152:
91:
335:
221:
20:
731:
363:. The majority of these are in religious works and contain Biblical quotations from the figure depicted – Old Testament prophets for example, were often shown with an appropriate quotation from their work. Because the words are usually religious in nature, the speech scroll is often written in Latin even when appearing in
374:
European speech scrolls may at times be seen in secular works as well and may also contain the name of a person to identify them. On carved figures the words would usually be painted on the scroll and have since worn away. In some Late Gothic and
Renaissance works, and in architectural decoration,
355:
During the 14th century, quotations in banderoles increasingly allowed artists to include more complex ideas in their works, though for the moment usually in Latin, thus greatly restricting the audience that could follow them. In this context, medieval donor illustrations are of particular
147:
or similar markings rarely appear on the
Mesoamerican speech scroll, although "tabs"—small, triangular or square blocks—are sometimes seen along the outer edge. If the speech scroll represents a tongue, then the tabs may represent teeth, but their meaning or message, if any, is not known.
142:
In
Mesoamerica, speech-scrolls are usually oriented upwards along the longest outer edge so that the central element (or "tongue") curves downward as it spirals. Some Mesoamerican scrolls are divided lengthwise with each side given a different shade.
356:
importance, as they recorded the names of the patrons as painted text and thus supplemented the purely pictorial information with readable content for the already literate urban mercantile elite.
136:
375:
very elaborate empty banderoles seem to be for decorative purposes only. The
European speech scroll fell out of favor largely due to an increasing interest in
58:
in the 16th century, and 13th and 14th
European painters. While European speech scrolls were drawn as if they were an actual unfurled scroll or strip of
246:
appear as actual scrolls, floating in apparent three-dimensional space (or in actual space in sculpture). They first become common at the start of the
649:
Obermair, Hannes (2014), "The Use of
Records in Medieval Towns: The Case of Bolzano, South Tyrol", in Marco Mostert; Anna Adamska (eds.),
211:
and many codices were sponsored to be written in this epoch, such as Codex
Quinatzin, that combines speech scrolls with actual writing.
650:
695:
671:
639:
613:
315:(1308–11), and other works. The convention had a historical appropriateness, as the Old Testament was originally written on
643:
631:
587:
Medieval Images, Icons, and
Chaucer Illustrated English Literary Texts: From Ruthwell Cross to the Ellesmere Chaucer
489:
735:
477:
98:
stick-ball player with a bi-color speech scroll. Note the "tabs" along the outer edge of the speech scroll.
380:
567:
291:
and other
Christian saints, a convention appearing in Italy in the 13th century. It may be seen in the
242:
In contrast to the abstract nature of
Mesoamerican speech scrolls, Medieval European speech scrolls or
55:
135:
site at Teotihuacan are filled with speech scrolls, in particular tableaus in the Tepantitla compound—
761:
254:, spoken words, if they appeared at all, were usually painted alongside a figure; these are called
151:
90:
132:
16:
Illustrative device denoting speech in art, used in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica and Medieval Europe
293:
766:
756:
681:
605:
376:
255:
225:
751:
705:
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At times, speech scrolls are decorated with devices that describe the tone of the speech:
8:
144:
124:
658:, Utrecht Studies in Medieval History, vol. 27, Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 49–68,
334:
593:
371:. This would also enable the illustration to be used in editions in other languages.
311:
691:
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635:
627:
609:
485:
175:
79:
659:
284:
220:
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50:
Developed independently on two continents, the device was in use by artists within
24:
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European speech scrolls usually contain the spoken words, much like a modern-day
273:
259:
235:
207:
After the Spanish Conquest, the indigenous languages received adaptations of the
247:
75:
663:
562:, Elin C. Danien and Robert J. Sharer, Eds., University of Pennsylvania Museum.
398:
360:
323:(like modern books). They may also be used for the words of angels, especially
270:
208:
745:
342:
288:
277:
251:
200:
rulers (photo above) are shown insulting two ambassadors through the use of "
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67:
47:) is an illustrative device denoting speech, song, or other types of sound.
652:
Writing and the Administration of Medieval Towns: Medieval Urban Literacy I
328:
179:
553:
Writing Without Words: Alternative Literacies in Mesoamerica and the Andes
186:
156:
103:
95:
51:
32:
558:
Coggins, Clement Chase (1992). "Pure Language & Lapidary Prose", in
368:
276:. The latter work demonstrates the use of banderoles as attributes for
19:
392:
59:
687:
568:"John Pohl's - Ancient Books - Mixtec Group Codices - Codex Selden"
71:
683:
Comics, Manga, and Graphic Novels: A History of Graphic Narratives
364:
324:
320:
298:
280:
110:
730:
316:
306:
302:
197:
602:
The King's Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology
319:, whereas nearly all surviving New Testament manuscripts are
193:
107:
704:
Pohl, Mary; Pope, Kevin O.; Nagy, Christopher von (2002). "
189:
is decorated with feathers to denote "soft, smooth words".
624:
Painting in the Age of Giotto: A Historical Reevaluation
123:, where two lines emit from a bird's mouth followed by
182:, a ruler's speech scroll takes the form of a serpent.
622:Ladis, Andrew & Maginnis, Hayden B. J. (1997),
258:. However, earlier works using banderoles are the
54:cultures from as early as 650 BC until after the
743:
139:, for example, has more than 20 speech scrolls.
283:, to distinguish them from the book-carrying
185:A Spaniard's speech scroll in a 16th-century
155:A mural in the ancient Mesoamerican city of
599:
500:
410:
594:"About the Endangered Language Fund Logo"
62:, Mesoamerican speech scrolls are scroll-
679:
648:
416:
333:
219:
150:
102:Speech scrolls are found throughout the
89:
18:
521:Ladis & Maginnis 1997, pp. 156–161.
512:Ladis & Maginnis 1997, pp. 155–156.
367:illustrations for books written in the
204:" icons attached to the speech scrolls.
744:
604:. Princeton University Press. p.
484:. London: Chaucer Press, 2004. p. 89.
706:Olmec Origins of Mesoamerican Writing
545:
428:Pohl, Pope, Nagy 2002, pp. 1984–1987.
131:," a ruler's name. The murals of the
600:Kantorowicz, Ernst Hartwig (1997).
13:
14:
778:
723:
565:
729:
560:New Theories on the Ancient Maya
27:'s "Annunciation to Saint Anne".
712:, vol. 298, pp. 1984–1987.
533:
524:
515:
269:) and the 12th-century English
506:
494:
471:
462:
453:
444:
431:
422:
85:
1:
346:
263:
229:
160:
117:
680:Petersen, Robert S. (2011).
404:
106:area. An early example is a
7:
386:
215:
10:
783:
664:10.1484/M.USML-EB.1.101928
596:, accessed November 2007.
551:Boone, Elizabeth (1994).
530:Obermair 2014, pp. 66–68.
555:, Duke University Press.
439:Endangered Language Fund
196:, the Selden Codex, two
192:In another 16th-century
715:Wishart Trevor (1966).
395:– a streamer or pennant
383:had a similar decline.
339:Epitaph of Jan of Ujazd
327:'s greeting to Mary in
174:In an engraving at the
585:Hilmo, Maidie (2004).
352:
239:
167:
99:
66:, looking much like a
28:
589:, Ashgate Publishing.
450:Coggins 1992, p. 104.
337:
226:Rogier van der Weyden
223:
154:
93:
80:slogans and war-cries
22:
738:at Wikimedia Commons
626:, Penn State Press,
539:Hilmo 2004, p. xxiv.
294:Santa Trinita MaestĂ
250:. Previously, as in
546:General references
468:Boone 1994, p. 59.
353:
240:
168:
164: 2nd century
100:
29:
734:Media related to
697:978-0-313-36330-6
673:978-2-503-54959-0
640:978-0-271-02091-4
615:978-0-691-01704-4
379:in painting; the
774:
762:Mesoamerican art
733:
701:
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657:
619:
582:
580:
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531:
528:
522:
519:
513:
510:
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501:Kantorowicz 1997
498:
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469:
466:
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459:Wishart, p. 300.
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351:
348:
285:Four Evangelists
268:
265:
234:
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165:
162:
127:proposed to be "
122:
119:
70:. It is used in
56:Spanish conquest
25:Bernhard Strigel
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274:Cloisters Cross
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236:Braque Triptych
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163:
120:
88:
39:(also called a
17:
12:
11:
5:
780:
770:
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764:
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754:
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739:
736:Speech scrolls
725:
724:External links
722:
721:
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696:
690:. p. 19.
677:
672:
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592:Holt, Dennis,
590:
583:
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482:Van der Weyden
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399:Speech balloon
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361:speech balloon
260:Aachen Gospels
217:
214:
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209:Latin alphabet
205:
190:
183:
87:
84:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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767:Visual motifs
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503:, p. 67.
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490:1-904449-24-7
487:
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417:Petersen 2011
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343:Lesser Poland
341:, Anonymous,
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289:New Testament
286:
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278:Old Testament
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262:of Otto III (
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252:Byzantine art
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248:Gothic period
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121: 650 BC
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114:cylinder seal
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77:
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69:
68:question mark
65:
61:
57:
53:
48:
46:
42:
38:
37:speech scroll
34:
26:
21:
757:Medieval art
719:. Routledge.
717:On Sonic Art
716:
709:
682:
651:
644:google books
623:
601:
586:
575:. Retrieved
571:
559:
552:
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329:Annunciation
310:
305:, 1280–90),
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180:Chichen Itza
169:
141:
128:
101:
63:
52:Mesoamerican
49:
44:
40:
36:
30:
23:Detail from
752:Iconography
350: 1450
233: 1452
202:flint knife
187:Aztec codex
157:Teotihuacan
133:Classic era
104:Mesoamerica
96:Teotihuacan
86:Mesoamerica
33:art history
746:Categories
369:vernacular
271:Romanesque
267: 975
244:banderoles
224:Detail of
159:, Mexico,
137:this mural
45:phylactery
405:Citations
393:Banderole
116:dated to
60:parchment
41:banderole
688:ABC-CLIO
387:See also
331:scenes.
281:prophets
216:European
178:site of
72:heraldry
710:Science
577:16 July
566:famsi.
377:realism
365:woodcut
325:Gabriel
321:codices
317:scrolls
299:Cimabue
287:of the
111:ceramic
708:", in
694:
670:
638:
630:
612:
488:
437:Holt,
312:MaestĂ
307:Duccio
303:Uffizi
256:tituli
198:Mixtec
145:Glyphs
129:3 Ajaw
125:glyphs
76:mottos
64:shaped
656:(PDF)
572:FAMSI
194:codex
108:Olmec
692:ISBN
668:ISBN
636:ISBN
628:ISBN
610:ISBN
579:2016
486:ISBN
381:halo
176:Maya
74:for
35:, a
660:doi
309:'s
297:by
228:'s
78:or
43:or
31:In
748::
686:.
666:,
642:,
634:,
608:.
606:67
570:.
480:.
347:c.
345:,
264:c.
230:c.
161:c.
118:c.
94:A
82:.
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662::
618:.
581:.
441:.
301:(
238:.
166:)
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