261:, and he complained that the institute's faculty did not include any African Americans among its full professors. Drake and other Hampton students engaged in a strike beginning on October 9, 1927, only a few weeks after Drake arrived on campus. While the list of student demands exceeded sixty specific points, many of them dealt with the need for more black teachers, higher academic standards, the dismissal of racist and unqualified faculty, an end to various strict disciplinary policies, and amnesty for those involved in the strike. Due to the intervention of administrators and parents, the strike ended in defeat. But as scholar Andrew Rosa concluded, the "administration lost the war." Many reforms eventually became implemented, and Drake flourished at the college over the next three years there. In the course of his studies at Hampton, Drake served as the president of the student body, led the college chapter of the
363:. He remained a member of the Roosevelt sociology department until 1968. He commented years later that the offer to join Roosevelt came as "a surprise". He fully expected only to be considered by "Negro" colleges of the time. He found a home at Roosevelt which he embraced as an "experimental institution" where he was able to develop his calling as an "activist anthropologist". He was perhaps the most distinguished faculty member ever to have taught at Roosevelt University, and was also one of the first black faculty members at Roosevelt. While there, he created one of the first African American Studies programs in the United States. Among his many honors, he received an honorary degree from Roosevelt. Drake taught at Roosevelt for 23 years before leaving in 1969 to found the African and African American Studies program at
318:. During the late 1930s in Chicago, Drake worked as the assistant director for the Illinois State Commission on the Condition of the Urban Colored Population, and conducted research in churches serving Chicago's black community. He returned briefly to Dillard in 1940 to work as an assistant professor, but was dismissed in the following year for supporting a student strike, and subsequently returned to his studies at Chicago. At the outset of World War II, as a graduate student in Chicago, he led an organization called Conscientious Objectors Against Jim Crow that urged African-Americans draftees to claim conscientious objector status on the basis of their opposition to segregation and discrimination in the armed forces.
250:, where he remained through the 7th grade. He then returned to Virginia to attend high school. He inevitably learned "the facts of Southern life", and in his first contact with the Negro press, he remarked: "It was rather exciting, this learning that one is a Negro and what it means – also rather frustrating." At this time, with the encouragement of his teachers, he began to write poetry, generally about nature. That same year, he also edited the school yearbook. He completed high school in three years.
257:). Hampton's appeal, according to Drake, was its offer to allow students to work their way through college. Drake met the cost of his education by working as a waiter and then as a front desk clerk at the Holly Tree Guesthouse. Both of these forms of employment were segregated jobs, intended only for black workers. Drake was almost immediately dissatisfied with the faculty's "civilizing mission" attitude, which he attributed to the intellectual legacy of
489:. Johns was a graduate student in sociology at the University of Chicago when Drake began work there as a graduate student in anthropology. As a fellow student, she helped introduce Drake to theories connected with cultural and behavioral relativism. After their marriage, the two of them worked together conducting research in West Africa. The couple raised two children, Sandra and Karl. During
243:, Virginia, when his father decided it would be best for the family to join the many African Americans who were then moving northward. During his childhood, St. Clair lived in a multi-ethnic neighborhood. He recalled that his understanding of race and prejudice was vague, but at least one of his fights occurred when he was insulted about the color of his skin.
387:, where he studied a community of African seamen and their Welsh families. In "Value Systems, Social Structure and Race Relations in the British Isles," Drake "examined the forms of social action that arose in response to British racial and colonial domination". At this time, he was one of the first scholars studying race relations in the
31:
174:(January 2, 1911 – June 15, 1990) was an African-American sociologist and anthropologist whose scholarship and activism led him to document much of the social turmoil of the 1960s, establish some of the first Black Studies programs in American universities, and contribute to the independence movement in
461:
in
December 1958. Padmore's relationship with Drake "allowed Drake to acquire unrivaled knowledge of Ghana's political leaders." Drake served as an informal adviser to leaders of several newly independent African nations in the early 1960s, particularly Nkrumah, who by this time had become Ghana's
210:
A major element in Drake's career was an interest in Africa and the pan-African movement, which sprang from his dissertation work with immigrants from Africa living in the United
Kingdom, and was expanded upon during his later research projects conducted in West Africa. Ultimately he spent years
465:
Drake's personal commitment to see Ghana succeed and his concerns about the privacy of the people and conversations he observed led him to elect not to publish books or articles based directly on his work in Africa or with
African immigrants in Britain. However, he did conduct several research
420:. One of Drake's former students characterizes his research as drawing heavily from urban sociology and history, which led his peers in the 1940s to see "his scholarship ... more sociological than anthropological" and "virtually ignored within anthropology as a consequence."
453:. Drake's connections allowed him to participate in increasingly important discussions connected to the newly independent nation of Ghana. At the request of George Padmore, Nkrumah's advisor, Drake presented and participated in the planning meetings for the
509:
dedicated a research center to Drake's memory, The St. Clair Drake Center for
African and African American Studies, which follows Drake's social activist model to document and explore "contributions, challenges and conditions of Africans and African
310:
285:. At the Christiansburg Institute, he taught a variety of subjects, coached soccer, led chapel prayer, and began to write professionally. During this time Drake continued pursuing his interests in academic and social justice pursuits at
403:. Drake worked with the Black community of Cardiff, drafting a response in which the local community said they "distrust people who survey us and study us, who write about us and publicize us, and who try to reform and lead us."
235:. His father's devout religious faith did not allow for activities like dancing, going to the movies, or using playing cards, all of which were forbidden to Drake in his childhood. Drake's mother, Bessie Lee, was a native of
346:
as "a landmark of objective research and one of the best urban studies produced by
American scholarship". Drake became one of the more prolific chroniclers, in books and scholarly articles, of the turmoil and development of
444:
as a part of his dissertation at
Chicago. As a result of this early contact with pan-African advocates, Drake pursued research projects in Liberia and Ghana in the 1950s, funded in part by a grant he received from the
411:
Even after his retirement from the faculty at
Stanford, Drake remained active as a scholar and author. Another of Drake's works, which demonstrates his continued interest in race relations throughout his career, was
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working in the newly independent country of Ghana as an academic and an informal advisor to the national government there, before his return to the United States and his academic career in that country.
462:
prime minister, but later chose to leave Africa and this political work after coups installed military leaders in many of these nations: Drake later remarked that he would not "work under generals."
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314:. Drake was moved by the potential that social science could have in racial causes, and ultimately followed Davis to study anthropology as a doctoral student at the
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223:, on January 2, 1911. Later in life, including professionally, he went by his last name only, St. Clair Drake. His father immigrated to the United States from
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286:
1585:
640:"Representative Government and the Traditional Cultures and Institutions of West African Societies", in Herbert Passin and Q. A. B. Jones-Quartey (eds),
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203:. He continued his research while a professor at Roosevelt for 23 years, before leaving to found the African and African American Studies program at
665:"Representative Government and the Traditional Cultures and Institutions of West African Societies", in H. Passin and K. A. B. Jones-Quartey (eds),
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200:
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493:, Drake was a conscientious objector in response to the U.S. military's segregation policies, and he served in a civilian capacity in the
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308:. The anthropological research explored the caste system of the American south, and they later published their observations in the book
269:, and even played on the college's soccer team. He graduated from Hampton in 1931 with a B.S. degree in biology and a minor in English.
1338:"Ambiguity and Imprint: British Racial Logics, Colonial Commissions of Enquiry, and the Creolization of Britain in the 1930s and 1940s"
1271:
1580:
1160:
Andrew J. Rosa, "New
Negroes on Campus: St. Clair Drake and the Culture of Education, Reform, and Rebellion at Hampton Institute,"
1116:, 2nd edition. Vol. 2. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008, pp. 442–443. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. October 17, 2013.
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548:"Value Systems, Social Structure and Race Relations in the British Isles", University of Chicago (Ph.D., Anthropology), 1954
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470:, though these were not directly associated with his political or personal connections in the countries he visited.
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in the 1960s. In 1946, Drake became an assistant professor of sociology at
Roosevelt University along with chemist
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1028:
The
Autobiography of W. E. B. Du Bois: A Soliloquy on Viewing my Life from the Last Decade of Its First Century
783:
301:
178:. Drake often wrote about challenges and achievements in race relations as a result of his extensive research.
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1080:
Calloway, Earl (June 28, 1990). "Memorial services held for Dr. Drake, noted author and Roosevelt professor."
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477:. He provided cultural sensitivity training for a group of 50 American students planning to work in Ghana.
195:, a landmark study of race and urban life. Drake was one of the first African-American faculty members at
672:"The Social and Economic Status of the Negro in the United States", in T. Parsons and K. B. Clark (eds),
1132:"St. Clair Drake", Biographical Sketch, St. Clair Drake Papers, Roosevelt University Archives, Chicago.
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1312:"'The Negroes in Britain Industry': Race-Relations Studies at Edinburgh University in the 1950s"
342:, a neighborhood on Chicago's South Side. The book was characterized in Drake's obituary in the
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Drake was also able to further social interest in African countries through his work with the
719:"'Hide My Face?' On Pan-Africanism and Negritude", in August Meier and Elliot Rudwick (eds),
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in Chicago, at a time when academic opportunities for Black scholars were usually limited to
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Baber, Willie L. (1999), "St. Clair Drake", in Ira E. Harrison and Faye V. Harrison (eds),
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in the British West Indies, becoming a Baptist minister and an international organizer for
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Bond, George C., and St. Clair Drake, "A Social Portrait of John Gibbs St. Clair Drake,"
1006:
Negro Thought in America, 1880-1915: Racial Ideologies in the Age of Booker T. Washington
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Drake's connections to the African continent began early in his academic career. He met
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George C. Bond and St. Clair Drake, "A Social Portrait of John Gibbs St. Clair Drake",
913:"Further Reflections on Anthropology and the Black Experience" (with Willie L. Baber),
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825:"Détruire le mythe chamitique, devoir des hommes cultivés" (Destroy the Hamitic Myth),
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Divisions: A New History of Racism and Resistance in America's World War II Military
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705:"Violence and Social Movements in the United States", in Robert H. Connery (ed.),
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804:"Some Observations on Interethnic Conflict as One Type of Intergroup Conflict",
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Negro Youth at the Crossways: There Personality Development in the Middle States
449:. From 1958 to 1961, Drake served as head of the department of sociology at the
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We Called Each Other Comrade: Charles H. Kerr & Company, Radical Publishers
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University, Laura Mills and Lynn Y. Weiner on behalf of Roosevelt (2014).
772:"Freedom Fighters (to Charles Houston, Carter Woodson and Charles Drew)",
658:"'Hide My Face?' On Pan Africanism and Negritude", in Herbert Hill (ed.),
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906:"Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois: A Life Lived Experimentally and Self-Documented,"
832:"Traditional Authority and Social Action in Former British West Africa",
474:
416:, published in two volumes in 1987 and 1990 as part of a series entitled
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In 1927, Drake left Staunton, Virginia, to attend Hampton Institute (now
744:"African Diaspora and Jewish Diaspora", in Joseph R. Washington (ed.),
108:
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from 1935 to 1937. In 1935, Drake also joined a research team led by
846:"The Social and Economic Status of the Negro in the United States",
399:, which was a study of the Black and minority ethnic communities of
224:
1180:"St. Clair Drake, Pioneer in Study Of Black Americans, Dies at 79"
790:"The 'Colour Problem' in Britain: A Study in Social Definitions",
737:"Diaspora Studies and Pan-Africanism", in Joseph E. Harris (ed.),
400:
380:
595:
Black Folks Here and There: An Essay in History and Anthropology
391:
and was considered one of the foremost scholars on the subject.
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St. Clair Drake Center for African and African American Studies
774:
647:"Social Problems and Social Change in Contemporary Africa", in
414:
Black Folk Here and There: An Essay in History and Anthropology
379:, 1947–1948. He conducted his dissertation research in 1947 in
1148:, Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, pp. 196–198.
841:
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
799:
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
712:"Research on Intergroup Relations at the Neighborhood Level",
781:"The International Implications of Race and Race Relations",
458:
384:
311:
Deep South: A Social Anthropological Study of Caste and Class
175:
732:
Education and Black Struggle: Notes from the Colonized World
559:
Churches and Voluntary Associations Among Negroes in Chicago
466:
studies during his time in Africa with his wife sociologist
423:
1535:
1397:, 7.1 1975: 2–13. Black World Foundation. October 7, 2013.
726:"In the Mirror of Black Scholarship: W. Allison Davis and
566:
Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City
192:
Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City
148:
Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City
1382:
Outsider Within: Reworking Anthropology in the Global Age
1384:. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, p. 38.
878:"Reflections of Anthropology and the Black Experience",
367:. He remained at Stanford until his retirement in 1976.
608:
The American Dream and the Negro: 100 Years of Freedom?
1616:
Stanford University Department of Anthropology faculty
1228:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 21–22.
862:"The Black University in the American School Order",
516:
dedicated the St. Clair Drake Lectures to his memory.
239:. When Drake was two years old, the family moved to
338:
a study of the lives of African Americans living in
899:"Black Studies and Global Perspectives: An Essay",
526:
Recipient of the Dubois-Johnson-Frazier award, 1973
277:From 1932 to 1933, Drake was on the faculty of the
263:
Association for the Study of Negro Life and History
1112:"Drake, St. Clair." William A. Darity, Jr. (ed.),
370:
1393:"The Black Diaspora in Pan-African Perspective",
1114:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
869:"The Black Diaspora in Pan-African Perspective",
1557:
618:Our Urban Poor: Promises to Keep and Miles to Go
610:, The Emancipation Centennial Lectures Given at
1491:"Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards - Black Metropolis"
583:Race Relations in a Time of Rapid Social Change
1335:
797:"Prospects for Democracy in the Gold Coast",
1495:Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards - The 80th Annual
485:St. Clair Drake was married to a colleague,
201:historically black colleges and universities
1586:Activists for African-American civil rights
975:, by A. W. Southall and P. C. W. Gutwind",
855:"The American Negro's Relation to Africa",
628:Black Religion and the Redemption of Africa
589:Black Religion and the Redemption of Africa
281:, an African-American trade high school in
214:
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730:", in Institute of the Black World (ed.),
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1146:African-American Pioneers in Anthropology
892:"Anthropology and the black experience",
739:Global Dimensions of the African Diaspora
679:"Negro Americans and the 'Africa Interest
424:Contributions to the Pan-African movement
1651:20th-century African-American scientists
1336:James, Leslie; Whittall, Daniel (2016).
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984:The African Nations and World Solidarity
440:when he was completing his fieldwork in
289:, a Quaker retreat and graduate center.
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16:African-American sociologist (1911–1990)
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887:New York University Education Quarterly
707:Urban Riots: Violence and Social Change
694:"Introduction to the 1967 Edition", in
233:Universal Negro Improvement Association
219:John Gibbs St. Clair Drake was born in
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880:Anthropology & Education Quarterly
746:Jews in Black Perspectives: A Dialogue
1646:20th-century American anthropologists
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1471:African and African American Studies
1429:"Scholar in Afro-American studies,"
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375:Drake spent nearly two years in the
246:Drake attended elementary school in
1212:"St. Clair Drake Papers, 1935-1990"
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962:Race Relations in World Perspective
885:"What Happened to Black Studies?",
406:
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1641:20th-century American male writers
1515:American Sociological Association.
1252:"Scholar In Afro-american Studies"
573:, 1945, revised 1962, revised 1970
14:
1662:
1542:in honor of Drake's life and work
1529:
1164:53, no. 3 (August 2013): 203–232.
988:Journal of Modern African Studies
929:The Negro and the Communist Party
927:"Appreciation of the Phenomenon:
537:
418:Afro-American Culture and Society
292:Drake worked as an instructor at
185:, in 1945 Drake co-authored with
1581:African-American anthropologists
1300:, 15(4), 1988, pp. 762–781, 775.
839:"Democracy on Trial in Africa",
767:Journal of Educational Sociology
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1067:. Oakland: PM Press. p. x.
818:"Pan-Africanism: What Is It?",
455:All-African Peoples' Conference
371:Two years in the United Kingdom
353:Edward Marion Augustus Chandler
1189:
1162:History of Education Quarterly
1056:
908:Contributions in Black Studies
901:The Journal of Negro Education
784:The Journal of Negro Education
667:Africa: The Dynamics of Change
642:Africa; the dynamics of change
1:
1631:20th-century American writers
1591:African-American sociologists
1576:People from Suffolk, Virginia
1224:Guglielmo, Thomas A. (2021).
1050:
689:American Negro Reference Book
330:, he was the co-author, with
1626:University of Chicago alumni
1601:Roosevelt University faculty
1546:FBI files on St. Clair Drake
1316:History of Education Society
1021:American Sociological Review
1010:American Sociological Review
999:American Sociological Review
964:, by Andrew W. Lind (ed.)",
653:The United States and Africa
579:, with Dr. Peter Omari, 1963
395:published his Ph.D. thesis,
7:
1310:Seck, Fatima (6 May 2019).
1100:, 15(4), 1988, pp. 762–781.
1038:
1032:Political Science Quarterly
811:"Independence and Crisis",
721:The Making of Black America
265:, became the editor of the
10:
1667:
1606:Dillard University faculty
1538:. A website built to be a
1536:St. Clair Drake, 1911-1990
1442:Baber (1999), pp. 201–204.
1406:Baber (1999), pp. 204–205.
1214:, New York Public Library.
1045:Bronislaw Malinowski Award
938:"The Falasha Way of Life:
620:, with an introduction by
577:Social Work in West Africa
531:Bronislaw Malinowski Award
304:, a former colleague from
172:John Gibbs St. Clair Drake
92:Bronislaw Malinowski Award
42:John Gibbs St. Clair Drake
1636:Activists from California
1611:Hampton University alumni
1520:October 18, 2013, at the
915:Transforming Anthropology
521:Anisfield-Wolf Book Award
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87:Anisfield-Wolf Book Award
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37:
28:
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1195:Baber (1999), pp. 200–1.
995:Africa in World Politics
283:Christiansburg, Virginia
279:Christiansburg Institute
248:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
215:Early life and education
133:African-American studies
1461:, Roosevelt University.
1431:San Francisco Chronicle
977:American Anthropologist
966:American Anthropologist
955:American Anthropologist
953:, by L. S. B. Leakey,"
696:Edward Franklin Frazier
597:(2 vols), 1987 and 1990
1480:, Stanford University.
1276:. Arcadia Publishing.
1017:Out in the Mid-day Sun
973:Townsmen in the Making
951:Mau Mau and the Kikuyu
765:"Chicago: A Profile",
1621:Writers from Virginia
1596:American sociologists
1420:Baber (1999), p. 205.
1357:10.1353/cal.2016.0027
1019:, by Boris Gussman,"
931:, by Wilson Record,"
495:U.S. Maritime Service
487:Elizabeth Dewey Johns
468:Elizabeth Dewey Johns
332:Horace R. Cayton, Jr.
316:University of Chicago
273:Career as an academic
187:Horace R. Cayton, Jr.
183:University of Chicago
118:University of Chicago
75:Palo Alto, California
1298:American Ethnologist
1273:Roosevelt University
1098:American Ethnologist
1063:Ruff, Allen (2011).
1008:, by August Meier",
997:, by Vernon McKay",
758:"On Being A Negro",
612:Roosevelt University
507:Roosevelt University
259:Booker T. Washington
197:Roosevelt University
986:, by Mamadou Dia",
942:, by Wolf Leslau",
806:Conflict Resolution
792:Sociological Review
760:Afri-American Youth
514:Stanford University
451:University of Ghana
365:Stanford University
205:Stanford University
103:Academic background
1476:2013-10-05 at the
1457:2012-04-06 at the
834:Human Organization
827:Présence Africaine
674:The Negro American
649:Walter Goldschmidt
397:Negroes in Britain
359:, and sociologist
322:After World War II
294:Dillard University
255:Hampton University
237:Staunton, Virginia
181:While studying at
114:Hampton University
1378:Harrison, Faye V.
1283:978-1-4671-1247-5
1178:Flint, Peter B.,
940:Falasha Anthology
714:Race and Research
635:Chapters in books
529:Recipient of the
519:Recipient of the
501:Legacy and awards
336:Black Metropolis,
306:Howard University
221:Suffolk, Virginia
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160:Franklin Rosemont
56:Suffolk, Virginia
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753:Journal articles
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660:Soon One Morning
571:Horace R. Cayton
407:After retirement
355:, modern dancer
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137:African studies
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1351:(1): 166–184.
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442:Cardiff, Wales
438:Mbiyu Koinange
434:George Padmore
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393:Kenneth Little
377:United Kingdom
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349:race relations
344:New York Times
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267:Hampton Script
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71:(aged 79)
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894:Black Scholar
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872:Black Scholar
868:
866:, 100.3, 1971
865:
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829:, 24–25, 1959
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685:John P. Davis
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481:Personal life
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430:Kwame Nkrumah
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389:British Isles
386:
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357:Sybil Shearer
354:
350:
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302:Allison Davis
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229:Marcus Garvey
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143:Notable works
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127:
124:Academic work
122:
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76:
67:June 15, 1990
66:
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57:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
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1500:February 26,
1498:. Retrieved
1494:
1485:
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1447:
1438:
1430:
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1348:
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1319:. Retrieved
1315:
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1225:
1219:
1191:
1183:
1161:
1145:
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1081:
1064:
1058:
1034:, 86.2, 1971
1031:
1027:
1023:, 30.2, 1965
1020:
1016:
1012:, 30.2, 1965
1009:
1005:
1001:, 28.4, 1963
998:
994:
987:
983:
979:, 59.5, 1957
976:
972:
968:, 59.2, 1957
965:
961:
957:, 56.3, 1954
954:
950:
946:, 13.1, 1952
943:
939:
935:, 12.3, 1951
932:
928:
914:
907:
903:, 53.3, 1984
900:
896:, 11.7, 1980
893:
889:, 10.3, 1979
886:
879:
870:
863:
859:, 14.6, 1967
857:Africa Today
856:
852:, 94.4, 1965
847:
840:
836:, 19.3, 1960
833:
826:
820:Africa Today
819:
813:Africa Today
812:
805:
798:
791:
787:, 20.3, 1951
782:
778:, 11.3, 1950
773:
769:, 18.5, 1945
766:
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558:
491:World War II
484:
472:
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374:
361:Rose Hum Lee
343:
335:
328:World War II
325:
309:
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276:
266:
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218:
209:
190:
180:
171:
170:
146:
69:(1990-06-15)
1571:1990 deaths
1566:1911 births
1540:festschrift
990:, 1.1, 1963
917:, 1.2, 1990
882:, 9.2, 1978
875:, 7.1, 1975
843:, 354, 1964
822:, 6.1, 1959
815:, 4.2, 1957
808:, 1.2, 1957
801:, 306, 1956
762:, 1.5, 1937
510:Americans."
475:Peace Corps
340:Bronzeville
298:New Orleans
287:Pendle Hill
1560:Categories
1051:References
728:Deep South
241:Harrisburg
156:Influenced
109:Alma mater
48:1911-01-02
1365:163194974
910:, 8, 1986
794:, 3, 1955
602:Pamphlets
189:the work
1518:Archived
1474:Archived
1455:Archived
1380:(2008),
1345:Callaloo
1084:, p. 10.
1039:See also
864:Daedelus
849:Daedalus
457:held at
225:Barbados
1433:, 1990.
1321:28 June
687:(ed.),
651:(ed.),
569:, with
401:Cardiff
381:Cardiff
1363:
1280:
1232:
944:Phylon
933:Phylon
775:Phylon
748:, 1984
741:, 1982
734:, 1974
723:, 1969
716:, 1968
709:, 1968
702:, 1967
691:, 1966
683:", in
676:, 1966
669:, 1963
662:, 1963
655:, 1963
644:, 1963
630:, 1971
624:, 1967
614:, 1963
591:, 1971
585:, 1966
561:, 1940
543:Thesis
533:, 1990
523:, 1946
436:, and
326:After
151:(1945)
94:, 1990
89:, 1946
83:Awards
77:, U.S.
58:, U.S.
1361:S2CID
1341:(PDF)
553:Books
459:Accra
385:Wales
334:, of
176:Ghana
1502:2016
1323:2019
1278:ISBN
1230:ISBN
64:Died
38:Born
1353:doi
1030:",
296:in
231:'s
1562::
1493:.
1411:^
1359:.
1349:39
1347:.
1343:.
1314:.
1254:,
1244:^
1200:^
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497:.
432:,
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135:,
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681:'
50:)
46:(
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