:
4391:
4205:
4170:
3885:, which is often interpreted as a euphemism for the expansion of
2228:
1472:
1235:
3881:
The issue reaches its broadest scope in the controversies about
6197:
1991. "Division of Labor in Households and Families." Ch. 2 in
5889:
Imperialism: the highest stage of capitalism: a popular outline
4177:
as the owner of the labour of workers, in order to exploit it.
4119:
3689:
3669:
2223:
893:
4951:
4902:
An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
4889:, by R. Réaumur, and A. de Ferchault. Paris: Saillant et Nyon.
3876:
3659:
3589:
1758:
Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice
1356:
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
6255:
Women's Work, Men's Property: The Origins of Gender and Class
4269:, the coordination of resources is a difficult issue for the
1367:
1050:
1006:
994:
971:
5948:
Parker, Sharon K.; Wall, Toby D.; Cordery, John L. (2001).
5436:, Department of Sociology. Web. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
3906:
1723:
An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital
6554:
Freedom, Inequality, Primitivism and the Division of Labor
4977:. New York, NY: J. & H. G. Langley. p.
4948:
An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought
4744:
Exploring the Black Box: Technology, economics and history
4118:
Job specialisation is advantageous in developing employee
3930:
around 15%, or 379 million people, worked in the industry;
1328:
There is nobody who isn't surprised of the small price of
1297:
1067:
of humanity, which is embodied in the division of labour:
6055:
Skill, Job Design, and the Labor Market under Uncertainty
1329:
6502:
6081:
1543:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
4401:
6653:
Conference: "The New International Division of Labour"
5957:
Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology
5766:
5749:
McAlister-Kizzier, Donna. 2007. "Division of Labor."
4994:"Adam Smith, Adam Ferguson and the Division of Labor"
4262:
require both flexible machines and flexible workers.
5745:
5743:
5741:
5663:. BANGKOK: ILO News. 25 January 2007. Archived from
5360:
Emile Durkheim: an introduction to four major works
3902:criteria, which favour some countries over others.
6108:
6006:Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics
5191:Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Volume 1
4741:
1304:of the first page of du Monceau's introduction to
1234:Petty also applied the principle to his survey of
5947:
5738:
5724:. New York, NY, USA: Bantam Dell. pp. 9–27.
5399:
5381:
5379:
1292:
6660:
5854:Philosophical anarchism and political obligation
5810:"Marxism and Class Theory: A Bourgeois Critique"
5444:
5442:
5100:"Babbage: pioneer economist by Nathan Rosenberg"
6592:Human Society: The Ricardian Law of Association
5685:, The World Bank, pp. 9–14, 30 June 1995,
4094:
3758:which correspond to it." Durkheim categorises:
5376:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5149:Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844
4289:
3933:a third, or 800 million worked in services and
3765:and their respective punishments as promoting
1032:as well as some mechanical engineers, such as
6408:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
6148:Psychological Monographs: General and Applied
6145:
6118:BEHAVIOR SCIENCE RESEARCH VOLUME 12, NUMBER 1
5439:
4370:The clearest exposition of the principles of
4277:and resulting resource bookings are based on
4195:countries necessitated by companies (through
3614:
1503:The Condition of the Working Class in England
1260:discussed the matter in the second volume of
930:
6544:, Valentina Meliciani, and Peter Nunnenkamp.
6405:Discretionary Time: A New Measure of Freedom
5661:"ILO releases Global Employment Trends 2007"
5628:. New Delhi: Global India Pub. p. 136.
5045:
4812:by M. I. Finley. Penguin books 1992, p. 135.
4187:see the globalised labour hierarchy between
3684:, criticised the division of labour in his "
1498:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
1402:In the modern economic discussion, the term
6436:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
5414:Sociology: Understanding a Diverse Society.
5344:
4972:
4775:
4549:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4453:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3936:over 40%, or 1,074 million, in agriculture.
3877:Globalisation and global division of labour
3660:Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson
1308:, with "division de ce travail" highlighted
1171:
5999:"The Division of Labour under Uncertainty"
5920:
4899:Smith, Adam (1976) . Cannan, Edwin (ed.).
3621:
3607:
1643:Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses
1518:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
1446:notes the value of the division of labour:
1324:writes about the "division of this work":
937:
923:
5784:
4828:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 127.
4739:
4610:for various kinds of disaggregated work.
4569:Learn how and when to remove this message
4485:In contrast to the division of labour, a
4473:Learn how and when to remove this message
4358:Learn how and when to remove this message
4060:Learn how and when to remove this message
4005:Learn how and when to remove this message
6641:Summary of Smith's example of pin-making
6496:, and Jean-Philippe Touffut, eds. 2010.
6368:The New International Division of Labour
6366:Froebel, F., J. Heinrichs, and O. Krey.
6084:European Journal of Operational Research
5310:, best known for his 1893 seminal work,
5208:
4848:
3954:
3861:
3824:is downplayed as mere romantic fiction.
3799:
3745:
3652:relationships. He also argues that in a
1427:
1344:
1296:
1245:
1241:
1205:
1197:
980:
42:
5996:
5621:
5246:
4748:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
3677:was enough to cover one's basic needs.
1753:The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany
1439:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
14:
6661:
5807:
5483:
5448:
5279:
2429:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
1039:
953:is the separation of the tasks in any
6596:Human Action: A Treatise on Economics
6582:Human Action: A Treatise on Economics
6260:
5885:
5850:
5719:
5655:
5653:
5592:
5590:
5554:
5552:
5521:Human Action: A Treatise on Economics
5518:
5357:
5325:
5242:
5240:
5097:
4898:
4821:
4504:
4212:, notably by Samir Amin and Zak Cope.
3846:
3831:, the idea has led to the concept of
3667:criticised the division of labour in
3342:Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory
1713:Change the World Without Taking Power
1122:
961:so that participants may specialise (
6570:Human Society: The Division of Labor
5751:Encyclopedia of Business and Finance
5596:
5558:
4991:
4941:
4874:
4872:
4771:
4769:
4671:New international division of labour
4547:adding citations to reliable sources
4514:
4451:adding citations to reliable sources
4418:
4402:Industrial organisational psychology
4340:adding citations to reliable sources
4311:
4016:
3987:adding citations to reliable sources
3958:
6479:Capitalism: A Treatise on Economics
4414:
4126:
3795:
1668:Marxism and the Oppression of Women
1598:Theses on the Philosophy of History
1001:, and the increasing complexity of
24:
6274:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism
6188:
5935:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1956.tb02717.x
5650:
5587:
5549:
5431:Sociology 138: Theory and Society.
5237:
5215:. London: Macmillan Education UK.
4691:Productive and unproductive labour
4032:tone or style may not reflect the
1188:
1028:-era factories. Accordingly, many
25:
6710:
6634:
6328:The Division of Labour in Society
6053:Barrera, Catherine Grace. 2014. "
5163:. § First Manuscript, p. 72.
4950:. Mises Institute. Archived from
4869:
4766:
3695:
1688:Time, Labor and Social Domination
36:. For branches of the field, see
6361:The Flight of the Creative Class
6018:10.1628/093245613X13620416111326
5388:The Division of Labor in Society
5313:De La Division Du Travail Social
5306:A founding father of sociology,
4925:
4519:
4423:
4316:
4042:guide to writing better articles
4021:
3963:
3703:The Division of Labor in Society
3588:
3576:
3564:
3400:21st-century communist theorists
1738:Towards Socialism or Capitalism?
1653:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
1573:Essays on Marx's Theory of Value
1479:
1423:
1222:. Classically, the workers in a
1193:
904:
892:
77:
6482:. Laguna Hills, CA: TJS Books.
6468:Marx and the Division of Labour
6179:Library Philosophy and Practice
6166:
6139:
6102:
6075:
6047:
5990:
5941:
5914:
5886:Lenin, Vladimir Ilʹich (2010).
5879:
5844:
5801:
5760:
5713:
5679:"Introduction: A World at Work"
5671:
5615:
5538:The Use of Knowledge in Society
5527:
5512:
5477:
5423:
5326:Smith, Adam (23 January 2012).
5319:
5273:
5251:. New Delhi: Global India Pub.
5212:Marx and the Division of Labour
5202:
5179:
5166:
5141:
5118:
5091:
5066:
5039:
4985:
4973:Tocqueville, Alexis de (1841).
4879:du Monceau, Henri-Louis Duhamel
4822:Burns, Anthony (16 July 2020).
4327:needs additional citations for
4255:business process re-engineering
3974:needs additional citations for
3853:The Use of Knowledge in Society
2102:Theory of historical trajectory
1980:Dictatorship of the proletariat
1678:Hegemony and Socialist Strategy
1578:History and Class Consciousness
1533:Critique of the Gotha Programme
1210:Petty - Economic Writings, 1899
179:Concepts, theory and techniques
6353:The Rise of the Creative Class
5691:10.1596/9780195211023_chapter1
5137:– via Project Gutenberg.
4975:Democracy in America: Volume I
4966:
4935:
4892:
4842:
4815:
4796:
4733:
4260:flexible manufacturing systems
4216:
1900:Socially necessary labour time
1798:Philosophy in the Soviet Union
1683:The Sublime Object of Ideology
1608:A Critique of Soviet Economics
1322:Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau
1293:Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau
985:Division of labour CPU and GPU
13:
1:
5683:World Development Report 1995
4727:
3688:" speech: a widely informed,
3680:Thoreau's friend and mentor,
1821:Critique of political economy
1340:
1275:
6689:Production and manufacturing
6607:Journal of Political Economy
6461:Sexual and Social Revolution
5486:American Sociological Review
5282:American Sociological Review
4851:History of Political Economy
4778:History of Political Economy
4676:Newly industrialised country
4155:or ability. This concept of
4095:Styles of division of labour
3926:in the mid-1990s. Of these:
1858:Falling profit-rate tendency
1633:The Society of the Spectacle
1455:
7:
6057:" (Doctoral dissertation).
5851:Magda, Egoumenides (2014).
5358:Jones, Robert Alun (1992).
4944:"The Celebrated Adam Smith"
4907:University of Chicago Press
4613:
4606:, which is orchestrated by
4290:Gendered division of labour
3909:advised in June 2005 that:
3332:Capitalism Nature Socialism
1848:Concrete and abstract labor
1733:Capital in the Anthropocene
1658:Social Justice and the City
1553:The Accumulation of Capital
1095:
10:
6715:
6372:Cambridge University Press
6221:Journal of Labor Economics
6096:10.1016/j.ejor.2003.07.015
5720:Smith, Adam (March 2003).
5052:. London: Atlantic Books.
4740:Rosenberg, Nathan (1993).
4596:communication technologies
4508:
4293:
3756:types of social solidarity
1603:Dialectic of Enlightenment
1288:A Treatise on Human Nature
31:
6290:10.4135/9781412965811.n79
5786:10.1163/15691330-BJA10017
5221:10.1007/978-1-349-16829-3
4863:10.1215/00182702-30-4-653
4790:10.1215/00182702-2010-036
4372:sexual division of labour
4304:Sexual division of labour
3646:social division of labour
1748:Literature and Revolution
1708:Late Victorian Holocausts
1638:Pedagogy of the Oppressed
1623:The Wretched of the Earth
1353:In the first sentence of
6622:World Development Report
6562:. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
6205:Harvard University Press
6200:A Treatise on the Family
5603:. Monthly Review Press.
5543:American Economic Review
5385:Durkheim, Emile. 1997.
5174:Wage Labor & Capital
5153:Karl Marx Early Writings
5049:On the Wealth of Nations
4721:Winner and loser culture
4308:Occupational segregation
4282:reduced specialisation.
3866:Friedrich Hayek portrait
3728:On the Origin of Species
1698:The Origin of Capitalism
1568:The State and Revolution
1314:The Art of the Pin-Maker
1172:Medieval Muslim scholars
1044:
976:economic interdependence
167:JEL classification codes
5997:Wadeson, Nigel (2013).
5969:10.1348/096317901167460
5857:. Bloomsbury Academic.
5046:O'Rourke, P.J. (2008).
4909:. pp. ii.302–303.
3783:Durkheim believes that
2404:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
2047:Relations of production
1930:Base and superstructure
1783:Dialectical materialism
1743:The Revolution Betrayed
1563:Terrorism and Communism
1558:Philosophical Notebooks
1513:The Communist Manifesto
1312:In his introduction to
353:Industrial organisation
210:Computational economics
48:Visiting a Nail Factory
18:Specialization of labor
6594:." Pp. 158–60 in
6579:." Pp. 157–58 in
6575:4 October 2014 at the
6384:, Robert T. Boyd, and
6253:, and Peta Henderson.
5808:Parkin, Frank (1982).
5519:Mises, Ludwig (1949).
5209:Rattansi, Ali (1982).
5027:Cite journal requires
4398:examples are lacking.
3952:
3916:
3874:
3867:
3805:
3751:
3347:Historical Materialism
2092:Proletarian revolution
2087:Primitive accumulation
2082:Historical determinism
1453:
1433:
1393:
1350:
1334:
1309:
1284:
1273:
1254:
1211:
1203:
1169:
1120:
1089:
986:
205:Experimental economics
55:
6669:Economic anthropology
6646:22 March 2009 at the
6276:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
5773:Comparative Sociology
5722:The Wealth of Nations
5406:Anderson, Margaret L.
5330:. Simon & Brown.
5328:The Wealth of Nations
4227:The Wealth of Nations
3955:Contemporary theories
3947:
3911:
3891:comparative advantage
3869:
3865:
3803:
3767:mechanical solidarity
3749:
3719:The Wealth of Nations
3700:In his seminal work,
3583:Philosophy portal
3377:Science & Society
1995:Democratic centralism
1853:Factors of production
1718:Caliban and the Witch
1663:Women, Race and Class
1448:
1431:
1388:
1372:Alexis de Tocqueville
1348:
1326:
1300:
1279:
1268:
1263:The Fable of the Bees
1258:Bernard de Mandeville
1253:by Bernard Mandeville
1249:
1242:Bernard de Mandeville
1209:
1201:
1149:
1115:
1069:
1026:Industrial Revolution
984:
46:
6699:Industry (economics)
6694:Production economics
6339:The American Scholar
6335:Emerson, Ralph Waldo
6245:Monthly Review Press
5622:Khurana, A. (2009).
5597:Amin, Samir (1976).
5247:Khurana, A. (2009).
5147:Marx, Karl. 1963. "
4651:Identity performance
4543:improve this section
4447:improve this section
4336:improve this article
4159:could be read as an
4085:capitalist economies
3983:improve this article
3686:The American Scholar
3595:Socialism portal
3571:Communism portal
3440:History of communism
3435:Economic determinism
3420:Criticism of Marxism
3410:Creative destruction
2170:Marxism and religion
1890:Scientific socialism
1793:Philosophy of nature
1673:Imagined Communities
1538:Dialectics of Nature
1178:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
1063:lies in the natural
1030:classical economists
1018:Neolithic Revolution
432:Social choice theory
34:Lists of occupations
6503:permanent dead link
6447:The Economy of Time
6284:. pp. 125–26.
6266:"Division of Labor"
5534:Hayek, Friedrich A.
5429:Moody, James. n.d.
5172:Marx, Karl. 1849. "
5098:Rosenberg, Nathan.
4992:Hill, Lisa (2004).
4809:The Ancient Economy
4802:Book VIII, ch, ii,
4608:online marketplaces
4602:, gave rise to the
4598:, particularly the
4089:effective cost-wise
3887:international trade
3810:Austrian economists
3682:Ralph Waldo Emerson
3665:Henry David Thoreau
3327:Capital & Class
2007:False consciousness
1955:Commodity fetishism
1945:Class consciousness
1863:Means of production
1693:The Age of Extremes
1613:The Long Revolution
1548:What Is to Be Done?
1508:The German Ideology
1349:Adam Smith portrait
1061:origin of the state
1040:Pre-modern theories
899:Business portal
220:Operations research
200:National accounting
6674:Industrial history
6626:. Washington, DC:
6602:Stigler, George J.
6552:. 19 March 2018. "
6509:. Cheltenham, UK:
6063:Harvard Library ID
6059:Harvard University
5667:on 6 October 2008.
5559:Cope, Zak (2015).
5463:10.1007/bf01507702
5451:Sociological Forum
4942:Rothbard, Murray.
4887:Art de l'Épinglier
4636:Economies of scale
4511:Disaggregated work
4505:Disaggregated work
4267:project-based work
4201:labour aristocracy
4104:Control management
3868:
3857:Friedrich A. Hayek
3847:Friedrich A. Hayek
3837:cost-effectiveness
3806:
3785:organic solidarity
3777:organic solidarity
3752:
3541:Worker cooperative
3519:Left-wing populism
3445:Left-wing politics
3382:Socialist Register
3372:Rethinking Marxism
2165:Literary criticism
1868:Mode of production
1728:Capitalist Realism
1588:The Black Jacobins
1434:
1414:business processes
1351:
1318:Art de l'Épinglier
1310:
1306:Art de l'Épinglier
1255:
1212:
1204:
1129:Augustine of Hippo
1123:Augustine of Hippo
1111:Education of Cyrus
987:
974:and the source of
951:division of labour
230:Industrial complex
225:Middle income trap
56:
6566:von Mises, Ludwig
6530:Richard N. Cooper
6488:978-1-931089-25-8
6443:Heartfield, James
6400:James Mahmud Rice
6396:Goodin, Robert E.
6370:. Cambridge, UK:
6299:978-1-4129-6580-4
6251:Coontz, Stephanie
6043:on 27 April 2019.
5899:978-0-14-119256-7
5864:978-1-4411-9357-5
5757:. 1 December 2014
5753:(2nd ed.). – via
5731:978-0-553-58597-1
5700:978-0-19-521102-3
5635:978-93-80228-01-3
5572:978-1-894946-68-1
5418:Thomson Wadsworth
5369:978-0-8039-2333-1
5337:978-1-61382-931-8
5258:978-93-80228-01-3
5230:978-0-333-28556-5
5161:C.A. Watts and Co
5078:www.gutenberg.org
4916:978-0-226-76374-3
4835:978-1-78348-880-3
4656:Industrialisation
4592:temporary workers
4579:
4578:
4571:
4501:or organisation.
4499:industrial nation
4495:economic activity
4483:
4482:
4475:
4368:
4367:
4360:
4224:famously said in
4210:dependency theory
4185:Anti-imperialists
4070:
4069:
4062:
4036:used on Knowledge
4034:encyclopedic tone
4015:
4014:
4007:
3741:social solidarity
3631:
3630:
3472:Political ecology
3450:Marxian economics
2389:Council communism
2357:
2356:
2284:Neue Marx-Lektüre
2246:Regulation school
2135:Cultural analysis
2027:Lumpenproletariat
1970:Cultural hegemony
1960:Communist society
1950:Classless society
1885:Productive forces
1618:Guerrilla Warfare
1491:Theoretical works
1251:Fable of the Bees
1229:political economy
1202:Sir William Petty
1147:) and the state.
1143:), corporations (
1127:A simile used by
1022:industrialisation
967:natural resources
947:
946:
16:(Redirected from
6706:
6550:Rothbard, Murray
6526:Jean-Louis Beffa
6504:
6494:Solow, Robert M.
6416:. Cambridge ID:
6348:Florida, Richard
6319:
6235:Braverman, Harry
6224:3(1.2):S33–S58.
6183:
6182:
6170:
6164:
6163:
6160:10.1037/h0093748
6143:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6132:
6126:
6120:. Archived from
6115:
6106:
6100:
6099:
6079:
6073:
6068:
6051:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6036:. Archived from
6003:
5994:
5988:
5987:
5986:on 6 March 2019.
5985:
5979:. Archived from
5954:
5945:
5939:
5938:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5883:
5877:
5876:
5848:
5842:
5841:
5822:10.2307/40182929
5805:
5799:
5798:
5788:
5779:(4–5): 542–584.
5764:
5758:
5755:Encyclopedia.com
5747:
5736:
5735:
5717:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5675:
5669:
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5657:
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5565:. Kersplebedeb.
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5547:
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5421:
5410:Howard F. Taylor
5403:
5397:
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5374:
5373:
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5164:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5102:. Archived from
5095:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5030:
5025:
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5015:
5013:
5011:
5005:
4999:. Archived from
4998:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4939:
4933:
4929:
4924:
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4764:
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4487:division of work
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4464:
4458:
4427:
4419:
4415:Division of work
4363:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4343:
4320:
4312:
4199:) that create a
4197:unequal exchange
4175:capitalist class
4127:Labour hierarchy
4065:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4045:
4044:for suggestions.
4040:See Knowledge's
4025:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3990:
3967:
3959:
3895:opportunity cost
3814:Ludwig von Mises
3804:Ludwig von Mises
3796:Ludwig von Mises
3675:self-sufficiency
3623:
3616:
3609:
3593:
3592:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3546:Workers' council
3367:Race & Class
2274:Frankfurt School
2241:Neo-Gramscianism
2214:Marxism–Leninism
2196:
2195:
2140:Cultural Studies
2097:World revolution
2042:Private property
1583:Prison Notebooks
1483:
1460:
1459:
1167:
1087:
1084:Penguin Classics
939:
932:
925:
911:Money portal
909:
908:
907:
897:
896:
393:Natural resource
185:Economic systems
81:
58:
57:
52:Léonard Defrance
21:
6714:
6713:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6704:
6703:
6659:
6658:
6648:Wayback Machine
6637:
6577:Wayback Machine
6559:Mises Institute
6542:Shelly Lundberg
6538:Elhanan Helpman
6474:Reisman, George
6466:Rattansi, Ali.
6457:Ollman, Bertell
6451:Cultural Trends
6378:Gintis, Herbert
6323:Durkheim, Émile
6300:
6195:Becker, Gary S.
6191:
6189:Further reading
6186:
6171:
6167:
6144:
6140:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6113:
6107:
6103:
6080:
6076:
6066:
6052:
6048:
6040:
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5995:
5991:
5983:
5952:
5946:
5942:
5919:
5915:
5900:
5884:
5880:
5865:
5849:
5845:
5816:(20): 185–187.
5806:
5802:
5765:
5761:
5748:
5739:
5732:
5718:
5714:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5659:
5658:
5651:
5636:
5620:
5616:
5595:
5588:
5573:
5557:
5550:
5532:
5528:
5517:
5513:
5498:10.2307/2089532
5482:
5478:
5447:
5440:
5434:Duke University
5428:
5424:
5404:
5400:
5384:
5377:
5370:
5356:
5345:
5338:
5324:
5320:
5294:10.2307/2089532
5278:
5274:
5259:
5245:
5238:
5231:
5207:
5203:
5184:
5180:
5171:
5167:
5157:T. B. Bottomore
5146:
5142:
5132:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5109:
5107:
5106:on 4 March 2016
5096:
5092:
5082:
5080:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5060:
5044:
5040:
5028:
5026:
5017:
5016:
5009:
5007:
5006:on 28 July 2013
5003:
4996:
4990:
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4971:
4967:
4957:
4955:
4954:on 12 June 2012
4940:
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4797:
4774:
4767:
4760:
4752:, 27–32, 37–8.
4738:
4734:
4730:
4725:
4706:Surplus product
4686:Precarious work
4631:Economic sector
4626:Complex society
4616:
4604:sharing economy
4575:
4564:
4558:
4555:
4540:
4524:
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4507:
4479:
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4459:
4444:
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4347:
4344:
4333:
4321:
4310:
4294:Main articles:
4292:
4271:project manager
4236:job enlargement
4219:
4129:
4097:
4083:In general, in
4066:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4039:
4030:This section's
4026:
4022:
4011:
4000:
3994:
3991:
3980:
3968:
3957:
3879:
3849:
3798:
3698:
3662:
3627:
3587:
3577:
3575:
3565:
3563:
3551:
3550:
3524:Universal class
3415:Conflict theory
3395:
3387:
3386:
3362:New Left Review
3317:
3309:
3308:
2449:
2439:
2438:
2369:
2359:
2358:
2269:Budapest School
2193:
2192:Common variants
2185:
2184:
2115:
2107:
2106:
2072:
2062:
2061:
1965:Critical theory
1925:
1915:
1914:
1895:Surplus product
1823:
1813:
1812:
1773:
1763:
1762:
1628:Reading Capital
1493:
1458:
1426:
1343:
1295:
1278:
1244:
1196:
1191:
1189:Modern theories
1174:
1168:
1157:The City of God
1155:
1134:The City of God
1125:
1098:
1088:
1076:
1047:
1042:
1034:Charles Babbage
955:economic system
943:
905:
903:
891:
884:
883:
854:
844:
843:
842:
841:
605:von Böhm-Bawerk
493:
482:
481:
243:
235:
234:
190:Economic growth
180:
172:
171:
113:
111:classifications
54:(18th century)
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6712:
6702:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6657:
6656:
6650:
6636:
6635:External links
6633:
6632:
6631:
6618:
6610:59(3):185–93.
6599:
6588:
6563:
6547:
6546:
6545:
6516:Contributors:
6491:
6471:
6464:
6454:
6440:
6431:
6421:
6393:
6375:
6364:
6357:
6345:
6342:
6332:
6320:
6298:
6282:Cato Institute
6270:Hamowy, Ronald
6258:
6248:
6232:
6216:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6165:
6138:
6127:on 17 May 2006
6101:
6090:(3): 683–703.
6074:
6046:
5989:
5963:(4): 413–440.
5940:
5929:(2): 181–189.
5913:
5898:
5878:
5863:
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5730:
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5699:
5670:
5649:
5634:
5614:
5586:
5571:
5548:
5526:
5523:. p. 164.
5511:
5476:
5438:
5422:
5398:
5394:The Free Press
5375:
5368:
5343:
5336:
5318:
5308:Émile Durkheim
5272:
5257:
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5201:
5178:
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5090:
5065:
5058:
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4984:
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4857:(4): 667-673.
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4711:Temporary work
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4641:Family economy
4638:
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4525:
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4509:Main article:
4506:
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4403:
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4366:
4365:
4324:
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4315:
4291:
4288:
4240:job enrichment
4218:
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4182:
4149:
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4116:
4115:
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4068:
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3956:
3953:
3938:
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3934:
3931:
3878:
3875:
3848:
3845:
3797:
3794:
3790:social science
3781:
3780:
3770:
3750:Émile Durkheim
3723:Charles Darwin
3708:Émile Durkheim
3697:
3696:Émile Durkheim
3694:
3661:
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3585:
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3538:
3537:
3536:
3529:Vulgar Marxism
3526:
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3427:
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3396:
3394:Related topics
3393:
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3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3357:Monthly Review
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3337:Constellations
3334:
3329:
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3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2370:
2367:Other variants
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2263:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2251:Third-worldist
2248:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2211:
2203:
2202:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2160:Historiography
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2077:Class struggle
2073:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2032:Metabolic rift
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:Marxist ethics
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1648:Ways of Seeing
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1457:
1454:
1425:
1422:
1342:
1339:
1294:
1291:
1286:- David Hume,
1277:
1274:
1243:
1240:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1173:
1170:
1153:
1124:
1121:
1097:
1094:
1074:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1003:industrialised
997:, the rise of
963:specialisation
945:
944:
942:
941:
934:
927:
919:
916:
915:
914:
913:
901:
886:
885:
882:
881:
876:
866:
861:
855:
850:
849:
846:
845:
840:
839:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
496:
495:
494:
488:
487:
484:
483:
480:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
398:Organizational
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
244:
242:By application
241:
240:
237:
236:
233:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
181:
178:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
135:
130:
125:
120:
114:
108:
107:
104:
103:
102:
101:
96:
91:
83:
82:
74:
73:
67:
66:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6711:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6679:Labor history
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6645:
6642:
6639:
6638:
6629:
6625:
6623:
6619:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6608:
6603:
6600:
6597:
6593:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6578:
6574:
6571:
6567:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6555:
6551:
6548:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6534:Jan Fagerberg
6531:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6506:
6505:
6499:
6495:
6492:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6480:
6475:
6472:
6469:
6465:
6462:
6458:
6455:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6432:
6429:
6425:
6422:
6419:
6418:9780521709514
6415:
6414:9780521709514
6411:
6407:
6406:
6401:
6397:
6394:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6382:Samuel Bowles
6379:
6376:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6362:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6349:
6346:
6343:
6340:
6336:
6333:
6330:
6329:
6324:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6256:
6252:
6249:
6246:
6242:
6241:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6222:
6217:
6214:
6213:0-674-90698-5
6210:
6206:
6202:
6201:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6180:
6176:
6169:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6142:
6123:
6119:
6112:
6105:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6078:
6071:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6050:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6000:
5993:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5951:
5944:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5917:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5895:
5891:
5890:
5882:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5860:
5856:
5855:
5847:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5804:
5796:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5763:
5756:
5752:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5733:
5727:
5723:
5716:
5702:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5666:
5662:
5656:
5654:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5631:
5627:
5626:
5618:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5601:
5593:
5591:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5568:
5564:
5563:
5555:
5553:
5546:35(4):519–30.
5545:
5544:
5539:
5535:
5530:
5522:
5515:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5492:(4): 462–65.
5491:
5487:
5480:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5445:
5443:
5435:
5432:
5426:
5419:
5416:Belmont, CA:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5402:
5395:
5391:
5389:
5382:
5380:
5371:
5365:
5361:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5339:
5333:
5329:
5322:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5288:(4): 462–65.
5287:
5283:
5276:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5254:
5250:
5243:
5241:
5232:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5213:
5205:
5199:. pp. 781–94.
5198:
5197:Vintage Books
5194:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5175:
5169:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5144:
5129:
5128:
5121:
5105:
5101:
5094:
5079:
5075:
5069:
5061:
5059:9781843543893
5055:
5051:
5050:
5042:
5034:
5021:
5002:
4995:
4988:
4980:
4976:
4969:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4938:
4932:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4903:
4895:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4875:
4873:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4845:
4837:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4818:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4799:
4791:
4787:
4784:(4): 747–72.
4783:
4779:
4772:
4770:
4761:
4755:
4751:
4746:
4745:
4736:
4732:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4666:Mechanisation
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4621:Asset poverty
4619:
4618:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4573:
4570:
4562:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4528:This section
4526:
4522:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4488:
4477:
4474:
4466:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4432:This section
4430:
4426:
4421:
4420:
4412:
4409:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4388:child rearing
4385:
4380:
4378:
4373:
4362:
4359:
4351:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4325:This section
4323:
4319:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4263:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4124:
4121:
4112:
4109:
4108:assembly-line
4105:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4064:
4061:
4053:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4028:
4019:
4018:
4009:
4006:
3998:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3972:This section
3970:
3966:
3961:
3960:
3951:
3946:
3944:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3910:
3908:
3903:
3901:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3883:globalisation
3873:
3864:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3833:mechanisation
3830:
3827:According to
3825:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3802:
3793:
3791:
3786:
3778:
3775:as promoting
3774:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3763:criminal laws
3761:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3748:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3636:
3624:
3619:
3617:
3612:
3610:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3584:
3574:
3572:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3502:Revolutionary
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3482:Authoritarian
3480:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3284:Moufawad-Paul
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
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2400:
2397:
2395:
2394:Eurocommunism
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2379:Austromarxism
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2368:
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2362:
2351:
2348:
2346:
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2341:
2338:
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2328:
2326:
2325:Communization
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2299:Praxis School
2297:
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2100:
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2075:
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2066:
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2058:
2057:Working class
2055:
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2040:
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2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1996:
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1991:
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1911:
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1864:
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1838:Crisis theory
1836:
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1482:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1444:Immanuel Kant
1441:
1440:
1430:
1424:Immanuel Kant
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1405:human capital
1400:
1398:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1376:Adam Ferguson
1373:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1358:
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1347:
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1239:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:William Petty
1208:
1200:
1194:William Petty
1186:
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531:
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500:de Mandeville
498:
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429:
428:Public choice
426:
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403:Participation
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
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371:
369:
366:
364:
363:Institutional
361:
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349:
346:
344:
341:
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334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
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314:
313:Expeditionary
311:
309:
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304:
303:Environmental
301:
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143:
139:
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134:
133:International
131:
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126:
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119:
116:
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109:Branches and
106:
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95:
92:
90:
87:
86:
85:
84:
80:
76:
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72:
69:
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64:
60:
59:
53:
49:
45:
39:
35:
30:
19:
6620:
6605:
6595:
6585:
6581:
6557:
6522:Martin Baily
6518:Bina Agarwal
6511:Edward Elgar
6500:
6497:
6478:
6467:
6460:
6453:43/44:155–59
6450:
6434:
6427:
6403:
6389:
6367:
6360:
6351:
6326:
6273:
6262:Cowen, Tyler
6254:
6238:
6219:
6198:
6178:
6168:
6154:(12): 1–32.
6151:
6147:
6141:
6129:. Retrieved
6122:the original
6117:
6104:
6087:
6083:
6077:
6049:
6038:the original
6009:
6005:
5992:
5981:the original
5960:
5956:
5943:
5926:
5922:
5916:
5888:
5881:
5853:
5846:
5813:
5803:
5776:
5772:
5762:
5750:
5721:
5715:
5704:, retrieved
5682:
5673:
5665:the original
5624:
5617:
5599:
5561:
5541:
5529:
5520:
5514:
5489:
5485:
5479:
5457:(1): 17–25.
5454:
5450:
5430:
5425:
5413:
5401:
5386:
5359:
5327:
5321:
5311:
5285:
5281:
5275:
5248:
5211:
5204:
5189:
5181:
5168:
5155:, edited by
5152:
5143:
5131:. Retrieved
5126:
5120:
5108:. Retrieved
5104:the original
5093:
5081:. Retrieved
5077:
5068:
5048:
5041:
5020:cite journal
5008:. Retrieved
5001:the original
4987:
4974:
4968:
4956:. Retrieved
4952:the original
4947:
4937:
4930:
4920:
4901:
4894:
4886:
4883:Introduction
4854:
4850:
4844:
4824:
4817:
4807:
4798:
4781:
4777:
4759:0-521-459559
4743:
4735:
4716:Urbanisation
4701:Role suction
4696:Price system
4580:
4565:
4556:
4541:Please help
4529:
4491:
4486:
4484:
4469:
4460:
4445:Please help
4433:
4405:
4396:ethnographic
4381:
4371:
4369:
4354:
4345:
4334:Please help
4329:verification
4326:
4300:Women's work
4284:
4266:
4264:
4248:
4233:
4225:
4220:
4165:
4150:
4130:
4117:
4098:
4082:
4078:organisation
4071:
4056:
4050:January 2020
4047:
4031:
4001:
3992:
3981:Please help
3976:verification
3973:
3948:
3939:
3924:labour force
3917:
3912:
3904:
3880:
3870:
3850:
3826:
3807:
3782:
3776:
3766:
3753:
3734:
3726:
3718:
3712:
3701:
3699:
3679:
3668:
3663:
3643:
3639:
3632:
3467:Municipalism
3279:Bhattacharya
2424:Situationist
2399:Instrumental
2052:State theory
2017:Immiseration
2012:Human nature
2002:Exploitation
1832:accumulation
1449:
1437:
1435:
1403:
1401:
1397:organisation
1394:
1389:
1380:
1365:
1354:
1352:
1335:
1327:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1305:
1285:
1280:
1269:
1261:
1256:
1250:
1233:
1213:
1175:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1139:
1132:
1126:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1099:
1090:
1086:ed.), p. 103
1077:
1070:
1054:
1048:
1015:
1011:Mesopotamian
988:
959:organisation
950:
948:
869:Publications
834:
457:Sociological
430: /
328:Geographical
308:Evolutionary
283:Digitisation
248:Agricultural
152:Mathematical
123:Econometrics
47:
29:
6424:Gorz, André
6386:Ernst Feghr
5892:. Penguin.
4905:. Chicago:
4806:, cited in
4588:freelancers
4584:contractors
4296:Gender role
4273:as project
4217:Limitations
4193:third world
4189:first world
4161:explanation
4157:meritocracy
3950:employment.
3737:natural law
3430:Communalism
2829:Wallerstein
2419:Revisionist
2150:Film theory
2130:Criminology
2125:Archaeology
2037:Proletariat
2022:Imperialism
1935:Bourgeoisie
1910:Wage labour
1803:Reification
1593:On Practice
1161:Marcus Dods
705:von Neumann
358:Information
298:Engineering
278:Development
273:Demographic
215:Game theory
157:Methodology
6663:Categories
6628:World Bank
6308:2008009151
6012:(2): 253.
5609:1151842795
5392:New York:
5195:New York:
5186:Marx, Karl
5159:. London:
4728:References
4497:within an
4384:entailment
4222:Adam Smith
4179:Anarchists
4153:competency
4074:management
3900:commercial
3822:alienation
3818:capitalism
3812:, notably
3773:civil laws
3715:Adam Smith
3635:alienation
3487:Democratic
3352:Mediations
2964:Przeworski
2904:Poulantzas
2754:Sivanandan
2709:Bettelheim
2609:Horkheimer
2604:Mariátegui
2579:Pashukanis
2504:Liebknecht
2434:Wertkritik
2374:Analytical
2234:Trotskyism
2209:Autonomist
2200:Structural
2180:Philosophy
2120:Aesthetics
1905:Value-form
1873:Capitalist
1778:Alienation
1771:Philosophy
1523:Grundrisse
1410:technology
1361:Adam Smith
1341:Adam Smith
1276:David Hume
1182:al-Ghazali
1106:Cyropaedia
1065:inequality
1016:After the
999:capitalism
864:Economists
735:Schumacher
640:Schumpeter
610:von Wieser
530:von Thünen
491:economists
467:Statistics
462:Solidarity
383:Managerial
348:Humanistic
343:Historical
288:Ecological
253:Behavioral
147:Mainstream
6476:. 1998.
6445:. 2001. "
6316:750831024
6131:13 August
6026:0932-4569
5908:835797169
5873:900469099
5830:0210-5233
5795:1569-1322
5644:495418951
5581:905638389
5471:144951894
5267:495418951
5188:. 1977.
4881:. 1761. "
4804:4[]-6
4681:Precariat
4661:Kyriarchy
4594:. Modern
4559:July 2020
4530:does not
4463:July 2020
4434:does not
4348:July 2020
4279:estimates
4275:schedules
4244:Taylorist
4134:hierarchy
4120:expertise
4114:position.
3995:July 2020
3889:based on
3654:communist
3534:Economism
3497:Reformist
3477:Socialism
3425:Communism
3405:Anarchism
3259:Coulthard
3184:McDonnell
3144:Screpanti
3054:Rowbotham
2919:Harnecker
2729:Althusser
2669:Deutscher
2509:Kollontai
2499:Luxemburg
2479:Plekhanov
2409:Nkrumaism
2320:Classical
2294:Political
2219:Guevarism
2175:Sociology
2155:Geography
1975:Democracy
1923:Sociology
1878:Socialist
1843:Commodity
1456:Karl Marx
1320:, 1761),
1302:Facsimile
1220:shipyards
780:Greenspan
745:Samuelson
725:Galbraith
695:Tinbergen
635:von Mises
630:Heckscher
590:Edgeworth
408:Personnel
368:Knowledge
333:Happiness
323:Financial
293:Education
268:Democracy
162:Political
128:Heterodox
71:Economics
38:Economics
6644:Archived
6573:Archived
6350:. 2002.
6325:. 1893.
6264:(2008).
6237:. 1974.
6070:12274210
6034:27802191
5977:53985589
5838:40182929
5706:3 August
5420:. Print.
5412:. 2008.
5396:. Print.
5133:25 April
5110:28 March
5083:22 April
4614:See also
4600:Internet
4377:planting
4251:workflow
4171:Marxists
3859:states:
3690:holistic
3460:Old Left
3455:New Left
3322:Antipode
3316:Journals
3219:Heinrich
3194:Roediger
3189:Douzinas
3179:Hennessy
3134:Holloway
3049:Hartsock
3039:Eagleton
3024:Federici
2999:Bannerji
2974:Therborn
2954:Rancière
2949:Easthope
2929:Anderson
2924:Altvater
2824:O'Connor
2819:Mészáros
2814:Guattari
2769:Thompson
2759:Miliband
2739:Williams
2724:Hobsbawm
2699:Emmanuel
2679:Beauvoir
2644:Lefebvre
2589:Benjamin
2554:Bukharin
2534:Zinoviev
2529:Grossman
2514:Bogdanov
2489:Connolly
2469:Lafargue
2414:Orthodox
2384:Centrist
2335:Leninism
2330:Feminist
2279:Humanist
2260:Hegelian
1788:Ideology
1465:a series
1463:Part of
1442:(1785),
1383:subtasks
1359:(1776),
1224:shipyard
1154:—
1145:collegia
1140:familiae
1109:(a.k.a.
1101:Xenophon
1096:Xenophon
1079:Republic
1075:—
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