Spix's macaw - Knowledge

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as other parrots of similar size reach sexual maturity in two to four years. In the wild, mating involves elaborate courtship rituals, like feeding each other and flying together. This process is known to possibly take several seasons in other large parrots, and it may also be the case for the Spix's. They make their nests in the hollows of large mature Caraibeira trees, and reuse the nest year after year. The breeding season is November to March, with most eggs hatching in January to coincide with the start of the Caatinga January to April rainy season. In the wild, Spix's were believed to lay three eggs per clutch; in captivity, the average number is four eggs, and can range from one to seven. Incubation period is 25–28 days and only the female performs incubation duties. The chicks fledge in 70 days and are independent in 100–130 days.

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appearance of adult male and female are identical; however, the average weight of captive males is about 318 g (11.2 oz) and captive females average about 288 g (10.2 oz). Its plumage is grey-blue on the head, pale blue on the underparts, and vivid blue on the upperparts, wings and tail. The legs and feet are brownish-black. In adults the bare facial skin is grey, the beak is entirely dark grey, and the irises are yellow. Juveniles are similar to adults, but they have pale grey bare facial skin, brown irises, and a white stripe along the top-center of their beaks (along the

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Spix's native habitat, acquire and restore additional portions of its range, and prepare for its release into the wild between 2017 and 2021. Pursuant to the plan, in 2012, the Brazilian government established NEST, a private aviary near Avaré, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil as a breeding and staging center for eventual release of the Spix into the wild. Birds formerly housed at the Sao Paulo Zoo as well as Loro Parque Foundation and other conservation organizations were relocated to NEST. The Spix's at NEST are owned by the Brazilian government and managed by Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation.

1336:, where the last known wild Spix's macaw nest was located, adjacent Riacho Barra Grande, and Riacho da Vargem ~100 km to the north near Abaré all in the State of Bahia south of Rio São Francisco. In 1990, these were all that remained of what was once believed to be a vast filigree of creekside Caraibeira woodland extending 50 km into the Caatinga on either side of the Rio São Francisco along a significant stretch of its middle reaches. There is also one confirmed site, since cleared, along Brígida Creek on the north shore of Rio São Francisco in Pernambuco. 435:. Its last known stronghold in the wild was in northeastern Bahia, Brazil and sightings were very rare. After a 2000 sighting of a male bird, the next and last sighting was in 2016. The species is now maintained through a captive breeding program at several conservation organizations under the aegis of the Brazilian government. One of these organizations, the Association for the Conservation of Threatened Parrots (ACTP), moved birds back from Germany to Brazil in 2020 as part of their plan to release Spix's macaws back into the wild. The Brazilian 1345: 104: 1423:, human encroachment and agricultural development along the Rio Sao Francisco corridor following European colonization of eastern Brazil preceded its precipitous decline in the latter part of the 20th century. Naturalists surveying its known remaining native habitat in the Curaçá region have estimated that it could have supported no more than about 60 birds at any time in the last 100 years. Contributing factors were the anthropic introduction of invasive and predatory species of 243: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1965:

one's fingers, only drinks plain water, and lives mainly on sunflower seed. It has hemp, millet, and canary, and peanuts, but I do not think it eats much of any of them. It barks the branches of the tree in which it is loose, and may eat the bark. It would very likely be all the better if it would eat bread and milk, as it might then produce some flight feathers, which it never yet has had. But I expect it would not eat any sop, even if I gave it nothing else."

1501: 62: 1498: 1271: 1930: 1324:) woodland galleries. The Caraibeira constitutes a microclimate within the Caatinga. The existing galleries are fringes of unique woodland extending a maximum of 18 m (59 ft) to either side along a series of seasonal waterways at least 8 m wide in the Rio São Francisco drainage basin. All T. caraiba woodland was recorded in the middle and lower levels of the creek system where fine 1400:, was discovered at the site in 1990. A female Spix's macaw released from captivity at the site in 1995 was killed by collision with a power line after seven weeks. The last wild male disappeared from the site in October 2000; his disappearance was thought to have marked the extinction of this species in the wild. However, wild Spix's macaws may have been sighted in 2016. While the 1243: 2008:, the "Born to be Wild" episode focuses on Noah, the main character, bringing a breeding pair of Spix's macaws (though they don’t resemble the species in life) to his island from the Amazon rainforest, in the hope that they will breed. At first, the two macaws are both very aggressive and fight with each other, but they eventually make up and fall in love. 1592:

managed at Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation (AWWP), which purchased the population of Birds International and most of the birds in Dr. Hämmerli's Swiss collection. Other Spixs are located at Loro Parque Foundation, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Association for the Conservation of Threatened Parrots (ACTP) in Berlin, Germany, NEST in Brazil and

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Caatinga. But the evidence collected in Melância Creek indicated that the Spix's macaw was a specially adapted inhabitant of the disappearing woodland galleries. Ornithologist Tony Silva mentions that "where Caraibeiras have been felled, as in the Pernambuco side of the São Francisco River, the species has disappeared".

1986:, and repatriated to Brazil. This Spix had not been among those known in 1987. Because all known specimens of the Spix's macaw are now in a conservation program run by the Brazilian government, there are now no sources from which the bird may be obtained for the pet trade. Presley died on 25 June 2014 outside 1579:

The existing captive population is descended from just 7 wild caught founder birds, which are believed to have all come from just two wild nests that existed post 1982: pairs originally owned by Birds International in the Philippines, Dr. Hämmerli in Switzerland, and Wolfgang Keissling (Loro Parque),

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The species appears to have been seen and described – "MARACANA Brasiliensibus, avis Psittaco planè similis (cuius & species) sed maior, plumae totius ex gryseo subcoerulescunt, clamat ut Psittacus. Fructus amat, Murucuia imprimis. (Translation: "Brazilian parrot, bird very similar to Psittacus

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Spix's macaw is easy to identify being the only small blue macaw and also by the bare grey facial skin of its lores and eyerings. It is about 56 cm (22 in) long including tail length of 26–38 cm (10–15 in). It has a wing length of 24.7–30.0 cm (9.7–11.8 in). The external

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In May 2012, Brazil's ICMBio formulated and published a 5-year National Action Plan (PAN) for conservation and reestablishment of the species in the wild. Highlights of the plan are to increase the captive population to 150 specimens (expected by 2020), build a breeding facility in Brazil within the

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stated that "there is no available evidence indicating a recent decline in numbers." Beginning around 1980, at the very height of the illegal bird trade, traders and trappers removed dozens of Spix's from the wild, and by the early 80s, it was generally believed to be extinct in the wild. Naturalist

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Recent authorities cite the type locality as Curaca, but others say the locality can't be known with certainty.. Spix wrote: "habitat gregarius, rarissimus licet, propre Joazeiro in campis riparüs fluminis St. Francisci, voce tenui insignis" ("it lives in flocks, although very rare, near Joazeiro in

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Much remains uncertain about the extent of the bird's original range, because most of its woodland habitat was cleared before naturalists observed either the birds or the Caraiba nesting sites. The historical range is now believed to have encompassed portions of the states of Bahia and Pernambuco in

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The bird is a medium-size parrot weighing about 300 grams (11 oz), smaller than most of the large macaws. Its appearance is various shades of blue, with a grey-blue head, light blue underparts, and vivid blue upperparts. Males and females are almost identical in appearance; however, the females

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As of 2022 there are approximately 177 Spix's macaws in captivity. Eighty-three of these are participating in an international breeding program managed by the Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio), the Natural Heritage Branch of the Brazilian Government. Most of these are

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In the middle 1980s, by the time fieldwork to locate and understand the habitat of the Spix was completed, it was apparent that the Spix must be nearing extinction in the wild. Conservationists realized that a captive breeding program would be necessary to preserve the species. At a meeting in 1987

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deposits were present. The character of the galleries is tall (8m) evenly spaced Caraibeira trees, ten per hundred meters, interspersed with low scrub and desert cacti. Large mature trees of this species (and apparently no other) provided the nesting hollows of Spix's macaws, as well as shelter and

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Captive bred Spix's macaws reach sexual maturity at seven years of age. A paired female born at the Loro Parque Fundación laid eggs at the age of five years, but these were infertile. It is suspected that late maturity in captivity may be due to inbreeding or other artificial environmental factors,

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One of the few accounts of the Spix in captivity was given by Rev. F.G. Dutton, president of the Avicultural Society U.K. in 1900: "I have not yet seen a good-tempered Spix ... My Spix, which is really more a Conure than a Macaw, will not look at sop of any sort, except sponge cake given from

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In the 2013 breeding season veterinarians and scientists from Parrot Reproduction Consulting, a German veterinary practice focused on parrot reproduction medicine, and Al Wabra developed new specific strategies for semen collection and artificial insemination of the Spix's macaw. These resulted in

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in Belgium. At three of these five conservation organizations (AWWP, ACTP and NEST), a captive breeding program is guiding Spix's macaw a step closer to re-establishment back to its natural habitat in Brazil. The female at Loro Parque Foundation cannot be bred for health reasons. Both the AWWP and

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In the years since 1987 when naturalists, conservationists and later IBAMA/ICMBio started tracking the Spix, only two sets of birds unknown in 1987 have ever been discovered: Dr. Hämmerli's in 1991, and a single male bird found in Colorado, U.S. in 2002 named Presley. There is no evidence that any

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and Parrots International) and Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation. These compose a small but important part of the natural habitat of the Spix, in the vicinity where the last known wild Spix nest existed. Efforts to clear the habitat of introduced predators and restore the natural Caraibeira seedlings

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Study of the lone bird discovered at Melância creek in 1990 revealed substantive information about its habitat. It had been previously assumed that the Spix's macaw had a vast range in the interior of Brazil embracing several different habitat types, including buriti palm swamps, cerrado, and dry

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Spix's macaws choose their own mates independently, so best genetic pairings are not guaranteed. Artificially created "pairs" may groom and associate with each other as if they were a pair, but in fact are not mates, and it may take several seasons to determine this. Another complication is that

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the world's first egg fertilisation and first chicks of the Spix's macaw as a result of assisted reproduction, performed et al-Wabra Wildlife Preservation. Two chicks were produced and the first chick was called "Neumann" after Daniel Neumann, the veterinarian who performed these inseminations.

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Since 1987, the Loro Parque Foundation financed the field program to protect and study the last wild male, to protect and restore key habitat, and other important actions. In 1997, the Loro Parque Foundation returned the ownership to the Government of Brazil of all the Spix's macaws held in its

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project (Little Blue Macaw project) in order to conserve the species. At that time, the known captive population of Spix's stood at 15, and one in the wild. Early 1990 was the low point for conservation of the Spix. The Permanent Committee was dissolved in 2002 due to irreconcilable differences

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With the passage of the Brazil Wildlife Protection Act in 1967, Brazil forbade the export of its wildlife, and in 1975 became a party to the CITES treaty. These actions barely affected the illicit bird trade, but Spix owners were forced underground (consequently complicating the later effort to

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Various accounts relate that the birds were more common in Pernambuco than in Bahia through the 1960s but not later. Spix's macaw was most recently (1974–1987) known in the Río São Francisco valley, in northeastern Brazil, principally in the basins on the south side of the river in the State of

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Juniper says "It was here that he shot a magnificent long-tailed blue parrot for their collection." But George Smith says: "Among the several unique avian specimens that were brought to him by his anonymous collectors was a small blue macaw". Juniper sites his source generally as; the Smith

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In 2018, the population of the species numbered approximately 158 individuals and an agreement was signed between the Ministry of the Environment of Brazil and conservation organizations of Belgium (Pairi Daiza Foundation) and Germany (Association for the Conservation of Threatened Parrots) to

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Caraiba grows very slowly; most of the trees are 200–300 years old, and there has not been any regenerative growth for the last 50 years. In addition, 45% of the Caatinga dry forest in which the woodland galleries are embedded has been cleared for farms, ranches and plantations. Climate change

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Naturalists have noted the Spix's similarity to other smaller members of tribe Arini based on general morphology as long ago as Rev. F.G. Dutton, president of the Avicultural Society U.K. in 1900: "it's more like a conure" ('conure' is not a defined taxon – in Dutton's time, it referred to the

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A note on the references. There are only about a dozen original ornithological research papers devoted exclusively to the Spix written in the last 40 years. Most are collected at www.bluemacaws.org. A comprehensive natural and conservation history through late 2002 is available in Juniper's

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On 18 June 2016 one specimen was seen in Curaçá in the Brazilian state of Bahia. On 19 June, the bird was filmed in poor quality although its call was identified as a Spix's macaw. However, Birdlife noted it is possible the individual was a released captive bird.

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The bird had not been studied in the wild until the 1970s. In 1974, Brazilian ornithologist Helmut Sick observed groups of three and four of the birds near Formosa do Rio Preta in northwest Bahia flying over buriti Palms (Mauritia flexuosa). As recently as 1980,

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The status and locations of 5 Spix's sold to private owners from Dr. Hämmerli's Swiss collection in 1999 are unknown but presumed to be still alive; they are the likely source of the approximately 13 Spix's in the hands of private owner(s) in Switzerland.

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split from the ancestral parakeets before the differentiation of the modern macaws. However, not all of the macaw genera were represented in the study. The study also states that diversification of the Neotropical parrot lineages occurred starting 33

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the bird was included in an international animal smuggling ring. It was found in the purse of a victim who had been mauled by a tiger. References were made to the extreme rarity of the bird and the potential value of it and other endangered species.

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All or nearly all hatched chicks in the breeding program are hand raised by experienced staff, to reduce the risk of losing a scarce live chick (only about one out of ten viable eggs laid hatch). No chick has been lost through weaning. Non-invasive

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An analysis in 2018 based on threats, time since last known confirmed records, and patterns of bird extinction suggested that the bird was in all probability extinct in the wild. As of 2019, the IUCN classifies the species as extinct in the wild.

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For unknown reasons, originally suspected to be bloodline related, captive specimens seemed to have delayed sexual maturity. The youngest pairs to lay fertile eggs were 10 years of age. Other captive breeding issues are that, possibly because of

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The bird was exceedingly rare in aviculture, the few being held by wealthy collectors rather than privately as pets. A trickle of Spix's appeared in captivity starting in the late 1800s. The earliest known specimens were three held by the

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In July 2015, the number of Spix's macaws held in captivity participating in the ICMBio recovery program reached 110 (12 in NEST, 12 in ACTP, & 86 in AWWP). The count does not include an unverifiable number of birds in private hands.

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finds that his head crown has become a nesting spot for two Spix's macaw eggs. Later in the episode he reveals that the eggs have been taken away by Egg Protective Services after he accidentally made an omelet in front of them.

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of Spix's macaw can be described as the sound "whichaka". The sound is made by creating a low rumble in the abdomen bringing the sound up to a high pitch. Its voice is a repeated short grating. It also makes squawking noises.

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The Caatinga vegetation of northeastern Bahia (which hosts the Spix habitat) is stunted trees, thorny shrubs and cacti, dominated by plants of the family Euphorbiaceae. This macaw lived in the hottest and driest part of the

1306:. Previous observations of the birds from further west are very difficult to explain but conceivably stem from either escaped captive birds or more likely the misidentification of another species such as red-bellied macaw ( 376:

in 2019. However, after over 20 years of conservation efforts, 200 macaws have been bred from just two parent birds, and 52 individual birds have since been reintroduced into their natural environment in June 2022.

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What appears to be the last Spix discovered in the wild was found on 18 June 2016 in Curaçá, Brazil; however, it is speculated that this may have been a bird released from captivity due to fear of the authorities.

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in its limited range and specialized habitat, the bird was rare in the wild throughout the twentieth century. It has always been very rare in captivity, partly due to the remoteness of its natural range.

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Bates and Busenbark say that the bird was intelligent and affectionate, talked some, and had no worse proclivity for screaming than Amazons. They also noted that the Spix were spiteful to other birds.

1521:, Canary Islands (Spain), only 17 captive Spix macaws could be located. Without the attendance of most of the captive Spix holders or involvement of the Brazilian government, little was accomplished. 1976:, where it remained alive until the late 1980s. Most of his birds died of poisoning in the 1970s. Some of these birds were the likely source of rumored Brazilian Spix owners in the 1960s and 1970s. 3334:

Butchart, Stuart H.M; Lowe, Stephen; Martin, Rob W; Symes, Andy; Westrip, James R.S; Wheatley, Hannah (2018). "Which bird species have gone extinct? A novel quantitative classification approach".

3439: 2767: 2939: 1376:(lake at Parnagua) in the State of Piauí. (What we now know about its habitat and probable range casts doubt on this observation) Reiser had also seen one in captivity at a railway station in 1353:

but larger, the entire plumage is ashy-bluish, calls like a parrot. Fruit it loves, especially Passionfruit.") – by the German naturalist Georg Marcgrave when he worked in Pernambuco in 1638.

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As of June 2022, a flock of eight Spix' macaws has been released back into the wild and appears to be doing well. Another release for twelve more later occurred in December of the same year.

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Two more Spix's macaws were confirmed to be born in the wild in late October 2023 through a pair that came together after being released from captivity from June and December respectively.

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Bahia. In 1974, ornithologist Helmut Sick, based on information from traders and trappers, extended the possible range of the Spix's macaw to embrace the northeastern part of the state of

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in Germany used a new technique developed for semen collection and tested in many other parrot species on the Spix's macaws. However, artificial insemination was not used in this case.

1139: 1525: 1046:, intermediate between the macaws and the smaller Arini, has been confirmed by recent molecular phylogenetic studies. In a 2008 molecular phylogenetic study of 69 parrot genera, the 2507:

Wright, T.F.; Schirtzinger, E. E.; Matsumoto, T.; Eberhard, J. R.; Graves, G. R.; Sanchez, J. J.; Capelli, S.; Muller, H.; Scharpegge, J.; Chambers, G. K.; Fleischer, R. C. (2008).

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and artificial insemination in large parrots. The research team used artificial insemination for the first time ever in the Spix's macaw at Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation in 2012.

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In August 2018, 146 of the 160 Spix's macaws in the world lived in the Association for the Conservation of Threatened Parrots in Rüdersdorf, (Germany). 120 of them came from

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Between 2000 and 2003, most of two large collections of Spix at Birds International in the Philippines and the aviaries of Swiss aviculturist Dr. Hämmerli were purchased by

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Scientists from the University of Giessen of the working group of Prof. Dr. Michael Lierz, Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, developed a novel technique for

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changes that occurred on the northern shore of the São Francisco River, such as a broad scale conversion into agricultural lands and flooding following the construction of

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The bird remained rare and highly coveted. The first captive breeding occurred in the 1950s in Brazil, in the aviaries of the late Alvaro Carvalhaes, an aviculturist from

1898:, in 2014, and the economic embargo imposed to Qatar by Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt and Bahrain, in 2017. The goal of the Association is to produce about 20 macaws per year. 1868:

establish the repatriation of 50 Spix's macaws to Brazil by the first quarter of 2019. The Spix's macaw was eventually reintroduced to the wild in June and December 2022.

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Phylogeny and relationships of macaws and allies (bullet items = recognized macaw genera; thick line=multiple clade levels compressed for brevity – for full cladogram see

2251:"Phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography of neotropical parrots (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae: Arini) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences" 4002: 1554:

In 2007 and 2008, two farms totalling 2,780 hectares (6,900 acres) in Curaçá, State of Bahia, Brazil were purchased by the Lymington Foundation (with contributions from

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Dr. Paul Roth conducted field surveys of the bird in the Curacá region from 1985 to 1988. Roth found only 5 birds in 1985, three in 1986, and only two after May 1987.

1073:, volume 4 (1997). A 2011 study by the same authors which includes key genera of macaws further elucidates the macaw taxonomy: the clade diagram of that study places 3635: 1171: 1419:

The bird was already rare by the time of Spix's discovery of it in 1819 following 100 years of intensive burning, logging and grazing of the Caatinga. Centuries of

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Spix's macaw is named for German naturalist Johann Baptist von Spix, who collected the first specimen in April 1819 near the São Francisco River in the vicinity of

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In 1638 Georg Marcgrave was the first European naturalist to observe and describe the species; however, it is named for Johann Baptist von Spix, who collected the

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in Brazil, twenty years after the declaration of extinction in wild by the Brazilian government. The chicks are from a couple that came from Germany in 2020. The

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Note: table data based on "Al Wabra ICMBio data from June 2013" and Watson, R. (Studbook Keeper) 2011. "Annual Report and Recommendations for 2011: Spix’s Macaw (

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between the parties involved. In 2004 a committee was re-formed and re-structured under the title of "The Working Group for the Recovery of the Spix's Macaw".

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One of the earliest records (and one of very few at all) of a Spix's macaw in a public zoo was a dramatic display of "the four blues" including Spix's macaw,

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a 50 km (31 mi) wide corridor along a 150–200 km (93–124 mi) stretch of the Rio São Francisco between Juazeiro (or possibly Remanso) and

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Its lifespan in the wild is unknown; the only documented bird (the last wild male), was older than 20 years. The eldest bird in captivity died at age 34.

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book. More recent information is available in periodic reports about the parrots at Loro Parque and Al Wabra. Most other material is derived.

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of plucked feathers has been introduced to determine the gender of the chicks. The sex of chicks is not determined until they undergo

1380:. These observations resulted in an early supposition of a vast potential range for the species in the dry interior of the northeast. 3887: 1154:). However these trees are colonizers, not native to the bird's habitat, so they could not have been historical staples of the diet. 2689: 2445:

Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. Volume XX: Catalog of the Parrots, or Psittaci in the Collection of the British Museum

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with an associated plan to restore the species to the wild as soon as sufficient breeding birds and restored habitat are available.

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due to its dependence on the tree for nesting, feeding and roosting. It feeds primarily on seeds and nuts of Caraiba and various

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Reise in Brasilien auf Befehl Sr. Majestät Maximilian Joseph I. König von Baiern in den Jahren 1817–1820 gemacht und beschrieben

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Newest developments in captive breeding programs of this species involved assisted reproduction techniques in the Spix's macaw:

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above Juazeiro starting in 1974 that submerged the basin woodlands under an artificial lake, and the northward migration of the

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The project of reintroduction of the Spix's macaw in Brazil included the creation of two protected areas in the state of

427:, which makes international trade prohibited except for legitimate conservation, scientific or educational purposes. The 2509:"A Multilocus Molecular Phylogeny of the Parrots (Psittaciformes): Support for a Gondwanan Origin during the Cretaceous" 940:. Tribe Arini together with the short-tailed Amazon and allied parrots and a few miscellaneous genera make up subfamily 4384: 1883:, with a awareness work done with the local population and the construction of a reproduction and readaptation center. 1069: 4371: 4353: 4321: 4307: 4289: 4143: 4073: 2893: 2848: 2823: 2636: 2491: 2396: 368:

in Brazil. This bird has been completely extirpated from its natural range, and following a several-year survey, the

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others not known in 1987 still exist (though see a cryptic reference to black market dealing in the birds in 1995.)

6799: 6794: 4699: 4452: 6704: 3754: 37: 4420: 6789: 4780: 2310: 1548: 1389: 4193: 2100:), which is another endemic from Northeastern Brazil, is not a real macaw, and is not present in this region." 1506: 3963: 6717: 6524: 2017: 1369: 1461:

The decline of the species in the 1970s and early 80s is attributed to hunting and trapping of the birds,

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views its status as Critically Endangered and possibly extinct in the wild, ornithologist Nigel Collar of

3815: 3309: 4482:(extinctions: † indicates a species confirmed to be extinct, ₴ indicates evidence only from sub-fossils) 2096:

Sick's full remark was: "The Indigo Macaw is the only true macaw in that region. The Little Blue Macaw (

103: 3693: 3510: 2628: 1895: 1891: 1544: 6551: 4773: 3004:

von Helmayr, C. E.; der Abhandl, K. B. (1906). "Revision der Spix'schen Typen Brasilianische Vogel".

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Sick, H. & Teixeira, D.M. (1979). "Notas sobreaves brasileiras raras ou ameacadas de extincao".

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described by John Lathan in 1790. Spix's mistake was noticed in 1832 by German Professor of Zoology

6712: 3831:"A novel method for semen collection and artificial insemination in large parrots (Psittaciformes)" 1200: 1183: 976: 192: 3636:"In het wild uitgestorven blauwe papegaai vliegt weer rond in Brazilië, met dank aan Pairi Daiza" 1165: 1114: 1109: 702: 357: 3676: 2792:"Spix's Macaws: Physical Description, Behavior and Calls / Vocalizations | Beauty of Birds" 1829:

infected birds cannot be paired with uninfected birds, due to risk of spreading viral diseases.

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of significant parts of the Caatinga has permanently reduced the potential reclaimable habitat.

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Joseph, Leo; Toon, Alicia; Schirtzinger, Erin E.; Wright, Timothy F.; Schodde, Richard (2012).

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Lierz, Michael; Reinschmidt, Matthias; Müller, Heiner; Wink, Michael; Neumann, Daniel (2013).

3610: 3604: 2453: 2388: 1528:) established the Permanent Committee for the Recovery of Spix's Macaw, called CPRAA, and its 1524:

In 1990, the Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA,

1216:). Reports from previous Spix's macaw researchers seem to add another two plants to the list: 19:"Blue macaw" redirects here. For the genus containing three species of large blue macaws, see 5311: 4765: 4641: 4546: 4063: 3492: 2624: 2484:

Conservation of New World Parrots ICBP Parrot Working Group Meeting (Technical Publication 1)

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Sick, H. (1981). "About the Blue Macaws Especially the Lear's Macaw". In Pasquier, RF (ed.).

2326:"A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes)" 2043:) are the supposed last pair of Spix's macaws in the world (although they are referred to as 1918:(ICMBio), also declared that the species will be reintroduced into nature in the next years. 1845: 1844:, a research collaboration between Loro Parque Fundación of Tenerife, Canary Islands and the 1696: 660: 215: 6730: 3797: 1246:

A juvenile in captivity. Note white stripe along top of beak and pale-grey bare facial skin.

6621: 6564: 6533: 4669: 4659: 4445: 3842: 3493:"Sheikh goes from collector to conservationist in effort to save the world's rarest parrot" 3343: 1972:. He hatched numerous chicks, some reports say as many as 24, one of which ended up at the 990: 2791: 361: 8: 4888: 4571: 4551: 4302:, Family Psittacidae (Parrots), N.J. Collar, pp-280-479, Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain 2672: 2153: 1822: 1063:. The author notes that the study challenges the classification of British ornithologist 968: 937: 432: 373: 338: 232: 66: 51: 3846: 3347: 2325: 1440: 1439:

monkeys which prey on the eggs and young, and goats, sheep and cattle which destroy the

1085:

was the first taxon to diverge from the ancestral macaws; its nearest relatives are the

6572: 4918: 4730: 4694: 3863: 3830: 3359: 3215: 2617: 2583: 2533: 2508: 1458:

structure and displaced the Spix's macaw away from that portion of its original range.

1408:, the authority for the IUCN Redlist of birds now calls this bird extinct in the wild. 1332:

Notable among the seasonal waterways are Riacho Melância watershed 30 km south of

1230: 250: 98: 1396:

Two of the birds were captured for trade in 1987. A single male, paired with a female

878: 6725: 6585: 5980: 4636: 4631: 4611: 4576: 4561: 4367: 4349: 4317: 4303: 4285: 4139: 4133: 4069: 3868: 3614: 3151: 2889: 2844: 2819: 2813: 2632: 2538: 2487: 2443: 2439: 2392: 2381: 2300: 2272: 2058: 1397: 1212: 1206: 1094: 1086: 1004: 405:

dry forest climate of interior northeastern Brazil. It had a very restricted natural

6756: 6538: 3363: 2587: 6590: 6276: 5859: 5462: 5256: 4849: 4834: 4828: 4689: 4684: 4425: 3858: 3850: 3351: 3211: 3108: 2745: 2573: 2528: 2520: 2340: 2262: 2004: 1852: 1598: 1320: 1294:

further extended the range to a vast area of the dry interior of northeast Brazil.

424: 398: 342: 6577: 3784:

33rd Annual Convention of the American Federation of Aviculture (AFA), Los Angeles

1581: 6804: 5382: 5134: 5103: 5051: 4925: 4734: 4592: 4508: 4438: 3355: 2940:"Executive Summary of the National Action Plan for the Spix's Macaw Conservation" 2771: 2225:"Spix's Macaw, Star of "Rio," Spotted in the Wild for the First Time in 15 Years" 2036: 2031: 1950: 1841: 1818: 1478: 1470: 1138:

In the wild, the most common seeds and nuts consumed by Spix's were from Pinhão (

1060: 925: 349: 6743: 3050:

von Spix, J. B.; von Martius, C. F. P. (1823–1831). "Book seventh, Chapter II".

1077:

in a clade including the macaw genera which is sister to a clade containing the

6420: 6400: 6291: 6137: 6056: 6028: 6021: 5937: 5921: 5591: 5500: 5328: 5232: 5199: 5075: 4980: 4797: 4749: 4717: 4556: 4503: 4498: 2612: 2047:). The movie even references their extinct-in-the-wild status and at one point 1969: 1946: 1942: 1934: 1655:

Association for the Conservation of Threatened Parrots (ACTP), Berlin, Germany

1466: 1462: 1451: 1344: 964: 952: 719: 393: 388: 4020: 4003:"Filhotes de ararinhas-azuis nascem na Bahia após 20 anos de extinção no país" 3113: 3096: 2750: 2729: 2344: 2267: 2250: 1447: 6773: 6686: 6509: 6320: 6311: 6161: 6146: 6119: 6077: 5964: 5912: 5754: 5726: 5639: 5630: 5568: 5543: 5536: 5375: 5321: 5082: 5021: 4932: 4738: 4566: 4489: 2162: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2022: 1973: 1575:

Two individuals of Spix's macaw in captivity at Jurong Bird Park in Singapore

1420: 1401: 1365: 1035:, a larger blue macaw. He recognized, as Spix had not 150 years before, that 933: 902: 816: 581: 460: 416: 411: 334: 175: 71: 20: 2524: 1031:...is not a real macaw". (Sick's remark was in the context of an article on 6374: 6262: 6220: 6204: 6186: 6098: 6070: 6049: 6042: 6000: 5888: 5868: 5810: 5761: 5719: 5712: 5691: 5577: 5550: 5432: 5417: 5290: 5165: 5151: 4864: 4744: 4709: 3872: 3008:. II Kl. XXII Bd. III Abt. Akademie der Weissenshaften: 563–726, Taf. 1, 2. 2578: 2557: 2542: 2276: 2181: 2012: 1802: 1361:

the region bordering the rio São Francisco, notable for its thin voice").

1290:. Other ornithologists reporting the bird in various parts of the state of 1190: 1122: 3574:"Parrot Who Was Among Last of Its Kind, Said to Have Inspired 'Rio,' Dies" 1987: 6647: 6518: 6448: 6427: 6356: 6329: 6300: 6248: 6227: 6126: 6084: 6007: 5973: 5897: 5827: 5798: 5684: 5677: 5670: 5598: 5441: 5410: 5350: 5299: 5181: 5113: 4939: 4586: 4341: 3378:"Spix's Macaw heads list of first bird extinctions confirmed this decade" 3275: 3230: 2051:

Túlio Monteiro mentions the species' scientific name. In its 2014 sequel

1876: 1739: 1593: 1514: 1333: 1275: 1255: 1024: 945: 779: 534: 345: 242: 165: 6613: 4266:

Law and Order SVU Episode "Wildlife". Original air date 18 November 2008

3779: 1373: 1287: 1059:, a period roughly coinciding with the separation of South America from 6751: 6639: 6434: 6410: 6390: 6340: 6241: 6213: 6170: 6112: 6035: 6014: 5877: 5844: 5740: 5698: 5663: 5646: 5507: 5486: 5396: 5359: 5174: 5089: 5068: 4966: 4895: 4873: 4754: 4537: 4359: 4039: 3985:"Filhotes de ararinhas-azuis nascem no Brasil após 20 anos de extinção" 2556:

Kirchman, Jeremy J.; Schirtzinger, Erin E.; Wright, Timothy F. (2012).

1810: 1743: 1364:

The next reported sighting of the bird wasn't for 84 years, in 1903 by

1056: 353: 3854: 1465:

harvesting of the Caraíba trees for firewood, the construction of the

6652: 6441: 6363: 6349: 6269: 6255: 6193: 6105: 5944: 5930: 5834: 5733: 5619: 5493: 5403: 5188: 5061: 4622: 4314:

Facing Extinction: the World's Rarest Birds and the Race to Save Them

3148:

Facing Extinction: the World's Rarest Birds and the Race to Save Them

1428: 1424: 851: 553: 115: 6603: 6480: 3906:"Spix's macaw returns to skies of Brazil's caatinga after 20+ years" 2249:

Tavares, E. S.; Baker, A. J.; Pereira, S. L.; Miyaki, C. Y. (2006).

6503: 6383: 6234: 6179: 6091: 5955: 5747: 5653: 5514: 5389: 5335: 4816: 3440:"Loro Parque Fundación in Brazil to save the world's rarest parrot" 3146:

Donald, Paul; Collar, Nigel; Marsden, Stuart; Pain, Debbie (2010).

3031:

Smith, George (May 1991). "SPIX'S MACAW Ara (Cyanopsitta) spixii".

2506: 2120: 1983: 1907: 1880: 1518: 1436: 1432: 1357: 1325: 1315: 993:

differences between it and the other blue macaws. It was listed as

761: 643: 402: 385: 330: 135: 3677:"Revisiting Rio Star Presley: Is there hope for the Spix's Macaw?" 1526:

Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources

1303: 1291: 6546: 5991: 5773: 5705: 5612: 5584: 5368: 5120: 4478: 3276:"The Spix's Macaw Conservation Programmme A Non-extinction Story" 1906:

Between April and July 2021, three Spix's macaw were born in the

1813:, many more hens than cocks are hatched, at least twice as many. 1377: 1348:

Plate from Spix's 1824 description. It has the bill of a juvenile

889: 415:(spurge) shrubs, the dominant vegetation of the Caatinga. Due to 406: 6626: 2365:. Vol. 4. Barcelona,Spain: Lynx Editions. pp. 280–339. 1019:; today those would be among the smaller non-macaw parakeets in 348:(the true parrots). It was first described by German naturalist 6063: 5783: 5605: 5473: 4810: 1541: 1270: 941: 477: 155: 125: 4795: 3474:"IBAMA dissolves the Spix’s Macaw Recovery Committee" (2002). 2558:"Phylogenetic relationships of the extinct Carolina Parakeet ( 1675:

Loro Parque Foundation (LPF), Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain

1443:

of the woodland trees, particularly the Caraibeira seedlings.

6738: 6598: 5557: 4822: 4470: 4461: 4394: 2486:. St. Lucia: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 439–44. 2467:

Dutton, F. G. (1900). "President, Avicultural Society U.K.".

2053: 1929: 1911: 1887: 1872: 1455: 1283: 1047: 929: 893: 365: 326: 88: 82: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2323: 1879:, and the Environmental Protection Area of Spix's Macaw, in 1372:, 400 kilometres (250 mi) west of Juazeiro at Lagoa de 3746: 3651:"Qatari sheik takes endangered bird species under his wing" 3548: 3231:"Spix-Ara. Was wissen wir heute über diesen seltenen Vogel" 2984: 2982: 428: 369: 145: 3828: 3780:"Managing the World's Largest Population of Spix's Macaws" 2555: 1242: 979:

properly placed it in its own genus, designating the bird

401:

in the drainage basin of the Rio São Francisco within the

4430: 4101:

Dutton, F.G. (September 1900). "The Feeding of Parrots".

3964:"Dozens of last blue macaws to be reintroduced to Brazil" 3712:"Jurong Bird Park now home to world's rarest blue macaws" 2869:

Juniper, T. (2002). "The Spix Macaw Recovery Programme".

2594: 2248: 999: 985: 4035:"Spix's Macaw breeds in wild for first time in 37 years" 3303:"Climate Change, Adaptation and Desertification Control" 3049: 2979: 1982:

In October 2002, a Spix named Presley was discovered in

1890:, transferred due to the death of the maintainer of the 3333: 3145: 2765:"News from the Loro Parque Fundación Parrot collection" 1081:

s and other smaller parakeets. Within the macaw clade,

356:, Brazil in 1638 and it is named for German naturalist 4282:

Spix's Macaw: The Race to Save the World's Rarest Bird

4065:

Spix's Macaw: The Race to Save the World's Rarest Bird

3182: 3054:(in German). Vol. 2. München: Verlag M. Lindauer. 3003: 2170:. BirdLife International: e.T22685533A153022606. 2019. 360:, who collected a specimen in 1819 on the bank of the 45:

Adult in Vogelpark Walsrode, Germany in 1980 (approx)

2383:

No Turning Back: The Life and Death of Animal Species

1559:

and important creek systems are ongoing on the land.

1414: 1157:

Its diet also included seeds and nuts from Joazeiro (

959:

not realizing till later that the name collided with

916:

is a Latinized form of the surname "von Spix", hence

6416: 6406: 6396: 5840: 5816: 5806: 5659: 5458: 5317: 5307: 5275: 5252: 5162: 5131: 5100: 5048: 4977: 4962: 4906: 4861: 3249:"'Extinct' parrots make a flying comeback in Brazil" 2208:

Avium Brasiliensium Species Novae, Vol.1 plate XXIII

1916:

Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation

437:

Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation

3938:"O projeto para salvar a ararinha-azul da extinção" 1635:Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation (AWWP), Doha, Qatar 4660:Red-shouldered macaw (Hahn's macaw or noble macaw) 2616: 2380: 955:in April 1819 in Brazil, but gave it the misnomer 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 6771: 4642:Golden-collared macaw (or yellow-collared macaw) 4131: 3888:"Qatar efforts give hope to rare parrot species" 3449:. No. 100. 2010. p. 18. Archived from 3198:Silva, Tony (1994). "Breeding the Spix's Macaw ( 3094: 2916:. What do we know today about this rare bird?". 2727: 2684: 2682: 944:of Neotropical parrots in family Psittacidae of 936:, which also includes all the other long-tailed 4179: 4177: 2871:Proceedings 5th International Parrot Convention 2432: 1937:(foreground) with Spix's macaw in Hamburg, 1895 975:". It wasn't until 1854 that naturalist Prince 4547:Blue-and-yellow macaw (or blue-and-gold macaw) 4421:Birdlife International: Spix's macaw factsheet 3935: 3528: 3185:Publiçacões Avulsas Museu Nacional (Rio de J.) 2414:Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée 1039:is notably different from the larger macaws). 4781: 4446: 3885: 3752: 3141: 3139: 2679: 2619:Parrots of the World; an Identification Guide 1801:The captive population suffers from very low 1318:" within Caraiba, or Caribbean trumpet tree ( 4174: 3979: 3977: 3043: 2296:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names 2219: 2217: 1513:of conservationist groups including IUCN at 16:Species of macaw that is extinct in the wild 4572:Red-and-green macaw (or green-winged macaw) 4256:(motion picture). Brazil: Blue Sky Studios. 4241:(motion picture). Brazil: Blue Sky Studios. 3773: 3771: 3633: 3380:. BirdLife International. 5 September 2018. 3273: 2807: 2805: 1265: 5298: 4788: 4774: 4453: 4439: 4312:Donald, Pain, Marsden & Collar (2010) 3300: 3136: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2356: 2354: 1875:: the Wildlife Refuge of Spix's Macaw, in 1832: 1825:when they reach one to two months of age. 1796: 1009:Catalog of the Birds in the British Museum 241: 60: 36: 6780:IUCN Red List extinct in the wild species 5358: 4300:Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol.4 3974: 3862: 3816:"Developing a New Insemination Technique" 3112: 2970: 2749: 2577: 2532: 2438: 2411: 2266: 2214: 1862: 4582:Chestnut-fronted macaw (or severe macaw) 4158: 3768: 3674: 2907: 2905: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2802: 2730:"The habitat and status of Spix's Macaw 2360: 1928: 1570: 1492: 1343: 1269: 1241: 1108: 4183: 4061: 3602: 3067:Enzyklopädie der Papageien und Sittiche 2988: 2868: 2708: 2646: 2611: 2369: 2351: 2292: 2205: 2074: 2064:In a 2008 episode titled "Wildlife" of 920:means "blue parrot of Spix". The genus 6772: 4637:Blue-winged macaw (or Illiger's macaw) 4159:Vedantam, Shankar (24 December 2002). 4100: 3777: 3648: 3490: 3127: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2841:Ornitologia brasileira, uma introducao 2811: 2500: 2466: 2387:. New York: Harper Perennial. p. 2288: 2286: 2148: 2146: 2144: 1517:(one of the original Spix holders) in 1384:initiate a captive recovery program). 1329:their seedpods, food for the species. 1286:and the southern part of the state of 352:, when he was working in the State of 6815:Taxa named by Johann Baptist von Spix 6485: 6484: 5230: 4847: 4769: 4562:Great green macaw (or Buffon's macaw) 4434: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3197: 3079: 3064: 3030: 2902: 2883: 2857: 2728:Juniper, T.; Yamashita (March 1991). 2375: 1997: 1566: 1446:Other recent evidence has shown that 901:. The genus name is derived from the 4848: 4395:Bluemacaws.org: Blue Macaws website 4385:Macaw-facts.com: Spix Macaw research 3879: 2911: 2838: 2481: 1597:the ACTP have loaned individuals to 1473:, which competes for nesting sites. 6820:Species endangered by deforestation 2924: 2912:Roth, Paul (1990). "Spix's Macaw – 2283: 2163:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2141: 1901: 1454:starting in 1974, have changed the 912:meaning "parrot". The species name 333:to Brazil. It is a member of tribe 13: 5231: 4346:Birds in Brazil: A Natural History 4327: 4186:"Spix's Macaw reappears in Brazil" 4068:. Simon and Schuster. p. 55. 3924: 3491:Szotek, Mark (10 September 2009). 3274:Schischakin, Natasha (June 1999). 3216:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1994.tb03571.x 3097:"The Conservation of Spix's Macaw" 2937: 2562:) inferred from DNA sequence Data" 2363:Handbook of the Birds of the World 2125:Zoologische Staatssammlung München 1545:Saud bin Muhammed bin Ali Al-Thani 1505:Turnaround video of a specimen at 1415:Decline and extinction in the wild 1070:Handbook of the Birds of the World 14: 6831: 6810:Taxa named by Johann Georg Wagler 4378: 4364:A Monograph of Macaws and Conures 4252:director Carlos Saldanha (2014). 4237:director Carlos Saldanha (2011). 4161:"A Rare Bird Flies Home For Good" 3082:A Monograph of Endangered Parrots 2991:Avium Brasiliensium Species Novae 2886:A Monograph of Endangered Parrots 2818:. Smithsonian Institution Press. 2675:. Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation. 1042:The morphology-based taxonomy of 439:(ICMBio) is conducting a project 4700:Dominican green-and-yellow macaw 3936:Deutsche Welle (7 August 2018). 3549:"Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation" 3228: 3132:. Smithsonian Institution Press. 3130:Threatened Birds of the Americas 2975:. Willem Piso. pp. 205–207. 2815:Threatened Birds of the Americas 1990:, at the approximate age of 40. 1924: 1274:An 1878 painting of an adult by 102: 4260: 4245: 4230: 4215: 4200: 4190:BirdLife International Americas 4184:Hurrell, Shaun (24 June 2016). 4152: 4125: 4113: 4094: 4082: 4055: 4027: 4013: 3995: 3956: 3898: 3822: 3808: 3790: 3734: 3704: 3686: 3668: 3642: 3627: 3596: 3566: 3503: 3484: 3468: 3432: 3420: 3408: 3396: 3384: 3370: 3327: 3294: 3282: 3267: 3241: 3222: 3191: 3176: 3164: 3121: 3088: 3073: 3058: 3024: 3012: 2997: 2964: 2877: 2832: 2784: 2758: 2738:Bird Conservation International 2696:. BirdLife International (2008) 2549: 2475: 2460: 2420: 2405: 2113: 2103: 2090: 1488: 1237: 888:Spix's macaw is the only known 4348:. Princeton University Press. 4273: 4009:(in Portuguese). 18 July 2021. 3991:(in Portuguese). 18 July 2021. 3753:Kepp, Michael (10 July 2015). 3580:. 29 June 2014. Archived from 2317: 2242: 2199: 2174: 1719:(private owners), Switzerland 1549:Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation 1104: 1: 4298:del Hoyo, et al.(eds) (1997) 3886:James, Bonnie (22 May 2013). 3818:. Loro Parque. 18 April 2012. 3802:Loro Parque video documentary 3694:"Spix's Macaw Project Update" 3675:Robinson, Emily Lott (2012). 3649:Vastag, Brian (4 July 2011). 3511:"Spix's Macaw Project Update" 3202:) at Loro Parque, Tenerife". 2134: 1507:Naturalis Biodiversity Center 4279: 4224:Mystery Science Theater 3000 4119: 4088: 3740: 3634:De Leebeeck, Esther (2022). 3426: 3414: 3402: 3390: 3356:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.014 3288: 3170: 3150:. Poyser. pp. 200–208. 3018: 2973:Historia Naturalis Brasiliae 2843:. Universidada de Brasilia. 2812:Collar; et al. (1997). 2426: 2299:. London: Christopher Helm. 2018:Mystery Science Theater 3000 1760: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1733: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1713: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1689: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1669: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1649: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1370:Austrian Academy of Sciences 1128: 7: 4407:photos, videos, information 3095:Juniper; Yamashita (1990). 2673:"Spix Macaw Fact File 2010" 2416:. Vol. 6. p. 149. 2412:Bonaparte, Charles (1854). 2035:, the main characters Blu ( 2029:In the 2011 animated movie 1953:in 1900 at the Berlin Zoo. 1234:may also be a possibility. 1023:). Brazilian ornithologist 1003:] by Italian zoologist 963:, the name assigned to the 446: 431:regard the Spix's macaw as 10: 6836: 4460: 3778:Watson, Ryan (July 2007). 3204:International Zoo Yearbook 2993:. Vol. 1. p. 25. 2629:Princeton University Press 2361:del Hoyo, J., ed. (1997). 2293:Jobling, James A. (2012). 2002:In the animated TV series 1896:Saud bin Muhammed Al Thani 1892:Al Wabra Wildlife Preserve 1339: 989:], based on important 18: 6493: 6373: 6339: 6319: 6310: 6290: 6203: 6169: 6160: 6136: 5990: 5963: 5954: 5920: 5911: 5887: 5867: 5858: 5797: 5771: 5629: 5567: 5524: 5481: 5472: 5449: 5440: 5431: 5349: 5289: 5266: 5243: 5239: 5226: 5198: 5161: 5130: 5099: 5047: 5020: 4976: 4958: 4949: 4905: 4860: 4856: 4843: 4805: 4726: 4708: 4668: 4650: 4620: 4602: 4535: 4517: 4487: 4468: 4135:Parrots and Related Birds 4132:Bates, Busenbark (1978). 3278:. Loro Parque Foundation. 3114:10.1017/s0030605300034943 2989:Spix, Martius (1824–25). 2971:Marcgrave, Georg (1648). 2751:10.1017/S0959270900000502 2345:10.11646/zootaxa.3205.1.2 2268:10.1080/10635150600697390 2206:Spix, Martius (1824–25). 2110:article cites no sources. 1959:London Zoological Society 1615:Institutions / Locations 1151:Cnidoscolus phyllacanthus 849: 812: 775: 758: 751: 716: 699: 692: 657: 640: 633: 605: 577: 549: 530: 523: 516: 509: 502: 495: 488: 481: 471: 464: 337:in the subfamily Arinae ( 256: 249: 240: 221: 214: 99:Scientific classification 97: 80: 58: 49: 44: 35: 30: 4800:and their extinct allies 4426:BBC Nature: Spix's macaw 4138:. TFH Publications Inc. 2469:The Avicultural Magazine 2083: 1266:Distribution and habitat 1201:Anadenanthera macrocarpa 1184:Pilosocereus piauhyensis 924:is one of six genera of 6800:Birds described in 1832 6795:Endemic birds of Brazil 4413:Animal diversity web: 4284:. NY, NY: Atria Books. 3603:Christy, Bryan (2008). 3336:Biological Conservation 3033:Parrot Society Magazine 2560:Conuropsis carolinensis 2450:Keulemans, John Gerrard 1961:between 1878 and 1902. 1910:region in the state of 1833:Artificial insemination 1797:Health and reproduction 1308:Orthopsittaca manilatus 1172:Commiphora leptophloeos 1166:Schinopsis brasiliensis 1133: 1115:Naturkundemuseum Berlin 1050:diagrams indicate that 703:Aratinga leucophthalmus 372:officially declared it 358:Johann Baptist von Spix 4680:Lesser Antillean macaw 4316:T. & A. D. Poyser 4280:Juniper, Tony (2002). 4062:Juniper, Tony (2004). 3578:Nationalgeographic.com 3069:. Horst Müller-Verlag. 3006:Verlag der Bayerischen 2888:. Silvio Mattachione. 2579:10.1525/auk.2012.11259 1938: 1863:Reintroduction program 1576: 1509: 1406:BirdLife International 1349: 1278: 1247: 1117: 1091:Orthopsittaca manilata 961:Psittacus hyacinthinus 384:The species inhabited 381:are slightly smaller. 6790:Birds of the Caatinga 3638:. Het Laatste Nieuws. 3084:. Silvio Mattachione. 2839:Sick, Helmut (1989). 2796:www.beautyofbirds.com 2770:7 August 2021 at the 2525:10.1093/molbev/msn160 2011:In the opener of the 1932: 1846:University of Giessen 1574: 1504: 1347: 1273: 1245: 1194:species, Caraibeira ( 1112: 661:Aratinga solstitialis 321:), also known as the 4670:Hypothetical extinct 4103:Avicultural Magazine 2884:Silva, Tony (1989). 2798:. 16 September 2021. 2690:"Species factsheet: 2182:"Appendices | CITES" 2075:Possible rediscovery 1580:and a male from the 1547:of Qatar and became 1210:) and Unha-de-gato ( 1178:Bursera leptophloeos 1067:in the encyclopedic 995:Cyanopsittacus spixi 274:Cyanopsittacus spixi 4889:Eurofluvioviridavis 4731:Neotropical parrots 4552:Blue-throated macaw 4207:"Born to be Wild". 4168:The Washington Post 3847:2013NatSR...3E2066L 3655:The Washington Post 3348:2018BCons.227....9B 3315:on 24 December 2013 3128:Collar, N. (1992). 2313:on 29 October 2013. 2156:Cyanopsitta spixii 1823:feather development 1441:regenerative growth 1113:Taxidermied adult, 928:and South American 908:meaning "blue" and 433:extinct in the wild 374:extinct in the wild 339:Neotropical parrots 67:Extinct in the Wild 52:Conservation status 6757:Cyanopsitta-spixii 6525:Cyanopsitta spixii 6495:Cyanopsitta spixii 4919:Eofringillirostrum 4695:Jamaican red macaw 4415:Cyanopsitta spixii 4402:Cyanopsitta spixii 4043:. 16 November 2023 3835:Scientific Reports 3698:www.bluemacaws.org 3609:. Twelve. p. 3200:Cyanopsitta spixii 3080:Silva, T. (1989). 3065:Arndt, T. (1986). 2914:Cyanopsitta spixii 2732:Cyanopsitta spixii 2692:Cyanopsitta spixii 2613:Forshaw, Joseph M. 2440:Salvadori, Tommaso 2255:Systematic Biology 2229:smithsonianmag.com 2098:Cyanopsitta spixii 1998:In popular culture 1939: 1790:Cyanopsitta spixii 1630:Bred in captivity 1577: 1567:Captive population 1510: 1350: 1279: 1248: 1231:Combretum leprosum 1118: 1029:Cyanopsitta spixii 957:Arara hyacinthinus 918:Cyanopsitta spixii 399:woodland galleries 318:Cyanopsitta spixii 225:Cyanopsitta spixii 6767: 6766: 6726:Open Tree of Life 6487:Taxon identifiers 6478: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6286: 6285: 6156: 6155: 5981:Psittaculirostris 5907: 5906: 5854: 5853: 5793: 5792: 5427: 5426: 5345: 5344: 5222: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5043: 5042: 5004:Primozygodactylus 4763: 4762: 4632:Blue-headed macaw 4612:Red-bellied macaw 4577:Red-fronted macaw 4389:in-depth articles 3855:10.1038/srep02066 3798:"Blue for a Boy?" 3620:978-0-446-58095-3 3157:978-0-7136-7021-9 2623:. Illustrated by 2519:(10): 2141–2156. 2448:. Illustrated by 2306:978-1-4081-2501-4 2123:is now stored in 2067:Law and Order SVU 2059:Amazon rainforest 1840:In the 2009–2010 1785: 1784: 1502: 1398:blue-winged macaw 1225:Geoffroea spinosa 1213:Acacia paniculata 1207:Spondias tuberosa 1160:Ziziphus joazeiro 1141:Jatropha pohliana 1099:Primolius couloni 1095:blue-headed macaw 1087:red-bellied macaw 1027:stated in 1981: " 1005:Tommaso Salvadori 981:Cyanopsitta spixi 977:Charles Bonaparte 938:New World parrots 885: 884: 871: 870: 862: 861: 838: 837: 829: 828: 801: 800: 792: 791: 740: 739: 731: 730: 681: 680: 672: 671: 622: 621: 594: 593: 566: 565: 362:Rio São Francisco 329:species that was 323:little blue macaw 310: 309: 302: 294: 290:Cyanopsitta spixi 286: 278: 269: 196: 92: 75: 31:Spix's macaw 6827: 6760: 6759: 6747: 6746: 6734: 6733: 6721: 6720: 6708: 6707: 6695: 6694: 6682: 6681: 6669: 6668: 6656: 6655: 6643: 6642: 6630: 6629: 6617: 6616: 6607: 6606: 6594: 6593: 6581: 6580: 6568: 6567: 6555: 6554: 6552:FB8F32C30473F64B 6542: 6541: 6529: 6528: 6527: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6482: 6481: 6418: 6408: 6398: 6317: 6316: 6277:Purpureicephalus 6167: 6166: 5961: 5960: 5918: 5917: 5865: 5864: 5860:Psittrichasiidae 5842: 5818: 5808: 5661: 5479: 5478: 5463:Archaeopsittacus 5460: 5447: 5446: 5438: 5437: 5356: 5355: 5319: 5309: 5296: 5295: 5277: 5257:Mogontiacopsitta 5254: 5241: 5240: 5228: 5227: 5164: 5133: 5102: 5050: 4979: 4964: 4956: 4955: 4908: 4863: 4858: 4857: 4850:Psittacopasseres 4845: 4844: 4835:Psittacopasseres 4829:Eufalconimorphae 4790: 4783: 4776: 4767: 4766: 4690:Red-headed macaw 4685:Martinique macaw 4455: 4448: 4441: 4432: 4431: 4295: 4267: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4196:on 25 June 2016. 4192:. Archived from 4181: 4172: 4171: 4165: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4017: 4011: 4010: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3981: 3972: 3971: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3933: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3866: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3775: 3766: 3765: 3759: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3722:on 9 August 2020 3718:. Archived from 3708: 3702: 3701: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3584:on 21 April 2021 3570: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3553:Awwp.alwabra.com 3545: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3488: 3482: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3455: 3444: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3314: 3308:. Archived from 3307: 3301:Bertram, Wende. 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3237:(3/90 and 4/90). 3226: 3220: 3219: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3143: 3134: 3133: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2986: 2977: 2976: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2951: 2945:. Archived from 2944: 2935: 2922: 2921: 2909: 2900: 2899: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2866: 2855: 2854: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2809: 2800: 2799: 2788: 2782: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2725: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2686: 2677: 2676: 2669: 2644: 2642: 2622: 2609: 2592: 2591: 2581: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2536: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2386: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2358: 2349: 2348: 2330: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2309:. Archived from 2290: 2281: 2280: 2270: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2221: 2212: 2211: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2150: 2128: 2117: 2111: 2107: 2101: 2094: 1933:Illustration of 1902:Born in the wild 1853:semen collection 1793: 1612: 1611: 1599:Jurong Bird Park 1503: 1321:Tabebuia caraiba 1196:Tabebuia caraiba 754: 753: 695: 694: 636: 635: 526: 525: 519: 518: 512: 511: 505: 504: 498: 497: 491: 490: 484: 483: 474: 473: 467: 466: 457: 456: 452: 451: 425:CITES Appendix I 423:It is listed on 300: 292: 284: 276: 267: 265:Ara hyacinthinus 245: 227: 191: 107: 106: 86: 69: 64: 63: 40: 28: 27: 6835: 6834: 6830: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6825: 6824: 6770: 6769: 6768: 6763: 6755: 6750: 6742: 6737: 6729: 6724: 6716: 6711: 6703: 6698: 6690: 6685: 6677: 6672: 6664: 6659: 6651: 6646: 6638: 6633: 6625: 6620: 6612: 6610: 6602: 6597: 6589: 6584: 6576: 6571: 6563: 6558: 6550: 6545: 6537: 6532: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6508: 6507: 6502: 6489: 6479: 6454: 6369: 6335: 6306: 6282: 6199: 6152: 6132: 5986: 5950: 5903: 5883: 5850: 5789: 5767: 5625: 5563: 5527:Amoropsittacini 5520: 5468: 5423: 5383:Calyptorhynchus 5341: 5285: 5262: 5235: 5214: 5194: 5157: 5144:Palaeopsittacus 5135:Quercypsittidae 5126: 5104:Messelasturidae 5095: 5052:Halcyornithidae 5039: 5016: 4972: 4945: 4926:Parapsittacopes 4910:Psittacopedidae 4901: 4852: 4839: 4801: 4794: 4764: 4759: 4722: 4704: 4673: 4664: 4646: 4616: 4598: 4593:St. Croix macaw 4531: 4513: 4483: 4464: 4459: 4381: 4330: 4328:Further reading 4292: 4276: 4271: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4182: 4175: 4163: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4130: 4126: 4118: 4114: 4099: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4060: 4056: 4046: 4044: 4033: 4032: 4028: 4019: 4018: 4014: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3983: 3982: 3975: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3947: 3945: 3944:(in Portuguese) 3934: 3925: 3915: 3913: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3884: 3880: 3827: 3823: 3814: 3813: 3809: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3776: 3769: 3757: 3751: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3723: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3679: 3673: 3669: 3659: 3657: 3647: 3643: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3606:The Lizard King 3601: 3597: 3587: 3585: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3557: 3555: 3547: 3546: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3489: 3485: 3473: 3469: 3459: 3457: 3456:on 18 June 2020 3453: 3442: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3332: 3328: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3305: 3299: 3295: 3287: 3283: 3272: 3268: 3258: 3256: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3227: 3223: 3196: 3192: 3181: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3158: 3144: 3137: 3126: 3122: 3093: 3089: 3078: 3074: 3063: 3059: 3048: 3044: 3029: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3002: 2998: 2987: 2980: 2969: 2965: 2955: 2953: 2952:on 10 June 2020 2949: 2942: 2936: 2925: 2910: 2903: 2896: 2882: 2878: 2867: 2858: 2851: 2837: 2833: 2826: 2810: 2803: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2772:Wayback Machine 2763: 2759: 2726: 2709: 2699: 2697: 2688: 2687: 2680: 2671: 2670: 2647: 2639: 2610: 2595: 2554: 2550: 2505: 2501: 2494: 2480: 2476: 2465: 2461: 2437: 2433: 2425: 2421: 2410: 2406: 2399: 2374: 2370: 2359: 2352: 2328: 2322: 2318: 2307: 2291: 2284: 2247: 2243: 2233: 2231: 2223: 2222: 2215: 2204: 2200: 2190: 2188: 2180: 2179: 2175: 2152: 2151: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2131: 2127:(ZSM), Germany. 2118: 2114: 2108: 2104: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2077: 2037:Jesse Eisenberg 2000: 1927: 1904: 1865: 1842:breeding season 1835: 1799: 1787: 1569: 1493: 1491: 1479:desertification 1471:Africanized bee 1417: 1342: 1268: 1240: 1219:Maytenus rigida 1136: 1131: 1107: 1061:West Antarctica 886: 872: 863: 839: 830: 802: 793: 741: 732: 682: 673: 623: 595: 567: 449: 350:Georg Marcgrave 341:), part of the 306: 305: 277:Salvadori, 1891 260: 236: 229: 223: 210: 190: 101: 93: 76: 65: 61: 54: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6833: 6823: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6761: 6748: 6735: 6722: 6709: 6696: 6683: 6670: 6657: 6644: 6631: 6618: 6608: 6595: 6582: 6569: 6556: 6543: 6530: 6515: 6499: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6476: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6452: 6445: 6438: 6431: 6424: 6421:Necropsittacus 6414: 6404: 6401:Lophopsittacus 6394: 6387: 6379: 6377: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6367: 6360: 6353: 6345: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6325: 6323: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6304: 6296: 6294: 6292:Psittacellinae 6288: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6280: 6273: 6266: 6259: 6252: 6245: 6238: 6231: 6224: 6217: 6209: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6190: 6183: 6175: 6173: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6150: 6142: 6140: 6138:Melopsittacini 6134: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6123: 6116: 6109: 6102: 6095: 6088: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6060: 6057:Hypocharmosyna 6053: 6046: 6039: 6032: 6029:Charmosynopsis 6025: 6022:Charmosynoides 6018: 6011: 6004: 5996: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5984: 5977: 5969: 5967: 5958: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5948: 5941: 5938:Bolbopsittacus 5934: 5926: 5924: 5922:Agapornithinae 5915: 5909: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5901: 5893: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5873: 5871: 5862: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5848: 5838: 5831: 5824: 5814: 5803: 5801: 5795: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5787: 5779: 5777: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5765: 5758: 5751: 5744: 5737: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5702: 5695: 5688: 5681: 5674: 5667: 5657: 5650: 5643: 5635: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5623: 5616: 5609: 5602: 5595: 5592:Graydidascalus 5588: 5581: 5573: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5532: 5530: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5511: 5504: 5501:Hapalopsittaca 5497: 5490: 5482: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5455: 5453: 5451:incertae sedis 5444: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5393: 5386: 5379: 5372: 5364: 5362: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5332: 5325: 5315: 5304: 5302: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5272: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5249: 5247: 5245:Incertae sedis 5237: 5236: 5233:Psittaciformes 5224: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5210: 5204: 5202: 5200:Psittaciformes 5196: 5195: 5193: 5192: 5185: 5178: 5170: 5168: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5155: 5148: 5139: 5137: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5124: 5117: 5109: 5107: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5086: 5079: 5076:Pseudasturides 5072: 5065: 5057: 5055: 5045: 5044: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5037: 5036: 5035: 5026: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5014: 5007: 5000: 4993: 4990:Eozygodactylus 4985: 4983: 4981:Zygodactylidae 4974: 4973: 4971: 4970: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4943: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4914: 4912: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4899: 4892: 4885: 4877: 4869: 4867: 4854: 4853: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4813: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4793: 4792: 4785: 4778: 4770: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4750:List of macaws 4747: 4742: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4720: 4718:Catalina macaw 4714: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4676: 4674: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4662: 4656: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4628: 4626: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4608: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4557:Military macaw 4554: 4549: 4543: 4541: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4523: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4504:Hyacinth macaw 4501: 4499:Glaucous macaw 4495: 4493: 4485: 4484: 4476: 4474: 4466: 4465: 4458: 4457: 4450: 4443: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4410: 4397: 4392: 4380: 4379:External links 4377: 4376: 4375: 4357: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4310: 4296: 4290: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4259: 4244: 4229: 4214: 4199: 4173: 4151: 4144: 4124: 4112: 4093: 4081: 4074: 4054: 4026: 4012: 3994: 3973: 3955: 3923: 3910:Agência Brasil 3897: 3878: 3821: 3807: 3789: 3767: 3745: 3733: 3703: 3685: 3682:. parrots.org. 3667: 3641: 3626: 3619: 3595: 3565: 3527: 3515:Bluemacaws.org 3502: 3483: 3467: 3431: 3419: 3407: 3395: 3383: 3369: 3326: 3293: 3281: 3266: 3255:. 10 July 2022 3240: 3221: 3190: 3175: 3163: 3156: 3135: 3120: 3107:(4): 224–228. 3087: 3072: 3057: 3042: 3023: 3011: 2996: 2978: 2963: 2923: 2901: 2894: 2876: 2856: 2849: 2831: 2824: 2801: 2783: 2757: 2707: 2678: 2645: 2637: 2593: 2572:(2): 197–204. 2548: 2499: 2492: 2474: 2459: 2431: 2419: 2404: 2397: 2377:Ellis, Richard 2368: 2350: 2316: 2305: 2282: 2241: 2213: 2198: 2173: 2139: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2112: 2102: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2076: 2073: 1999: 1996: 1947:hyacinth macaw 1943:glaucous macaw 1935:glaucous macaw 1926: 1923: 1903: 1900: 1864: 1861: 1834: 1831: 1803:heterozygosity 1798: 1795: 1783: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1601:in Singapore. 1568: 1565: 1490: 1487: 1467:Sobradinho Dam 1452:Sobradinho Dam 1416: 1413: 1390:Robert Ridgely 1341: 1338: 1267: 1264: 1239: 1236: 1148:) and Favela ( 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1106: 1103: 1015:archaic genus 973:Sittace spixii 965:hyacinth macaw 883: 882: 874: 873: 869: 868: 865: 864: 860: 859: 856: 855: 848: 845: 844: 841: 840: 836: 835: 832: 831: 827: 826: 823: 822: 821: 820: 811: 808: 807: 804: 803: 799: 798: 795: 794: 790: 789: 786: 785: 784: 783: 774: 771: 770: 767: 766: 757: 752: 750: 747: 746: 743: 742: 738: 737: 734: 733: 729: 728: 725: 724: 720:Aratinga aurea 715: 712: 711: 708: 707: 698: 693: 691: 688: 687: 684: 683: 679: 678: 675: 674: 670: 669: 666: 665: 656: 653: 652: 649: 648: 639: 634: 632: 629: 628: 625: 624: 620: 619: 616: 615: 614: 613: 604: 601: 600: 597: 596: 592: 591: 588: 587: 586: 585: 576: 573: 572: 569: 568: 564: 563: 560: 559: 558: 557: 548: 545: 544: 541: 540: 539: 538: 529: 524: 522: 517: 515: 510: 508: 503: 501: 496: 494: 489: 487: 482: 480: 472: 470: 465: 463: 455: 450: 448: 445: 394:Tabebuia aurea 308: 307: 304: 303: 295: 287: 282:Sittace spixii 279: 271: 261: 258: 257: 254: 253: 247: 246: 238: 237: 230: 219: 218: 212: 211: 207:C. spixii 204: 202: 198: 197: 183: 179: 178: 173: 169: 168: 163: 159: 158: 156:Psittaciformes 153: 149: 148: 143: 139: 138: 133: 129: 128: 123: 119: 118: 113: 109: 108: 95: 94: 81: 78: 77: 59: 56: 55: 50: 47: 46: 42: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6832: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6785:Arini (tribe) 6783: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6758: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6609: 6605: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6535: 6531: 6526: 6520: 6516: 6511: 6505: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6483: 6451: 6450: 6446: 6444: 6443: 6439: 6437: 6436: 6432: 6430: 6429: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6415: 6413: 6412: 6405: 6403: 6402: 6395: 6393: 6392: 6388: 6386: 6385: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6361: 6359: 6358: 6354: 6352: 6351: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6321:Micropsittini 6318: 6315: 6313: 6312:Psittaculinae 6309: 6303: 6302: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6289: 6279: 6278: 6274: 6272: 6271: 6267: 6265: 6264: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6253: 6251: 6250: 6246: 6244: 6243: 6239: 6237: 6236: 6232: 6230: 6229: 6225: 6223: 6222: 6218: 6216: 6215: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6184: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6162:Platycercinae 6159: 6149: 6148: 6147:Melopsittacus 6144: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6124: 6122: 6121: 6120:Trichoglossus 6117: 6115: 6114: 6110: 6108: 6107: 6103: 6101: 6100: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6082: 6080: 6079: 6078:Oreopsittacus 6075: 6073: 6072: 6068: 6066: 6065: 6061: 6059: 6058: 6054: 6052: 6051: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6040: 6038: 6037: 6033: 6031: 6030: 6026: 6024: 6023: 6019: 6017: 6016: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6005: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5965:Cyclopsittini 5962: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5947: 5946: 5942: 5940: 5939: 5935: 5933: 5932: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5913:Psittaculidae 5910: 5900: 5899: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5857: 5847: 5846: 5839: 5837: 5836: 5832: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5823: 5822: 5815: 5813: 5812: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5796: 5786: 5785: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5759: 5757: 5756: 5755:Rhynchopsitta 5752: 5750: 5749: 5745: 5743: 5742: 5738: 5736: 5735: 5731: 5729: 5728: 5727:Orthopsittaca 5724: 5722: 5721: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5703: 5701: 5700: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5689: 5687: 5686: 5682: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5666: 5665: 5658: 5656: 5655: 5651: 5649: 5648: 5644: 5642: 5641: 5640:Anodorhynchus 5637: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5617: 5615: 5614: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5603: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5580: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5569:Androglossini 5566: 5560: 5559: 5555: 5553: 5552: 5548: 5546: 5545: 5544:Nannopsittaca 5541: 5539: 5538: 5537:Bolborhynchus 5534: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5430: 5420: 5419: 5415: 5413: 5412: 5408: 5406: 5405: 5401: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5387: 5385: 5384: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5376:Callocephalon 5373: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5348: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5322:Nelepsittacus 5316: 5314: 5313: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5268:Namapsittidae 5265: 5259: 5258: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5229: 5225: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5184: 5183: 5179: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5118: 5116: 5115: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5087: 5085: 5084: 5083:Pulchrapollia 5080: 5078: 5077: 5073: 5071: 5070: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5046: 5034: 5033:Passeriformes 5030: 5029: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5022:Passeriformes 5019: 5013: 5012: 5008: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4994: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4961: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4933:Psittacomimus 4930: 4928: 4927: 4923: 4921: 4920: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4893: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4818: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4807: 4804: 4799: 4791: 4786: 4784: 4779: 4777: 4772: 4771: 4768: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4725: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4710:Hybrid macaws 4707: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4604:Orthopsittaca 4601: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4567:Scarlet macaw 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4491: 4490:Anodorhynchus 4486: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4473: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4456: 4451: 4449: 4444: 4442: 4437: 4436: 4433: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4408: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4373: 4372:1-895270-00-6 4369: 4365: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4354:0-691-08569-2 4351: 4347: 4343: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4323: 4322:0-7136-7021-5 4319: 4315: 4311: 4309: 4308:84-87334-22-9 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4291:0-7434-7550-X 4287: 4283: 4278: 4277: 4263: 4255: 4248: 4240: 4233: 4225: 4218: 4210: 4203: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4180: 4178: 4169: 4162: 4155: 4147: 4145:0-87666-967-4 4141: 4137: 4136: 4128: 4121: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4097: 4090: 4085: 4077: 4075:9780743475518 4071: 4067: 4066: 4058: 4042: 4041: 4036: 4030: 4022: 4016: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3980: 3978: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3943: 3939: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3912:. 5 June 2022 3911: 3907: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3817: 3811: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3772: 3763: 3756: 3749: 3743:, pp. 213–214 3742: 3737: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3707: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3678: 3671: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3637: 3630: 3622: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3607: 3599: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3516: 3512: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3487: 3480: 3477: 3471: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3435: 3428: 3423: 3416: 3411: 3404: 3399: 3392: 3387: 3379: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3330: 3311: 3304: 3297: 3290: 3285: 3277: 3270: 3254: 3250: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3194: 3186: 3179: 3172: 3167: 3159: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3140: 3131: 3124: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3091: 3083: 3076: 3068: 3061: 3053: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3020: 3015: 3007: 3000: 2992: 2985: 2983: 2974: 2967: 2948: 2941: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2919: 2915: 2908: 2906: 2897: 2895:0-9692640-4-6 2891: 2887: 2880: 2872: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2852: 2850:85-230-0087-9 2846: 2842: 2835: 2827: 2825:1-56098-267-5 2821: 2817: 2816: 2808: 2806: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2780: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2766: 2761: 2752: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2733: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2695: 2693: 2685: 2683: 2674: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2640: 2638:0-691-09251-6 2634: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2561: 2552: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2513:Mol Biol Evol 2510: 2503: 2495: 2493:9781199061096 2489: 2485: 2478: 2470: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2446: 2441: 2435: 2428: 2423: 2415: 2408: 2400: 2398:0-06-055804-0 2394: 2390: 2385: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2364: 2357: 2355: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2327: 2320: 2312: 2308: 2302: 2298: 2297: 2289: 2287: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2261:(3): 454–70. 2260: 2256: 2252: 2245: 2230: 2226: 2220: 2218: 2209: 2202: 2187: 2183: 2177: 2169: 2165: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2140: 2126: 2122: 2116: 2106: 2099: 2093: 2089: 2081: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2049:ornithologist 2046: 2042: 2041:Anne Hathaway 2039:) and Jewel ( 2038: 2034: 2033: 2027: 2024: 2020: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2006: 2005:Noah's Island 1995: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1974:Zoo di Napoli 1971: 1966: 1962: 1960: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1936: 1931: 1925:In aviculture 1922: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1860: 1856: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1830: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1814: 1812: 1806: 1804: 1794: 1791: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1757: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1730: 1718: 1717: 1710: 1698: 1694: 1693: 1686: 1674: 1673: 1666: 1654: 1653: 1646: 1634: 1633: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1600: 1595: 1589: 1585: 1583: 1582:São Paulo Zoo 1573: 1564: 1560: 1557: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1531: 1530:Ararinha Azul 1527: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1508: 1486: 1482: 1480: 1477:resulting in 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1463:unsustainable 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1421:deforestation 1412: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1402:IUCN Red List 1399: 1394: 1391: 1385: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1366:Othmar Reiser 1362: 1359: 1354: 1346: 1337: 1335: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1299: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1277: 1272: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1252: 1244: 1235: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1226: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1214: 1209: 1208: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1181:), Facheiro ( 1180: 1179: 1174: 1173: 1169:), Imburana ( 1168: 1167: 1162: 1161: 1155: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1126: 1124: 1116: 1111: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 1001: 996: 992: 991:morphological 988: 987: 982: 978: 974: 970: 969:Johann Wagler 966: 962: 958: 954: 953:type specimen 949: 947: 943: 939: 935: 932:in the tribe 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 904: 903:Ancient Greek 900: 899: 895: 891: 880: 876: 875: 867: 866: 858: 857: 854: 853: 847: 846: 843: 842: 834: 833: 825: 824: 819: 818: 817:Anodorhynchus 814: 813: 810: 809: 806: 805: 797: 796: 788: 787: 782: 781: 777: 776: 773: 772: 769: 768: 765: 764: 763: 756: 755: 749: 748: 745: 744: 736: 735: 727: 726: 723: 722: 721: 714: 713: 710: 709: 706: 705: 704: 697: 696: 690: 689: 686: 685: 677: 676: 668: 667: 664: 663: 662: 655: 654: 651: 650: 647: 646: 645: 638: 637: 631: 630: 627: 626: 618: 617: 612: 611: 607: 606: 603: 602: 599: 598: 590: 589: 584: 583: 582:Orthopsittaca 579: 578: 575: 574: 571: 570: 562: 561: 556: 555: 551: 550: 547: 546: 543: 542: 537: 536: 532: 531: 528: 527: 521: 520: 514: 513: 507: 506: 500: 499: 493: 492: 486: 485: 479: 476: 475: 469: 468: 462: 459: 458: 454: 453: 444: 442: 441:Ararinha-Azul 438: 434: 430: 426: 421: 418: 417:deforestation 414: 413: 412:Euphorbiaceae 408: 404: 400: 396: 395: 390: 387: 382: 378: 375: 371: 367: 364:in northeast 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 319: 314: 299: 296: 293:Helmayr, 1906 291: 288: 283: 280: 275: 272: 270:(preoccupied) 266: 263: 262: 255: 252: 248: 244: 239: 234: 228: 226: 220: 217: 216:Binomial name 213: 209: 208: 203: 200: 199: 194: 189: 188: 184: 181: 180: 177: 174: 171: 170: 167: 164: 161: 160: 157: 154: 151: 150: 147: 144: 141: 140: 137: 134: 131: 130: 127: 124: 121: 120: 117: 114: 111: 110: 105: 100: 96: 90: 84: 79: 73: 68: 57: 53: 48: 43: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 21:Anodorhynchus 6494: 6447: 6440: 6433: 6426: 6419: 6409: 6399: 6389: 6382: 6375:Psittaculini 6362: 6355: 6348: 6328: 6299: 6275: 6268: 6263:Psephotellus 6261: 6254: 6247: 6240: 6233: 6226: 6221:Cyanoramphus 6219: 6212: 6205:Platycercini 6192: 6187:Neopsephotus 6185: 6178: 6145: 6125: 6118: 6111: 6104: 6099:Psitteuteles 6097: 6090: 6083: 6076: 6071:Neopsittacus 6069: 6062: 6055: 6050:Glossoptilus 6048: 6043:Glossopsitta 6041: 6034: 6027: 6020: 6013: 6006: 6001:Chalcopsitta 5999: 5979: 5972: 5943: 5936: 5929: 5896: 5889:Coracopsinae 5876: 5869:Coracopsinae 5843: 5833: 5826: 5819: 5811:Bavaripsitta 5809: 5782: 5762:Thectocercus 5760: 5753: 5746: 5739: 5732: 5725: 5720:Ognorhynchus 5718: 5713:Leptosittaca 5711: 5704: 5697: 5692:Enicognathus 5690: 5683: 5676: 5669: 5662: 5652: 5645: 5638: 5618: 5611: 5604: 5597: 5590: 5583: 5578:Alipiopsitta 5576: 5556: 5551:Psilopsiagon 5549: 5542: 5535: 5513: 5506: 5499: 5492: 5485: 5461: 5450: 5433:Psittacoidea 5416: 5409: 5402: 5395: 5388: 5381: 5374: 5367: 5334: 5327: 5320: 5310: 5291:Strigopoidea 5278: 5255: 5244: 5187: 5180: 5173: 5166:Morsoravidae 5152:Quercypsitta 5150: 5142: 5119: 5112: 5088: 5081: 5074: 5067: 5060: 5011:Zygodactylus 5009: 5002: 4995: 4988: 4965: 4951:Parapasseres 4938: 4931: 4924: 4917: 4894: 4887: 4879: 4872: 4865:Vastanavidae 4745:Hybrid macaw 4651: 4621: 4603: 4536: 4527:Spix's macaw 4526: 4518: 4509:Lear's macaw 4488: 4477: 4469: 4414: 4406: 4401: 4388: 4363: 4345: 4342:Sick, Helmut 4334: 4331: 4313: 4299: 4281: 4262: 4253: 4247: 4238: 4232: 4223: 4217: 4208: 4202: 4194:the original 4189: 4167: 4154: 4134: 4127: 4115: 4109:(71): 240–5. 4106: 4102: 4096: 4084: 4064: 4057: 4045:. 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