138:
391:, perhaps by functioning as a sort of lens to focus the complex texture of neural signal interference patterns. The ACC is also active during demanding tasks requiring judgement and discrimination and when errors are detected by an individual. During difficult tasks, or when experiencing intense love, anger, or lust, activation of the ACC increases. In brain imaging studies, the ACC has specifically been found to be active when mothers hear infants cry, underscoring its role in affording a heightened degree of social sensitivity.
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376:(disambiguation between alternatives) is thought to occur. According to Allman, this neural relay appears to convey motivation to act, and concerns the recognition of error. Self-control – and avoidance of error – is thus facilitated by the executive gatekeeping function of the ACC, as it regulates the interference patterns of neural signals between these two brain regions.
315:
The discovery of von
Economo neurons in diverse whale species has led to the suggestion that they are "a possible obligatory neuronal adaptation in very large brains, permitting fast information processing and transfer along highly specific projections and that evolved in relation to emerging social
406:
capabilities of the ACC and fronto-insular cortex appear to have been usurped, during recent evolution, to serve enhanced roles related to higher cognition – ranging from planning and self-awareness to role-playing and deception. The diminished olfactory function of humans, compared
367:
Allman and his colleagues have delved beyond the level of brain infrastructure to investigate how von
Economo neurons function at the superstructural level, focusing on their role as "air traffic controllers for emotions ... at the heart of the human social emotion circuitry, including a moral
675:
Abnormal von
Economo neuron development may be linked to several psychotic disorders, typically those characterized by distortions of reality, disturbances of thought, disturbances of language, and withdrawal from social contact. Altered von Economo neuron states have been implicated in both
47:
485:
meeting in 2003, Allman reported on von
Economo neurons his team found in another brain region, the fronto-insular cortex, a region which appears to have undergone significant evolutionary adaptations in mankind – perhaps as recently as 100,000 years ago.
327:
leads to the hypothesis that they developed no earlier than 15–20 million years ago, prior to the divergence of orangutans from the
African great apes. Recently, primitive forms of von Economo neurons have also been discovered in macaque monkey brains and raccoons.
543:. While total quantities of ACC von Economo neurons were not reported by Allman in his seminal research report (as they were in a later report describing their presence in the frontoinsular cortex, below), his team's initial analysis of the ACC layer V in
522:
The largest number of ACC von
Economo neurons are found in humans, fewer in the gracile great apes, and fewest in the robust great apes. In both humans and bonobos they are often found in clusters of 3 to 6 neurons. They are found in humans,
646:
was given). An adult human had 82,855 such cells, a gorilla had 16,710, a bonobo had 2,159, and a chimpanzee had a mere 1,808 – despite the fact that chimpanzees and bonobos are great apes most closely related to humans.
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specifically targeted von
Economo neurons; this study was performed with end-stage Alzheimer brains in which cell destruction was widespread, but later it was found that Alzheimer's disease does not affect the von Economo neurons.
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sense". Allman's team proposes that von
Economo neurons help channel neural signals from deep within the cortex to relatively distant parts of the brain. Specifically, Allman's team found signals from the ACC are received in
978:
633:
All of the primates examined had more von
Economo neurons in the fronto-insula of the right hemisphere than in the left. In contrast to the higher number of von Economo neurons found in the ACC of the gracile bonobos and
726:
Fajardo; Escobar, M.I.; Buriticá, E.; Arteaga, G.; Umbarila, J.; Casanova, M.F.; Pimienta, H.; et al. (4 March 2008). "Von
Economo neurons are present in the dorsolateral (dysgranular) prefrontal cortex of humans".
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with other primates, may be related to the fact that von Economo neurons located at crucial neural network hubs have only two dendrites rather than many, resulting in reduced neurological integration.
1390:
Seeley WW, Carlin DA, Allman JM, Macedo MN, Bush C, Miller BL, Dearmond SJ (December 2006). "Early frontotemporal dementia targets neurons unique to apes and humans".
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303:. Although rare in comparison to other neurons, von Economo neurons are abundant, and comparatively large, in humans; they are however three times as abundant in
1198:
Allman, JM; Hakeem, A; Erwin, JM; Nimchinsky, E; Hof, P (May 2001). "The anterior cingulatecortex. The evolution of an interface between emotion and cognition".
702:
1479:
846:
Butti C, Sherwood CC, Hakeem AY, Allman JM, Hof PR (July 2009). "Total number and volume of Von Economo neurons in the cerebral cortex of cetaceans".
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functions, including motor and digestive functions, while also playing a role in the regulation of blood pressure and heart rate. Significant
493:, a region that is roughly the size of a thumb in each hemisphere of the human brain. The insula and fronto-insular cortex are part of the
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and the complexities of emotion are thought to be generated and experienced. Moreover, this region of the right hemisphere is crucial to
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Hakeem, Atiya Y.; Sherwood, Chet C.; Bonar, Christopher J.; Butti, Camilla; Hof, Patrick R.; Allman, John M. (16 December 2009).
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Triarhou, LC (2006). "The signalling contributions of Constantin von Economo to basic, clinical and evolutionary neuroscience".
272: – specifically, as an adaptation to accommodate the increasing size of these distantly-related animals' brains.
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771:
979:"Behind the Mask: Neurobiological indicants of emotional resilience and cognitive function in wild raccoons (Procyon lotor)"
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Hakeem, Atiya Y.; Chet. C. Sherwood; Christopher J. Bonar; Camilla Butti; Patrick R. Hof; John M. Allman (December 2009).
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behaviors." The apparent presence of these specialized neurons only in highly intelligent mammals may be an example of
802:"Structure of the cerebral cortex of the humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Balaenopteridae)"
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Lambert KG, Bardi M, Landis T, Hyer MM, Rzucidlo A, Gehrt S, Anchor C, Jardim Messeder D, Herculano-Houzel S (2014).
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348:(ACC) of hominids but not any other species. Neuronal volumes of ACC von Economo neurons were larger in humans and
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Von Economo neurons were discovered and first described in 1925 by Austrian psychiatrist and neurologist
559:(abundant, 3.8%), ~68 for bonobos (abundant/clusters, 4.8%), ~89 for humans (abundant/clusters, 5.6%).
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Allman, J; Hakeem, A; Watson, K (Aug 2002). "Two phylogenetic specializations in the humanbrain".
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Allman J, Hakeem A, Watson K (Aug 2002). "Two phylogenetic specializations in the human brain".
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Allman J, Hakeem A, Watson K (Aug 2002). "Two phylogenetic specializations in the human brain".
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Hakeem, A. Y.; Sherwood, C. C.; Bonar, C. J.; Butti, C.; Hof, P. R.; Allman, J. M. (2009).
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activates the anterior cingulate cortex, as it relays neural signals transmitted from the
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of humans and elephants. In humans they have been observed in higher concentration in
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signals) facing opposite. Other cortical neurons tend to have many dendrites, and the
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Nimchinsky, EA; Gilissen, E; Allman, JM; Perl, DP; Erwin, JM; Hof, PR (Apr 1999).
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1113:"Rare neurons linked to empathy and self-awareness discovered in monkey brains"
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involves loss of mostly von Economo neurons. An initial study suggested that
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of humans. Von Economo neurons are also found in the brains of a number of
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The ACC is a relatively ancient cortical region and is involved with many
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that may allow rapid communication across the relatively large brains of
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Von Economo neurons are found in two very restricted regions in the
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935:"Von Economo neurons in the anterior insula of the macaque monkey"
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Global firing rate regulation and regulation of emotional state
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revealed an average of ~9 von Economo neurons per section for
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first published a report on von Economo neurons found in the
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264:. The appearance of von Economo neurons in distantly related
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1138:"A neuronalmorphologic type unique to humans and great apes"
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For the sensory receptors within the belly of a muscle, see
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209:-shaped morphology of von Economo neurons is unique here.
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Michael Balter (2006) ScienceNOW Daily News. 27 November
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667:(BA24) they have been found mostly in clusters of 2–4.
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This fronto-insular cortex is closely connected to the
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1050:"Whales boast the brain cells that 'make us human'"
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The cytoarchitectonics of the human cerebral cortex
772:"Whales boast the brain cells that 'make us human'"
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List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
372:, in the frontal polar cortex, where regulation of
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185:(or body) gradually tapering into a single apical
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991:von Economo, C., & Koskinas, G. N. (1929).
509:and perception of three-dimensional rotations.
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55:(left) compared with a von Economo cell (right)
933:Evrard HC, Forro T, Logothetis NK (May 2012).
323:Their restriction among the primates to great
197:signals) in one direction, with only a single
655:Von Economo neurons have been located in the
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27:Specific class of mammalian cortical neurons
1308:"Von Economo Neurons in the Elephant Brain"
1073:"Von Economo Neurons in the Elephant Brain"
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894:"Von Economo neurons in the elephant brain"
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601:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
449:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1482: – Know Thyself and Others
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469:Learn how and when to remove this message
287:Von Economo neurons are relatively large
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800:Hof PR, Van der Gucht E (January 2007).
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240:). In 2008, they were also found in the
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551:(rare, 0.6% of section cells), ~22 for
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1243:"Humanity? Maybe It's in the Wiring"
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599:adding citations to reliable sources
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352:than the von Economo neurons of the
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1212:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03476.x
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1019:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.02.001
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342:California Institute of Technology
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995:. London: Oxford University Press
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336:In 1999, American neuroscientist
1048:Coghlan, A. (27 November 2006).
770:Coghlan, A. (27 November 2006).
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332:In the anterior cingulate cortex
121:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
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657:dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
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242:dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
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1492:"Brain Cells for Socializing"
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268:suggests that they represent
236:(FI) (which each make up the
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411:In the fronto-insular cortex
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981:. Society for Neuroscience.
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555:(frequent, 2.3%), ~37 for
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518:Anterior cingulate cortex
346:anterior cingulate cortex
311:Evolutionary significance
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177:characterized by a large
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100:Local input to ACC and FI
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1142:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
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105:Postsynaptic connections
1007:Brain Research Bulletin
686:Frontotemporal dementia
201:(the ramification that
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1163:10.1073/pnas.96.9.5268
340:and colleagues at the
277:Constantin von Economo
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1312:The Anatomical Record
1077:The Anatomical Record
898:The Anatomical Record
671:Clinical significance
563:Fronto-insular cortex
501:are found, and where
234:fronto-insular cortex
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74:Fronto-insular cortex
729:Neuroscience Letters
595:improve this section
443:improve this section
374:cognitive dissonance
318:convergent evolution
270:convergent evolution
51:Cartoon of a normal
1486:"Well-wired whales"
1392:Annals of Neurology
1241:Blakeslee, Sandra.
1154:1999PNAS...96.5268N
690:Alzheimer's disease
379:In humans, intense
161:Von Economo neurons
1430:General References
1250:The New York Times
370:Brodmann's area 10
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40:Von Economo neuron
1404:10.1002/ana.21055
1060:on 16 April 2008.
860:10.1002/cne.22055
806:Anatomical Record
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441:Please help
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1497:, June 2009
1495:Smithsonian
1206:: 107–117.
812:(1): 1–31.
636:chimpanzees
557:chimpanzees
525:chimpanzees
338:John Allman
1122:2020-06-28
709:References
644:orangutans
549:orangutans
533:orangutans
507:navigation
354:chimpanzee
293:great apes
226:great apes
224:and other
142:Micrograph
72:(ACC) and
582:does not
541:elephants
537:cetaceans
430:does not
404:gustatory
400:olfactory
396:autonomic
362:orangutan
305:cetaceans
301:cetaceans
297:elephants
246:cetaceans
195:transmits
169:mammalian
154:LFB stain
146:cingulate
1505:Category
1458:12194502
1412:17187353
1369:12194502
1334:19089889
1285:12194502
1228:10507342
1220:11411161
1182:10220455
1099:19089889
1035:21477302
1027:16564418
961:22578500
920:19089889
868:19412956
828:17441195
749:18355958
697:See also
640:gorillas
553:gorillas
545:hominids
529:gorillas
385:amygdala
283:Function
262:raccoons
218:hominids
203:receives
199:dendrite
181:-shaped
172:cortical
113:temporal
89:Function
66:Location
1466:2427631
1420:7976979
1377:2427631
1293:2427631
1150:Bibcode
876:6876656
757:8454354
603:removed
588:sources
535:, some
451:removed
436:sources
381:emotion
358:gorilla
350:bonobos
250:African
228:): the
207:bipolar
179:spindle
175:neurons
109:Frontal
61:Details
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491:insula
299:, and
266:clades
222:humans
214:brains
115:cortex
1462:S2CID
1416:S2CID
1373:S2CID
1289:S2CID
1246:(PDF)
1224:S2CID
1173:21853
1031:S2CID
872:S2CID
753:S2CID
481:At a
289:cells
193:that
189:(the
125:[
81:Shape
1454:PMID
1408:PMID
1365:PMID
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957:PMID
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745:PMID
680:and
586:any
584:cite
434:any
432:cite
402:and
360:and
325:apes
260:and
252:and
187:axon
183:soma
111:and
76:(FI)
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