Joseph Stalin - Knowledge

3749:, he stated that "Leninism is the Marxism of the epoch of imperialism and of the proletarian revolution". He claimed to be a loyal Leninist, although was—according to Service—"not a blindly obedient Leninist". Stalin respected Lenin, but not uncritically, and spoke out when he believed that Lenin was wrong. During the period of his revolutionary activity, Stalin regarded some of Lenin's views and actions as being the self-indulgent activities of a spoiled émigré, deeming them counterproductive for those Bolshevik activists based within the Russian Empire itself. After the October Revolution, they continued to have differences. Khlevniuk nevertheless believed that the pair developed a "strong bond" over the years, while Kotkin suggested that Stalin's friendship with Lenin was "the single most important relationship in Stalin's life". After Lenin's death, Stalin relied heavily on Lenin's writings—far more so than those of Marx and Engels—to guide him in the affairs of state. Stalin adopted the Leninist view on the need for a revolutionary 2981: 3181: 4337: 4073: 1937:, where he alleged that kulaks were hoarding grain and ordered them be arrested and their grain confiscated, with Stalin bringing much of the grain back to Moscow with him in February. At his command, grain procurement squads surfaced across West Siberia and the Urals, with violence breaking out between these squads and the peasantry. Stalin announced that both kulaks and the "middle peasants" must be coerced into releasing their harvest. Bukharin and other Central Committee members were angry they had not been consulted about this measure. In January 1930, the Politburo approved the liquidation of the kulak class who were exiled to other parts of the country or concentration camps. By July 1930, over 320,000 households had been affected by the de-kulakisation policy. According to biographer 4200:—that portrayed Stalin as an omnipotent and omnipresent tyrant who controlled every aspect of Soviet life. Service similarly warned of the portrayal of Stalin as an "unimpeded despot", noting that "powerful though he was, his powers were not limitless", and his rule depended on his willingness to conserve the Soviet structure he had inherited. Kotkin observed that Stalin's ability to remain in power relied on him having a majority in the Politburo at all times. Khlevniuk noted that at various points, particularly when Stalin was old and frail, there were "periodic manifestations" in which the party oligarchy threatened his autocratic control. Stalin denied to foreign visitors that he was a dictator, stating that those who labelled him such did not understand the Soviet governance structure. 2606: 3686: 4048:, in 1921. It is unclear if Stalin ever had a mistress during or after this marriage. She suspected he was unfaithful, and committed suicide in 1932. Stalin regarded Vasily as spoiled and often chastised his behaviour; as Stalin's son, Vasily was swiftly promoted through the Red Army and allowed a lavish lifestyle. Conversely, Stalin had an affectionate relationship with Svetlana during her childhood, and was very fond of Artyom. He disapproved of Svetlana's suitors and husbands, putting a strain on their relationship. After the Second World War, he made little time for his children and his family played a decreasingly important role in his life. After Stalin's death, Svetlana changed her surname to Alliluyeva, and defected to the U.S. 3201:. He ensured that returning Soviet prisoners of war went through "filtration" camps as they arrived in the Soviet Union, in which 2,775,700 were interrogated to determine if they were traitors. About half were then imprisoned in labour camps. In the Baltic states, where there was much opposition to Soviet rule, de-kulakisation and de-clericalisation programs were initiated, resulting in 142,000 deportations between 1945 and 1949. The Gulag system of forced labour camps was expanded further. By January 1953, three per cent of the Soviet population was imprisoned or in internal exile, with 2.8 million in "special settlements" in isolated areas and another 2.5 million in camps, penal colonies, and prisons. 2441: 3208:, with millions more being wounded, malnourished, or orphaned. In the war's aftermath, some of Stalin's associates suggested modifications to government policy. Post-war Soviet society was more tolerant than its pre-war phase in various respects. Stalin allowed the Russian Orthodox Church to retain the churches it had opened during the war. Academia and the arts were also allowed greater freedom than they had prior to 1941. Recognising the need for drastic steps to be taken to combat inflation and promote economic regeneration, in December 1947 Stalin's government devalued the rouble and abolished the ration-book system. Capital punishment was abolished in 1947 but re-instituted in 1950. 2826: 1337: 3571: 3227:. Sparked by a drought and ensuing bad harvest in 1946, it was exacerbated by government policy towards food procurement, including the state's decision to build up stocks and export food internationally rather than distributing it to famine-hit areas. Current estimates indicate that between one million and 1.5 million people died from malnutrition or disease as a result. While agricultural production stagnated, Stalin focused on a series of major infrastructure projects, including the construction of hydroelectric plants, canals, and railway lines running to the polar north. Much of this was constructed by prison labour. 3236: 3705:, during his early life elements from Georgian nationalist thought blended with Marxism in his outlook. Stalin believed in the need to adapt Marxism to changing circumstances; in 1917, he declared that "there is dogmatic Marxism and there is creative Marxism. I stand on the ground of the latter". Volkogonov believed that Stalin's Marxism was shaped by his "dogmatic turn of mind", suggesting that this had been instilled in the Soviet leader during his education in religious institutions. According to scholar Robert Service, Stalin's "few innovations in ideology were crude, dubious developments of Marxism". 4014: 3420: 3490:, Jewish culture, and "rootless cosmopolitanism", with growing levels of anti-Semitism being expressed across Soviet society. Stalin's increasing tolerance of anti-Semitism may have stemmed from his increasing Russian nationalism or from the recognition that anti-Semitism had proved a useful mobilising tool for Hitler and that he could do the same; he may have increasingly viewed the Jewish people as a "counter-revolutionary" nation whose members were loyal to the U.S. There were rumours, although they have never been substantiated, that Stalin was planning on deporting all Soviet Jews to the 1807: 1445:'s White forces had been able to decimate Red troops based there. He returned to Moscow between January and March 1919, before being assigned to the Western Front at Petrograd. When the Red Third Regiment defected, he ordered the public execution of captured defectors. In September, he returned to the Southern Front. During the war, he proved his worth to the Central Committee, displaying willingness to take on responsibility in conflict situations. At the same time, he disregarded orders and repeatedly threatened to resign when affronted. He was reprimanded by Lenin at the 21555: 3773:, but he never acknowledged an Ossetian identity. He remained proud of his Georgian identity, and throughout his life retained a heavy Georgian accent when speaking Russian. Some colleagues described him as "Asiatic", and he supposedly said that "I am not a European man, but an Asian, a Russified Georgian". Service noted that Stalin "would never be Russian" and never tried to pretend he was. Montefiore was of the view that "after 1917, became quadri-national: Georgian by nationality, Russian by loyalty, internationalist by ideology, Soviet by citizenship." 14552: 2313: 1702: 4541: 3329: 3814: 3057:, with Stalin believing that any victorious Polish militants could interfere with his aspirations to dominate Poland through a future Marxist government. Although concealing his desires from the other Allied leaders, Stalin placed great emphasis on capturing Berlin first, believing that this would enable him to bring more of Europe under long-term Soviet control. Churchill was concerned that this was the case and unsuccessfully tried to convince the U.S. that the Western Allies should pursue the same goal. 3066: 4255: 26068: 1434:, resulting in heavy losses; Lenin was concerned by this costly tactic. In Tsaritsyn, Stalin commanded the local Cheka branch to execute suspected counter-revolutionaries, often without trial, and purged the military and food collection agencies of middle-class specialists, whom he also executed. His use of state violence was at a greater scale than most Bolshevik leaders approved of; for instance, he ordered several villages to be torched to ensure compliance with his food procurement program. 26044: 3663:. Reforms to the Soviet system were immediately implemented. Economic reform scaled back the mass construction projects, placed a new emphasis on house building, and eased the levels of taxation on the peasantry to stimulate production. The new leaders sought rapprochement with Yugoslavia and a less hostile relationship with the U.S., and they pursued a negotiated end to the Korean War in July 1953. The doctors who had been imprisoned were released and the anti-Semitic purges ceased. 3930: 3786: 2088: 1185: 3720:, regarding the Soviet Union as an example of such a state. He also believed that this proletarian state would need to introduce repressive measures against foreign and domestic "enemies" to ensure the full crushing of the propertied classes, and thus the class war would intensify with the advance of socialism. As a propaganda tool, the shaming of "enemies" explained all inadequate economic and political outcomes, the hardships endured by the populace, and military failures. 2908: 3556:, was published. It sought to provide a guide to leading the country after his death. In October 1952, Stalin gave an hour and a half speech at the Central Committee plenum. There, he emphasised what he regarded as leadership qualities necessary in the future and highlighted the weaknesses of various potential successors, particularly Molotov and Mikoyan. In 1952, he also eliminated the Politburo and replaced it with a larger version which he called the Presidium. 3341:

Marxist-Leninists were placed in coalition ministries. In contrast to his approach to the Baltic states, he rejected the proposal of merging the new communist states into the Soviet Union, rather recognising them as independent nation-states. He was faced with the problem that there were few Marxists left in Eastern Europe, with most having been killed by the Nazis. He demanded that war reparations be paid by Germany and its Axis allies Hungary, Romania, and the

1674:. These criticised Stalin's rude manners and excessive power, suggesting that Stalin should be removed from the position of general secretary. Some historians have questioned whether Lenin ever produced these, suggesting instead that they may have been written by Krupskaya; Stalin, however, never publicly voiced concerns about their authenticity. Most historians consider the document to be an accurate reflection of Lenin's views. According to Stalin's secretary, 3995:, Stalin's one-time secretary, "Women didn't interest him. His own woman was enough for him, and he paid scant attention to her." However, Montefiore noted that in his early life Stalin "rarely seems to have been without a girlfriend". Montefiore described Stalin's favoured types as "young, malleable teenagers or buxom peasant women", who would be supportive and unchallenging. Stalin "regarded women as a resource for sexual gratification and domestic comfort". 3376:. In March 1948, Stalin launched an anti-Tito campaign, accusing the Yugoslav communists of adventurism and deviating from Marxist–Leninist doctrine. At the second Cominform conference, held in Bucharest in June 1948, East European communist leaders all denounced Tito's government, accusing them of being fascists and agents of Western capitalism. Stalin ordered several assassination attempts on Tito's life and even contemplated an invasion of Yugoslavia itself. 4126: 24927: 19579: 2233: 585: 26056: 1662:

as "autonomous republics" within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Lenin accused Stalin of "Great Russian chauvinism" while Stalin accused Lenin of "national liberalism". A compromise was reached, in which the federation would be renamed the "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" (USSR). The USSR's formation was ratified in December 1922; although officially a federal system, all major decisions were taken by the governing

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conspiratorial, prone to believing in plots against him and international conspiracies. While he never attended torture sessions or executions, Stalin took pleasure in degrading and humiliating people and kept even close associates in a state of "unrelieved fear". Stalin's brutality marked him as a "natural extremist", and Service suggested he had tendencies toward a paranoid and sociopathic personality disorder. However,

4212:'s Soviet administration various previously classified files on Stalin's life were made available to historians, at which point Stalin became "one of the most urgent and vital issues on the public agenda" in the Soviet Union. After the dissolution of the Union in 1991, the rest of the archives were opened to historians, resulting in much new information about Stalin coming to light, and producing a flood of new research. 2549:, a fellow Georgian completely loyal to Stalin. Yezhov was arrested in April 1939 and executed in 1940. The Terror damaged the Soviet Union's reputation abroad, particularly among leftist sympathizers. As it wound down, Stalin sought to deflect responsibility, blaming its "excesses" and "violations of law" on Yezhov. According to historian James Harris, the purges were driven by an excessive fear of counterrevolution. 1803:. The Left Opposition believed the NEP conceded too much to capitalism; Stalin was called a "rightist" for his support of the policy. Stalin built up a retinue of supporters in the Central Committee, while the Left Opposition were gradually removed from their positions of influence. He was supported in this by Bukharin, who believed that the Left Opposition's proposals would plunge the Soviet Union into instability. 3724: 1547: 1481: 3290:, but one year later Stalin finally relented and moved the Soviet troops out. Stalin also tried to maximise Soviet influence on the world stage, unsuccessfully pushing for Libya—recently liberated from Italian occupation—to become a Soviet protectorate. He sent Molotov as his representative to San Francisco to take part in negotiations to form the United Nations, insisting that the Soviets have a place on the 2309:, was released, which biographer Robert Conquest called the "central text of Stalinism". Authorised Stalin biographies were also published, though Stalin preferred to be seen as the embodiment of the Communist Party, rather than have his life story explored. During the late 1930s, Stalin placed "a few limits on the worship of his own greatness". By 1938, Stalin's inner circle had gained a degree of stability. 3470:. Both Stalin and Mao believed that a swift victory would ensue. The U.S. went to the UN Security Council—which the Soviets were boycotting over its refusal to recognise Mao's government—and secured international military support for the South Koreans. U.S. led forces pushed the North Koreans back. Stalin wanted to avoid direct Soviet conflict with the U.S., convincing the Chinese to aid the North. 15420:, p. 1049: "New studies using declassified Gulag archives have provisionally established a consensus on mortality and 'inhumanity.' The tentative consensus says that once secret records of the Gulag administration in Moscow show a lower death toll than expected from memoir sources, generally between 1.5 and 1.7 million (out of 18 million who passed through) for the years from 1930 to 1953." 4157:, the Soviet government transformed from this oligarchy into a personal dictatorship in 1934, with Stalin only becoming "absolute dictator" between March and June 1937, when senior military and NKVD figures were eliminated. According to Kotkin, Stalin "built a personal dictatorship within the Bolshevik dictatorship." In both the Soviet Union and elsewhere he came to be portrayed as an "Oriental 2413: 1945: 3898:'s description of "several Stalins" to understand his complex character. Stalin was an effective organizer with a strategic mind, and judged others by their inner strength and cleverness. Although he could be rude, Stalin rarely raised his voice; however, as his health deteriorated, he became unpredictable and bad-tempered. He could be charming and enjoyed cracking jokes when relaxed. 2026:, were constructed largely through forced labour. The last elements of workers' control over industry were removed, with factory managers increasing their authority and receiving privileges; Stalin defended wage disparity by pointing to Marx's argument that it was necessary during the lower stages of socialism. To promote intensification of labour, medals and awards as well as the 26032: 2177:, both of whom were impressed with him. Through the Communist International, Stalin's government exerted a strong influence over Marxist parties elsewhere; initially, Stalin left the running of the organisation largely to Bukharin. At its 6th Congress in July 1928, Stalin informed delegates that the main threat to socialism came from non-Marxist socialists and 21602: 2932:, which was successfully repulsed by the Soviets. By the end of 1943, the Soviets occupied half of the territory taken by the Germans from 1941 to 1942. Soviet military industrial output also had increased substantially from late 1941 to early 1943 after Stalin had moved factories well to the east of the front, safe from German invasion and aerial assault. 3757:

offered to the ethnic minorities of the Russian Empire, but that they should not be encouraged to take that option. He was of the view that if they became fully autonomous, then they would end up being controlled by the most reactionary elements of their community. Stalin's push for Soviet westward expansion into eastern Europe resulted in accusations of

4002:, in 1906. According to Montefiore, theirs was "a true love match"; Volkogonov suggested that she was "probably the one human being he had really loved". When she died, Stalin allegedly said: "This creature softened my heart of stone." However, Russian historian Anton Antonov-Ovseenko wrote that Stalin was physically abusive to her. They had a son, 3345:. Aware that these countries had been pushed toward socialism through invasion rather than by proletarian revolution, Stalin referred to them not as "dictatorships of the proletariat" but as "people's democracies", suggesting that in these countries there was a pro-socialist alliance combining the proletariat, peasantry, and lower middle-class. 20733: 20728: 2497:, and mass arrests followed. By late 1937, purges extended beyond the party to the wider population. In July 1937, the Politburo ordered a purge of "anti-Soviet elements" in society, targeting anti-Stalin Bolsheviks, former Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries, priests, ex-White Army soldiers, and common criminals. Stalin and Yezhov signed 2070:. Aware that the ethnic majority may have concerns about being ruled by a Georgian, he promoted ethnic Russians throughout the state hierarchy and made Russian compulsory throughout schools, albeit to be used in tandem with local languages in areas with non-Russian majorities. Nationalist sentiment among ethnic minorities was suppressed. 20771: 20766: 20761: 20756: 20723: 20700: 20695: 20690: 20685: 20751: 20680: 1758:" who tended to be middle class university graduates, he ensured he had loyalists dispersed across the regions. Stalin had much contact with young party functionaries, and the desire for promotion led many provincial figures to seek to impress Stalin. Stalin developed close relations with the trio at the heart of the secret police: 20705: 4270:, the number of deaths during the purge is 950,000 to 1.2 million. Archival data shows that 1,053,829 perished in the Gulag system from 1934 to 1953, though current historical consensus is that between 1.5 and 1.7 million died as a result of their incarceration. About 6.3 million people were affected by 3093:, and Germany surrendered in May. Stalin had wanted Hitler captured alive; he had his remains brought to Moscow to prevent them becoming a relic for Nazi sympathisers. Many Soviet soldiers engaged in looting, pillaging, and rape, both in Germany and parts of Eastern Europe. Stalin refused to punish the offenders. 4060:, but never met Stalin. The other, Alexander, was the son of Lidia Pereprygina; he was raised as the son of a peasant fisherman and the Soviet authorities made him swear never to reveal Stalin was his biological father. Stalin was complicit with the persecution of relatives of his former wives such as Maria and 2641:, officially to restore order amid the collapse of the Polish state. On 28 September, Germany and the Soviet Union exchanged some of their newly conquered territories; Germany gained the linguistically Polish-dominated areas of Lublin Province and part of Warsaw Province while the Soviets gained Lithuania. A 21093: 21088: 21083: 21078: 1530:

September, Trotsky accused Stalin of "strategic mistakes". Trotsky claimed that Stalin sabotaged the campaign by disobeying troop transfer orders. Lenin joined Trotsky in criticising him. Stalin felt disgraced and his antipathy toward Trotsky increased. The Polish–Soviet War ended on 18 March 1921, when

1622:(NEP). There was also internal turmoil in the Communist Party, as Trotsky led a faction calling for abolition of trade unions; Lenin opposed this, and Stalin helped rally opposition. Stalin also agreed to supervise the Department of Agitation and Propaganda in the Central Committee Secretariat. At the 4372:

memorial in Moscow, noting that the "terrible past" would neither be "justified by anything" nor "erased from the national memory". In a 2017 interview, Putin added that while "we should not forget the horrors of Stalinism", the excessive demonisation of Stalin "is a means to attack Soviet Union and

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in content. Stalin ensured that these works gave very little attention to his early life, particularly because he did not wish to emphasise his Georgian origins in a state numerically dominated by Russians. Since his death many more biographies have been written, although until the 1980s these relied

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Stalin was an accomplished billiards player, and collected watches. He enjoyed practical jokes, such as placing a tomato on the chairs of Politburo members. At social events, Stalin encouraged singing and drinking, hoping others would drunkenly reveal secrets to him. Stalin had a love of flowers from

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pm; he then worked late. He often dined with other Politburo members and their families. As leader, he rarely left Moscow unless to go to a dacha for holiday; he disliked travel, and refused to by plane. His choice of favoured holiday house changed, although he holidayed in south USSR every year from

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against Stalin; in October they agreed to stop factional activity under threat of expulsion, and later publicly recanted their views. The factionalist arguments continued, with Stalin threatening to resign in October and December 1926, and again in December 1927. In October 1927, Zinoviev and Trotsky

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argued that the Great Terror which had gained traction in 1937 "caused losses to the communist movement both in the USSR and throughout the world from which the movement has not recovered to this very day". Similarly, Khrushchev believed his widespread purges of the "most advanced nucleus of people"

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argued Stalin was not a psychopath but an emotionally intelligent and feeling intellectual. Other historians linked his brutality to his commitment to the survival of the Soviet Union and Marxist-Leninist ideology. In contrast, E.A. Rees believed it was psychopathy that bred Stalin's tyranny, citing

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Stalin viewed nations as contingent entities which were formed by capitalism and could merge into others. Ultimately, he believed that all nations would merge into a single, global community, and regarded all nations as inherently equal. In his work, he stated that "the right of secession" should be

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Stalin's approach to state repression was often contradictory. In May 1933, he released many convicted of minor offences, ordering the security services not to enact further mass arrests and deportations. In September 1934, he launched a commission to investigate false imprisonments; that same month

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Within the Soviet Union, civic disgruntlement against Stalin's government was widespread. Social unrest in urban areas led Stalin to ease some economic policies in 1932. In May 1932, he introduced kolkhoz markets where peasants could trade surplus produce. Penal sanctions became harsher; a decree in

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In 1929, Stalin's son Yakov unsuccessfully attempted suicide, shooting himself in the chest and narrowly missing his heart; his failure earned the contempt of Stalin, who is reported to have brushed off the attempt by saying "He can't even shoot straight." His relationship with Nadezhda was strained

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on 7 May. On 26 May, Stalin was moved to Ukraine. The Red Army retook Kiev on 10 June and soon forced the troops back into Poland. On 16 July, the Central Committee decided to take the war into Polish territory. Lenin believed that the Polish proletariat would rise up to support the Russians against

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in March 1919; Stalin attended its inaugural ceremony. Although Stalin did not share Lenin's belief that Europe's proletariat were on the verge of revolution, he acknowledged that Soviet Russia remained vulnerable. In December 1918, he drew up decrees recognising Marxist-governed Soviet republics in

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stated that Stalin perhaps "determined the course of the twentieth century" more than any other individual. Biographers like Service and Volkogonov have considered him an outstanding and exceptional politician; Montefiore labelled Stalin as "that rare combination: both 'intellectual' and killer", a

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In his later years, Stalin was in poor health. He took increasingly long holidays; in 1950 and again in 1951 he spent almost five months on holiday at his Abkhazian dacha. Stalin nevertheless mistrusted his doctors; in January 1952 he had one imprisoned after they suggested that he should retire to

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Stalin's health was deteriorating, and heart problems forced a two-month vacation in the latter part of 1945. He grew increasingly concerned that senior political and military figures might try to oust him; he prevented any of them from becoming powerful enough to rival him and had their apartments

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Despite his strengthened international position, Stalin was cautious about internal dissent and desire for change among the population. He was also concerned about his returning armies, who had been exposed to a wide range of consumer goods in Germany, much of which they had looted and brought back

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in eastern Ukraine. This attack proved unsuccessful. That year, Hitler shifted his primary goal from an overall victory on the Eastern Front to the goal of securing the oil fields in the southern Soviet Union crucial to a long-term German war effort. While Red Army generals saw evidence that Hitler

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The Soviets allied with the United Kingdom and United States; although the U.S. joined the war against Germany in 1941, little direct American assistance reached the Soviets until late 1942. Responding to the invasion, the Soviets intensified their industrial enterprises in central Russia, focusing

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in 1924, Lenin's Testament was read only to the leaders of the provincial delegations. Embarrassed by its contents, Stalin offered his resignation as General Secretary; this act of humility saved him, and he was retained in the position. According to Boris Bazhanov, Stalin was jubilant over Lenin's

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They also disagreed on the nature of the Soviet state; Lenin called for establishment of a new federation named the "Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia". Stalin believed this would encourage independence sentiment among non-Russians, instead arguing that ethnic minorities would be content

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Stalin is too crude, and this defect which is entirely acceptable in our milieu and in relationships among us as communists, becomes unacceptable in the position of General Secretary. I therefore propose to comrades that they should devise a means of removing him from this job and should appoint to

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With a high number of excess deaths occurring under his rule, Stalin has been labelled "one of the most notorious figures in history". As the majority of excess deaths under Stalin were not direct killings, the exact number of victims of Stalinism is difficult to calculate due to lack of consensus

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According to Service, Stalin strengthened and stabilised the Soviet Union. In under three decades, Stalin transformed the Soviet Union into a major industrial world power, one which could "claim impressive achievements" in terms of urbanisation, military strength, education and Soviet pride. Under

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Stalin claimed to have embraced Marxism at the age of 15, and it served as the guiding philosophy throughout his adult life; according to Kotkin, Stalin held "zealous Marxist convictions", while Montefiore suggested that Marxism held a "quasi-religious" value for Stalin. Although he never became a

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throughout Eastern Europe. The U.S. also offered financial assistance to countries as part of the Marshall Plan on the condition that they opened their markets to trade, aware that the Soviets would never agree. The Allies demanded that Stalin withdraw the Red Army from northern Iran. He initially

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and Churchill who thought that Germany would become a financial burden for Western powers. He also pushed for "war booty", which would permit the Soviet Union to directly seize property from conquered nations without quantitative or qualitative limitation, and a clause was added permitting this to

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During the 1930s and 1940s, NKVD groups assassinated defectors and opponents abroad; in August 1940, Trotsky was assassinated in Mexico, eliminating Stalin's last major opponent. These purges replaced most of the old guard with younger officials loyal to Stalin. Party functionaries readily carried

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state farms. Stalin barred kulaks from joining these collectives. Although officially voluntary, many peasants joined the collectives out of fear they would face the fate of the kulaks. By 1932, about 62% of households involved in agriculture were part of collectives, and by 1936 this had risen to

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In 1914, Stalin, aged 35, had a relationship with Lidia Pereprygina, then 14, who became pregnant with Stalin's child. In December 1914, Pereprygia gave birth to their child, although the infant died soon after. In 1916, Pereprygina was pregnant again. She allegedly gave birth to their son, named

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in Red Square; hundreds of thousands attended. That month featured a surge in arrests for "anti-Soviet agitation", as those celebrating Stalin's death came to police attention. The Chinese government instituted a period of official mourning for Stalin's death. A memorial service in his honour was

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After the war, Stalin sought to retain Soviet dominance across Eastern Europe while expanding its influence in Asia. Cautiously regarding the responses from the Western Allies, Stalin avoided immediately installing Communist Party governments across Eastern Europe, instead initially ensuring that

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his rule, the average Soviet life expectancy grew due to improved living conditions, nutrition and medical care as mortality rates also declined. Although millions of Soviet citizens despised him, support for Stalin was nevertheless widespread throughout Soviet society. Conversely, the historian

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in exchange for entering the war against Japan. An agreement was also made that a post-war Polish government should be a coalition consisting of both communist and conservative elements. Privately, Stalin sought to ensure that Poland would come fully under Soviet influence. The Red Army withheld

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to take the pressure off of the East; they eventually did so in mid-1944. Stalin insisted that, after the war, the Soviet Union should incorporate the portions of Poland it occupied pursuant to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with Germany, which Churchill opposed. Discussing the fate of the Balkans,

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His favorite subject was history, followed by Marxist theory and fiction. Stalin was considered an effective debater who often quoted Marx and Engels. He kept up with debates in historical studies, particularly those related to Russian, Mesopotamian, ancient Roman, and Byzantine history. He was

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taking control. In Czechoslovakia, where the communists did have a level of popular support, they were elected the largest party in 1946. Monarchy was abolished in Bulgaria and Romania. Across Eastern Europe, the Soviet model was enforced, with a termination of political pluralism, agricultural

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blamed Stalin for his defeat at the Battle of Warsaw. In Moscow, Lenin and Trotsky also blamed him for his behaviour in the Polish–Soviet War. Stalin felt humiliated; on 17 August, he demanded demission from the military, which was granted on 1 September. At the 9th Bolshevik Conference in late

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took place in Czechoslovakia as 13 senior Communist Party figures, 11 of them Jewish, were accused and convicted of being part of a vast Zionist-American conspiracy to subvert Eastern Bloc governments. That same month, a much publicised trial of accused Jewish industrial wreckers took place in

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took power in China. With this accomplished, Marxist governments now controlled a third of the world's land mass. Privately, Stalin revealed that he had underestimated the Chinese Communists and their ability to win the civil war, instead encouraging them to make another peace with the KMT. In

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Friendship was important to Stalin, and he used it to gain and maintain power. Kotkin observed that Stalin "generally gravitated to people like himself: parvenu intelligentsia of humble background". Stalin's friendships "meandered between love, admiration, and venomous jealousy". According to

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Stalin was regarded as an exceptional individual from childhood, according to both hostile and friendly accounts. He possessed a complex mind, remarkable self-control, and excellent memory. Stalin was a diligent worker with a keen interest in learning; as a leader, he meticulously scrutinized

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articles in February 1948 and then in book form. Written in response to public revelations of the 1939 Soviet alliance with Germany, it focused on blaming the Western powers for the war. He also erroneously claimed that the initial German advance in the early part of the war, during Operation

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in the latter part of the 1930s. Stalin initiated a military build-up, with the Red Army more than doubling between January 1939 and June 1941, although in its haste to expand many of its officers were poorly trained. Between 1940 and 1941 he also purged the military, leaving it with a severe

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led by Zhukov through Red Square. At a banquet held for army commanders, he described the Russian people as "the outstanding nation" and "leading force" within the Soviet Union, the first time that he had unequivocally endorsed the Russians over other Soviet nationalities. In 1946, the state

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After Nadezhda's death, Stalin became increasingly close to his sister-in-law Zhenya Alliluyeva; Montefiore believed they were lovers. There are unproven rumours that from 1934 onward he had a relationship with his housekeeper Valentina Istomina. Montefiore claimed Stalin had at least two

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Stalin lacked compassion, possibly exacerbated by imprisonment and exile, though he occasionally showed kindness to strangers, even during the Great Terror. He could be self-righteous, resentful, and vindictive, often holding grudges for years. By the 1920s, he had become suspicious and

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would lead the Polish working-classes to support their government's war effort. He also believed that the Red Army was ill-prepared to conduct an offensive war. Stalin lost the argument, after which he accepted Lenin's decision. Along the Southwest Front, he became determined to conquer

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left foot, and his left arm had been injured in childhood which left it shorter than his right and lacking in flexibility. Stalin was a lifelong smoker, who smoked both a pipe and cigarettes. Publicly, Stalin lived relatively plainly, with simple and inexpensive clothing and furniture.

3266:. Still, Stalin foresaw the undesirability of a nuclear conflict, saying in 1949 that "atomic weapons can hardly be used without spelling the end of the world." He personally took a keen interest in the development of the weapon. In August 1949, the bomb was successfully tested in the 23510: 23342: 19932: 19907: 2927:

By November 1942, the Soviets had begun to repulse the important German strategic southern campaign and, although there were 2.5 million Soviet casualties in that effort, it permitted the Soviets to take the offensive for most of the rest of the war on the Eastern Front. Germany

3950:. An autodidact, Stalin claimed to read as many as 500 pages a day. Lenin was his favorite author, but he read, and appreciated, works by Trotsky and other adversaries. Stalin enjoyed watching films, particularly at night, in cinemas installed in the Kremlin and his dachas. He liked 2874:, particularly the idea of "rootless cosmopolitanism", an approach with particular repercussions for Soviet Jews. Comintern was dissolved in 1943, and Stalin encouraged foreign Marxist–Leninist parties to emphasise nationalism over internationalism to broaden their domestic appeal. 4215:

Leninists remain divided in their views on Stalin; some view him as Lenin's authentic successor, while others believe he betrayed Lenin's ideas by deviating from them. The socio-economic nature of Stalin's Soviet Union has also been much debated, varyingly being labelled a form of

2540:

Stalin initiated all key decisions during the Terror, personally directing many operations. Historians debate his motives, noting his personal writings from the period were "unusually convoluted and incoherent", filled with claims about enemies encircling him. He feared a domestic

4097:

man who was "the ultimate politician" and "the most elusive and fascinating of the twentieth-century titans". According to historian Kevin McDermott, interpretations of Stalin range from "the sycophantic and adulatory to the vitriolic and condemnatory." For most Westerners and

3973:

Stalin's rise to absolute power has been the subject of much debate. Some historians attribute his success to personal qualities, while others emphasize the growth of Soviet bureaucracy, which Trotsky argued served as a power base for Stalin. The premature deaths of Lenin and

19892: 723: 2277:, and failure to build reserve grain stocks exacerbated the famine. Stalin blamed hostile elements and sabotage among peasants; the government provided limited food aid to famine-stricken rural areas, prioritizing urban workers. In effect, Stalin valued the progress of 1581:

Stalin's native Caucasus posed a particular problem because of its highly multi-ethnic mix. Stalin opposed the idea of separate autonomous republics, arguing that these would likely oppress ethnic minorities within their respective territories; instead, he called for a

19922: 19837: 3622:

Stalin left neither a designated successor nor a framework within which a peaceful transfer of power could take place. The Central Committee met on the day of his death, after which Malenkov, Beria, and Khrushchev emerged as the party's dominant figures. The system of

722: 720: 719: 718: 26558: 26553: 26548: 26543: 26538: 26533: 8522: 3447:. Stalin was concerned that Mao might follow Tito's example by pursuing a course independent of Soviet influence, and made it known that if displeased he would withdraw assistance from China; the Chinese desperately needed said assistance after decades of civil war. 3894:. Stalin's personality was multifaceted, allowing him to play different roles depending on the audience, and he was skilled in deception. His appointment as General Secretary is attributed to his manipulation of Lenin's fears of a party split. Historians have noted 724: 721: 20174: 26528: 26523: 26518: 26563: 26513: 26508: 26503: 19847: 3485:

After Stalin fell out with Israel, he launched an anti-Jewish campaign within the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc. In November 1948, he abolished the JAC, and show trials took place for some of its members. The Soviet press engaged in vituperative attacks on

2957:, who were together known as the "Big Three". Churchill flew to Moscow to visit Stalin in August 1942 and again in October 1944. Stalin scarcely left Moscow throughout the war, with Roosevelt and Churchill frustrated with his reluctance to travel to meet them. 2660:

in November 1939, yet despite numerical inferiority, the Finns kept the Red Army at bay. International opinion backed Finland, with the Soviets being expelled from the League of Nations. Embarrassed by their inability to defeat the Finns, the Soviets signed an

4355:

in 1964; the latter introduced a level of re-Stalinisation within the Soviet Union. In 1969 and again in 1979, plans were proposed for a full rehabilitation of Stalin's legacy but on both occasions were halted due to fears of damaging the USSR's public image.

3384:

in June 1948. He gambled that the Western powers would not risk war, but they airlifted supplies into West Berlin until May 1949, when Stalin relented and ended the blockade. In September 1949 the Western powers transformed Western Germany into an independent

19897: 19862: 2243:

August 1932 made the theft of even a handful of grain a capital offense. The second five-year plan had reduced quotas from the first, focusing more on living conditions, housing, and consumer goods production. Emphasis on armament production increased after

1913:

The Soviet Union lagged behind the industrial development of Western countries, and there had been a shortfall of grain; 1927 produced only 70% of grain produced in 1926. Stalin's government feared attack from other countries. Many communists, including in

1855:, with Stalin ensuring his allies ran state institutions. At this point "Stalin was the leader of the oligarchs but he was far from a dictator". His growing influence was reflected in naming of locations after him; in June 1924 the Ukrainian mining town of 1161:

in 1991, Stalin has notably retained popularity in Russia and Georgia as a victorious wartime leader who established the Soviet Union as a major world power. Conversely, his totalitarian government has been widely condemned for overseeing mass repressions,

26413: 26408: 26403: 26398: 26393: 26388: 19902: 19877: 19867: 2625:. Germany began negotiations with the Soviets, proposing that Eastern Europe be divided between the two powers. Stalin saw this as an opportunity both for territorial expansion and temporary peace with Germany. In August 1939, the Soviet Union signed the 2596:

in 1938, he recognised a war was looming. He sought to maintain Soviet neutrality, hoping that a German war against France and Britain would lead to Soviet dominance in Europe. Militarily, the Soviets also faced a threat from the east, with Soviet troops

3316:

Barbarossa, was not a result of Soviet military weakness, but rather a deliberate Soviet strategic retreat. In 1949, celebrations took place to mark Stalin's seventieth birthday (although he was 71 at the time,) at which Stalin attended an event in the

26478: 26473: 26468: 26463: 26458: 26453: 26383: 26378: 26203: 19852: 26418: 26208: 26198: 19882: 19842: 3127:

in July–August 1945, Stalin repeated previous promises that he would refrain from a "Sovietization" of Eastern Europe. Stalin pushed for reparations from Germany without regard to the base minimum supply for German citizens' survival, which worried

26448: 26443: 26438: 26373: 26368: 26363: 26358: 26353: 26348: 24446: 20837: 20832: 20538: 20420: 20297: 780: 26483: 26433: 26428: 1650:, Lenin's main connection to Sovnarkom was through Stalin. Lenin twice asked Stalin to procure poison so that he could commit suicide. Despite this comradeship, Lenin disliked what he referred to as Stalin's "Asiatic" manner and told his sister 1830:

in December, they launched an unsuccessful attack against Stalin's faction. Stalin accused Kamenev and Zinoviev of reintroducing factionalism, and thus instability. In mid-1926, Kamenev and Zinoviev joined with Trotsky's supporters to form the

26343: 26338: 26333: 20842: 20405: 20282: 20277: 20272: 754: 26328: 26323: 20528: 20410: 20287: 20229: 20224: 20219: 20214: 20209: 19857: 3379:

Stalin suggested that a unified, but demilitarised, German state be established, hoping that it would either come under Soviet influence or remain neutral. When the U.S. and UK remained opposed to this, Stalin sought to force their hand by

26423: 21000: 20995: 20990: 20164: 20159: 20154: 20149: 14399: 2331:, from which it had previously been excluded. Stalin initiated confidential communications with Hitler in October 1933, shortly after the latter came to power. Stalin admired Hitler, particularly his manoeuvres to remove rivals within the 26658: 20204: 20199: 20194: 20189: 3605:

Stalin's death was announced on 6 March. His body was embalmed, and then displayed in Moscow's House of Unions for three days. The crowds of people coming to view the body were so large and disorganised that many people were killed in a

3036:

as a basis, Stalin's government abolished their autonomous republics and between late 1943 and 1944 deported the majority of their populations to Central Asia and Siberia. Over one million people were deported as a result of the policy.

2980: 717: 4140:

Stalin's necessity for the Soviet Union's economic development has been questioned, and it has been argued that Stalin's policies from 1928 onwards may have only been a limiting factor. Stalin's Soviet Union has been characterised as a

20184: 20179: 2456: 21259: 21040: 21035: 21030: 21025: 21020: 21015: 21010: 21005: 3890:

details, from film scripts to military plans. His private and working lives were intertwined. Despite his limited formal education, Stalin's intellectual capacity was considerable, though was sometimes susceptible to charlatans like

1976:

90%. Many collectivised peasants resented the loss of their private farmland, and productivity slumped. Famine broke out in many areas, with the Politburo frequently ordering distribution of emergency food relief to these regions.

20415: 20292: 2185:"; Stalin recognised that in many countries, the social democrats were the Marxist-Leninists' main rivals for working-class support. This preoccupation with opposing rival leftists concerned Bukharin, who regarded the growth of 21264: 21249: 21254: 20136: 1658:'s view that doing so was impractical. Another disagreement came over the Georgian affair, with Lenin backing the Georgian Central Committee's desire for a Georgian Soviet Republic over Stalin's idea of a Transcaucasian one. 1636:

this job someone else who is distinguished from comrade Stalin in all other respects only by the single superior aspect that he should be more tolerant, more polite and more attentive towards comrades, less capricious, etc.

23975: 23807: 23649: 23501: 23333: 23165: 2949:". When Stalin learned that people in Western countries affectionately called him "Uncle Joe" he was initially offended, regarding it as undignified. There remained mutual suspicions between Stalin, British Prime Minister 23816: 20817: 18242: 18136: 1669:

Their differences also became personal; Lenin was particularly angered when Stalin was rude to his wife Krupskaya during a telephone conversation. In the final years of his life, Krupskaya provided governing figures with

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in October. In accordance with their earlier agreements, the Western powers expected Poland to become an independent state with free democratic elections. In Poland, the Soviets merged various socialist parties into the

24334: 24221: 24103: 21284: 20902: 20897: 20892: 20887: 20882: 20877: 3590:. Stalin died on 5 March 1953. According to Svetlana, it had been "a difficult and terrible death". An autopsy revealed that he had died of a cerebral haemorrhage and that his cerebral arteries were severely damaged by 2432:

which could mete out rulings without involving the courts. In 1935, he ordered the NKVD to expel suspected counterrevolutionaries from urban areas; over 11,000 were expelled from Leningrad alone in early 1935. In 1936,

4286:

summarised that Stalin's regime was responsible for 9 million deaths, with 6 million of these being deliberate killings. According to Rogovin, 80–90% of the members of the Central Committee were annihilated.

26173: 24540: 24437: 24343: 24230: 24112: 22892: 20827: 20822: 20812: 20807: 791: 20872: 20867: 20862: 2201:

amid their arguments and her mental health problems. In November 1932, after a group dinner in the Kremlin in which Stalin flirted with other women, Nadezhda shot herself. Publicly, the cause of death was given as

1987:

insisting that collectivisation was voluntary and blaming violence on local officials. Although he and Stalin had been close for many years, Bukharin expressed concerns and regarded them as a return to Lenin's old

24549: 20947: 20942: 20937: 20932: 20927: 20922: 20917: 20912: 20907: 20857: 20852: 20847: 3298:(NATO), an international military alliance of capitalist countries. Within Western countries, Stalin was increasingly portrayed as the "most evil dictator alive" and compared to Hitler. According to his daughter, 2977:

later in 1944 Churchill agreed to Stalin's suggestion that after the war, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, and Yugoslavia would come under the Soviet sphere of influence while Greece would come under that of the West.

1473:; during the civil war these Marxist governments were overthrown and the Baltic countries became fully independent of Russia, an act Stalin regarded as illegitimate. In February 1920, he was appointed to head the 795: 2270:. Historians debate whether the famine was intentional; no documents show Stalin explicitly ordered starvation. Poor weather led to bad harvests in 1931 and 1932, compounded by years of declining productivity. 1316:

Although less publicly prominent than Lenin or Trotsky, Stalin's importance within the Bolshevik ranks grew. He co-signed Lenin's decrees shutting down hostile newspapers, and co-chaired the committee drafting

17829: 2894:

in charge of holding the city. In February 1943, the German troops attacking Stalingrad surrendered. The Soviet victory there marked a major turning point in the war; in commemoration, Stalin declared himself

2968:. At Tehran, the trio agreed that to prevent Germany rising to military prowess yet again, the German state should be broken up. Roosevelt and Churchill also agreed to Stalin's demand that the German city of 1799:), an alliance aimed at Trotsky. Although Zinoviev was concerned about Stalin's growing authority, he rallied behind him at the 13th Congress as a counterweight to Trotsky, who now led a faction known as the 20465: 20460: 20455: 20450: 20445: 20440: 15984: 3628: 3545:

From 1946 until his death, Stalin only gave three public speeches, two of which lasted only a few minutes. The amount of written material that he produced also declined. In 1950, Stalin issued the article

3100:, transferring half a million troops to the Far East. Stalin was pressed by his allies to enter the war and wanted to cement the Soviet Union's strategic position in Asia. On 8 August, in between the U.S. 2467:

were gone from the Politburo, which was now effectively under Stalin's control. There were mass expulsions from the party, with Stalin ordering foreign communist parties to purge anti-Stalinist elements.

1630:. Although concerns were expressed that adopting this new post would give him too much power, Stalin was appointed to the position. For Lenin, it was advantageous to have a key ally in this crucial post. 20435: 20430: 20425: 20342: 20337: 20332: 20327: 20322: 20317: 769: 758: 2785:

around 100,000 political prisoners in areas the Wehrmacht approached. He purged the military command; several high-ranking figures were demoted or reassigned and others were arrested and executed. With

1617:

After the civil war, workers' strikes and peasant uprisings broke out across Russia, in opposition to Sovnarkom's food requisitioning project; as a result, Lenin introduced market-oriented reforms: the

22425: 20510: 20505: 20500: 20495: 20490: 20485: 20480: 20475: 20470: 17525: 16936: 2011:

was launched, its main focus on boosting heavy industry; it was finished a year ahead of schedule, in 1932. The USSR underwent a massive economic transformation. New mines were opened, new cities like

1836:

were removed from the Central Committee; the latter was exiled to Kazakhstan and deported from the country in 1929. Some United Opposition members who were repentant were later returned to government.

773: 715: 23968: 23800: 23642: 23494: 23326: 23158: 20583: 20578: 20573: 20568: 20563: 20558: 20312: 20307: 20302: 17655: 2617:

As Britain and France seemed unwilling to commit to an alliance with the Soviet Union, Stalin saw a better deal with the Germans. On 3 May 1939, Stalin replaced his western-oriented foreign minister

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The speed of the German victory over and occupation of France in mid-1940 took Stalin by surprise. He increasingly focused on appeasement with the Germans to delay any conflict with them. After the

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out their commands and sought to ingratiate themselves with Stalin, to avoid becoming victims. Such functionaries often carried out more arrests and executions than their quotas set by government.

14383: 4228:, or a totally unique mode of production. Socialist writers like Volkogonov have acknowledged that Stalin's actions damaged "the enormous appeal of socialism generated by the October Revolution". 3594:. It has been conjectured that Stalin was murdered; Beria has been suspected of poisoning him, but no firm evidence has appeared. According to a theory developed by historians Vladimir Naumov and 24327: 24214: 24096: 20553: 20548: 20543: 16421: 1386:

in March 1918. Stalin supported Lenin's push to sign an armistice with the Central Powers, despite the cost in territory. He believed this was necessary as he doubted Europe was on the verge of

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and the war's end. Soviet forces continued to expand until they occupied all their territorial concessions, but the U.S. rebuffed Stalin's desire for the Red Army to take a role in the Allied

20957: 16879:

Moore, Rebekah (2012). "'A Crime Against Humanity Arguably Without Parallel in European History': Genocide and the "Politics" of Victimhood in Western Narratives of the Ukrainian Holodomor".

3152:

After the war, Stalin was—according to Service—at the "apex of his career". Within the Soviet Union he was widely regarded as the embodiment of victory and patriotism. His armies controlled

2463:

in August 1936 saw Kamenev and Zinoviev executed. The second trial took place in January 1937, and the third in March 1938, with Bukharin and Rykov executed. } By late 1937, all remnants of

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did not seek to rehabilitate Stalin but emphasised the celebration of Soviet achievements under Stalin's leadership rather than the Stalinist repressions. In October 2017, Putin opened the

1654:

that Stalin was "not intelligent". Lenin and Stalin argued on the issue of foreign trade; Lenin believed that the Soviet state should have a monopoly on foreign trade, but Stalin supported

20234: 3667:

for certain categories of convicts was issued, halving the country's inmate population, while the state security and Gulag systems were reformed, with torture being banned in April 1953.

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visited Stalin in March 1949 and again in March 1950; he wanted to invade the south and although Stalin was initially reluctant to provide support, he eventually agreed by May 1950. The

1875:", which he presented as an orthodox Leninist perspective. It nevertheless clashed with established Bolshevik views that socialism could only be achieved globally through the process of 24320: 24207: 24089: 21194: 19887: 19034: 3258:

In the aftermath of the Second World War, the British Empire declined, leaving the U.S. and USSR as the dominant world powers. Tensions among these former Allies grew, resulting in the

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In 1935–36, Stalin oversaw a new constitution with liberal features designed as propaganda. He declared that "socialism, the first phase of communism, has been achieved." In 1938, the

1418:

to take charge of food procurement in Southern Russia. Eager to prove himself as a commander, he took control of regional military operations. He also befriended two military figures,

24526: 24423: 22878: 21204: 3204:

The NKVD were ordered to catalogue the scale of destruction during the war. It was established that 1,710 Soviet towns and 70,000 villages had been destroyed. The NKVD recorded that

2205:; Stalin also concealed the real cause of death from his children. Stalin's friends noted that he underwent a significant change following her suicide, becoming emotionally harder. 13344: 2838:

almost entirely on production for the military. They achieved high levels of industrial productivity, outstripping that of Germany. During the war, Stalin was more tolerant of the

18521: 3444: 3428: 1333:, arguing state violence was an effective tool for capitalist powers. Unlike some Bolsheviks, Stalin never expressed concern about the Cheka's rapid expansion and the Red Terror. 17496:"Joseph Stalin: An Address Given by the Rev. Stanley Evans, M.A., at a Memorial Service for Joseph Stalin at the Church of St. George, Queen Square, London, on March 13th, 1953". 3849:

1925 to 1936 and 1945 to 1951. He had a dacha at Zubalova, 35 km outside Moscow, although ceased using it after Nadezhda's 1932 suicide. After 1932, he favoured holidays in

3364:

in his place. Various East European communists also visited Stalin in Moscow. There, he offered advice on their ideas; for instance, he cautioned against the Yugoslav idea for a

2050:

In 1928, Stalin declared that class war between the proletariat and their enemies would intensify as socialism developed. He warned of a "danger from the right". The first major

1826:

In late 1924, Stalin moved against Kamenev and Zinoviev, removing their supporters from key positions. In 1925, the two moved into open opposition to Stalin and Bukharin. At the

22418: 21159: 4266:

Official records reveal 799,455 documented executions in the Soviet Union between 1921 and 1953; 681,692 of these were carried out between 1937 and 1938. According to historian

2305: 17542: 1789:. Stalin saw Trotsky — whom he personally despised — as the main obstacle to his dominance. While Lenin had been ill Stalin, with Kamenev and Zinoviev had formed an unofficial 6318: 3133:

occur with some limitations. Germany was divided into four zones: Soviet, U.S., British, and French, with Berlin itself—located within the Soviet area—also subdivided thusly.

17754: 2545:

in the event of war with Japan and Germany, particularly after right-wing forces overthrew the leftist Spanish government. The Great Terror ended when Yezhov was replaced by

2019:

began. Millions of peasants moved to the cities, although urban house building could not keep up with the demand. Large debts were accrued purchasing foreign-made machinery.

1922:, and the Red Army, were eager to be rid of the NEP and its market-oriented approach; they had concerns about those who profited from the policy: affluent peasants known as " 21299: 21244: 19912: 19872: 19628: 3270:

in Kazakhstan. Stalin also initiated a new military build-up; the Soviet army was expanded from 2.9 million soldiers, as it stood in 1949, to 5.8 million by 1953.

2110:

for the "masses" and wider dissemination of previously elite culture. He oversaw proliferation of schools, newspapers, and libraries, as well as advancement of literacy and

23984: 23658: 23174: 21428: 20794: 19709: 19645: 18205: 17705: 3044:. Roosevelt and Churchill conceded to Stalin's demand that Germany pay the Soviet Union 20 billion dollars in reparations, and that his country be permitted to annex 1627: 907: 123: 2058:

of 1928, in which middle-class "industrial specialists" were convicted of sabotage. From 1929 to 1930, show trials were held to intimidate opposition: these included the

1570:

to reassert state control. As People's Commissar for Nationalities, Stalin believed that each ethnic group should have the right to self-expression, facilitated through "

20076: 20071: 20066: 20061: 20056: 18373: 18338: 18334: 14091: 2130:. He expressed patronage for scientists whose research fitted within his preconceived interpretation of Marxism; for instance, he endorsed the research of agrobiologist 1827: 22411: 21319: 20802: 20011: 20006: 20001: 19996: 19991: 18154: 12049: 2700:

head of government for a decade and a half, Stalin concluded that relations with Germany had deteriorated to such an extent that he needed to deal with the problem as

2428:

was murdered in December 1934, Stalin became increasingly concerned about assassination threats, and state repression intensified. Stalin issued a decree establishing

17821: 1456:

The Bolsheviks won the Russian Civil War by the end of 1919. By that time, Sovnarkom had turned its attention to spreading proletarian revolution abroad, forming the

26263: 26238: 22901: 20051: 20046: 20041: 20036: 19547: 18894: 17634: 3627:

was restored, and measures introduced to prevent any one member from attaining autocratic domination. The collective leadership included eight senior members of the

1747: 1623: 762: 1130:. Before, during, and after World War II, various social classes and ethnic groups were accused of being anti-Soviet and deported to remote parts of the country as 24879: 20126: 20121: 20116: 20111: 20106: 20101: 20096: 20091: 20086: 20081: 20031: 20026: 20021: 19135: 19093: 18536: 18272: 18211: 4326: 4318: 4237: 2494: 1446: 1371:, granting Finland's request for independence in December. His department funded schools in minority languages. Socialist revolutionaries accused Stalin's talk of 1363:, granting ethnic minorities the right to secession and self-determination, although the Bolsheviks hoped they would not desire independence. He later traveled to 1167: 171: 15945: 14788: 13714: 2673:, parts of Romania. The Soviets sought to forestall dissent in these new East European territories with mass repressions. One of the most noted instances was the 26653: 21563: 21497: 21438: 21423: 4177: 26598: 26318: 22167: 21847: 20397: 19829: 19809: 19274: 4414: 3529:

improve his health. In September 1952, several Kremlin doctors were arrested for allegedly plotting to kill senior politicians in what came to be known as the

3450:

At the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union and the United States divided up the Korean Peninsula, formerly a Japanese colonial possession, along the

573: 17521: 16920: 19537: 14130: 2670: 2281:

over peasant lives. Grain exports declined heavily. Stalin did not acknowledge his policies' role in the famine, which was concealed from foreign observers.

1992:" policy. By mid-1928, he was unable to rally sufficient support in the party to oppose the reforms. In November 1929 Stalin removed him from the Politburo. 1095: 17651: 26138: 20264: 19804: 18721: 17419:

Wheatcroft, Stephen (1999). "The Great Leap Upwards: Anthropometric Data and Indicators of Crises and Secular Change in Soviet Welfare Levels, 1880–1960".

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Rosefielde, Steven (September 1996). "Stalinism in Post-Communist Perspective: New Evidence on Killings, Forced Labour and Economic Growth in the 1930s".

2766:

was bombing Moscow, and by October the Wehrmacht was amassing for a full assault on the capital. Plans were made for the Soviet government to evacuate to

19983: 3004:), which were then re-annexed into the Soviet Union. As the Red Army reconquered the Caucasus and Crimea, various ethnic groups living in the region—the 1583: 1004: 17680: 4465:" within the regime for over a year. As late as March 1954, he remained listed as first in the Soviet leadership and continued to chair meetings of the 26603: 25891: 24961: 21476: 19552: 19532: 19006: 17320: 16414: 15858: 2189:

and the far right across Europe as a greater threat. After Bukharin's departure, Stalin placed the Communist International under the administration of

1754:

As General Secretary, Stalin had a free hand in making appointments to his own staff. Favouring new party members from proletarian backgrounds to the "

1574:" within the Russian state in which they could oversee various regional affairs. In taking this view, some Marxists accused him of bending too much to 1466: 1360: 17894: 1900:

We have fallen behind the advanced countries by fifty to a hundred years. We must close that gap in ten years. Either we do this or we'll be crushed.

26588: 26568: 19621: 19542: 18626: 17940:[On the assignment of the military rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union to the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the USSR Stalin I.V.] 17804: 17771: 15703: 3173:. In 1947, it brought out a second edition of his official biography, which eulogised him to a greater extent than its predecessor. He was quoted in 3029: 1610:

minorities in Georgia. On this trip, Stalin met his son Yakov, and brought him back to Moscow; Nadezhda had given birth to another of Stalin's sons,

26583: 26243: 9840: 3918:, even when their work was criticized as harmful to his regime. Stalin enjoyed classical music, owned around 2,700 records, and often attended the 2646: 2533:— through internal or external exile. Approximately 1.6 million people were arrested, 700,000 shot, and an unknown number died under NKVD torture. 17601: 14192: 14153: 2882:

would shift efforts south, Stalin considered this to be a flanking move in a renewed effort to take Moscow. In June 1942, the German Army began a

26613: 26178: 26168: 24626: 23290: 19557: 19114: 4314: 1724:

Lenin died in January 1924. Stalin took charge of the funeral and was a pallbearer. The Politburo embalmed Lenin's corpse and placed it within a

1139: 15735: 14965: 3360:

to co-ordinate the Communist Parties across Eastern Europe and also in France and Italy. Stalin did not personally attend the meeting, sending

3352:" had been drawn across Europe, separating the east from the west. In September 1947, a meeting of East European communist leaders was held in 1567: 4413:

The office of General Secretary was abolished in 1952, but Stalin continued to exercise its powers as the highest-ranking member of the party

26228: 19527: 18591: 18452: 16560: 3440: 2770:, although Stalin decided to remain in Moscow, believing his flight would damage troop morale. The German advance on Moscow was halted after 2143: 1736:

devoted to Lenin, with Petrograd being renamed "Leningrad" that year. To bolster his image as a devoted Leninist, Stalin gave 9 lectures at

26303: 26213: 24714: 21348: 21164: 19614: 19017: 18297: 18293: 4336: 2846:

in September 1943. He also permitted a wider range of cultural expression, notably permitting formerly suppressed writers and artists like

1781:

In the wake of Lenin's death, a power struggle emerged to become his successor: alongside Stalin was Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin,

1322: 3586:. He was moved onto a couch and remained there for three days. He was hand-fed using a spoon, given various medicines and injections, and 2665:, in which they received territorial concessions from Finland. In June 1940, the Red Army occupied the Baltic states, which were forcibly 26608: 26573: 18649: 18252: 13328: 3205: 1888: 1795: 708: 625: 17505: 16149: 4072: 26268: 26193: 22160: 21840: 19075: 18899: 17953: 16441: 16200: 4119: 3552: 3212:

bugged with listening devices. He demoted Molotov, and increasingly favoured Beria and Malenkov for key positions. In 1949, he brought

2886:

in Southern Russia, threatening Stalingrad; Stalin ordered the Red Army to hold the city at all costs. This resulted in the protracted

2526: 1243:

numerous times but often escaped. He became one of Lenin's closest associates, which helped him rise to the heights of power after the

285: 15356: 4593: 4360:

saw the total denunciation of Stalin as necessary for the regeneration of Soviet society. After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991,

4282:

estimate famine deaths at 5.5–6.5 million while scholar Steven Rosefielde gives a number of 8.7 million. In 2011, historian

3922:

in the 1930s and 40s. His taste was conservative, favoring classical drama, opera, and ballet over what he dismissed as experimental "

1449:

for employing tactics which resulted in the deaths of Red Army soldiers. In November 1919, the government nonetheless awarded him the

26593: 26313: 26158: 21396: 21219: 21154: 21129: 18659: 18631: 17546: 16669: 16648: 4344: 3624: 3180: 3101: 2464: 2344: 2074:

were promoted to enhance social discipline and boost population growth; this included a focus on strong family units and motherhood,

1679: 1587: 1474: 992: 915: 6302: 5041: 3801:". He rarely spoke before large audiences and preferred to express himself in writing. Stalin's mustached face was pock-marked from 3533:; the majority of the accused were Jewish. He instructed the arrested doctors to be tortured to ensure confession. In November, the 26308: 26163: 22124: 21955: 21443: 19304: 18961: 18601: 18267: 17746: 4390: 4081: 3970:

infancy, and became a keen gardener. His Volynskoe suburb had a 20-hectare (50-acre) park, to which Stalin devoted much attention.

3565: 1489: 1462: 903: 3861:

was built; 9 km from the Kremlin, it became his primary residence. In 1935, he began using a new dacha provided by Lakoba at

26683: 26293: 24648: 18874: 18823: 18185: 18091: 6931: 4271: 4247:

in the cases of forced population transfer of ethnic minorities in the Soviet Union and the famine in Ukraine. Under Stalin, the

3000:

against the German Army Group Centre. In 1944, the German armies were pushed out of the Baltic states (with the exception of the

2348: 2103: 1983:, Southern Russia, and Central Asia, reaching their apex in March 1930; these were suppressed by the army. Stalin responded with 1127: 17697: 17400: 6672: 3982:

believed Trotsky could have removed Stalin with Lenin's testament, but acquiesced to the collective decision not to publish it.

3454:, setting up a communist government in the north and a pro-Western, anti-communist government in the south. North Korean leader 2169:

Throughout the 1920s, Stalin placed a priority on foreign policy. He personally met with a range of Western visitors, including

26668: 24954: 21469: 19052: 18919: 18878: 18531: 18457: 18368: 18262: 16394: 16077: 2964:, a location of Stalin's choosing. There, Stalin and Roosevelt got on well, with both desiring the post-war dismantling of the 2363: 2298: 2030:

were introduced. Stalin's message was that socialism was being established in the USSR while capitalism was crumbling amid the

958: 17869: 14075: 3277:, acquiring air force bases in Africa and Asia and ensuring pro-U.S. regimes took power across Latin America. It launched the 2790:, Stalin commanded soldiers risking capture to fight to the death describing the captured as traitors; among those taken as a 26273: 24874: 22601: 22153: 21833: 17588: 17358: 17339: 17289: 17268: 17249: 17230: 17199: 17178: 17118: 17097: 17059:

Roberts, Geoffrey (2002). "Stalin, the Pact with Nazi Germany, and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography".

17020: 17001: 16982: 16963: 16930: 16869: 16850: 16831: 16779: 16678: 16657: 16636: 16520: 16497: 16350: 16331: 16300: 16276: 16023: 15934: 15915: 15896: 15877: 15804: 15776: 15757: 15507: 15366: 14975: 14948: 14782: 14393: 14202: 14163: 14124: 14085: 14046: 13708: 13415: 13338: 12302: 6312: 6266: 4638: 4439:

Before 1946, the title of the office was People's Commissar for Defense, and briefly People's Commissar for the Armed Forces.

2877:

In April 1942, Stalin overrode Stavka by ordering the Soviets' first serious counter-attack, an attempt to seize German-held

2530: 2278: 1571: 1016: 18013: 17938:"О присвоении Верховному Главнокомандующему вооруженными силами СССР Сталину И. В. военного звания Маршала Советского Союза" 17567: 17295: 17205: 17124: 16306: 16029: 14052: 12041: 2677:

of April and May 1940, in which around 22,000 members of the Polish armed forces, police, and intelligentsia were executed.

23953: 23785: 23627: 23479: 23311: 23143: 21413: 18363: 18358: 18302: 18033: 17845: 3926:", and disliked avant-garde in the visual arts too. He was a voracious reader with over 20,000 books, with little fiction. 3481:

arrived in the USSR, Stalin was angered by the Jewish crowds who gathered to greet her. He was further angered by Israel's

2598: 1960: 1012: 17626: 2754:

was initially highly effective; the Soviet air force in the western borderlands was destroyed within two days. The German

2736:. Despite intelligence agencies repeatedly warning him of Germany's intentions, Stalin was taken by surprise. He formed a 26253: 26248: 24312: 24199: 24081: 22730: 22597: 19654: 19637: 19069: 18813: 18731: 18596: 18415: 18060: 3547: 3403: 2777:

Going against the advice of Zhukov and other generals, Stalin emphasised attack over defence. In June 1941, he ordered a

2693: 2650: 2593: 2351:, held in July–August 1935, the Soviet government encouraged Marxist-Leninists to unite with other leftists as part of a 1399: 1008: 24518: 24415: 22870: 18504: 13221: 3220:, the city's leadership was purged amid accusations of treachery; executions of many of the accused took place in 1950. 26678: 26643: 26628: 26618: 26288: 22783: 22134: 22129: 21745: 21485: 19216: 18889: 18854: 18796: 17910: 14772: 13698: 4203:

A vast literature devoted to Stalin has been produced. During Stalin's lifetime, his approved biographies were largely

3797:

Described as a poor orator, Stalin's style was "simple and clear, without flights of fancy, catchy phrases or platform

3482: 3372:

due to the latter's continued calls for a Balkan federation and for Soviet aid for the communist forces in the ongoing

3295: 2758:

pushed deep into Soviet territory; soon, Ukraine, Byelorussia, and the Baltic states were under German occupation, and

2605: 2424:

he called for the execution of workers at the Stalin Metallurgical Factory accused of spying for Japan. However, after

1368: 1318: 235: 14486: 6066: 4010:, before fighting for the Red Army in the Second World War. He was captured by the German Army and committed suicide. 26663: 26233: 26153: 24947: 22516: 22241: 21462: 21134: 19254: 18985: 17487: 16909: 16257: 11133: 7422: 4057: 3443:, which significantly benefited the Soviet Union over China, although in January 1950 he relented and agreed to sign 3216:

from Ukraine to Moscow, appointing him a Central Committee secretary and the head of the city's party branch. In the

3161: 2642: 2588:

As a Marxist–Leninist, Stalin considered conflict between competing capitalist powers inevitable; after Nazi Germany

1470: 1290: 656: 66: 16469: 11908: 3685: 26673: 26648: 26623: 26578: 26148: 22559: 21433: 21360: 19259: 18776: 18257: 10069: 8422: 6090: 4395: 3402:

was used to ensure that the PZPR secured office. The 1947 Hungarian elections were also rigged by Stalin, with the

2935:

In Allied countries, Stalin was increasingly depicted in a positive light over the course of the war. In 1941, the

2863: 2290: 1832: 1691: 1119: 996: 24656: 14114: 6150: 26494:

Members of the Central Committee of the 7th Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)

26489:

Members of the Central Committee of the 6th Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)

26298: 22654: 21214: 19279: 18766: 18761: 18741: 18689: 18405: 16754: 4385: 4373:

Russia". In recent years, the government and general public of Russia has been accused of rehabilitating Stalin.

3717: 3395: 3342: 2666: 2440: 2379: 2155: 2092: 2075: 1239:, spreading propaganda and raising money through bank robberies and extortion. Stalin was captured and exiled to 1158: 1150: 1087: 12289:. Vol. 4: Challenges to American Primacy, 1945 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–78. 4833: 26499:

Members of the Central Committee of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)

26223: 26133: 26128: 26113: 25412: 22986: 21324: 21139: 19324: 19228: 18869: 18736: 17721: 16565: 8350: 4300: 4188:

McDermott nevertheless cautioned against "over-simplistic stereotypes"—promoted in the fiction of writers like

2781:

policy of destroying infrastructure and food supplies before the Germans could seize them, also commanding the

2254:

The Soviet Union experienced a major famine in 1932–33, with 5–7 million deaths. The worst affected areas were

2236: 2227: 2219: 1948: 1563: 1395: 1298: 1115: 731: 22403: 15040: 12950: 4628: 2802:

in July 1942, which directed that those retreating unauthorised would be placed in "penal battalions" used as

26278: 26123: 25826: 24909: 23026: 22956: 22916: 21294: 21224: 21199: 18849: 18746: 17672: 17592: 17317: 16362:"Victims of the Soviet penal system in the pre-war years: a first approach on the basis of archival evidence" 16248:

Etinger, Iakov (1995). "The Doctors' Plot: Stalin's Solution to the Jewish Question". In Ro'i, Yaacov (ed.).

14616: 3616: 3165: 2936: 2819: 2518: 2514: 1294: 895: 354: 38: 17011:

Rieber, Alfred J. (2005). "Stalin as Georgian: The Formative Years". In Davies, Sarah; James Harris (eds.).

12926: 7698: 6226: 5140: 4457:

While forced to give up control of the Secretariat almost immediately after succeeding Stalin as the body's

4105:; for significant numbers of Russians and Georgians, he is regarded as a great statesman and state-builder. 2825: 1336: 1149:

Widely considered one of the 20th century's most significant figures, Stalin was the subject of a pervasive

26188: 25235: 21209: 21184: 21174: 19504: 19269: 18931: 18781: 18694: 18420: 18410: 18383: 17886: 14479:"Stalin promised the gendarmes that he would marry his 14-year-old mistress as soon as she became an adult" 4599:). He adopted the alias "Stalin" during his years as a revolutionary, and made it his legal name after the 3570: 3224: 3105: 2973: 2733: 2689: 2558: 2506: 2339:. Stalin nevertheless recognised the threat posed by fascism and sought to establish better links with the 2127: 1154: 1102:

in Central and Eastern Europe. Following the war, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as global

1040: 1024: 835: 693: 24682: 17796: 17779: 9320: 8454: 4029:, in around April 1917. Stalin later came to know of the child's existence but showed no interest in him. 3223:

In the post-war period there were often food shortages in Soviet cities, and the USSR experienced a major

26633: 25774: 24697: 24641: 23917: 23774: 23729: 23611: 23596: 23580: 23357: 23189: 22202: 22176: 21856: 21732: 21628: 21189: 18951: 18606: 18378: 18353: 18329: 18237: 18178: 18056: 18029: 9148: 5998: 4026: 3744: 3386: 3368:

incorporating Bulgaria and Albania. Stalin had a particularly strained relationship with Yugoslav leader

2896: 2843: 2705: 2626: 2502: 2391: 2317: 2139: 2107: 1228:

for his activities, he became a full-time revolutionary and was involved in various criminal activities.

1213: 1179: 911: 584: 563: 10018: 6022: 5792: 1410:

After the Bolsheviks seized power, both right and left-wing armies rallied against them, generating the

26143: 26022: 22460: 21418: 21378: 21169: 21149: 21144: 20144: 19564: 19294: 19284: 19249: 18786: 18442: 16369: 15868: 14414: 11969: 11028: 8244: 6178: 4130: 3769:

Ethnically Georgian, Stalin grew up speaking Georgian, It has been argued his ancestry was genetically

3390: 3153: 2016: 1930:". Stalin turned against the NEP, which put him on a course to the "left" even of Trotsky or Zinoviev. 1641:— Lenin's Testament, 4 January 1923; this was possibly composed by Krupskaya rather than Lenin himself. 1598:, calling on Georgian communists to avoid the chauvinistic Georgian nationalism which marginalised the 1111: 850: 18019: 8988: 5164: 4145:

state, with Stalin its authoritarian leader. Various biographers have described him as a dictator, an

26183: 25506: 24752: 24724: 22483: 21179: 18388: 12850: 4225: 3716:. He believed that the working classes would prove successful in this struggle and would establish a 3033: 2638: 2147: 1651: 1063: 954: 22672: 13869: 13805: 12778: 11743: 4364:

continued Gorbachev's denunciation of Stalin but added to it a denunciation of Lenin. His successor

3542:, a purge of the Georgian branch of the Communist Party which resulted in over 11,000 deportations. 3473:

The Soviet Union was one of the first nations to extend diplomatic recognition to the newly created

3302:

she "remembered her father saying after : Together with the Germans we would have been invincible"

2992:

In 1944, the Soviet Union made significant advances across Eastern Europe toward Germany, including

26559:

Members of the Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26554:

Members of the Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26549:

Members of the Central Committee of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26544:

Members of the Central Committee of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26539:

Members of the Central Committee of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26534:

Members of the Central Committee of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26060: 25951: 24719: 24687: 24677: 22702: 22650: 22372: 22332: 21795: 21366: 19289: 19125: 19041: 18978: 18771: 18654: 18611: 18571: 18003: 14996: 6202: 5939: 4559: 3491: 2729: 2578: 2566: 2375: 2336: 2138:. The government's anti-religious campaign was re-intensified, with increased funding given to the 1872: 1352: 1283: 1000: 24709: 15927:

The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 1931–1933

8660: 6600: 4036:; theirs was not an easy relationship, they often fought. They had two biological children—a son, 26638: 26529:

Members of the Central Committee of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26524:

Members of the Central Committee of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26519:

Members of the Central Committee of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26283: 26218: 24970: 24762: 23122: 23001: 22387: 19499: 19103: 18992: 18859: 18726: 16512: 8006: 7974: 4520: 4330: 4329:

in October 1962. In October 1961, Stalin's body was removed from the mausoleum and buried in the

3550:", which reflected his interest in questions of Russian nationhood. In 1952, Stalin's last book, 3267: 3097: 2946: 2839: 2782: 2737: 2383: 2366:, including 648 aircraft and 407 tanks, along with 3,000 Soviet troops and 42,000 members of the 2003:

organised along a long-term and scientific framework; in reality, Soviet economics were based on

1742: 1559: 1551: 1522: 1514:; in focusing on this goal, he disobeyed orders in early August to transfer his troops to assist 1457: 1450: 1391: 1055: 1047: 818: 399: 31: 17: 26564:

Members of the Central Committee of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

26514:

Members of the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26509:

Members of the Central Committee of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26504:

Members of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

8593: 5744: 5470: 4877: 4243:

among scholars on which deaths can be attributed to the regime. Stalin has also been accused of

898:

6 December] 1878 – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who led the

26118: 26093: 26088: 25456: 25350: 24930: 24747: 24634: 22710: 22257: 21330: 19593: 19582: 19491: 18586: 18472: 18171: 4671: 4448:

Founded as the RSDLP(b) in 1912; renamed the RCP(b) in 1918, AUCP(b) in 1925, and CPSU in 1952.

4189: 2891: 2656:

The Soviets further demanded parts of eastern Finland, but the Finnish government refused. The

2634: 2630: 2610: 2367: 2059: 1387: 1083: 1071: 22692: 13249: 11015: 9439: 4325:

for both his mass repression and his personality cult. He repeated these denunciations at the

3177:

on a daily basis and pictures of him remained pervasive on the walls of workplaces and homes.

1979:

Armed peasant uprisings against dekulakisation and collectivisation broke out in Ukraine, the

26414:

Members of the Secretariat of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26409:

Members of the Secretariat of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26404:

Members of the Secretariat of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26399:

Members of the Secretariat of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26394:

Members of the Secretariat of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26389:

Members of the Secretariat of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

25325: 25104: 25044: 25028: 24828: 19478: 19023: 19012: 18946: 18526: 18247: 18128: 17501: 16118: 15852: 15823:

Chang, Jon K. (8 April 2019). "Ethnic Cleansing and Revisionist Russian and Soviet History".

11949: 8613: 7390: 4275: 4013: 3307: 3235: 3090: 2954: 2912: 2159: 2096: 2027: 1952: 1767: 1575: 1493: 1379: 1131: 686: 23983: 23815: 23657: 23509: 23341: 23173: 22816: 22609: 17937: 17627:"Record 70 Percent of Russians Say Stalin Played a Positive Role in Their Country's History" 16448: 16169: 13981: 4376:

In a 2021 poll, 70% of Russians indicated they had a mostly/very favourable view of Stalin.

2370:. Stalin took a personal involvement in the Spanish situation. Germany and Italy backed the 2038:

vision of the Soviet Union rising to unparalleled heights of human development, creating a "

26479:

Members of the Politburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26474:

Members of the Politburo of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26469:

Members of the Politburo of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26464:

Members of the Politburo of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26459:

Members of the Politburo of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26454:

Members of the Politburo of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26384:

Members of the Secretariat of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26379:

Members of the Secretariat of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26204:

Second convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

26108: 26103: 25817: 25490: 25366: 25297: 25277: 25273: 25259: 25128: 24889: 24813: 24792: 24742: 22826: 22768: 22529: 22232: 22192: 22083: 21811: 21706: 21685: 21454: 19771: 19692: 19430: 19358: 19299: 19210: 19165: 18842: 18343: 18324: 15540: 9974: 8101: 6863: 4340: 3702: 3676: 3611: 3583: 3252: 2887: 2762:; and Soviet refugees were flooding into Moscow and surrounding cities. By July, Germany's 2510: 2498: 2163: 2008: 1725: 1671: 1526: 1515: 1502: 1193: 1067: 931: 543: 393: 26419:

Members of the Secretariat of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

26209:

Third convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

26199:

First convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

24342: 24229: 24111: 22720: 16096:

Ellman, Michael (2000). "The 1947 Soviet Famine and the Entitlement Approach to Famines".

14584: 12311: 11501: 11166: 10166: 9732: 9096: 7774: 3407:

collectivisation, and investment in heavy industry. It was aimed at establishing economic

1806: 8: 26449:

Members of the Politburo of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26444:

Members of the Politburo of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26439:

Members of the Politburo of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26374:

Members of the Orgburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26369:

Members of the Orgburo of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26364:

Members of the Orgburo of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26359:

Members of the Orgburo of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26354:

Members of the Orgburo of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26349:

Members of the Orgburo of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26072: 25989: 24548: 24445: 23937: 23575: 23397: 23280: 23244: 22971: 22961: 22900: 22687: 21969: 19438: 19422: 19406: 19175: 19130: 19098: 18884: 18477: 18467: 18398: 16530:

Haslam, Jonathan (1979). "The Comintern and the Origins of the Popular Front 1934–1935".

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on the front lines. Amid the fighting, both the German and Soviet armies disregarded the

2662: 2570: 2501:

in July 1937, listing 268,950 people for arrest, with 75,950 executed. Stalin initiated "

2476: 2395: 2371: 2340: 2170: 2154:

monks faced persecution. Many religious buildings were demolished, most notably Moscow's

2071: 2067: 1852: 1815: 1775: 1737: 1619: 1356: 1248: 667: 527: 481: 195: 26484:

Members of the Presidium of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

26434:

Members of the Politburo of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26429:

Members of the Politburo of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

24672: 22806: 22624: 22534: 16789:

McDermott, Kevin (1995). "Stalin and the Comintern during the 'Third Period', 1928–33".

16727:"Reactions of Chinese Citizens to the Death of Stalin: Internal Communist Party Reports" 12120: 9300: 9012: 8545: 7899: 6640: 5550: 3353: 2312: 1903:

This is what our obligations before the workers and peasants of the USSR dictate to us.

1398:

withdrew from the coalition government over the issue. The ruling RSDLP was renamed the

26344:

Members of the Orgburo of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26339:

Members of the Orgburo of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26334:

Members of the Orgburo of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26258: 26098: 25219: 25195: 25152: 25120: 24692: 24569: 24466: 24404: 24301: 24183: 24065: 24055: 23851: 23836: 23693: 23688: 23678: 23555: 23550: 23525: 23392: 23387: 23362: 23219: 23194: 23112: 23087: 22991: 22951: 22936: 22811: 22222: 22187: 21975: 21963: 21882: 21573: 21541: 19741: 19735: 19462: 19390: 19382: 19341: 19314: 19309: 19046: 18999: 18791: 18684: 18576: 18435: 18120: 18049: 17475: 17454: 17438: 17392: 17076: 17047: 16806: 16746: 16713: 16705: 16615: 16547: 16386: 16236: 16192: 16141: 16069: 15976: 15968: 15840: 13134: 11053: 8196: 4600: 4462: 4309:. Malenkov denounced the Stalin personality cult, which was subsequently criticised in 4061: 4053: 4003: 3999: 3962: 3908: 3798: 3644: 3640: 3534: 3477:

in 1948, in hopes of obtaining an ally in the Middle East. When the Israeli ambassador

3124: 3113: 3078: 2855: 2811: 2795: 2759: 2622: 2417: 2151: 2134:

despite the fact that it was rejected by the majority of Lysenko's scientific peers as

1984: 1844: 1840: 1655: 1506: 1419: 1244: 1036: 984: 511: 146: 26329:

Members of the Orgburo of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26324:

Members of the Orgburo of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

24188: 24060: 23907: 23876: 23703: 23560: 23443: 22846: 22682: 22662: 19606: 15068: 11604: 11409: 11353: 11241: 10321: 10198: 9875: 9048: 8796: 6792: 5963: 5919: 2692:. To demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, in April 1941 the Soviets signed 2629:

with Germany, a non-aggression pact negotiated by Molotov and German foreign minister

1995:

Officially, the Soviet Union had replaced the "irrationality" and "wastefulness" of a

1717:

in 1925. The latter three later all fell out with Stalin and were executed during the

1390:. Lenin eventually persuaded the Bolsheviks, leading to the March 1918 signing of the 1153:

within the international Marxist–Leninist movement, for whom Stalin was a champion of

26424:

Members of the Bureau of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

25693: 25646: 25638: 25622: 25578: 25554: 25466: 25382: 25358: 25317: 25301: 25251: 25243: 25168: 25096: 24988: 24782: 24045: 23902: 23892: 23754: 23606: 23468: 23433: 23229: 23132: 23097: 23041: 23036: 23021: 22996: 22836: 22773: 22753: 22629: 22539: 22377: 22312: 22307: 22282: 22262: 22212: 22110: 22104: 22005: 21937: 21906: 21771: 21620: 21581: 21517: 21336: 20169: 19777: 19753: 19698: 19674: 19509: 19140: 18941: 18864: 18581: 18425: 18348: 18319: 18146: 18137:

General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

18084: 18008: 17993: 17483: 17446: 17369: 17354: 17335: 17285: 17264: 17245: 17226: 17195: 17174: 17114: 17093: 17016: 16997: 16978: 16959: 16926: 16905: 16892: 16865: 16846: 16827: 16820: 16810: 16775: 16717: 16674: 16653: 16632: 16551: 16516: 16493: 16346: 16327: 16296: 16272: 16253: 16047:"Labor Misallocation and Mass Mobilization: Russian Agriculture during the Great War" 16019: 15980: 15930: 15911: 15908:

White Eagle, Red Star: The Polish-Soviet War 1919–20 and 'the Miracle on the Vistula'

15892: 15873: 15844: 15800: 15772: 15753: 15503: 15362: 14971: 14944: 14778: 14389: 14198: 14159: 14120: 14081: 14042: 13704: 13411: 13334: 12298: 11129: 11057: 11045: 11023: 7225: 6308: 4961: 4634: 4576: 4548: 4357: 4283: 4209: 4162: 3939: 3914:

Stalin had a keen interest in the arts. He protected certain Soviet writers, such as

3866: 3805:

during childhood; this was airbrushed from published photographs. He was born with a

3790:

An example of Stalin's speech. His muffled, low and hushed voice can be heard clearly

3648: 3578:

On 1 March 1953, Stalin's staff found him semi-conscious on the bedroom floor of his

3539: 3459: 3451: 3365: 3213: 3194: 2961: 2950: 2920: 2916: 2489:

Repressions intensified further from December 1936 until November 1938, known as the

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Signatories of the Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

24894: 24704: 18756: 17936: 17458: 17080: 16750: 16361: 16240: 16196: 16170:"The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1934" 16145: 16073: 16046: 13379: 9854: 8892: 8756: 7245: 5863: 5212: 2972:

be declared Soviet territory. Stalin was impatient for the UK and U.S. to open up a

1941:, de-kulakisation was "the first mass terror applied by Stalin in his own country." 1859:

became Stalino, and in April 1925, Tsaritsyn was renamed Stalingrad on the order of

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Many of major construction projects, including the White Sea–Baltic Canal and the

1375:

and national self-determination as a front for Sovnarkom's centralising policies.

1293:("Sovnarkom"). Stalin supported Lenin's decision not to form a coalition with the 25934: 25858: 25782: 25598: 25478: 25470: 25436: 25342: 25334: 25321: 25211: 25160: 25144: 25136: 25068: 25036: 24996: 24914: 24853: 24787: 24610: 24507: 24399: 24296: 24178: 24050: 23932: 23912: 23846: 23759: 23749: 23683: 23601: 23535: 23438: 23428: 23407: 23372: 23285: 23270: 23239: 23234: 23214: 23209: 23117: 23072: 23057: 22981: 22976: 22966: 22941: 22926: 22791: 22758: 22748: 22577: 22491: 22435: 22367: 22352: 22337: 22322: 22297: 22277: 22207: 22197: 22077: 21999: 21987: 21930: 21924: 21894: 21390: 21342: 19759: 19680: 19398: 19190: 19108: 18904: 18833: 18664: 18509: 18499: 18288: 18074: 18025: 17849: 17563: 17370:"The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930–45" 17324: 17279: 17189: 17108: 16290: 16013: 14938: 14036: 12294: 11041: 5828: 4352: 4322: 4217: 4197: 4193: 4093: 3951: 3943: 3923: 3919: 3870: 3817: 3770: 3664: 3660: 3636: 3632: 3591: 3474: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3317: 3248: 3198: 3074: 3054: 2941: 2929: 2871: 2859: 2791: 2681: 2546: 2522: 2455:

Stalin orchestrated the arrest and execution of opponents in the Communist Party

2449: 2259: 2194: 2182: 2063: 2000: 1860: 1811: 1800: 1591: 1423: 1313:, and he, along with Trotsky, had direct access to Lenin without an appointment. 1269:

Joseph Stalin during the Russian Revolution, Civil War, and the Polish–Soviet War

1020: 521: 228: 25305: 24823: 24660:

policy in the territories occupied or annexed by Russia in the 18–21st centuries

16137: 7794: 6586: 6584: 3813: 1558:

The Soviet government sought to bring neighbouring states under its domination;

1216:

with the aim of becoming a priest. While a student at the seminary, he embraced

25961: 25924: 25834: 25799: 25745: 25680: 25676: 25614: 25510: 25494: 25395: 25227: 25072: 25060: 25052: 25012: 24848: 24797: 24574: 24471: 24368: 24270: 24255: 24152: 24137: 24070: 24024: 23866: 23713: 23463: 23453: 23300: 23254: 23199: 23082: 23016: 23006: 22921: 22738: 22614: 22582: 22572: 22506: 22433: 22362: 22357: 22347: 22342: 22327: 22317: 22302: 22292: 22252: 22145: 22089: 22071: 22041: 22035: 22029: 22011: 21912: 21870: 21825: 21787: 21779: 21533: 19723: 19662: 19522: 19514: 19319: 19244: 19160: 19120: 18679: 18674: 18616: 17916:[Less Than 1/5 of Ukrainians Have a Positive Attitude Towards Stalin]. 16802: 15836: 15435: 14438: 10757: 9649: 9340: 7592: 7057: 4365: 4267: 4254: 4115: 4098: 4045: 3992: 3975: 3891: 3858: 3595: 3579: 3521: 3328: 3147: 3070: 3025: 2965: 2847: 2778: 2740:, which he headed as Supreme Commander, as well as a military Supreme Command ( 2674: 2618: 2574: 2434: 2267: 2131: 2118:

was promoted throughout the arts, while Stalin wooed prominent writers, namely

1996: 1980: 1786: 1770:. In his private life, he divided his time between his Kremlin apartment and a 1763: 1755: 1675: 1595: 1431: 1426:, who would form the nucleus of his support base. Stalin sent large numbers of 1306: 1289:

On 26 October 1917, Lenin declared himself chairman of the new government, the

1256: 1252: 1221: 1205: 968: 950: 363: 306: 22841: 22821: 22634: 17388: 17153: 17072: 17043: 17030:

Roberts, Geoffrey (1992). "The Soviet Decision for a Pact with Nazi Germany".

16953: 16742: 16701: 16598:

Himmer, Robert (1986). "On the Origin and Significance of the Name "Stalin"".

16543: 16459:

Cheremukhin, Anton; Golosov, Mikhail; Guriev, Sergei; Tsyvinski, Aleh (2013).

16232: 16188: 15964: 15500:

Was There an Alternative? 1923–1927: Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years

8876: 7851: 4351:

Khrushchev's de-Stalinisation process ended when he was replaced as leader by

4278:

and Ellman attribute roughly 3 to 3.5 million deaths to Stalin's regime.

4274:

between 1930 and 1952, of which an estimated 1 to 1.5 million died. Historian

3789: 3728: 3524:

for "unmasking doctors-killers". Revoked after Stalin's death later that year.

1646:

In May 1922, a massive stroke left Lenin partially paralysed. Residing at his

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Ellman, Michael (2007). "Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33 Revisited".

15475: 11624: 11049: 10230: 8972: 8216: 8042: 7548: 6740: 6581: 4369: 4361: 4296: 4248: 4166: 4134: 4110: 3854: 3821: 3629:

Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

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illegitimate children, although he never recognised them as being his. One,

2969: 2327:

Seeking better international relations, in 1934 the Soviet Union joined the

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Joseph Stalin Newsreels // Net-Film Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive

17450: 16109: 14478: 13853: 11552: 11536: 11453: 10797: 10697: 10365: 10262: 10105: 9380: 8577: 7181: 6883: 5693: 4279: 4204: 4142: 3929: 3732: 3694: 3399: 3349: 3333: 3129: 3065: 2542: 2425: 2244: 2202: 2087: 2023: 2012: 1782: 1706: 1438: 1302: 1236: 1197: 1184: 1099: 1059: 1051: 935: 899: 831:

1919–1920: People's Commissar for State Control of the Russian SFSR

380: 26174:

Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union) members

17541:

Bakradze, Lasha; Gudjov, Lev; Lipman, Maria; Wall, Thomas (1 March 2013).

17170: 14223: 13893: 13118: 11852: 11276: 11091: 11089: 9551: 6624: 6250: 3439:

December 1949, Mao visited Stalin. Initially Stalin refused to repeal the

2907: 2818:. Stalin exploited Nazi anti-Semitism, and in April 1942 he sponsored the 2374:, which was ultimately victorious in March 1939. With the outbreak of the 25946: 25938: 25538: 25502: 25486: 25448: 24767: 24564: 24461: 24363: 24250: 24132: 24009: 23942: 23897: 23769: 23764: 23616: 23448: 23412: 23107: 22468: 22095: 22023: 19203: 19029: 18716: 16688:

Kuromiya, Hiroaki (2008). "The Soviet Famine of 1932–1933 Reconsidered".

16460: 16065: 13937: 13090: 12521: 10133: 7014: 4691: 4102: 4085: 3979: 3956: 3824:

seated in the background smoking a pipe. The photo was taken at Stalin's

3806: 3750: 3713: 3607: 3495: 3455: 2867: 2814:; the Soviets heavily publicised Nazi massacres of communists, Jews, and 2685: 2637:, sparking the UK and France to declare war on Germany. On 17 September, 2490: 2482: 2445: 2429: 2407: 2174: 2119: 1934: 1790: 1718: 1710: 1364: 1028: 17602:"Moscow's Memory Wars: Putin seeks to whitewash Russia's Stalinist past" 16709: 15972: 15572: 15399: 15375: 14116:

The Revolution Betrayed: What is the Soviet Union and where is it Going?

13559: 12910: 11783: 10397: 10381: 9535: 9284: 9200: 9172: 9116: 8956: 7197: 6700: 5730: 5728: 5494: 4589:

equivalent of which was Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (Russian:

4125: 1505:'s Polish government. Stalin had cautioned against this, believing that 1247:. In 1913, Stalin was exiled to Siberia and remained in exile until the 25993: 25813: 25737: 25654: 25482: 25403: 25176: 22587: 22473: 22247: 19180: 18828: 18514: 18393: 17822:"Positive Views of Stalin among Russian Reach 16-year High, Poll Shows" 17698:"'The best master': Russia's new Stalin Center evokes pride, revulsion" 17442: 16390: 15136: 15012: 14311: 13753: 13476: 12986: 12588: 12104: 12076: 11880: 11727: 11485: 11469: 11086: 10987: 10947: 10825: 10741: 10645: 10565: 10489: 10293: 10246: 9812: 9567: 9132: 7153: 7137: 7085: 6983: 6955: 6915: 5883: 5709: 5677: 5649: 5582: 5534: 5403: 5088: 5025: 4981: 3708:

As a Marxist and an anti-capitalist, Stalin believed in an inevitable "

3478: 3466:

by invading South Korea in June 1950, making swift gains and capturing

3463: 3435: 3424: 3240: 3157: 2830: 2807: 2750: 2657: 2562: 2332: 2263: 2051: 1729: 1599: 1372: 1330: 1232: 1103: 558: 42: 17998: 17396: 17051: 16726: 16619: 15600: 15280: 14875: 14815: 14640: 13965: 13909: 13603: 13519: 13436: 13205: 11225: 10853: 10725: 9946: 9716: 9396: 9232: 9216: 9080: 8268: 7564: 6421: 6405: 2232: 1414:. In May 1918, amid a dwindling food supply, Sovnarkom sent Stalin to 1359:

as his secretary, later marrying her. In November 1917, he signed the

1301:. Stalin became part of an informal leadership group alongside Lenin, 1200:, was a house cleaner. He was born and raised in the Georgian town of 1192:

Stalin's birth name was Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili. His father,

25981: 25969: 25729: 24904: 22619: 19961: 19937: 18808: 18699: 18556: 18494: 17516:– via anglicanhistory.org, transcribed by Richard Mammana 2019. 12723: 10593: 9268: 9032: 8070: 8026: 5725: 4739: 4586: 4158: 4154: 4150: 3862: 3709: 3680: 3357: 3274: 3263: 3053:

assistance to Polish resistance fighters battling the Germans in the

2883: 2763: 2755: 2589: 2223: 2080: 1603: 1415: 972: 939: 435: 17585:"Russians name Stalin as the most 'outstanding' figure of all times" 17434: 16490:

On Stalin's Team: The Years of Living Dangerously in Soviet Politics

16382: 13619: 13050: 12493: 12438: 9487: 7746: 6899: 6553: 5324: 5249: 5124: 4913: 4861: 4172: 3239:

Joseph Stalin at his 71st birthday celebration with (left to right)

1496:

broke out in early 1920, with the Poles invading Ukraine and taking

104: 25791: 25709: 25391: 24884: 21289: 19917: 18751: 18462: 16611: 16442:"The Soviet-German War 1941–45 Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay" 15797:

Stalin's Last Crime: The Plot Against the Jewish Doctors, 1948–1953

14454: 13408:

Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years

7872: 7870: 4723: 4707: 4575:

Stalin's Georgian birth name was Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili (

4333:, the location marked by a bust. Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd. 4305:

Shortly after his death, the Soviet Union went through a period of

4146: 3881: 3850: 3802: 3740: 3599: 3282: 3259: 3185: 3045: 3017: 3009: 2716: 2111: 2007:

commandments issued often to make short-term targets. In 1928, the

1965: 1915: 1839:

Stalin was now the party's supreme leader, although he was not the

1607: 1427: 1278: 1107: 1075: 923: 919: 867: 638: 17652:"In Russia, Nostalgia for USSR and Positive Feelings about Stalin" 17584: 14604: 11568: 8744: 8684: 3512: 2471: 1883:

1927–1931: Dekulakisation, collectivisation, and industrialisation

1477:; that same month he was also transferred to the Caucasian Front. 25942: 25866: 24899: 20520: 19814: 18487: 18312: 18307: 17887:"Why did the USSR help to create Israel, but then became its foe" 17747:"Perspective – Putin's dangerous campaign to rehabilitate Stalin" 16458: 15002: 13587: 8920: 4006:, who often frustrated and annoyed Stalin. Yakov had a daughter, 3690: 3487: 3408: 3361: 3197:

by Russian soldiers returning from having defeated France in the

3021: 3005: 3001: 2985: 2878: 2822:(JAC) to garner global Jewish support for the Soviet war effort. 2704:

head of government as well: on 6 May, Stalin replaced Molotov as

2347:

with France and Czechoslovakia. At the Communist International's

2186: 2035: 1971: 1856: 1819: 1525:, and Stalin returned to Moscow to attend the Politburo meeting. 1383: 1341: 1240: 1225: 1217: 980: 927: 825: 50: 19598: 18163: 16975:

The Soviet Government and the Jews 1948–1967: A Documented Study

16902:

Pariahs, Partners, Predators: German-Soviet Relations, 1922–1941

16415:"August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria" 15451: 12285:

Cohen, Warren I. (2013). "The Korean War and Its Consequences".

8058: 7867: 6493: 3723: 3320:

alongside Marxist–Leninist leaders from across Europe and Asia.

3141: 2842:, allowing it to resume some of its activities and meeting with 2688:

Germany, Japan, and Italy in October 1940, Stalin proposed that

2505:", the ethnic cleansing of non-Soviet ethnic groups— among them 1546: 1480: 19954: 14513: 13781: 10841: 4181: 4077: 3885:

Chinese Marxists celebrate Stalin's seventieth birthday in 1949

3836:

As leader of the Soviet Union, Stalin typically awoke around 11

3610:. At the funeral on 9 March, Stalin's body was laid to rest in 2767: 2741: 2645:

was signed shortly after, in Stalin's presence. The two states

2306:

History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)

2166:, 57% of respondents were willing to admit to being religious. 1927: 1847:. Other important supporters on the Politburo were Voroshilov, 1209: 963: 802: 16631:. Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. Yale University Press. 15667: 14740: 14680: 14656: 14501: 13038: 8720: 8565: 8374: 3753:

who could lead the proletariat rather than being led by them.

2316:

Review of Soviet armoured fighting vehicles used to equip the

21300:

Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy

18706: 16561:"GOLFO ALEXOPOULOS. Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag" 15704:"Russian Support for Stalin Surges to Record High, Poll Says" 14275: 13308: 13014: 12874: 11896: 11811: 10813: 8908: 8478: 8442: 7330: 4495: 4290: 4259: 3829: 3825: 3820:

with Stalin's daughter, Svetlana, on his lap and Stalin with

3467: 2412: 2362:

broke out in July 1936, the Soviets sent military aid to the

2162:. Religion retained an influence over the population; in the 2078:, restrictions on abortion and divorce, and abolition of the 1923: 1771: 1326: 1114:

in 1949. During these years, the country experienced another

1032: 862: 431: 286:

People's Commissar for Nationalities of the Russian SFSR

23985:

13th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

23817:

14th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

23659:

15th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

23511:

16th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

23343:

17th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

23175:

18th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

21484: 21429:

League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class

18206:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

17545:. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from 16360:

Getty, J. Arch; Rittersporn, Gábor; Zemskov, Viktor (1993).

16252:. The Cummings Center Series. Frank Cass. pp. 103–124. 15946:"Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33: A Reply to Ellman" 15423: 15387: 15320: 15152: 14006: 14004: 13509: 13507: 12766: 12241: 12239: 11385: 10874: 10872: 8638: 8636: 8340: 8338: 8325: 8323: 8296: 7924: 7922: 7656: 6437: 2939:

performed a concert to celebrate his birthday, and in 1942,

1944: 914:

from 1941 until his death. Initially governing as part of a

124:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

25809: 17911:"Do Stalina pozytyvno stavlyatʹsya menshe 1/5 ukrayintsiv" 17909: 17543:"The Stalin Puzzle: Deciphering Post-Soviet Public Opinion" 15643: 15332: 15217: 15215: 14831: 14542: 14540: 14194:

A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End

13424: 13178: 12744: 12742: 12640: 12604: 12188: 11939: 11937: 11935: 11840: 11656: 10884: 10633: 10541: 10505: 10430: 10428: 10413: 10309: 10218: 10121: 10093: 9752: 9704: 8932: 8410: 7580: 7512: 7265: 6728: 6138: 5364: 5265: 3911:

that described him as a "typical case of severe paranoia".

3517: 1919: 1535: 1511: 1497: 1023:. Severe disruptions to food production contributed to the 414: 24344:

10th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

24231:

11th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

24113:

12th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

21419:

General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia

17989:

Library of Congress: Revelations from the Russian Archives

17846:"Wall of Grief: Putin Opens First Soviet Victims Memorial" 17720: 17334:. Translated by Shukman, Harold. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 15891:(fortieth anniversary ed.). Oxford University Press. 15633: 15631: 15308: 15296: 15112: 15100: 14896: 14894: 14850: 14848: 14846: 14752: 14716: 14692: 14363: 14299: 14263: 13925: 13793: 13635: 13575: 13296: 13274: 13272: 13195: 13193: 13154: 13106: 12838: 12802: 12576: 12370: 12256: 12254: 12212: 11830: 11828: 11826: 11717: 11715: 11526: 11524: 11343: 11341: 11316: 11314: 11312: 11299: 11297: 11295: 11266: 11264: 11215: 11213: 11076: 11074: 10901: 10899: 10479: 10477: 10475: 10462: 10460: 10458: 10445: 10443: 10283: 10281: 10156: 10154: 10152: 10059: 10057: 9924: 9922: 9694: 9692: 9603: 9601: 9588: 9586: 9417: 9415: 8864: 8852: 8784: 8708: 8150: 8148: 8091: 8089: 7889: 7887: 7885: 7841: 7839: 7837: 7688: 7686: 7673: 7671: 7502: 7500: 7451: 7449: 7354: 7342: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7213: 7030: 7004: 7002: 6817: 6815: 6449: 6393: 5439: 4165:

characterised him as "one of the most powerful figures in

2960:

In November 1943, Stalin met with Churchill and Roosevelt

1578:, while others accused him of remaining too Russocentric. 1259:

similarly noted Stalin had been "in the thick of events".

1251:

of 1917 led to the overthrow of the emperor. According to

24550:

8th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

24447:

9th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

22902:

19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

17564:"Georgia Divided Over Stalin 'Local Hero' Status in Gori" 16015:

Great Immortality: Studies on European Cultural Sainthood

15655: 15268: 15164: 15088: 14964:

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich; Khrushchev, Serge (2004).

14728: 14668: 14572: 14287: 14239: 14016: 14001: 13647: 13504: 13284: 13078: 13066: 12974: 12886: 12684: 12682: 12657: 12655: 12566: 12564: 12481: 12459: 12457: 12394: 12266: 12236: 12200: 12176: 12140: 12092: 12009: 11680: 11592: 11154: 11142: 10963: 10869: 10785: 10609: 10186: 9828: 9625: 9503: 9188: 8840: 8828: 8816: 8732: 8696: 8633: 8398: 8335: 8320: 8308: 8284: 8232: 7934: 7919: 7632: 7410: 7318: 7101: 7047: 7045: 6768: 6461: 5988: 5986: 5639: 5637: 5610: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5393: 5391: 5282: 5280: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5078: 5076: 4811: 4809: 4796: 4794: 4767: 4501: 4064:

who were arrested and eliminated during the Great Purge.

3206:

between 26 and 27 million Soviet citizens had been killed

24880:

Child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

18243:

Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War

18212:

Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union

17994:

Electronic archive of Stalin's letters and presentations

17670: 17540: 17482:, translated by Johnson, Priscilla, London: Hutchinson, 16343:

Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe

15616: 15516: 15258: 15256: 15254: 15212: 15200: 15176: 14865: 14863: 14537: 14525: 14351: 14339: 13829: 13741: 13678: 13668: 13666: 13664: 13662: 13535: 12739: 12701: 12699: 12697: 12616: 12426: 12348: 12346: 11932: 11799: 11668: 11580: 11326: 10713: 10425: 9068: 8184: 8160: 8121: 7722: 7620: 7608: 7461: 6780: 6660: 6505: 5853: 5851: 4313:. In 1956, Khrushchev gave his "Secret Speech", titled " 4238:

Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin

1566:, while in April 1921, Stalin ordered the Red Army into 826:

People's Commissar for Workers' and Peasants' Inspection

172:

Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union

21439:

Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania

21424:

League of Russian Revolutionary Social Democracy Abroad

19636: 16462:

Was Stalin Necessary for Russia's Economic Development?

16359: 15628: 15588: 15560: 15528: 15463: 15411: 15405: 15381: 14918: 14906: 14891: 14843: 14803: 14704: 13769: 13547: 13492: 13464: 13269: 13190: 13166: 13026: 13002: 12754: 12509: 12287:

The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations

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in June 1947, with which it sought to undermine Soviet

1951:

with a fellow miner; Stalin's government initiated the

1430:

troops into battle against the region's anti-Bolshevik

1110:. Stalin presided over post-war reconstruction and the 979:. Repeatedly arrested, he underwent internal exiles to 19275:

List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin

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Russians, he is viewed overwhelmingly negatively as a

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Dower, Paul Castañeda; Markevich, Andrei (May 2018).

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Iron Lazar: A Political Biography of Lazar Kaganovich

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of Western Europe; in May 1935, the Soviets signed a

1751:

death while "publicly putting on the mask of grief".

21290:

All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (Komsomol)

18722:

Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization

17819: 17090:

Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953

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was extended to adolescents as young as 12 in 1935.

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Stalin's casket on howitzer carriage drawn by horses

3427:

shaking hands, commemorating the signing of the new

3294:. In April 1949, the Western powers established the 3096:

With Germany defeated, Stalin switched focus to the

2870:

sentiment, while encouraging increased criticism of

2583: 1664:

Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

1134:. After Stalin's death in 1953, he was succeeded by 1046:

Stalin promoted Marxism–Leninism abroad through the

17913:До Сталіна позитивно ставляться менше 1/5 українців 17794: 17504:. Society of Socialist Clergy and Ministers. 1953. 16955:

The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia

16250:

Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union

15485: 11024:"The USSR and the Former Italian Colonies, 1945–50" 10353: 6126: 4486: 4184:

of Stalin at a May Day march through London in 2008

4178:

Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)

2902: 1626:in 1922, Lenin nominated Stalin as the party's new 1584:

Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic

19007:Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia 16819: 12164: 4208:largely on the same sources of information. Under 2378:in July 1937, the Soviet Union and China signed a 2284: 17744: 17695: 17599: 17582: 16922:Flawed Succession: Russia's Power Transfer Crises 16292:The Ossetes: Modern-Day Scythians of the Caucasus 16018:. National Cultivation of Culture. Vol. 18. 16012:Dović, Marijan; Helgason, Jón Karl, eds. (2019). 15689: 15685: 15673: 12152: 2602:shortage of trained officers when war broke out. 1541: 801:1918–1919: Full member, 2nd Central Committee of 26264:Honorary members of the USSR Academy of Sciences 26239:Heads of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union 26080: 22175: 21855: 17980:Stalin Library (with all 13 volumes of Stalin's 16468:. w19425. National Bureau of Economic Research. 15943: 15924: 15457: 14381: 8064: 8048: 8016: 7984: 7968: 7876: 7861: 3869:dacha built on the Abkhazian coast, designed by 1774:at Zubalova; his wife gave birth to a daughter, 1208:. Stalin attended school there before moving to 938:political system he established became known as 236:Minister of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union 19115:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 17769: 17649: 17624: 15788:The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life 15769:The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life 4347:laying wreaths at Stalin's Moscow grave in 2009 4315:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 3559: 3305:In 1948, Stalin edited and rewrote sections of 3040:In February 1945, the three leaders met at the 2495:arrest of most military Supreme Command members 2095:in Moscow in order to make way for the planned 1235:' chief operatives in the Caucasus, organizing 999:of the country. Under Stalin, the doctrine of 26654:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members 17864: 17561: 17015:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–44. 16044: 15857:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 15740: 15736:Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union 15006: 8523:"From a ruler's embrace to a life in disgrace" 4580: 4552: 4428:Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars 4122:fields had "undoubtedly" weakened the nation. 3273:The U.S. began pushing its interests on every 3164:, and stood atop Lenin's Mausoleum to watch a 2045: 1696: 1405: 90: 26599:Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class 26319:People of World War II from Georgia (country) 24955: 24642: 24534: 24431: 24328: 24215: 24097: 23969: 23801: 23643: 23495: 23327: 23159: 22886: 22419: 22161: 21841: 21470: 21295:Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization 19622: 18690:Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 18592:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism 18453:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 18179: 16119:"Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments" 16011: 15747: 14281: 13314: 12042:"New Study Supports Idea Stalin Was Poisoned" 6144: 4590: 4513: 3230: 3142:1945–1947: Post-war reconstruction and famine 2711: 2273:Rapid industrialization policies, neglect of 1106:and entered a period of tension known as the 81: 30:"Stalin" redirects here. For other uses, see 24969: 19913:Political Administration of the Armed Forces 19599:Articles and topics related to Joseph Stalin 18014:A List of Key Documentary Material on Stalin 17920:(in Ukrainian). 4 March 2015. Archived from 17844: 17671:Montefiore, Simon Sebag (6 September 2007). 17261:Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin 16881:Australian Journal of Politics & History 16509:The Great Fear: Stalin's Terror of the 1930s 16266: 15944:Davies, Robert; Wheatcroft, Stephen (2006). 15925:Davies, Robert; Wheatcroft, Stephen (2004). 15661: 6443: 3160:. In June 1945, Stalin adopted the title of 2748:as its Chief of Staff. The German tactic of 2609:Stalin greeting the German foreign minister 2481:The girl's father was later executed in the 1323:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 27:Leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1953 26139:Anti-religious campaign in the Soviet Union 18650:1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi 18020:Stalinka: The Digital Library of Staliniana 18009:Stalin Biography from Spartacus Educational 16918: 16487: 15794: 14233: 12218: 12033: 8431:, pp. 139, 154–155, 164–172, 175–176; 4536:[ɪˈosʲɪfvʲɪssərʲɪˈonəvʲɪtɕˈstalʲɪn] 3985: 2798:, who died in their custody. Stalin issued 1297:, although a coalition was formed with the 983:. After the Bolsheviks seized power in the 975:faction through robberies, kidnappings and 24962: 24948: 24649: 24635: 24541: 24527: 24438: 24424: 24335: 24321: 24222: 24208: 24104: 24090: 23976: 23962: 23808: 23794: 23650: 23636: 23502: 23488: 23334: 23320: 23166: 23152: 22893: 22879: 22426: 22412: 22168: 22154: 21848: 21834: 21477: 21463: 19629: 19615: 19076:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 18186: 18172: 17866:"Why So Many Russian like Dictator Stalin" 17418: 17367: 17329: 17139: 17110:Stalin's Library: A Dictator and His Books 16859: 16840: 15795:Brent, Jonathan; Naumov, Vladimir (2004). 15578: 15550: 15469: 15441: 15314: 15290: 15158: 15118: 15106: 15094: 15078: 15054: 14912: 14881: 14837: 14821: 14770: 14758: 14746: 14722: 14698: 14686: 14630: 14626: 14594: 14590: 14578: 14558: 14546: 14531: 14519: 14507: 14448: 14444: 14428: 14420: 14369: 14357: 14345: 14321: 14305: 14293: 14269: 14245: 14229: 14197:. Cambridge University Press. p. 77. 14010: 13943: 13931: 13899: 13879: 13859: 13811: 13799: 13787: 13759: 13653: 13641: 13569: 13541: 13525: 13482: 13442: 13369: 13330:Soviet History in the Gorbachev Revolution 13302: 13259: 13231: 13211: 13184: 13160: 13144: 13124: 13112: 13096: 13072: 13020: 12992: 12980: 12964: 12960: 12936: 12880: 12860: 12844: 12808: 12792: 12788: 12772: 12598: 12582: 12432: 12400: 12376: 12126: 11979: 11959: 11918: 11630: 8870: 8790: 8714: 8619: 8599: 8551: 8520: 8460: 8428: 8360: 8206: 8111: 7800: 7784: 7574: 7554: 7231: 7219: 7036: 7024: 6802: 6774: 6706: 6467: 6455: 6276: 6236: 6212: 6188: 6160: 6100: 6076: 6052: 6004: 5873: 5802: 5302: 5174: 5150: 5146: 5114: 5055: 5051: 4843: 4773: 4745: 4697: 4626: 4291:In the Soviet Union and post-Soviet states 3978:are seen as key factors in Stalin's rise. 3553:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 3434:In October 1949, Chinese communist leader 2774:in increasingly harsh weather conditions. 2394:(KMT) nationalists and formed the desired 2208: 2034:. His speeches and articles reflected his 1309:. Stalin's office was near Lenin's in the 1255:, Stalin "filled an important role ", and 1054:movements. In 1939, his regime signed the 103: 26604:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner 21397:State Committee on the State of Emergency 18660:National delimitation in the Soviet Union 18632:Backwardness brings on beatings by others 18065:Council of People's Commissars until 1946 17950:Journal of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR 17474: 16991: 16817: 16788: 16626: 16340: 16002: 15748:Bazhanov, Boris; Doyle, David W. (1990). 15358:Stalin and Stalinism: Revised 3rd Edition 15221: 15170: 15146: 15062: 15022: 14854: 14734: 14674: 14662: 14634: 14610: 14598: 14562: 14464: 14432: 14385:The Time of Stalin: Portrait of a Tyranny 14155:Stalin and Stalinism: Revised 3rd Edition 14022: 13995: 13903: 13887: 13835: 13819: 13775: 13763: 13747: 13684: 13529: 13513: 13430: 13393: 13373: 13290: 13243: 13084: 13056: 13044: 12920: 12892: 12868: 12796: 12748: 12733: 12646: 12622: 12527: 12515: 12503: 12448: 12420: 12325: 12272: 12245: 12206: 12182: 12146: 12134: 12114: 12098: 12086: 12015: 12003: 11987: 11963: 11926: 11902: 11890: 11817: 11793: 11777: 11761: 11737: 11706: 11686: 11650: 11618: 11598: 11562: 11546: 11515: 11495: 11479: 11463: 11423: 11367: 11255: 11180: 11160: 11099: 10997: 10969: 10957: 10878: 10863: 10835: 10819: 10807: 10791: 10767: 10751: 10707: 10655: 10615: 10575: 10499: 10407: 10391: 10375: 10335: 10303: 10272: 10256: 10212: 10192: 10180: 10115: 10087: 10036: 9988: 9889: 9856:Journal of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR 9850: 9834: 9822: 9746: 9659: 9631: 9577: 9545: 9529: 9509: 9481: 9453: 9390: 9350: 9334: 9314: 9294: 9210: 9194: 9182: 9166: 9142: 9126: 9110: 9026: 9006: 8982: 8966: 8914: 8902: 8846: 8834: 8822: 8810: 8766: 8750: 8738: 8726: 8702: 8690: 8678: 8642: 8627: 8607: 8587: 8571: 8559: 8527:Washington Post (Arq. in WikiWix Archive) 8484: 8472: 8448: 8436: 8404: 8380: 8368: 8344: 8329: 8314: 8290: 8262: 8238: 8226: 8020: 7988: 7940: 7928: 7913: 7740: 7704: 7638: 7440: 7416: 7404: 7324: 7207: 7191: 7163: 7147: 7107: 7095: 7067: 6993: 6965: 6949: 6925: 6694: 6666: 6654: 6618: 6594: 6511: 6487: 6288: 6260: 6172: 6108: 6084: 6040: 6016: 5977: 5957: 5913: 5762: 5488: 5433: 5182: 5158: 5118: 5067: 4895: 4855: 4685: 4653: 4569: 4426:Before 1946, the title of the office was 4345:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 3689:A mourning parade in honour of Stalin in 3501: 3102:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 2930:attempted an encirclement attack at Kursk 2720:With all the men at the front, women dig 2669:in August; they also invaded and annexed 1685: 1273: 26589:Recipients of the Czechoslovak War Cross 26569:Ministers of defence of the Soviet Union 25898:/ Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / 21444:Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad 18602:Great Construction Projects of Communism 17187: 16769: 16687: 16267:Fainsod, Jerry F.; Hough, Merle (1979). 15886: 15865: 15785: 15766: 15701: 15622: 15606: 15546: 15522: 15354: 15274: 15206: 15142: 15074: 15046: 14809: 14646: 14622: 14151: 13987: 13971: 13919: 13915: 13875: 13385: 13365: 13333:. Indiana University Press. p. 70. 13227: 13140: 12956: 12932: 12856: 12784: 12729: 12717: 12321: 12278: 11999: 11975: 11955: 11943: 11914: 11858: 11805: 11789: 11773: 11749: 11674: 11646: 11634: 11610: 11586: 11507: 11415: 11359: 11332: 11282: 11247: 11231: 11172: 10731: 10719: 10403: 10387: 10327: 10204: 10172: 10075: 10024: 9980: 9952: 9881: 9738: 9722: 9557: 9541: 9521: 9445: 9402: 9290: 9274: 9258: 9254: 9238: 9222: 9206: 9178: 9154: 9122: 9102: 9086: 9074: 9054: 9038: 9018: 8994: 8978: 8962: 8926: 8882: 8802: 8666: 8468: 8356: 8274: 8254: 8222: 8202: 8190: 8166: 8127: 8107: 8076: 8036: 7909: 7780: 7728: 7708: 7662: 7626: 7614: 7598: 7467: 7428: 7396: 7336: 7259: 7251: 7203: 7020: 6937: 6889: 6869: 6798: 6786: 6750: 6686: 6678: 6630: 6610: 6606: 6479: 6427: 6411: 6300: 6272: 6232: 6208: 6184: 6156: 6096: 6072: 6028: 5969: 5945: 5925: 5869: 5798: 5750: 5734: 5516: 5476: 5330: 5298: 5255: 5218: 5170: 5130: 5110: 5047: 4967: 4947: 4919: 4907: 4883: 4867: 4839: 4729: 4713: 4461:head, Malenkov was still recognised as " 4391:List of places named after Joseph Stalin 4335: 4253: 4171: 4124: 4118:and leading figures in the military and 4082:3rd World Festival of Youth and Students 4071: 4012: 3928: 3880: 3812: 3722: 3684: 3569: 3566:Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin 3511: 3423:1950 Chinese stamp depicting Stalin and 3418: 3327: 3234: 3193:with them. In this he recalled the 1825 3179: 3064: 2979: 2906: 2824: 2715: 2604: 2470: 2439: 2411: 2311: 2231: 2158:, destroyed in 1931 to make way for the 2086: 1943: 1805: 1700: 1545: 1479: 1335: 1325:. He supported Lenin's formation of the 1277: 1262: 1183: 908:General Secretary of the Communist Party 26584:Perpetrators of the Red Terror (Russia) 26244:Heads of government of the Soviet Union 19018:Alleged 19 August 1939 speech 18092:Minister of Defence of the Soviet Union 18026:Newspaper clippings about Joseph Stalin 17239: 17220: 17106: 17087: 17058: 17029: 16994:Joseph Stalin: A Biographical Companion 16899: 16247: 15813: 15649: 15637: 15610: 15594: 15582: 15566: 15554: 15534: 15497: 15286: 15262: 15245: 15233: 15182: 15082: 15050: 15018: 14936: 14900: 14885: 14869: 14825: 14710: 14650: 14424: 14333: 14317: 14112: 13991: 13975: 13883: 13847: 13815: 13672: 13625: 13609: 13581: 13565: 13553: 13498: 13470: 13405: 13389: 13278: 13255: 13235: 13215: 13199: 13172: 13148: 13128: 13032: 13008: 12996: 12968: 12940: 12916: 12864: 12832: 12705: 12688: 12661: 12610: 12594: 12570: 12555: 12487: 12463: 12444: 12412: 12352: 12317: 12260: 12230: 12194: 12130: 12110: 12082: 12070: 12027: 11983: 11922: 11886: 11874: 11862: 11846: 11834: 11757: 11753: 11733: 11721: 11698: 11662: 11614: 11558: 11542: 11530: 11511: 11491: 11475: 11459: 11447: 11435: 11419: 11403: 11391: 11379: 11363: 11347: 11320: 11303: 11286: 11270: 11251: 11235: 11219: 11204: 11192: 11176: 11148: 11111: 11095: 11080: 11009: 10993: 10981: 10953: 10941: 10917: 10905: 10890: 10831: 10803: 10779: 10763: 10747: 10735: 10703: 10691: 10679: 10667: 10651: 10639: 10627: 10603: 10599: 10587: 10571: 10559: 10547: 10535: 10523: 10511: 10495: 10483: 10466: 10449: 10419: 10371: 10347: 10331: 10315: 10299: 10287: 10268: 10252: 10240: 10236: 10224: 10208: 10176: 10160: 10143: 10139: 10127: 10111: 10099: 10083: 10079: 10063: 10048: 10032: 10028: 10012: 10000: 9984: 9968: 9956: 9940: 9928: 9913: 9901: 9885: 9869: 9846: 9818: 9806: 9794: 9782: 9770: 9758: 9742: 9726: 9710: 9698: 9683: 9671: 9655: 9643: 9607: 9592: 9573: 9561: 9525: 9497: 9493: 9477: 9449: 9433: 9421: 9406: 9386: 9374: 9362: 9346: 9330: 9326: 9310: 9306: 9278: 9262: 9242: 9226: 9158: 9138: 9106: 9090: 9058: 9042: 9022: 9002: 8998: 8950: 8938: 8898: 8886: 8806: 8778: 8762: 8670: 8654: 8623: 8603: 8583: 8555: 8539: 8508: 8496: 8464: 8432: 8416: 8392: 8364: 8302: 8278: 8258: 8210: 8178: 8154: 8139: 8115: 8095: 7905: 7893: 7857: 7845: 7828: 7816: 7804: 7788: 7768: 7752: 7712: 7692: 7677: 7650: 7602: 7586: 7558: 7542: 7530: 7506: 7491: 7479: 7455: 7432: 7384: 7372: 7312: 7295: 7283: 7255: 7235: 7187: 7175: 7159: 7143: 7131: 7119: 7091: 7063: 7008: 6989: 6977: 6961: 6941: 6921: 6905: 6893: 6873: 6857: 6845: 6833: 6821: 6762: 6746: 6734: 6722: 6710: 6682: 6646: 6590: 6575: 6559: 6547: 6535: 6523: 6499: 6431: 6415: 6280: 6256: 6240: 6216: 6192: 6164: 6104: 6080: 6056: 6032: 6008: 5992: 5973: 5949: 5929: 5905: 5889: 5877: 5838: 5834: 5822: 5806: 5786: 5774: 5754: 5738: 5715: 5699: 5683: 5671: 5655: 5643: 5588: 5560: 5540: 5528: 5500: 5480: 5464: 5445: 5425: 5409: 5397: 5382: 5370: 5358: 5346: 5334: 5318: 5286: 5271: 5259: 5243: 5222: 5206: 5194: 5178: 5134: 5094: 5082: 5059: 5031: 5003: 4987: 4971: 4951: 4935: 4923: 4887: 4871: 4847: 4827: 4815: 4800: 4785: 4761: 4701: 4677: 4627:Montefiore, Simon Sebag (27 May 2010). 4058:Leningrad Military Mechanical Institute 3938:especially interested in the reigns of 3840:am, with lunch being served between 3–5 2866:. The government increasingly promoted 2599:clashing with the expansionist Japanese 1889:History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953) 1682:, with Trotsky in the first position". 1492:between Polish and Russian troops, the 496: 1919; died 1932) 471: 1906; died 1907) 136:3 April 1922 – 16 October 1952 14: 26614:Revolutionaries from Georgia (country) 26179:Collars of the Order of the White Lion 26169:Burials at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis 26081: 19053:Dialectical and Historical Materialism 17795:Snyder, Timothy D. (27 January 2011). 17348: 17258: 17160: 17010: 16972: 16822:Stalin: Revolutionary in an Era of War 16666: 16645: 16597: 16558: 16529: 16506: 16439: 16412: 16321: 16218: 16167: 16116: 16095: 16054:The Review of Economics and Statistics 15905: 15481: 15445: 15429: 15417: 15393: 15355:Mccauley, Martin (13 September 2013). 15326: 15302: 15194: 15130: 15058: 15034: 14924: 14566: 14257: 14152:Mccauley, Martin (13 September 2013). 14073: 14038:Three "whys" of the Russian Revolution 13959: 13947: 13863: 13823: 13735: 13629: 13613: 13597: 13593: 13486: 13458: 13446: 13326: 13263: 13239: 13100: 13060: 12944: 12904: 12820: 12634: 12543: 12531: 12499: 12475: 12416: 12388: 12364: 12337: 11128:. Yale University Press. p. 160. 11123: 10929: 10859: 10847: 10434: 10359: 9465: 9162: 9062: 8858: 8250: 8080: 8052: 8032: 8012: 8000: 7980: 7964: 7952: 7756: 7716: 7570: 7518: 7436: 7400: 7360: 7348: 7271: 7239: 7079: 7051: 6945: 6909: 6877: 6806: 6690: 6650: 6634: 6614: 6563: 6483: 6399: 6387: 6375: 6363: 6351: 6339: 6284: 6244: 6220: 6196: 6168: 6120: 6060: 6036: 6012: 5953: 5933: 5909: 5893: 5857: 5842: 5810: 5758: 5719: 5703: 5687: 5659: 5628: 5616: 5604: 5592: 5576: 5564: 5556: 5544: 5504: 5484: 5429: 5413: 5306: 5226: 5154: 5098: 5063: 5035: 5019: 5007: 4991: 4975: 4955: 4891: 4851: 4749: 4733: 4717: 4681: 4665: 3712:" between the world's proletariat and 3445:a new treaty between the two countries 2911:The Big Three: Stalin, U.S. President 1871:. Here, he argued for the concept of " 1594:. In mid-1921, Stalin returned to the 1518:'s forces that were attacking Warsaw. 1128:forced transfers of entire populations 959:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 918:, Stalin consolidated power to become 298:8 November 1917 – 7 July 1923 24943: 24875:Belarusian orthography reform of 1933 24630: 24522: 24419: 24316: 24203: 24085: 23957: 23789: 23631: 23483: 23315: 23147: 22874: 22407: 22149: 21829: 21458: 19610: 19597: 18167: 17959:from the original on 20 November 2021 17722:"Poll Finds Stalin's Popularity High" 17658:from the original on 29 November 2020 17637:from the original on 30 November 2020 17589:Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group 17528:from the original on 21 November 2022 17495: 17277: 16951: 16878: 16670:Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929–1941 16649:Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928 16427:from the original on 9 September 2017 16309:from the original on 18 February 2023 16285: 16206:from the original on 27 February 2009 16032:from the original on 21 November 2022 15822: 15406:Getty, Rittersporn & Zemskov 1993 15382:Getty, Rittersporn & Zemskov 1993 15342: 15338: 14777:. Pen and Sword History. p. 71. 14476: 14190: 14034: 12760: 12673: 12284: 12170: 12039: 11702: 11021: 9619: 8674: 6132: 4534: 3907:a 1927 diagnosis by neuropathologist 3670: 1959:In 1929, the Politburo announced the 1732:. It was incorporated into a growing 1678:, Lenin "in general leaned towards a 1437:In December 1918, Stalin was sent to 1204:, which at that time was part of the 26229:Perpetrators of Indigenous genocides 25375:The Generation Twenty-Five and Under 21414:Bloc of Communists and Non-Partisans 20838:CC of the 7th Conf. (Apr.–Aug. 1917) 19136:22nd Congress of the Communist Party 19094:20th Congress of the Communist Party 18537:19th Congress of the Communist Party 18374:18th Congress of the Communist Party 18339:17th Congress of the Communist Party 17897:from the original on 4 February 2022 17807:from the original on 12 October 2017 17310: 17127:from the original on 3 February 2024 16400:from the original on 6 December 2019 15750:Bazhanov and the Damnation of Stalin 14477:Гамов, Александр (8 November 2018). 14460: 14077:Communism: A Very Short Introduction 13696: 6301:Kuromiya, Hiroaki (16 August 2013). 4401: 3030:having collaborated with the Germans 2854:to disperse their work more widely. 2690:the USSR also join the Axis alliance 1961:mass collectivisation of agriculture 1394:, which ceded vast territories. The 1329:security service and the subsequent 1070:in 1941, leading Stalin to join the 945:Born into a poor Georgian family in 912:Chairman of the Council of Ministers 248:19 July 1941 – 3 March 1947 26214:Former Georgian Orthodox Christians 22731:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 19638:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 19070:Marxism and Problems of Linguistics 18294:Anti-religious campaign (1921–1928) 18061:Council of Ministers (Soviet Union) 17952:] (in Russian). 13 March 1943. 17797:"Hitler vs. Stalin: Who Was Worse?" 17757:from the original on 4 October 2021 17673:"Stalin, his father and the Rabbit" 17508:from the original on 11 August 2022 17298:from the original on 13 August 2023 17163:A Short History of Soviet Socialism 16939:from the original on 1 January 2021 16629:Stalin: New Biography of a Dictator 16475:from the original on 22 August 2020 15714:from the original on 3 October 2020 14984:from the original on 13 August 2023 14937:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (1998). 14402:from the original on 28 August 2023 14211:from the original on 20 August 2023 13406:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021). 13347:from the original on 20 August 2023 3548:Marxism and Problems of Linguistics 3538:Ukraine. In 1951, he initiated the 3106:invaded Japanese-occupied Manchuria 2639:the Red Army entered eastern Poland 2401: 2299:Joseph Stalin's cult of personality 2076:re-criminalisation of homosexuality 1933:In early 1928, Stalin travelled to 1590:opposed the idea, resulting in the 1475:Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate 961:. He edited the party's newspaper, 24: 26609:Recipients of the Order of Victory 26574:Politicians from Georgia (country) 22784:League of Communists of Yugoslavia 22602:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party 19217:Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism 19036:The History of the Communist Party 18855:Soviet offensive plans controversy 18820:Ideological repression in science 18364:1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang 17885:Yegorov, Oleg (15 December 2017). 17848:. BBC. 5 June 2018. Archived from 17832:from the original on 20 March 2017 17770:Snyder, Timothy D. (26 May 2010). 17732:from the original on 20 March 2017 17683:from the original on 8 August 2022 17595:from the original on 21 June 2021. 17468:Magazines, newspapers and websites 16724: 14771:Greensmith, James (6 April 2023). 12158: 6948:, pp. 661, 668–669, 679–684; 4596:: Іосифъ Виссаріоновичъ Джугашвили 3296:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 2493:. In May 1937, Stalin ordered the 1893: 1382:, the government relocated to the 1196:, was a shoemaker and his mother, 1074:. Despite huge losses, the Soviet 184:6 May 1941 – 5 March 1953 25: 26695: 26269:Male poets from Georgia (country) 26194:Communists from Georgia (country) 22517:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 19255:Generalissimo of the Soviet Union 18986:Marxism and the National Question 18193: 17973: 17872:from the original on 19 July 2019 17820:Taylor, Adam (15 February 2017). 17708:from the original on 25 June 2022 17612:from the original on 25 June 2022 17600:Lentine, Gina (15 January 2022). 17570:from the original on 19 July 2018 17406:from the original on 17 July 2011 17351:Stalin and the Cold War in Europe 17208:from the original on 7 April 2023 16843:Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar 16757:from the original on 24 June 2016 16083:from the original on 18 June 2021 15990:from the original on 30 June 2019 15816:Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives 14970:. Penn State Press. p. 156. 14943:. Mehring Books. p. xxviii. 14791:from the original on 19 July 2023 14489:from the original on 13 July 2023 14388:. Harper & Row. p. 251. 14172:from the original on 13 July 2023 14133:from the original on 13 July 2023 14119:. Mehring Books. pp. 85–98. 14094:from the original on 13 July 2023 14074:Holmes, Leslie (27 August 2009). 14055:from the original on 13 July 2023 13717:from the original on 30 June 2023 8521:Hockstader, Lee (10 March 1995). 6321:from the original on 19 July 2023 3954:, though his favorite films were 3765:Personal life and characteristics 3743:variant of Marxism. In his book, 2833:after liberation, 2 February 1943 2584:1939–1941: Pact with Nazi Germany 1157:and the working class. Since the 1078:repelled the German invasion and 26594:Recipients of the Order of Lenin 26314:People of the Russian Revolution 26159:Anti-Zionism in the Soviet Union 26066: 26054: 26042: 26030: 24926: 24925: 22598:Hungarian Working People's Party 22560:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 21603:People's Commissars for the Navy 21553: 21434:Siberian Social-Democratic Union 19578: 19577: 18895:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 18359:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 17946:Ведомости Верховного Совета СССР 16893:10.1111/j.1467-8497.2012.01641.x 16860:Montefiore, Simon Sebag (2007). 16841:Montefiore, Simon Sebag (2003). 16585:from the original on 8 July 2018 16269:How the Soviet Union is Governed 16155:from the original on 25 May 2019 15889:The Great Terror: A Reassessment 15702:Arkhipov, Ilya (16 April 2019). 15695: 15491: 15348: 14957: 14930: 14764: 14470: 14382:Antonov-Ovseenko, Anton (1983). 14375: 14184: 14145: 14106: 14067: 14028: 13690: 13399: 13320: 12052:from the original on 10 May 2022 11117: 8514: 7734: 6294: 4592:Иосиф Виссарионович Джугашвили; 4482: 4396:List of statues of Joseph Stalin 3933:Stalin reading a newspaper, 1920 3853:, being a friend of its leader, 3784: 3404:Hungarian Working People's Party 3356:, Poland, from which was formed 3060: 2903:1942–1945: Soviet counter-attack 2794:by the Germans was Stalin's son 2671:Bessarabia and northern Bukovina 2291:1931 Prussian Landtag referendum 1926:" and small business owners or " 1810:Stalin and his close associates 1166:, executions, and famines which 922:by the 1930s; he formalized his 892:Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili 713: 583: 434:(1898‍–‍1912; 350:Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili 26309:People of the Russian Civil War 26304:People of the Polish–Soviet War 26164:Atheists from Georgia (country) 21564:People's Commissars for Defence 19280:Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin 18416:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 18406:Occupation of the Baltic states 17745:Rutland, Peter (13 June 2019). 17583:Coynash, Halya (22 June 2021). 15729: 13697:Rees, E. A. (15 October 2013). 13327:Davies, Robert William (1989). 12040:Wines, Michael (5 March 2003). 11022:Mazov, Sergei (9 August 2006). 4386:European interwar dictatorships 4149:, or accused him of practising 3998:Stalin married his first wife, 3844:pm and dinner no earlier than 9 3718:dictatorship of the proletariat 3323: 3136: 2552: 2285:Ideological and foreign affairs 2156:Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 2093:Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 1220:and became an avid follower of 1159:dissolution of the Soviet Union 1126:". Stalin's rule was marked by 493: 468: 26684:World War II political leaders 26294:People from Tiflis Governorate 24895:Russification in modern Russia 21325:Group of Democratic Centralism 17696:Nemtsova, Anna (17 May 2021). 17562:Bell, Bethany (5 March 2013). 17188:Semeraro, David A. S. (2017). 16977:. Cambridge University Press. 16566:The American Historical Review 16492:. Melbourne University Press. 16098:Cambridge Journal of Economics 15502:. Mehring Books. p. 495. 14191:Kenez, Peter (13 March 1999). 14080:. OUP Oxford. pp. 10–15. 7439:, pp. 687, 702–704, 709; 4620: 4472: 4451: 4442: 4433: 4420: 4407: 4317:", to a closed session of the 4301:Nostalgia for the Soviet Union 4017:Stalin carrying his daughter, 3876: 3483:growing alliance with the U.S. 2890:. In December 1942, he placed 2106:", entailing both creation of 1949:Aleksei Grigorievich Stakhanov 1843:, a task he entrusted to ally 1542:1921–1923: Lenin's final years 1521:In mid-August 1920, the Poles 1396:Left Socialist-Revolutionaries 1299:Left Socialist-Revolutionaries 1291:Council of People's Commissars 1122:campaign, culminating in the " 1086:. The Soviet Union, which had 987:, Stalin joined the governing 748:Central institution membership 13: 1: 26669:Soviet people of World War II 24910:Ukrainian orthography of 1933 21661:Ministers of the Armed Forces 20833:CC of the 6th Conf. (1912–17) 20818:CC of the 1st Conf. (1905–06) 19933:Transportation-Communications 19928:Trade and Consumers' Services 19908:Planning and Financial Organs 19121:Gomulka thaw (Polish October) 18932:1946–1947 Soviet famine 18505:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 18096:People's Commissar until 1946 17650:Masci, David (29 June 2017). 17315:. Princeton University Press. 17313:Stalin: Passage to Revolution 16904:. Columbia University Press. 16864:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 16845:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 14940:1937: Stalin's Year of Terror 13703:. Anthem Press. p. 219. 13410:. Mehring Books. p. 47. 9329:, pp. 408–409, 411–412; 4609: 4582:იოსებ ბესარიონის ძე ჯუღაშვილი 4231: 3617:St George the Martyr, Holborn 3268:deserts outside Semipalatinsk 2996:, a massive offensive in the 2937:London Philharmonic Orchestra 2915:, and British Prime Minister 2858:was dropped as the country's 2820:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee 2643:German–Soviet Frontier Treaty 2475:Stalin receives flowers from 2398:against Japanese aggression. 2015:constructed, and work on the 1705:(From left to right) Stalin, 1692:Joseph Stalin's rise to power 1351:editor, Stalin was appointed 1295:Socialist Revolutionary Party 1173: 1168:caused the deaths of millions 1112:first Soviet atomic bomb test 1013:agricultural collectivisation 39:Eastern Slavic naming customs 26274:Marshals of the Soviet Union 24807:Anti-Russification activists 22655:Polish United Workers' Party 22177:Marshals of the Soviet Union 21857:Premiers of the Soviet Union 19270:1956 Georgian demonstrations 17801:The New York Review of Books 17776:The New York Review of Books 17625:Luhn, Alec (16 April 2019). 17368:Wheatcroft, Stephen (1996). 17353:. Rowman & Littlefield. 17330:Volkogonov, Dimitri (1991). 16488:Fitzpatrick, Sheila (2015). 16271:. Harvard University Press. 16007:(revised ed.). Penguin. 15458:Davies & Wheatcroft 2004 14967:Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev 12295:10.1017/CHO9781139032513.006 11126:June 1941: Hitler and Stalin 11042:10.1080/14682740312331391618 8065:Davies & Wheatcroft 2006 8049:Davies & Wheatcroft 2006 8017:Davies & Wheatcroft 2006 7985:Davies & Wheatcroft 2006 7969:Davies & Wheatcroft 2006 7877:Davies & Wheatcroft 2006 7862:Davies & Wheatcroft 2006 4614: 4565:Ioseb Besarionis dze Stalini 3560:Death, funeral and aftermath 3520:awarding Lydia Timashuk the 3396:Polish United Workers' Party 3348:Churchill observed that an " 3288:international crisis in 1946 3085:In April 1945, the Red Army 2732:, initiating the war on the 2667:merged into the Soviet Union 2559:Soviet Union in World War II 2386:as they had suspended their 2128:Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy 2072:Conservative social policies 1867:. In 1926, Stalin published 1523:repulsed the Russian advance 1441:to lead an inquiry into how 1224:. After being marked by the 1066:. Germany broke the pact by 1041:enemies of the working class 888:Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin 836:Russian Constituent Assembly 798:Central Committee of CPSU 7: 24736:Organizers of Russification 24698:Great Russification program 22101:Vladilen Niktin (1989–1990) 19285:Stalin Monument in Budapest 18952:Night of the Murdered Poets 18870:Allegations of antisemitism 18607:Engineers of the human soul 18354:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 18330:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 18030:20th Century Press Archives 17868:. BBC News. 18 April 2019. 17332:Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy 17284:. Verso Books. p. 59. 17061:Journal of Cold War Studies 16900:Nekrich, Alexander (1997). 16774:(third ed.). Pearson. 16731:Journal of Cold War Studies 16627:Khlevniuk, Oleg V. (2015). 16559:Healey, Dan (1 June 2018). 16324:The Cold War: A New History 16138:10.1080/0966813022000017177 15839:(inactive 30 August 2024). 15741:Academic books and journals 14041:. Pimlico. pp. 63–65. 4554:იოსებ ბესარიონის ძე სტალინი 4527:Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin 4526: 4379: 4323:Khrushchev denounced Stalin 4056:, taught philosophy at the 3598:, Stalin was poisoned with 3588:leeches were applied to him 3387:Federal Republic of Germany 3311:, published as a series of 2897:Marshal of the Soviet Union 2706:Premier of the Soviet Union 2651:British blockade of Germany 2345:treaty of mutual assistance 2140:League of Militant Atheists 2046:Cultural and foreign policy 1793:(known by its Russian name 1697:1924–1927: Succeeding Lenin 1560:in February 1921 it invaded 1406:1918–1921: Military command 1355:for Nationalities. He took 1214:Tiflis Theological Seminary 1180:Early life of Joseph Stalin 1039:to eliminate those deemed " 957:before joining the Marxist 828:of the Russian SFSR 821:of the Soviet Union 564:Tiflis Theological Seminary 10: 26700: 26254:Heroes of the Soviet Union 26249:Heroes of Socialist Labour 25236:Hungarian Freedom Fighters 22461:Party of Labour of Albania 21641:People's Commissar for the 21500:Military and Naval Affairs 21379:Bloc of Soviet Oppositions 21373:Union of Marxist-Leninists 19325:Stalin Bloc – For the USSR 19295:Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori 18443:Soviet atomic bomb project 17480:Twenty Letters to a Friend 17107:Roberts, Geoffrey (2022). 17088:Roberts, Geoffrey (2006). 16952:Overy, Richard J. (2004). 16919:Ra'anan, Uri, ed. (2006). 16803:10.1177/026569149502500304 16791:European History Quarterly 16370:American Historical Review 16341:Gellately, Robert (2007). 15869:Stalin: Breaker of Nations 15837:10.1007/s12129-019-09791-8 15733: 15007:Dower & Markevich 2018 12943:, pp. 435, 438, 574; 4515:Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин 4294: 4235: 4044:—and adopted another son, 3674: 3563: 3505: 3441:Sino-Soviet Treaty of 1945 3391:German Democratic Republic 3231:1947–1950: Cold War policy 3154:Central and Eastern Europe 3145: 3112:. These events led to the 2712:1941–1942: German invasion 2556: 2416:Exhumed mass grave of the 2405: 2364:Republican faction faction 2288: 2228:Kazakh famine of 1930–1933 2220:Soviet famine of 1930–1933 2217: 1886: 1689: 1282:Stalin in 1917 as a young 1266: 1177: 1100:Soviet-aligned governments 1098:amid the war, established 906:in 1953. He held power as 851:Leader of the Soviet Union 150:(as Responsible Secretary) 37:In this name that follows 36: 29: 26679:Unsolved deaths in Russia 26644:Russian political writers 26629:Russian communist writers 26619:Russian atheism activists 26289:People from Gori, Georgia 25756: 25522: 25187: 25177:The American Fighting-Man 24980: 24923: 24867: 24806: 24753:Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky 24735: 24665: 24593: 24557: 24490: 24454: 24387: 24351: 24284: 24238: 24166: 24120: 24038: 23992: 23885: 23824: 23722: 23666: 23589: 23518: 23421: 23350: 23263: 23182: 23050: 22909: 22782: 22729: 22701: 22649: 22596: 22558: 22515: 22484:Bulgarian Communist Party 22482: 22459: 22450: 22446: 22183: 22135:Prime Ministers of Russia 22120: 21954: 21863: 21744: 21715: 21697: 21660: 21640: 21601: 21562: 21551: 21496: 21406: 21312: 21277: 21237: 21122: 21115: 21049: 20956: 20793: 20784: 20742: 20714: 20671: 20659: 20592: 20519: 20396: 20263: 20254: 20247: 20135: 19982: 19975: 19946: 19903:Organisational-party Work 19828: 19797: 19708: 19653: 19644: 19604: 19573: 19490: 19351: 19333: 19305:Places named after Stalin 19290:Stalin Monument in Prague 19237: 19149: 19084: 18970: 18814:Repressions in Azerbaijan 18640: 18549: 18532:1950 legislative election 18458:1946 legislative election 18369:1937 legislative election 18281: 18230: 18221: 18201: 18143: 18134: 18117: 18112: 18102: 18089: 18081: 18071: 18054: 18046: 18041: 17389:10.1080/09668139608412415 17194:. Pen & Sword Books. 17154:10.1080/09668139608412393 17113:. Yale University Press. 17092:. Yale University Press. 17073:10.1162/15203970260209527 17044:10.1080/09668139208411994 16992:Rappaport, Helen (1999). 16973:Pinkus, Benjamin (1984). 16818:McDermott, Kevin (2006). 16770:McCauley, Martin (2003). 16743:10.1162/jcws.2009.11.2.70 16702:10.1080/09668130801999912 16544:10.1017/s0018246x00017039 16233:10.1080/09668130701291899 16189:10.1080/09668130500199392 16003:Deutscher, Isaac (1966). 15965:10.1080/09668130600652217 15887:Conquest, Robert (2008). 15866:Conquest, Robert (1991). 15771:. Frank Cass Publishers. 15752:. Ohio University Press. 15498:Rogovin, Vadim Z (2021). 15361:. Routledge. p. 49. 14282:Bazhanov & Doyle 1990 14158:. Routledge. p. 35. 13994:, pp. 437, 522–523; 13315:Bazhanov & Doyle 1990 13266:, pp. 424, 465, 597. 11575:Yegorov, 15 December 2017 7601:, pp. 211, 276–277; 6307:. Routledge. p. 60. 6145:Bazhanov & Doyle 1990 4684:, pp. 227–228, 229; 4591: 4581: 4553: 4514: 4226:bureaucratic collectivism 4067: 4032:Stalin's second wife was 3783: 3778: 3411:within the Eastern Bloc. 3077:and Joseph Stalin at the 3034:collective responsibility 2760:Leningrad was under siege 2457:and the Central Committee 2437:became head of the NKVD. 2213: 1453:for his wartime service. 1088:annexed the Baltic states 1068:invading the Soviet Union 1064:Soviet invasion of Poland 1019:, creating a centralised 955:Tiflis Spiritual Seminary 881: 848: 834:1917–1918: Member of the 744: 702: 674: 663: 652: 644: 634: 613: 608: 591: 579: 569: 557: 536: 504: 445: 422: 409: 386: 369: 357:6 December] 1878 345: 340: 336: 324: 312: 302: 291: 284: 274: 262: 252: 241: 234: 222: 212: 188: 177: 170: 155: 140: 129: 122: 118: 102: 91: 82: 76: 64: 26664:Soviet Georgian generals 26234:Great Purge perpetrators 26154:Anti-Ukrainian sentiment 25894:: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. 22703:Romanian Communist Party 19893:Light- and Food Industry 19126:Soviet Nonconformist Art 19042:1936 Soviet Constitution 18695:Soviet famine of 1932–33 18655:1907 Tiflis bank robbery 18627:Transformation of nature 18612:1936 Soviet Constitution 18572:Socialism in One Country 18411:German–Soviet Axis talks 18113:Party political offices 17945: 17912: 17349:Wettig, Gerhard (2008). 17323:19 November 2020 at the 17259:Snyder, Timothy (2010). 17240:Service, Robert (2004). 17221:Service, Robert (2000). 16667:Kotkin, Stephen (2017). 16646:Kotkin, Stephen (2014). 16322:Gaddis, John L. (2005). 16168:Ellman, Michael (2005). 16117:Ellman, Michael (2002). 15906:Davies, Norman (2003) . 15790:. Frank Cass Publishers. 15786:Brackman, Roman (2004). 15767:Brackman, Roman (2001). 14613:, pp. 257, 259–260. 10850:, pp. 611, 618–620. 9337:, pp. 199–200, 202. 8929:, pp. 232–233, 236. 8905:, pp. 163, 168–169. 8769:, pp. 125, 156–157. 8753:, pp. 153, 156–157. 8693:, pp. 137–138, 147. 6502:, pp. 214–215, 217. 6444:Fainsod & Hough 1979 6075:, pp. 99–100, 103; 5010:, pp. 258–259, 265. 3986:Relationships and family 3602:, most likely by Beria. 3516:20 January 1953. Soviet 3492:Jewish Autonomous Region 3225:famine from 1946 to 1947 2730:invaded the Soviet Union 2579:Gestapo-NKVD Conferences 2567:German-Soviet Axis talks 2376:Second Sino-Japanese War 2337:Night of the Long Knives 2318:Republican People's Army 2279:Soviet industrialization 2237:Soviet famine of 1930–33 1873:socialism in one country 1869:On Questions of Leninism 1588:Georgian Communist Party 1369:Finnish Social Democrats 1347:Having left his role as 1001:socialism in one country 894:; 18 December [ 790:1912–1953: Full member, 779:1920–1952: Full member, 768:1922–1953: Full member, 753:1917–1953: Full member, 26674:Time Person of the Year 26649:Russian revolutionaries 26624:Russian communist poets 26579:Politicide perpetrators 26149:Anti-Romanian sentiment 25392:The Apollo 8 Astronauts 23123:Panteleimon Ponomarenko 23002:Panteleimon Ponomarenko 21498:People's Commissars for 19250:Iosif Stalin locomotive 18993:Foundations of Leninism 18979:Anarchism or Socialism? 18860:Hitler Youth Conspiracy 18727:NKVD prisoner massacres 18379:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 18268:Death and state funeral 17772:"Springtime for Stalin" 17654:. Pew Research Center. 16513:Oxford University Press 15486:Snyder, 27 January 2011 15444:, pp. 1334, 1348; 15003:Cheremukhin et al. 2013 14035:Pipes, Richard (1998). 4331:Kremlin Wall Necropolis 3746:Foundations of Leninism 3414: 3286:refused, leading to an 3069:British Prime Minister 2840:Russian Orthodox Church 2738:State Defense Committee 2658:Soviets invaded Finland 2627:Molotov–Ribbentrop pact 2384:Chinese Communist Party 2209:1932–1939: Major crises 2091:1931 demolition of the 1908:— Stalin, February 1931 1743:Foundations of Leninism 1562:the Menshevik-governed 1552:Order of the Red Banner 1458:Communist International 1451:Order of the Red Banner 1400:Russian Communist Party 1392:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1056:Molotov-Ribbentrop pact 1050:and supported European 1048:Communist International 1017:rapid industrialisation 819:State Defense Committee 400:Kremlin Wall Necropolis 32:Stalin (disambiguation) 26299:People of the Cold War 25351:Martin Luther King Jr. 24666:By annexed territories 22711:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 22434:Leaders of the ruling 19798:Decision-making bodies 19458:(second father-in-law) 18712:Murder of Sergey Kirov 18587:Stalinist architecture 18473:Turkish Straits crisis 17999:Stalin digital archive 17278:Suny, Ronald (2020b). 16826:. Palgrave Macmillan. 16579:10.1093/ahr/123.3.1049 16532:The Historical Journal 16507:Harris, James (2017). 16440:Glantz, David (2001). 16413:Glantz, David (1983). 15929:. Palgrave Macmillan. 15814:Bullock, Alan (1992). 14113:Trotsky, Leon (1991). 6103:, pp. 53, 79–82; 4348: 4263: 4190:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 4185: 4176:A contingent from the 4137: 4089: 4021: 3934: 3886: 3865:; in 1936, he had the 3833: 3739:Stalin adhered to the 3736: 3727:A statue of Stalin in 3697: 3575: 3525: 3502:1950–1953: Final years 3431: 3337: 3255: 3189: 3082: 2989: 2924: 2892:Konstantin Rokossovski 2862:, to be replaced with 2834: 2728:In June 1941, Germany 2725: 2635:Germany invaded Poland 2631:Joachim von Ribbentrop 2614: 2611:Joachim von Ribbentrop 2594:part of Czechoslovakia 2486: 2452: 2420: 2368:International Brigades 2324: 2239: 2099: 2060:Industrial Party Trial 2017:White Sea–Baltic Canal 1956: 1955:to encourage hard work 1905: 1823: 1721: 1686:Consolidation of power 1638: 1555: 1485: 1388:proletarian revolution 1344: 1286: 1274:1917–18: Rise to power 1189: 1118:and a state-sponsored 1084:World War II in Europe 1003:became central to the 953:, Stalin attended the 910:from 1922 to 1952 and 776:Secretariat of CPSU 353:18 December [ 26224:Genocide perpetrators 26134:Anti-Polish sentiment 26129:Anti-Korean sentiment 26114:20th-century atheists 25808:The Good Samaritans: 25105:Franklin D. Roosevelt 25045:Franklin D. Roosevelt 25029:Franklin D. Roosevelt 24829:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud 23398:Grigory Ordzhonikidze 23291:Alexander Shcherbakov 22651:Polish Workers' Party 22125:First Deputy Premiers 21716:Ministers of the Navy 19962:Bolshevik / Kommunist 19923:Science and Education 19838:Administrative Organs 19805:Politburo / Presidium 19479:William Wesley Peters 19024:Falsifiers of History 18947:Rootless cosmopolitan 18253:Rule as Soviet leader 18129:Responsible Secretary 17171:10.4324/9780203500279 17161:Sandle, Mark (1999). 17013:Stalin: A New History 15690:Lentine, 25 June 2022 15686:Nemtsova, 17 May 2021 15674:Rutland, 13 June 2019 15432:, pp. 1159–1160. 15396:, pp. 1162–1163. 15329:, pp. 1163–1164. 14774:In the Mind of Stalin 13230:, pp. 193, 274; 11124:Lukacs, John (2006). 10082:, pp. 461, 469; 10078:, pp. 244, 251; 9480:, pp. 421, 424; 9261:, pp. 341, 343; 8626:, pp. 351, 390; 7715:, pp. 261, 383; 7557:, pp. 111, 127; 6892:, pp. 144, 146; 6749:, pp. 277, 280; 6681:, pp. 139, 151; 6653:, pp. 614, 618; 6633:, pp. 137, 138; 6039:, pp. 477, 478; 5503:, pp. 180, 182; 5157:, pp. 305, 307; 4633:. Orion. p. 15. 4339: 4319:Party's 20th Congress 4276:Stephen G. Wheatcroft 4257: 4175: 4128: 4075: 4016: 3932: 3884: 3816: 3726: 3688: 3675:Further information: 3625:collective leadership 3573: 3515: 3422: 3331: 3308:Falsifiers of History 3238: 3183: 3091:Hitler killed himself 3068: 2983: 2955:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2953:, and U.S. President 2913:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2910: 2864:a more patriotic song 2828: 2724:around Moscow in 1941 2719: 2696:with Japan. Although 2608: 2474: 2465:collective leadership 2443: 2415: 2315: 2235: 2218:Further information: 2160:Palace of the Soviets 2097:Palace of the Soviets 2090: 2028:Stakhanovite movement 1969:collective farms and 1953:Stakhanovite movement 1947: 1898: 1887:Further information: 1809: 1768:Vyacheslav Menzhinsky 1704: 1633: 1576:bourgeois nationalism 1549: 1483: 1361:Decree on Nationality 1339: 1281: 1263:In Lenin's government 1231:He became one of the 1187: 1146:" of Soviet society. 1132:collective punishment 993:Lenin's death in 1924 967:and raised funds for 916:collective leadership 817:1941–1945: Chairman, 709:Joseph Stalin's voice 645:Years of service 402:, Moscow (since 1961) 26124:Anti-Asian sentiment 25925:The Silence Breakers 25792:The American Soldier 25773:The Whistleblowers: 25631:The Endangered Earth 25413:The Middle Americans 25367:William Westmoreland 25260:Dwight D. Eisenhower 25129:Dwight D. Eisenhower 24890:Lithuanian press ban 24793:Alexander Lukashenko 22769:Konstantin Chernenko 21812:Yevgeny Shaposhnikov 21746:Ministers of Defence 21707:Aleksandr Vasilevsky 21686:Aleksandr Vasilevsky 21486:Ministers of Defence 20813:3rd (Apr.–Dec. 1905) 20529:7th (Jan.–Mar. 1919) 19772:Konstantin Chernenko 19693:Konstantin Chernenko 19500:Stalin's house, Gori 19431:Yevgeny Dzhugashvili 19359:Besarion Jughashvili 19300:Batumi Stalin Museum 19211:Nineteen Eighty-Four 18962:Censorship of images 18641:Crimes, repressions, 18344:1931 Menshevik Trial 18325:First five-year plan 17311:Suny, R. G. (2020). 16772:Stalin and Stalinism 16110:10.1093/cje/24.5.603 16066:10.1162/REST_a_00726 15553:, pp. 577–579; 14665:, pp. 250, 259. 14522:, pp. 298, 300. 14447:, pp. 150–151; 13946:, pp. 58, 507; 13866:, pp. 117, 676. 13790:, pp. 127, 148. 13612:, pp. 10, 344; 13047:, pp. 102, 227. 12320:, pp. 120–121; 11958:, pp. 311–312; 11929:, pp. 142, 191. 11925:, pp. 582–584; 11921:, pp. 571–572; 11561:, pp. 555–556; 11394:, pp. 512, 513. 11285:, pp. 286–287; 11179:, pp. 548–549; 10806:, pp. 534–535; 10766:, pp. 531–532; 10271:, pp. 471–472; 10239:, pp. 465–466; 10114:, pp. 464–465; 10090:, pp. 223, 229. 9658:, pp. 442–443; 9560:, pp. 241–242; 9524:, pp. 239–240; 9448:, pp. 248–249; 9349:, pp. 414–415; 9309:, pp. 410–411; 9161:, pp. 404–405; 9061:, pp. 402–403; 8985:, pp. 168, 169. 8901:, pp. 392–393; 8885:, pp. 220–221; 8765:, pp. 347–248; 8729:, pp. 151, 159. 8606:, pp. 350–351; 8602:, pp. 203–204; 8574:, pp. 141, 150. 8463:, pp. 192–193; 8383:, pp. 128, 137. 8363:, pp. 126–127; 8305:, pp. 387, 389. 8253:, pp. 682–683; 8229:, pp. 123, 135. 8114:, pp. 552–443; 8019:, pp. 627–628; 7983:, pp. 823–824; 7971:, pp. 628, 631. 7807:, pp. 292, 294. 7707:, pp. 410–411; 7521:, pp. 244, 246. 7431:, pp. 152–155; 7399:, pp. 152–153; 7339:, pp. 186, 190. 7274:, pp. 227, 229. 7066:, pp. 265–266; 6944:, pp. 257–258; 6940:, pp. 147–148; 6872:, pp. 172–173; 6693:, pp. 676–677; 6685:, pp. 282–283; 6593:, pp. 240–243; 6287:, pp. 546–548; 6283:, pp. 222–224; 6259:, pp. 222–224; 6239:, pp. 117–118; 6235:, pp. 111–112; 6107:, pp. 208–209; 6099:, pp. 100–101; 6083:, pp. 210–211; 6015:, pp. 475–476; 5932:, pp. 191–192; 5892:, pp. 191–192; 5809:, pp. 189–190; 5718:, pp. 203–205; 5702:, pp. 194–195; 5686:, pp. 194–196; 5658:, pp. 199–200; 5591:, pp. 184–185; 5563:, pp. 183–185; 5373:, pp. 203, 190. 5274:, pp. 173, 174. 5066:, pp. 300–301; 4990:, pp. 159–160; 4974:, pp. 158–161; 4954:, pp. 150–151; 4680:, pp. 147–148; 4131:Joseph Stalin Museum 4088:, East Germany, 1951 3703:Georgian nationalist 3584:cerebral haemorrhage 3582:. He had suffered a 3253:Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal 3184:Banner of Stalin in 3032:. Using the idea of 2945:magazine named him " 2888:Battle of Stalingrad 2772:two months of battle 2663:interim peace treaty 2613:in the Kremlin, 1939 2450:Bykivnia mass graves 2444:Victims of Stalin's 2084:women's department. 2054:in the USSR was the 2009:first five-year plan 1963:, establishing both 1778:, in February 1926. 1680:collegial leadership 1572:autonomous republics 1527:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 1516:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 1194:Besarion Jughashvili 840:Petrograd Metropolis 765:Presidium of CPSU 544:Besarion Jughashvili 396:, Moscow (1953–1961) 165:(as First Secretary) 26189:Communism in Russia 25990:Volodymyr Zelenskyy 24974:Persons of the Year 23938:Sergo Ordzhonikidze 23576:Sergo Ordzhonikidze 23281:Nikolai Voznesensky 23245:Nikolai Voznesensky 22972:Vyacheslav Malyshev 22693:Mieczysław Rakowski 22688:Wojciech Jaruzelski 21331:Workers' Opposition 20958:Auditing Commission 20248:Leadership sittings 19710:General Secretaries 19492:Stalin's residences 19439:Galina Dzhugashvili 19423:Svetlana Alliluyeva 19407:Nadezhda Alliluyeva 19334:Cultural depictions 19176:Anti-Stalinist left 19131:Shvernik Commission 19099:Pospelov Commission 18875:Population transfer 18850:1941 Red Army purge 18824:Suppressed research 18478:First Indochina War 18421:Great Patriotic War 18399:Moscow Peace Treaty 18263:Cult of personality 17826:The Washington Post 17631:The Daily Telegraph 17519: • 17499: • 17476:Allilueva, Svetlana 17377:Europe-Asia Studies 17242:Stalin: A Biography 17142:Europe-Asia Studies 16925:. Lexington Books. 16725:Li, Hua-yu (2009). 16690:Europe-Asia Studies 16221:Europe-Asia Studies 16177:Europe-Asia Studies 16126:Europe-Asia Studies 15953:Europe-Asia Studies 15652:, pp. 596–597. 15305:, pp. 265–266. 14749:, pp. 365–366. 14689:, pp. 142–144. 14633:, pp. 9, 227; 14510:, pp. 292–293. 12971:, pp. 497–498. 12613:, pp. 179–180. 12534:, pp. 10, 699. 12197:, pp. 586–587. 12006:, pp. 313–314. 11905:, pp. 305–306. 11865:, pp. 566–567. 11849:, pp. 564–565. 11820:, pp. 304–305. 11780:, pp. 307–308. 11665:, pp. 576–577. 11653:, pp. 308–309. 11637:, pp. 384–385. 11549:, pp. 295–296. 11518:, pp. 294–295. 11466:, pp. 287–291. 10893:, pp. 502–503. 10822:, pp. 300–301. 10770:, pp. 272–273. 10710:, pp. 274–278. 10642:, pp. 482–483. 10550:, pp. 543–544. 10514:, pp. 480–481. 10422:, pp. 274–275. 10378:, pp. 248–249. 10318:, pp. 479–480. 10243:, pp. 241–244. 10227:, pp. 465–466. 10183:, pp. 232–233. 10146:, pp. 199–201. 10130:, pp. 194–195. 10102:, pp. 186–187. 10039:, pp. 229–230. 9761:, pp. 117–118. 9749:, pp. 221–222. 9713:, pp. 446–447. 9662:, pp. 242–243. 9456:, pp. 214–215. 9393:, pp. 201–202. 9353:, pp. 206–207. 9113:, pp. 172–173. 8941:, pp. 399–400. 8917:, pp. 185–186. 8889:, pp. 380–381. 8861:, pp. 1–5, 16. 8590:, pp. 150–151. 8487:, pp. 176–177. 8451:, pp. 139–140. 8419:, pp. 314–317. 8371:, pp. 128–129. 7803:, pp. 94, 95; 7791:, pp. 291–292. 7665:, pp. 183–184. 7589:, pp. 302–303. 7407:, pp. 107–108. 7363:, pp. 241–242. 7351:, pp. 231–233. 7194:, pp. 113–114. 7070:, pp. 110–111. 6952:, pp. 102–103. 6880:, pp. 638–639. 6737:, pp. 277–278. 6402:, pp. 495–496. 6199:, pp. 542–543. 5706:, pp. 479–481. 5619:, pp. 396–397. 5567:, pp. 376–377. 5547:, pp. 364–365. 5448:, pp. 176–177. 5416:, pp. 352–354. 5113:, pp. 78, 82; 5101:, pp. 302–303. 5038:, pp. 268–270. 4958:, pp. 259–264. 4343:activists from the 4327:22nd Party Congress 4034:Nadezhda Alliluyeva 3948:Catherine the Great 3857:. In 1934, his new 3759:Russian imperialism 3498:, eastern Siberia. 3300:Svetlana Alliluyeva 3169:published Stalin's 3118:occupation of Japan 2994:Operation Bagration 2984:Soviet soldiers in 2852:Dmitri Shostakovich 2571:1941 Red Army Purge 2503:national operations 2477:Engelsina Markizova 2382:. Stalin aided the 2380:non-aggression pact 2372:Nationalist faction 2341:liberal democracies 2171:George Bernard Shaw 2104:cultural revolution 2068:Metro-Vickers Trial 1853:Sergo Ordzhonikidze 1828:14th Party Congress 1816:Sergo Ordzhonikidze 1748:13th Party Congress 1738:Sverdlov University 1624:11th Party Congress 1620:New Economic Policy 1378:Due to the ongoing 1357:Nadezhda Alliluyeva 1249:February Revolution 1142:and initiated the " 1037:forced labour camps 732:German capitulation 668:Soviet Armed Forces 528:Svetlana Alliluyeva 482:Nadezhda Alliluyeva 196:Nikolai Voznesensky 26634:Russian communists 25555:Ayatollah Khomeini 25220:John Foster Dulles 24693:February Manifesto 24683:Bessarabia/Moldova 24570:Nikolay Krestinsky 24467:Nikolay Krestinsky 24405:Vyacheslav Molotov 24302:Vyacheslav Molotov 24184:Vyacheslav Molotov 24066:Grigori Sokolnikov 24056:Vyacheslav Molotov 23852:Vyacheslav Molotov 23837:Kliment Voroshilov 23694:Vyacheslav Molotov 23689:Valerian Kuybyshev 23679:Kliment Voroshilov 23556:Vyacheslav Molotov 23551:Valerian Kuybyshev 23526:Kliment Voroshilov 23393:Vyacheslav Molotov 23388:Valerian Kuybyshev 23363:Kliment Voroshilov 23220:Vyacheslav Molotov 23195:Kliment Voroshilov 23113:Mir Jafar Baghirov 23088:Nikolai Patolichev 22992:Vyacheslav Molotov 22952:Demyan Korotchenko 22937:Kliment Voroshilov 22817:Dragoslav Marković 22721:Nicolae Ceaușescu 21574:Kliment Voroshilov 21542:Kliment Voroshilov 21116:Wider organisation 21051:Control Commission 20664:Control Commission 19820:Control Commission 19742:Vyacheslav Molotov 19736:Nikolay Krestinsky 19463:Alexander Svanidze 19391:Konstantin Kuzakov 19383:Yakov Dzhugashvili 19342:Apocalypse: Stalin 19315:Stalin Peace Prize 19310:State Stalin Prize 19013:"Ten Blows" speech 19000:Dizzy with Success 18910:Operation "Priboi" 18890:Operation "Lentil" 18843:1937 Soviet Census 18522:Sino-Soviet Treaty 18436:Potsdam Conference 18389:Invasion of Poland 18121:Vyacheslav Molotov 18050:Vyacheslav Molotov 18042:Political offices 17782:on 24 October 2012 17522:"[online]" 17502:"[online]" 17223:Lenin: A Biography 16600:The Russian Review 15825:Academic Questions 15818:. Alfred A. Knopf. 13826:, pp. 1–2, 5. 13584:, pp. 4, 344. 13127:, pp. 66–67; 13099:, pp. 57–58; 13023:, pp. 35, 60. 12967:, pp. 36–37; 12883:, pp. xx–xxi. 12046:The New York Times 9165:, pp. 20–21; 9025:, pp. 57–78; 9001:, pp. 57–78; 7912:, pp. 19–20; 6689:, pp. 11–12; 6279:, pp. 93–94; 6079:, pp. 72–74; 6031:, pp. 98–99; 5805:, pp. 78–70; 5221:, pp. 83–84; 5173:, pp. 78–79; 4700:, pp. 28–29; 4601:October Revolution 4463:first among equals 4349: 4264: 4186: 4138: 4090: 4062:Alexander Svanidze 4054:Konstantin Kuzakov 4022: 4000:Ekaterina Svanidze 3935: 3909:Vladimir Bekhterev 3887: 3834: 3737: 3698: 3671:Political ideology 3645:Kliment Voroshilov 3641:Vyacheslav Molotov 3576: 3526: 3432: 3429:Sino-Soviet Treaty 3338: 3256: 3190: 3166:celebratory parade 3125:Potsdam Conference 3114:Japanese surrender 3104:, the Soviet army 3083: 3079:Potsdam Conference 2990: 2925: 2856:The Internationale 2835: 2812:Geneva Conventions 2726: 2722:anti-tank trenches 2649:, undermining the 2623:Vyacheslav Molotov 2615: 2487: 2453: 2421: 2418:Vinnitsia massacre 2325: 2240: 2181:, whom he called " 2102:Stalin desired a " 2100: 1957: 1845:Vyacheslav Molotov 1841:head of government 1824: 1722: 1656:Grigori Sokolnikov 1556: 1550:Stalin wearing an 1486: 1447:8th Party Congress 1420:Kliment Voroshilov 1353:People's Commissar 1345: 1287: 1284:People's Commissar 1245:Russian Revolution 1190: 1140:denounced his rule 997:assumed leadership 985:October Revolution 977:protection rackets 926:interpretation of 812:Other offices held 787:Orgburo of CPSU 512:Yakov Dzhugashvili 457:Ekaterine Svanidze 438:faction from 1903) 319:Office established 218:Vyacheslav Molotov 200:Vyacheslav Molotov 147:Vyacheslav Molotov 26144:Anti-revisionists 26061:Georgia (country) 26018: 26017: 26012: 26011: 25994:Spirit of Ukraine 25694:Pope John Paul II 25671:The Peacemakers: 25647:George H. W. Bush 25639:Mikhail Gorbachev 25623:Mikhail Gorbachev 25467:Susan Brownmiller 25383:Lyndon B. Johnson 25359:Lyndon B. Johnson 25268:U.S. Scientists: 25252:Charles de Gaulle 25244:Nikita Khrushchev 25196:Mohammed Mosaddeq 25169:Winston Churchill 25097:Winston Churchill 24989:Charles Lindbergh 24937: 24936: 24814:Kastus Kalinouski 24783:Nikita Khrushchev 24624: 24623: 24594:Candidate members 24516: 24515: 24491:Candidate members 24413: 24412: 24388:Candidate members 24310: 24309: 24285:Candidate members 24197: 24196: 24167:Candidate members 24079: 24078: 24046:Felix Dzerzhinsky 24039:Candidate members 23951: 23950: 23903:Grigory Petrovsky 23893:Felix Dzerzhinsky 23886:Candidate members 23783: 23782: 23755:Grigory Petrovsky 23723:Candidate members 23625: 23624: 23607:Grigory Petrovsky 23590:Candidate members 23477: 23476: 23469:Nikita Khrushchev 23434:Grigory Petrovsky 23422:Candidate members 23309: 23308: 23264:Candidate members 23230:Nikita Khrushchev 23141: 23140: 23133:Alexei Kirichenko 23098:Alexander Puzanov 23051:Candidate members 23042:Alexei Kirichenko 23037:Matvei Shkiryatov 23022:Nikita Khrushchev 22997:Mikhail Pervukhin 22987:Nikolai Mikhailov 22868: 22867: 22864: 22863: 22859: 22858: 22855: 22854: 22774:Mikhail Gorbachev 22754:Nikita Khrushchev 22673:Władysław Gomułka 22643: 22642: 22436:Communist parties 22401: 22400: 22143: 22142: 21823: 21822: 21772:Rodion Malinovsky 21733:Nikolai Kuznetsov 21629:Nikolai Kuznetsov 21621:Mikhail Frinovsky 21582:Semyon Timoshenko 21518:Nikolai Podvoisky 21452: 21451: 21361:United Opposition 21308: 21307: 21273: 21272: 21233: 21232: 21111: 21110: 21107: 21106: 20795:Central Committee 20780: 20779: 20655: 20654: 20594:Control Committee 20257:Central Committee 20243: 20242: 19976:National meetings 19971: 19970: 19848:Chemical Industry 19778:Mikhail Gorbachev 19754:Nikita Khrushchev 19699:Mikhail Gorbachev 19675:Nikita Khrushchev 19646:Central Committee 19591: 19590: 19548:Kholodnaya Rechka 19245:Iosif Stalin tank 19166:Lenin's Testament 19141:Era of Stagnation 18942:Mingrelian Affair 18920:Forced settlement 18905:Operation "North" 18865:Soviet war crimes 18643:and controversies 18582:Socialist realism 18545: 18544: 18527:Tito–Stalin split 18426:Tehran Conference 18349:Spanish Civil War 18320:Chinese Civil War 18162: 18161: 18147:Nikita Khrushchev 18144:Succeeded by 18103:Succeeded by 18085:Semyon Timoshenko 18072:Succeeded by 17918:Ukrayinska Pravda 17677:The New Statesman 17360:978-0-7425-5542-6 17341:978-0-2978-1080-3 17291:978-1-7887-3074-7 17270:978-1-4070-7550-1 17263:. Vintage Books. 17251:978-0-3337-2627-3 17232:978-0-3337-2625-9 17201:978-1-5267-0205-0 17180:978-1-8572-8355-6 17120:978-0-3001-7904-0 17099:978-0-3001-5040-7 17022:978-1-1394-4663-1 17003:978-1-5760-7084-0 16984:978-0-5212-4713-9 16965:978-0-3930-2030-4 16932:978-0-7391-1403-2 16871:978-0-2978-5068-7 16852:978-1-8421-2726-1 16833:978-0-3337-1122-4 16781:978-0-5825-0587-2 16680:978-0-7139-9945-7 16659:978-0-7139-9944-0 16638:978-0-3001-6388-9 16522:978-0-1987-9786-9 16499:978-1-4008-7421-7 16352:978-0-2240-6283-1 16345:. Jonathan Cape. 16333:978-0-1430-3827-6 16326:. Penguin Press. 16302:978-0-7556-1845-3 16278:978-0-6744-1030-5 16025:978-9-0043-9513-8 15936:978-0-2302-3855-8 15917:978-0-7126-0694-3 15898:978-0-1953-1699-5 15879:978-0-1401-6953-9 15806:978-0-0620-1367-5 15799:. HarperCollins. 15778:978-0-7146-5050-0 15759:978-0-5850-7670-6 15509:978-1-8936-3896-9 15368:978-1-3178-6369-4 14977:978-0-2710-2861-3 14950:978-0-9290-8777-1 14784:978-1-3990-6361-6 14395:978-0-0603-9027-3 14204:978-0-5213-1198-4 14165:978-1-3178-6369-4 14126:978-0-9290-8748-1 14087:978-0-1995-5154-5 14048:978-0-7126-7362-4 13710:978-1-7830-8057-1 13433:, pp. 12–13. 13417:978-1-8936-3897-6 13340:978-0-2533-1604-2 12923:, pp. 13–14. 12775:, pp. 66–67. 12763:, pp. 94–97. 12649:, pp. 93–94. 12490:, pp. 93–94. 12304:978-1-1390-3251-3 11151:, pp. 96–98. 10437:, pp. 90–91. 6753:, pp. 12–13. 6597:, pp. 82–83. 6314:978-1-3178-6780-7 6087:, pp. 70–71. 6019:, pp. 68–69. 5980:, pp. 71–72. 5960:, pp. 69–70. 5161:, pp. 56–57. 4640:978-0-2978-6384-7 4524: 4402:Explanatory notes 4358:Mikhail Gorbachev 4284:Timothy D. Snyder 4272:mass deportations 4210:Mikhail Gorbachev 4163:Dmitri Volkogonov 4080:of Stalin at the 4027:Alexander Davydov 3940:Ivan the Terrible 3867:Kholodnaya Rechka 3832:in the mid-1930s. 3795: 3794: 3649:Nikita Khrushchev 3612:Lenin's Mausoleum 3540:Mingrelian affair 3460:North Korean Army 3382:blockading Berlin 3366:Balkan Federation 3214:Nikita Khrushchev 3195:Decembrist Revolt 3108:and defeated the 3073:, U.S. President 3028:—were accused of 2951:Winston Churchill 2921:Tehran Conference 2917:Winston Churchill 2844:Patriarch Sergius 2810:set forth in the 2694:a neutrality pact 2647:continued trading 2360:Spanish Civil War 2355:against fascism. 2329:League of Nations 2322:Spanish Civil War 2249:German chancellor 2136:pseudo-scientific 2124:Mikhail Sholokhov 2116:Socialist realism 2040:new Soviet person 2032:Wall Street crash 1939:Dmitri Volkogonov 1833:United Opposition 1760:Felix Dzerzhinsky 1672:Lenin's Testament 1628:General Secretary 1614:, in March 1921. 1494:Polish–Soviet War 1443:Alexander Kolchak 1412:Russian Civil War 1367:to meet with the 1136:Nikita Khrushchev 1025:famine of 1930–33 885: 884: 735:Recorded May 1945 725: 687:Polish–Soviet War 682:Russian Civil War 549:Ekaterine Geladze 394:Lenin's Mausoleum 269:Semyon Timoshenko 162:Nikita Khrushchev 111:Tehran Conference 16:(Redirected from 26691: 26279:Marxism–Leninism 26184:Comintern people 26071: 26070: 26069: 26059: 26058: 26057: 26047: 26046: 26045: 26035: 26034: 26033: 26026: 26005: 25997: 25985: 25977: 25965: 25957: 25955: 25928: 25920: 25912: 25904: 25902: 25886: 25878: 25870: 25862: 25854: 25846: 25838: 25830: 25822: 25820: 25803: 25795: 25787: 25785: 25768: 25765:Rudolph Giuliani 25749: 25741: 25733: 25721: 25713: 25705: 25697: 25689: 25687: 25666: 25658: 25650: 25642: 25634: 25626: 25618: 25610: 25602: 25594: 25582: 25574: 25566: 25558: 25550: 25542: 25534: 25515: 25513: 25499:Billie Jean King 25465:American Women: 25460: 25452: 25444: 25432: 25424: 25416: 25408: 25406: 25386: 25378: 25370: 25362: 25354: 25346: 25338: 25330: 25328: 25310:William Shockley 25286:Joshua Lederberg 25282:Donald A. Glaser 25263: 25255: 25247: 25239: 25231: 25223: 25215: 25207: 25199: 25180: 25172: 25164: 25156: 25148: 25140: 25132: 25124: 25116: 25108: 25100: 25092: 25084: 25076: 25064: 25056: 25048: 25040: 25032: 25024: 25016: 25008: 25000: 24992: 24964: 24957: 24950: 24941: 24940: 24929: 24928: 24773:Nikolay Bobrikov 24651: 24644: 24637: 24628: 24627: 24606:Grigory Zinoviev 24601:Nikolai Bukharin 24543: 24536: 24529: 24520: 24519: 24503:Grigory Zinoviev 24498:Nikolai Bukharin 24440: 24433: 24426: 24417: 24416: 24395:Nikolai Bukharin 24359:Grigory Zinoviev 24337: 24330: 24323: 24314: 24313: 24292:Nikolai Bukharin 24246:Grigory Zinoviev 24224: 24217: 24210: 24201: 24200: 24174:Nikolai Bukharin 24128:Grigory Zinoviev 24106: 24099: 24092: 24083: 24082: 24005:Grigory Zinoviev 24000:Nikolai Bukharin 23978: 23971: 23964: 23955: 23954: 23923:Lazar Kaganovich 23842:Grigory Zinoviev 23832:Nikolai Bukharin 23810: 23803: 23796: 23787: 23786: 23745:Stanislav Kosior 23735:Lazar Kaganovich 23674:Nikolai Bukharin 23652: 23645: 23638: 23629: 23628: 23546:Stanislav Kosior 23531:Lazar Kaganovich 23504: 23497: 23490: 23481: 23480: 23383:Stanislav Kosior 23368:Lazar Kaganovich 23336: 23329: 23322: 23313: 23312: 23296:Nikolai Bulganin 23276:Nikolai Shvernik 23250:Nikolai Bulganin 23205:Lazar Kaganovich 23168: 23161: 23154: 23145: 23144: 23128:Nikolai Shvernik 23063:Andrey Vyshinsky 23032:Nikolai Shvernik 23027:Dmitry Chesnokov 22957:Vasili Kuznetsov 22947:Lazar Kaganovich 22932:Nikolai Bulganin 22917:Vasily Andrianov 22895: 22888: 22881: 22872: 22871: 22832:Milanko Renovica 22807:Dušan Dragosavac 22797:Stevan Doronjski 22716:Gheorghe Apostol 22647: 22646: 22535:Alexander Dubček 22525:Klement Gottwald 22497:Valko Chervenkov 22457: 22456: 22453: 22452: 22448: 22447: 22428: 22421: 22414: 22405: 22404: 22170: 22163: 22156: 22147: 22146: 22113:(Jan.–Nov. 1991) 22107:(Jan.–Nov. 1991) 21990:(Mar.–June 1953) 21947:(Aug.–Dec. 1991) 21933:(Jan.–Aug. 1991) 21850: 21843: 21836: 21827: 21826: 21816: 21808: 21800: 21792: 21784: 21776: 21768: 21760: 21756:Nikolai Bulganin 21737: 21729: 21690: 21682: 21678:Nikolai Bulganin 21674: 21633: 21625: 21617: 21594: 21586: 21578: 21557: 21556: 21546: 21538: 21530: 21522: 21514: 21479: 21472: 21465: 21456: 21455: 21385:Anti-Party Group 21355:Right Opposition 21275: 21274: 21235: 21234: 21123:Republican-level 21120: 21119: 20791: 20790: 20669: 20668: 20261: 20260: 20252: 20251: 20195:11th (Dec. 1921) 19980: 19979: 19898:Machine Industry 19863:Defence Industry 19784:Vladimir Ivashko 19732:(Mar.–Dec. 1919) 19651: 19650: 19631: 19624: 19617: 19608: 19607: 19595: 19594: 19581: 19580: 19483: 19475: 19467: 19466:(brother-in-law) 19459: 19455:Sergei Alliluyev 19451: 19447:Joseph Alliluyev 19443: 19435: 19427: 19419: 19411: 19403: 19395: 19387: 19379: 19371: 19363: 19265:Pantheon, Moscow 19223:The Soviet Story 19197:Darkness at Noon 19086:De-Stalinization 18937:Leningrad Affair 18670:Decossackization 18468:1946 Iran crisis 18431:Yalta Conference 18303:Collectivization 18228: 18227: 18188: 18181: 18174: 18165: 18164: 18157: 18131: 18118:Preceded by 18106:Nikolai Bulganin 18097: 18082:Preceded by 18066: 18047:Preceded by 18039: 18038: 17984:and "volume 14") 17968: 17966: 17964: 17958: 17943: 17933: 17931: 17929: 17906: 17904: 17902: 17881: 17879: 17877: 17861: 17859: 17857: 17841: 17839: 17837: 17816: 17814: 17812: 17791: 17789: 17787: 17778:. Archived from 17766: 17764: 17762: 17741: 17739: 17737: 17728:. 2 March 2013. 17726:The Moscow Times 17717: 17715: 17713: 17692: 17690: 17688: 17667: 17665: 17663: 17646: 17644: 17642: 17621: 17619: 17617: 17606:Atlantic Council 17596: 17579: 17577: 17575: 17558: 17556: 17554: 17537: 17535: 17533: 17517: 17515: 17513: 17497: 17492: 17462: 17415: 17413: 17411: 17405: 17383:(8): 1319–1353. 17374: 17364: 17345: 17316: 17307: 17305: 17303: 17281:Red Flag Wounded 17274: 17255: 17236: 17217: 17215: 17213: 17184: 17157: 17136: 17134: 17132: 17103: 17084: 17055: 17026: 17007: 16988: 16969: 16948: 16946: 16944: 16915: 16896: 16875: 16856: 16837: 16825: 16814: 16785: 16766: 16764: 16762: 16721: 16684: 16663: 16642: 16623: 16594: 16592: 16590: 16573:(3): 1049–1051. 16555: 16526: 16503: 16484: 16482: 16480: 16474: 16467: 16455: 16453: 16447:. Archived from 16446: 16436: 16434: 16432: 16426: 16419: 16409: 16407: 16405: 16399: 16377:(4): 1017–1049. 16366: 16356: 16337: 16318: 16316: 16314: 16282: 16263: 16244: 16215: 16213: 16211: 16205: 16174: 16164: 16162: 16160: 16154: 16132:(7): 1151–1172. 16123: 16113: 16092: 16090: 16088: 16082: 16051: 16041: 16039: 16037: 16008: 15999: 15997: 15995: 15989: 15950: 15940: 15921: 15902: 15883: 15862: 15856: 15848: 15819: 15810: 15791: 15782: 15763: 15724: 15723: 15721: 15719: 15699: 15693: 15683: 15677: 15671: 15665: 15662:BBC, 5 June 2018 15659: 15653: 15647: 15641: 15635: 15626: 15620: 15614: 15604: 15598: 15592: 15586: 15576: 15570: 15564: 15558: 15544: 15538: 15532: 15526: 15520: 15514: 15513: 15495: 15489: 15479: 15473: 15467: 15461: 15455: 15449: 15439: 15433: 15427: 15421: 15415: 15409: 15403: 15397: 15391: 15385: 15379: 15373: 15372: 15352: 15346: 15336: 15330: 15324: 15318: 15312: 15306: 15300: 15294: 15284: 15278: 15272: 15266: 15260: 15249: 15243: 15237: 15231: 15225: 15219: 15210: 15204: 15198: 15192: 15186: 15185:, pp. 8, 9. 15180: 15174: 15168: 15162: 15161:, p. xviii. 15156: 15150: 15145:, p. xvii; 15140: 15134: 15128: 15122: 15116: 15110: 15104: 15098: 15092: 15086: 15072: 15066: 15044: 15038: 15032: 15026: 15016: 15010: 15000: 14994: 14993: 14991: 14989: 14961: 14955: 14954: 14934: 14928: 14922: 14916: 14910: 14904: 14898: 14889: 14879: 14873: 14867: 14858: 14852: 14841: 14835: 14829: 14819: 14813: 14807: 14801: 14800: 14798: 14796: 14768: 14762: 14756: 14750: 14744: 14738: 14732: 14726: 14720: 14714: 14708: 14702: 14696: 14690: 14684: 14678: 14672: 14666: 14660: 14654: 14644: 14638: 14620: 14614: 14608: 14602: 14588: 14582: 14576: 14570: 14556: 14550: 14544: 14535: 14529: 14523: 14517: 14511: 14505: 14499: 14498: 14496: 14494: 14474: 14468: 14458: 14452: 14442: 14436: 14418: 14412: 14411: 14409: 14407: 14379: 14373: 14367: 14361: 14355: 14349: 14343: 14337: 14331: 14325: 14315: 14309: 14303: 14297: 14291: 14285: 14279: 14273: 14267: 14261: 14255: 14249: 14243: 14237: 14234:Fitzpatrick 2015 14227: 14221: 14220: 14218: 14216: 14188: 14182: 14181: 14179: 14177: 14149: 14143: 14142: 14140: 14138: 14110: 14104: 14103: 14101: 14099: 14071: 14065: 14064: 14062: 14060: 14032: 14026: 14020: 14014: 14008: 13999: 13985: 13979: 13969: 13963: 13957: 13951: 13941: 13935: 13929: 13923: 13913: 13907: 13897: 13891: 13873: 13867: 13857: 13851: 13845: 13839: 13833: 13827: 13809: 13803: 13797: 13791: 13785: 13779: 13773: 13767: 13757: 13751: 13745: 13739: 13733: 13727: 13726: 13724: 13722: 13694: 13688: 13682: 13676: 13670: 13657: 13651: 13645: 13639: 13633: 13623: 13617: 13607: 13601: 13591: 13585: 13579: 13573: 13563: 13557: 13551: 13545: 13539: 13533: 13523: 13517: 13511: 13502: 13496: 13490: 13480: 13474: 13468: 13462: 13456: 13450: 13440: 13434: 13428: 13422: 13421: 13403: 13397: 13383: 13377: 13372:, p. xxvi; 13363: 13357: 13356: 13354: 13352: 13324: 13318: 13312: 13306: 13300: 13294: 13288: 13282: 13276: 13267: 13253: 13247: 13225: 13219: 13209: 13203: 13197: 13188: 13182: 13176: 13170: 13164: 13158: 13152: 13138: 13132: 13122: 13116: 13110: 13104: 13094: 13088: 13082: 13076: 13070: 13064: 13054: 13048: 13042: 13036: 13030: 13024: 13018: 13012: 13006: 13000: 12990: 12984: 12978: 12972: 12954: 12948: 12930: 12924: 12914: 12908: 12902: 12896: 12890: 12884: 12878: 12872: 12854: 12848: 12842: 12836: 12830: 12824: 12818: 12812: 12806: 12800: 12782: 12776: 12770: 12764: 12758: 12752: 12746: 12737: 12727: 12721: 12715: 12709: 12703: 12692: 12686: 12677: 12671: 12665: 12659: 12650: 12644: 12638: 12632: 12626: 12620: 12614: 12608: 12602: 12592: 12586: 12580: 12574: 12568: 12559: 12553: 12547: 12541: 12535: 12525: 12519: 12513: 12507: 12497: 12491: 12485: 12479: 12473: 12467: 12461: 12452: 12442: 12436: 12430: 12424: 12410: 12404: 12398: 12392: 12386: 12380: 12374: 12368: 12362: 12356: 12350: 12341: 12335: 12329: 12315: 12309: 12308: 12282: 12276: 12270: 12264: 12258: 12249: 12243: 12234: 12228: 12222: 12216: 12210: 12204: 12198: 12192: 12186: 12180: 12174: 12168: 12162: 12156: 12150: 12144: 12138: 12124: 12118: 12108: 12102: 12096: 12090: 12080: 12074: 12068: 12062: 12061: 12059: 12057: 12037: 12031: 12025: 12019: 12013: 12007: 11997: 11991: 11973: 11967: 11953: 11947: 11941: 11930: 11912: 11906: 11900: 11894: 11884: 11878: 11872: 11866: 11856: 11850: 11844: 11838: 11832: 11821: 11815: 11809: 11803: 11797: 11787: 11781: 11771: 11765: 11747: 11741: 11731: 11725: 11719: 11710: 11696: 11690: 11684: 11678: 11672: 11666: 11660: 11654: 11644: 11638: 11628: 11622: 11608: 11602: 11596: 11590: 11584: 11578: 11572: 11566: 11556: 11550: 11540: 11534: 11528: 11519: 11505: 11499: 11489: 11483: 11473: 11467: 11457: 11451: 11445: 11439: 11433: 11427: 11413: 11407: 11401: 11395: 11389: 11383: 11377: 11371: 11357: 11351: 11345: 11336: 11330: 11324: 11318: 11307: 11301: 11290: 11280: 11274: 11268: 11259: 11245: 11239: 11229: 11223: 11217: 11208: 11202: 11196: 11190: 11184: 11170: 11164: 11158: 11152: 11146: 11140: 11139: 11121: 11115: 11109: 11103: 11093: 11084: 11078: 11069: 11068: 11066: 11064: 11029:Cold War History 11019: 11013: 11007: 11001: 10991: 10985: 10979: 10973: 10967: 10961: 10951: 10945: 10939: 10933: 10927: 10921: 10915: 10909: 10903: 10894: 10888: 10882: 10876: 10867: 10857: 10851: 10845: 10839: 10829: 10823: 10817: 10811: 10801: 10795: 10789: 10783: 10777: 10771: 10761: 10755: 10745: 10739: 10729: 10723: 10717: 10711: 10701: 10695: 10689: 10683: 10677: 10671: 10665: 10659: 10649: 10643: 10637: 10631: 10625: 10619: 10613: 10607: 10597: 10591: 10585: 10579: 10569: 10563: 10557: 10551: 10545: 10539: 10533: 10527: 10521: 10515: 10509: 10503: 10493: 10487: 10481: 10470: 10464: 10453: 10447: 10438: 10432: 10423: 10417: 10411: 10401: 10395: 10385: 10379: 10369: 10363: 10357: 10351: 10345: 10339: 10330:, pp. 265; 10325: 10319: 10313: 10307: 10297: 10291: 10285: 10276: 10266: 10260: 10250: 10244: 10234: 10228: 10222: 10216: 10202: 10196: 10190: 10184: 10170: 10164: 10158: 10147: 10137: 10131: 10125: 10119: 10109: 10103: 10097: 10091: 10073: 10067: 10061: 10052: 10046: 10040: 10022: 10016: 10010: 10004: 9998: 9992: 9978: 9972: 9966: 9960: 9950: 9944: 9938: 9932: 9926: 9917: 9911: 9905: 9899: 9893: 9879: 9873: 9867: 9861: 9844: 9838: 9832: 9826: 9816: 9810: 9804: 9798: 9792: 9786: 9780: 9774: 9768: 9762: 9756: 9750: 9736: 9730: 9720: 9714: 9708: 9702: 9696: 9687: 9681: 9675: 9669: 9663: 9653: 9647: 9641: 9635: 9629: 9623: 9617: 9611: 9605: 9596: 9590: 9581: 9571: 9565: 9555: 9549: 9539: 9533: 9519: 9513: 9507: 9501: 9491: 9485: 9475: 9469: 9463: 9457: 9443: 9437: 9431: 9425: 9419: 9410: 9400: 9394: 9384: 9378: 9372: 9366: 9360: 9354: 9344: 9338: 9324: 9318: 9304: 9298: 9288: 9282: 9272: 9266: 9252: 9246: 9236: 9230: 9220: 9214: 9204: 9198: 9192: 9186: 9176: 9170: 9152: 9146: 9136: 9130: 9120: 9114: 9100: 9094: 9084: 9078: 9072: 9066: 9052: 9046: 9036: 9030: 9016: 9010: 8992: 8986: 8976: 8970: 8960: 8954: 8948: 8942: 8936: 8930: 8924: 8918: 8912: 8906: 8896: 8890: 8880: 8874: 8868: 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6425: 6419: 6409: 6403: 6397: 6391: 6385: 6379: 6373: 6367: 6361: 6355: 6349: 6343: 6337: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6298: 6292: 6270: 6264: 6254: 6248: 6230: 6224: 6206: 6200: 6182: 6176: 6154: 6148: 6142: 6136: 6130: 6124: 6118: 6112: 6094: 6088: 6070: 6064: 6050: 6044: 6026: 6020: 6002: 5996: 5990: 5981: 5967: 5961: 5943: 5937: 5923: 5917: 5903: 5897: 5887: 5881: 5867: 5861: 5855: 5846: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5796: 5790: 5784: 5778: 5772: 5766: 5748: 5742: 5732: 5723: 5713: 5707: 5697: 5691: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5653: 5647: 5641: 5632: 5626: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5602: 5596: 5586: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5554: 5548: 5538: 5532: 5526: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5498: 5492: 5474: 5468: 5462: 5449: 5443: 5437: 5423: 5417: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5386: 5380: 5374: 5368: 5362: 5356: 5350: 5344: 5338: 5328: 5322: 5316: 5310: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5230: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5168: 5162: 5144: 5138: 5128: 5122: 5108: 5102: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5071: 5045: 5039: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5001: 4995: 4985: 4979: 4965: 4959: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4881: 4875: 4865: 4859: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4813: 4804: 4798: 4789: 4783: 4777: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4743: 4737: 4727: 4721: 4711: 4705: 4695: 4689: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4624: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4584: 4583: 4573: 4567: 4563: 4556: 4555: 4546: 4545: 4544: 4538: 4533: 4529: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4481: 4476: 4470: 4455: 4449: 4446: 4440: 4437: 4431: 4424: 4418: 4411: 4341:Marxist–Leninist 4307:de-Stalinization 4262:Museum in Moscow 4258:Interior of the 4222:state capitalism 4129:Interior of the 4040:, and daughter, 3916:Mikhail Bulgakov 3904:Geoffrey Roberts 3896:Lazar Kaganovich 3847: 3843: 3839: 3788: 3787: 3776: 3775: 3677:Marxism–Leninism 3657:Lazar Kaganovich 3653:Nikolai Bulganin 3354:Szklarska Poręba 3292:Security Council 3245:Nikolai Bulganin 3218:Leningrad Affair 3042:Yalta Conference 2998:Byelorussian SSR 2633:. A week later, 2402:The Great Terror 2191:Dmitry Manuilsky 2179:social democrats 1909: 1877:world revolution 1849:Lazar Kaganovich 1734:personality cult 1715:Grigori Zinoviev 1642: 1311:Smolny Institute 1164:ethnic cleansing 1151:personality cult 1144:de-Stalinisation 1090:and territories 1082:in 1945, ending 1005:party's ideology 932:Marxism–Leninism 902:from 1924 until 874: 861: 730:Announcement of 727: 726: 609:Military service 587: 497: 495: 472: 470: 376: 341:Personal details 331:Office abolished 327: 315: 296: 280:Nikolai Bulganin 277: 265: 246: 225: 215: 204:Nikolai Bulganin 182: 166: 158: 151: 143: 134: 107: 95: 94: 93: 86: 85: 84: 62: 61: 21: 26699: 26698: 26694: 26693: 26692: 26690: 26689: 26688: 26079: 26078: 26077: 26067: 26065: 26055: 26053: 26043: 26041: 26031: 26029: 26021: 26019: 26014: 26013: 26008: 26000: 25988: 25980: 25968: 25960: 25935:Jamal Khashoggi 25933:The Guardians: 25932: 25931: 25923: 25915: 25907: 25890: 25889: 25881: 25873: 25865: 25859:Mark Zuckerberg 25857: 25849: 25841: 25833: 25825: 25807: 25806: 25798: 25790: 25783:Sherron Watkins 25772: 25771: 25763: 25752: 25744: 25736: 25724: 25716: 25708: 25700: 25692: 25670: 25669: 25661: 25653: 25645: 25637: 25629: 25621: 25613: 25605: 25599:Peter Ueberroth 25597: 25585: 25577: 25569: 25561: 25553: 25545: 25537: 25529: 25518: 25471:Kathleen Byerly 25464: 25463: 25455: 25447: 25437:Henry Kissinger 25435: 25427: 25419: 25411: 25390: 25389: 25381: 25373: 25365: 25357: 25349: 25343:Pope John XXIII 25341: 25335:John F. Kennedy 25333: 25326:Robert Woodward 25322:James Van Allen 25267: 25266: 25258: 25250: 25242: 25234: 25226: 25218: 25212:Konrad Adenauer 25210: 25202: 25194: 25183: 25175: 25167: 25161:Harry S. Truman 25159: 25153:George Marshall 25151: 25145:James F. Byrnes 25143: 25137:Harry S. Truman 25135: 25127: 25121:George Marshall 25119: 25111: 25103: 25095: 25087: 25079: 25069:Chiang Kai-shek 25067: 25059: 25051: 25043: 25037:Hugh S. Johnson 25035: 25027: 25019: 25013:Mohandas Gandhi 25011: 25003: 24997:Walter Chrysler 24995: 24987: 24976: 24968: 24938: 24933: 24919: 24915:Valuev Circular 24863: 24854:Atner Khuzangai 24802: 24788:Leonid Brezhnev 24731: 24661: 24655: 24625: 24620: 24611:Mikhail Kalinin 24589: 24553: 24547: 24517: 24512: 24508:Mikhail Kalinin 24486: 24450: 24444: 24414: 24409: 24400:Mikhail Kalinin 24383: 24347: 24341: 24311: 24306: 24297:Mikhail Kalinin 24280: 24234: 24228: 24198: 24193: 24189:Jānis Rudzutaks 24179:Mikhail Kalinin 24162: 24116: 24110: 24080: 24075: 24061:Jānis Rudzutaks 24051:Mikhail Kalinin 24034: 23988: 23982: 23952: 23947: 23933:Anastas Mikoyan 23918:Andrey Andreyev 23913:Nikolai Uglanov 23908:Jānis Rudzutaks 23881: 23877:Jānis Rudzutaks 23847:Mikhail Kalinin 23820: 23814: 23784: 23779: 23760:Nikolai Uglanov 23750:Anastas Mikoyan 23730:Andrey Andreyev 23718: 23704:Jānis Rudzutaks 23684:Mikhail Kalinin 23662: 23656: 23626: 23621: 23602:Anastas Mikoyan 23597:Andrey Andreyev 23585: 23581:Andrey Andreyev 23561:Jānis Rudzutaks 23536:Mikhail Kalinin 23514: 23508: 23478: 23473: 23444:Jānis Rudzutaks 23439:Pavel Postyshev 23429:Anastas Mikoyan 23417: 23408:Anastas Mikoyan 23373:Mikhail Kalinin 23358:Andrey Andreyev 23346: 23340: 23310: 23305: 23286:Georgy Malenkov 23271:Lavrentiy Beria 23259: 23240:Georgy Malenkov 23235:Lavrentiy Beria 23215:Anastas Mikoyan 23210:Mikhail Kalinin 23190:Andrey Andreyev 23178: 23172: 23142: 23137: 23118:Leonid Melnikov 23073:Nikolai Ignatov 23058:Leonid Brezhnev 23046: 22982:Anastas Mikoyan 22977:Leonid Melnikov 22967:Georgy Malenkov 22942:Semyon Ignatyev 22927:Lavrentiy Beria 22905: 22899: 22869: 22860: 22851: 22847:Milan Pančevski 22827:Vidoje Žarković 22792:Josip Broz Tito 22778: 22759:Leonid Brezhnev 22749:Georgy Malenkov 22725: 22697: 22683:Stanisław Kania 22663:Bolesław Bierut 22653: 22639: 22600: 22592: 22578:Walter Ulbricht 22554: 22530:Antonín Novotný 22511: 22492:Georgi Dimitrov 22478: 22442: 22432: 22402: 22397: 22179: 22174: 22144: 22139: 22130:Deputy Premiers 22116: 21950: 21859: 21854: 21824: 21819: 21814: 21806: 21798: 21790: 21782: 21774: 21766: 21758: 21748: 21740: 21735: 21727: 21717: 21711: 21699: 21698:Minister of War 21693: 21688: 21680: 21672: 21662: 21656: 21644: 21642: 21636: 21631: 21623: 21615: 21605: 21597: 21592: 21584: 21576: 21566: 21558: 21554: 21549: 21544: 21536: 21528: 21520: 21512: 21502: 21499: 21492: 21483: 21453: 21448: 21402: 21367:Left-Right Bloc 21343:Left Opposition 21320:Ban on factions 21304: 21269: 21229: 21103: 21045: 20952: 20803:1st (1898–1903) 20786: 20776: 20738: 20710: 20663: 20660:Elected by the 20651: 20588: 20515: 20392: 20256: 20239: 20190:10th (May 1921) 20160:4th (Nov. 1907) 20155:3rd (Aug. 1907) 20131: 19967: 19942: 19824: 19793: 19760:Leonid Brezhnev 19704: 19681:Leonid Brezhnev 19640: 19635: 19600: 19592: 19587: 19569: 19565:Stalin's bunker 19515:Room at Kremlin 19505:Tiflis Seminary 19486: 19481: 19473: 19465: 19457: 19449: 19442:(granddaughter) 19441: 19433: 19425: 19417: 19409: 19401: 19399:Artyom Sergeyev 19393: 19385: 19377: 19369: 19361: 19347: 19329: 19233: 19191:True Communists 19154: 19152: 19145: 19109:Khrushchev Thaw 19080: 19047:Stalin's poetry 18966: 18834:Japhetic theory 18772:Medvedev Forest 18665:Georgian Affair 18642: 18636: 18597:Five-year plans 18541: 18510:Berlin Blockade 18500:Greek Civil War 18289:August Uprising 18277: 18258:Political views 18223: 18217: 18197: 18192: 18158: 18155:First Secretary 18150: 18149: 18140: 18132: 18124: 18123: 18108: 18099: 18095: 18094: 18087: 18077: 18075:Georgy Malenkov 18068: 18064: 18063: 18052: 17976: 17971: 17962: 17960: 17956: 17947: 17941: 17927: 17925: 17924:on 5 March 2016 17914: 17900: 17898: 17875: 17873: 17855: 17853: 17835: 17833: 17810: 17808: 17785: 17783: 17760: 17758: 17751:Washington Post 17735: 17733: 17711: 17709: 17686: 17684: 17661: 17659: 17640: 17638: 17615: 17613: 17573: 17571: 17552: 17550: 17549:on 2 April 2017 17531: 17529: 17520: 17518: 17511: 17509: 17500: 17498: 17490: 17470: 17465: 17435:10.2307/2672986 17409: 17407: 17403: 17372: 17361: 17342: 17325:Wayback Machine 17301: 17299: 17292: 17271: 17252: 17233: 17211: 17209: 17202: 17181: 17130: 17128: 17121: 17100: 17023: 17004: 16985: 16966: 16942: 16940: 16933: 16912: 16872: 16853: 16834: 16782: 16760: 16758: 16681: 16660: 16639: 16588: 16586: 16523: 16500: 16478: 16476: 16472: 16465: 16454:on 9 July 2011. 16451: 16444: 16430: 16428: 16424: 16417: 16403: 16401: 16397: 16383:10.2307/2166597 16364: 16353: 16334: 16312: 16310: 16303: 16279: 16260: 16209: 16207: 16203: 16172: 16158: 16156: 16152: 16121: 16086: 16084: 16080: 16049: 16035: 16033: 16026: 15993: 15991: 15987: 15948: 15937: 15918: 15899: 15880: 15850: 15849: 15807: 15779: 15760: 15743: 15738: 15732: 15727: 15717: 15715: 15700: 15696: 15684: 15680: 15672: 15668: 15660: 15656: 15648: 15644: 15636: 15629: 15621: 15617: 15609:, p. 315; 15605: 15601: 15593: 15589: 15581:, p. 576; 15579:Volkogonov 1991 15577: 15573: 15565: 15561: 15551:Volkogonov 1991 15549:, p. 314; 15545: 15541: 15533: 15529: 15521: 15517: 15510: 15496: 15492: 15484:, p. 384; 15480: 15476: 15470:Rosefielde 1996 15468: 15464: 15456: 15452: 15448:, p. 1172. 15442:Wheatcroft 1996 15440: 15436: 15428: 15424: 15416: 15412: 15408:, p. 1024. 15404: 15400: 15392: 15388: 15384:, p. 1022. 15380: 15376: 15369: 15353: 15349: 15337: 15333: 15325: 15321: 15315:Volkogonov 1991 15313: 15309: 15301: 15297: 15291:Montefiore 2007 15285: 15281: 15277:, p. xiii. 15273: 15269: 15261: 15252: 15244: 15240: 15232: 15228: 15220: 15213: 15205: 15201: 15193: 15189: 15181: 15177: 15173:, pp. 5–6. 15169: 15165: 15159:Volkogonov 1991 15157: 15153: 15141: 15137: 15129: 15125: 15119:Montefiore 2003 15117: 15113: 15107:Montefiore 2003 15105: 15101: 15095:Volkogonov 1991 15093: 15089: 15079:Volkogonov 1991 15077:, p. 194; 15073: 15069: 15061:, p. xii; 15055:Montefiore 2007 15045: 15041: 15033: 15029: 15021:, p. 602; 15017: 15013: 15001: 14997: 14987: 14985: 14978: 14962: 14958: 14951: 14935: 14931: 14927:, p. 1164. 14923: 14919: 14913:Wheatcroft 1999 14911: 14907: 14899: 14892: 14884:, p. 546; 14882:Volkogonov 1991 14880: 14876: 14868: 14861: 14853: 14844: 14840:, p. xxii. 14838:Montefiore 2007 14836: 14832: 14824:, p. 108; 14822:Volkogonov 1991 14820: 14816: 14808: 14804: 14794: 14792: 14785: 14769: 14765: 14759:Montefiore 2007 14757: 14753: 14747:Montefiore 2007 14745: 14741: 14733: 14729: 14723:Montefiore 2007 14721: 14717: 14709: 14705: 14699:Montefiore 2003 14697: 14693: 14687:Montefiore 2003 14685: 14681: 14673: 14669: 14661: 14657: 14649:, p. 260; 14645: 14641: 14631:Montefiore 2003 14629:, p. 153; 14627:Volkogonov 1991 14625:, p. 215; 14621: 14617: 14609: 14605: 14595:Montefiore 2003 14593:, p. 154; 14591:Volkogonov 1991 14589: 14585: 14579:Montefiore 2003 14577: 14573: 14565:, p. 255; 14559:Montefiore 2003 14557: 14553: 14547:Montefiore 2003 14545: 14538: 14532:Montefiore 2003 14530: 14526: 14520:Montefiore 2007 14518: 14514: 14508:Montefiore 2007 14506: 14502: 14492: 14490: 14475: 14471: 14463:, p. 559; 14459: 14455: 14449:Montefiore 2007 14445:Volkogonov 1991 14443: 14439: 14431:, p. 167; 14429:Montefiore 2007 14423:, p. 149; 14421:Volkogonov 1991 14419: 14415: 14405: 14403: 14396: 14380: 14376: 14370:Montefiore 2007 14368: 14364: 14358:Volkogonov 1991 14356: 14352: 14346:Montefiore 2007 14344: 14340: 14332: 14328: 14322:Montefiore 2007 14316: 14312: 14306:Montefiore 2007 14304: 14300: 14294:Montefiore 2007 14292: 14288: 14280: 14276: 14270:Montefiore 2003 14268: 14264: 14256: 14252: 14246:Montefiore 2007 14244: 14240: 14230:Montefiore 2007 14228: 14224: 14214: 14212: 14205: 14189: 14185: 14175: 14173: 14166: 14150: 14146: 14136: 14134: 14127: 14111: 14107: 14097: 14095: 14088: 14072: 14068: 14058: 14056: 14049: 14033: 14029: 14025:, pp. 3–4. 14021: 14017: 14011:Montefiore 2007 14009: 14002: 13986: 13982: 13974:, p. 283; 13970: 13966: 13958: 13954: 13944:Montefiore 2003 13942: 13938: 13932:Montefiore 2003 13930: 13926: 13918:, p. 282; 13914: 13910: 13906:, pp. 2–3. 13902:, p. 127; 13900:Volkogonov 1991 13898: 13894: 13886:, p. 560; 13880:Montefiore 2003 13874: 13870: 13860:Montefiore 2003 13858: 13854: 13846: 13842: 13834: 13830: 13812:Montefiore 2003 13810: 13806: 13800:Volkogonov 1991 13798: 13794: 13788:Volkogonov 1991 13786: 13782: 13774: 13770: 13760:Montefiore 2003 13758: 13754: 13746: 13742: 13734: 13730: 13720: 13718: 13711: 13695: 13691: 13683: 13679: 13671: 13660: 13654:Montefiore 2007 13652: 13648: 13642:Montefiore 2003 13640: 13636: 13628:, p. 336; 13624: 13620: 13608: 13604: 13596:, p. 597; 13592: 13588: 13580: 13576: 13570:Montefiore 2007 13568:, p. 258; 13564: 13560: 13552: 13548: 13542:Volkogonov 1991 13540: 13536: 13526:Volkogonov 1991 13524: 13520: 13512: 13505: 13497: 13493: 13485:, p. 120; 13483:Volkogonov 1991 13481: 13477: 13469: 13465: 13457: 13453: 13443:Montefiore 2003 13441: 13437: 13429: 13425: 13418: 13404: 13400: 13388:, p. xvi; 13384: 13380: 13370:Volkogonov 1991 13368:, p. 317; 13364: 13360: 13350: 13348: 13341: 13325: 13321: 13313: 13309: 13303:Volkogonov 1991 13301: 13297: 13293:, pp. 4–5. 13289: 13285: 13277: 13270: 13262:, p. 353; 13260:Montefiore 2007 13254: 13250: 13242:, p. 425; 13238:, p. 115; 13232:Volkogonov 1991 13226: 13222: 13212:Volkogonov 1991 13210: 13206: 13198: 13191: 13187:, p. xxiv. 13185:Montefiore 2007 13183: 13179: 13171: 13167: 13161:Montefiore 2003 13159: 13155: 13147:, p. 103; 13145:Montefiore 2003 13143:, p. 215; 13139: 13135: 13125:Montefiore 2003 13123: 13119: 13113:Montefiore 2003 13111: 13107: 13097:Montefiore 2003 13095: 13091: 13083: 13079: 13073:Montefiore 2003 13071: 13067: 13059:, p. 195; 13055: 13051: 13043: 13039: 13031: 13027: 13021:Montefiore 2003 13019: 13015: 13007: 13003: 12993:Montefiore 2003 12991: 12987: 12981:Montefiore 2003 12979: 12975: 12965:Montefiore 2003 12963:, p. 102; 12961:Volkogonov 1991 12959:, p. 311; 12955: 12951: 12939:, p. 146; 12937:Volkogonov 1991 12935:, p. 282; 12931: 12927: 12915: 12911: 12903: 12899: 12891: 12887: 12881:Volkogonov 1991 12879: 12875: 12867:, p. 334; 12861:Volkogonov 1991 12859:, p. 149; 12855: 12851: 12845:Montefiore 2007 12843: 12839: 12831: 12827: 12819: 12815: 12809:Montefiore 2003 12807: 12803: 12793:Montefiore 2007 12789:Montefiore 2003 12783: 12779: 12773:Montefiore 2007 12771: 12767: 12759: 12755: 12747: 12740: 12728: 12724: 12716: 12712: 12704: 12695: 12687: 12680: 12672: 12668: 12660: 12653: 12645: 12641: 12633: 12629: 12621: 12617: 12609: 12605: 12599:Montefiore 2007 12593: 12589: 12583:Montefiore 2007 12581: 12577: 12569: 12562: 12554: 12550: 12542: 12538: 12526: 12522: 12514: 12510: 12502:, p. 214; 12498: 12494: 12486: 12482: 12474: 12470: 12462: 12455: 12443: 12439: 12433:Volkogonov 1991 12431: 12427: 12419:, p. 205; 12415:, p. 136; 12411: 12407: 12401:Montefiore 2007 12399: 12395: 12387: 12383: 12377:Montefiore 2007 12375: 12371: 12363: 12359: 12351: 12344: 12336: 12332: 12324:, p. 314; 12316: 12312: 12305: 12283: 12279: 12271: 12267: 12259: 12252: 12244: 12237: 12229: 12225: 12217: 12213: 12205: 12201: 12193: 12189: 12181: 12177: 12169: 12165: 12157: 12153: 12145: 12141: 12133:, p. 589; 12129:, p. 576; 12127:Volkogonov 1991 12125: 12121: 12113:, p. 588; 12109: 12105: 12097: 12093: 12085:, p. 588; 12081: 12077: 12069: 12065: 12055: 12053: 12038: 12034: 12026: 12022: 12014: 12010: 12002:, p. 313; 11998: 11994: 11986:, p. 586; 11982:, p. 574; 11980:Volkogonov 1991 11978:, p. 313; 11974: 11970: 11962:, p. 572; 11960:Volkogonov 1991 11954: 11950: 11942: 11933: 11919:Volkogonov 1991 11917:, p. 311; 11913: 11909: 11901: 11897: 11889:, p. 579; 11885: 11881: 11873: 11869: 11861:, p. 307; 11857: 11853: 11845: 11841: 11833: 11824: 11816: 11812: 11804: 11800: 11792:, p. 308; 11788: 11784: 11776:, p. 309; 11772: 11768: 11760:, p. 576; 11756:, p. 104; 11752:, p. 309; 11748: 11744: 11736:, p. 572; 11732: 11728: 11720: 11713: 11705:, p. 565; 11701:, p. 577; 11697: 11693: 11685: 11681: 11673: 11669: 11661: 11657: 11649:, p. 291; 11645: 11641: 11633:, p. 567; 11631:Volkogonov 1991 11629: 11625: 11617:, p. 577; 11613:, p. 291; 11609: 11605: 11597: 11593: 11585: 11581: 11573: 11569: 11557: 11553: 11545:, p. 554; 11541: 11537: 11529: 11522: 11514:, p. 553; 11510:, p. 302; 11506: 11502: 11494:, p. 552; 11490: 11486: 11478:, p. 552; 11474: 11470: 11462:, p. 509; 11458: 11454: 11446: 11442: 11434: 11430: 11422:, p. 509; 11418:, p. 301; 11414: 11410: 11402: 11398: 11390: 11386: 11378: 11374: 11366:, p. 507; 11362:, p. 280; 11358: 11354: 11346: 11339: 11331: 11327: 11319: 11310: 11302: 11293: 11281: 11277: 11269: 11262: 11254:, p. 506; 11250:, p. 286; 11246: 11242: 11234:, p. 279; 11230: 11226: 11218: 11211: 11203: 11199: 11191: 11187: 11175:, p. 296; 11171: 11167: 11159: 11155: 11147: 11143: 11136: 11122: 11118: 11110: 11106: 11098:, p. 507; 11094: 11087: 11079: 11072: 11062: 11060: 11020: 11016: 11008: 11004: 10996:, p. 504; 10992: 10988: 10980: 10976: 10968: 10964: 10956:, p. 508; 10952: 10948: 10940: 10936: 10928: 10924: 10916: 10912: 10904: 10897: 10889: 10885: 10877: 10870: 10862:, p. 622; 10858: 10854: 10846: 10842: 10834:, p. 498; 10830: 10826: 10818: 10814: 10802: 10798: 10790: 10786: 10778: 10774: 10762: 10758: 10750:, p. 526; 10746: 10742: 10734:, p. 269; 10730: 10726: 10718: 10714: 10706:, p. 497; 10702: 10698: 10690: 10686: 10678: 10674: 10666: 10662: 10654:, p. 482; 10650: 10646: 10638: 10634: 10626: 10622: 10614: 10610: 10602:, p. 493; 10598: 10594: 10586: 10582: 10574:, p. 485; 10570: 10566: 10558: 10554: 10546: 10542: 10534: 10530: 10522: 10518: 10510: 10506: 10498:, p. 493; 10494: 10490: 10482: 10473: 10465: 10456: 10448: 10441: 10433: 10426: 10418: 10414: 10406:, p. 267; 10402: 10398: 10390:, p. 268; 10386: 10382: 10374:, p. 476; 10370: 10366: 10358: 10354: 10346: 10342: 10334:, p. 473; 10326: 10322: 10314: 10310: 10302:, p. 474; 10298: 10294: 10286: 10279: 10267: 10263: 10255:, p. 471; 10251: 10247: 10235: 10231: 10223: 10219: 10211:, p. 465; 10207:, p. 264; 10203: 10199: 10191: 10187: 10179:, p. 492; 10175:, p. 258; 10171: 10167: 10159: 10150: 10142:, p. 469; 10138: 10134: 10126: 10122: 10110: 10106: 10098: 10094: 10086:, p. 185; 10074: 10070: 10062: 10055: 10047: 10043: 10035:, p. 180; 10031:, p. 460; 10027:, p. 262; 10023: 10019: 10011: 10007: 9999: 9995: 9987:, p. 460; 9983:, p. 252; 9979: 9975: 9967: 9963: 9955:, p. 317; 9951: 9947: 9939: 9935: 9927: 9920: 9912: 9908: 9900: 9896: 9888:, p. 156; 9884:, p. 255; 9880: 9876: 9868: 9864: 9858:, 13 March 1943 9853:, p. 226; 9849:, p. 429; 9845: 9841: 9833: 9829: 9821:, p. 428; 9817: 9813: 9805: 9801: 9793: 9789: 9781: 9777: 9769: 9765: 9757: 9753: 9745:, p. 424; 9741:, p. 254; 9737: 9733: 9725:, p. 260; 9721: 9717: 9709: 9705: 9697: 9690: 9682: 9678: 9670: 9666: 9654: 9650: 9642: 9638: 9630: 9626: 9618: 9614: 9606: 9599: 9591: 9584: 9576:, p. 132; 9572: 9568: 9556: 9552: 9544:, p. 241; 9540: 9536: 9520: 9516: 9508: 9504: 9496:, p. 482; 9492: 9488: 9476: 9472: 9464: 9460: 9452:, p. 420; 9444: 9440: 9432: 9428: 9420: 9413: 9405:, p. 235; 9401: 9397: 9389:, p. 417; 9385: 9381: 9373: 9369: 9361: 9357: 9345: 9341: 9325: 9321: 9305: 9301: 9293:, p. 234; 9289: 9285: 9277:, p. 233; 9273: 9269: 9257:, p. 231; 9253: 9249: 9241:, p. 229; 9237: 9233: 9225:, p. 229; 9221: 9217: 9209:, p. 229; 9205: 9201: 9193: 9189: 9181:, p. 341; 9177: 9173: 9157:, p. 227; 9153: 9149: 9141:, p. 403; 9137: 9133: 9125:, p. 279; 9121: 9117: 9109:, p. 403; 9105:, p. 228; 9101: 9097: 9089:, p. 224; 9085: 9081: 9073: 9069: 9057:, p. 223; 9053: 9049: 9041:, p. 222; 9037: 9033: 9021:, p. 222; 9017: 9013: 9005:, p. 399; 8997:, p. 221; 8993: 8989: 8981:, p. 220; 8977: 8973: 8965:, p. 220; 8961: 8957: 8949: 8945: 8937: 8933: 8925: 8921: 8913: 8909: 8897: 8893: 8881: 8877: 8871:Montefiore 2003 8869: 8865: 8857: 8853: 8845: 8841: 8833: 8829: 8821: 8817: 8809:, p. 369; 8805:, p. 209; 8801: 8797: 8791:Montefiore 2003 8789: 8785: 8777: 8773: 8761: 8757: 8749: 8745: 8737: 8733: 8725: 8721: 8715:Montefiore 2003 8713: 8709: 8701: 8697: 8689: 8685: 8677:, p. 338; 8673:, p. 394; 8669:, p. 230; 8665: 8661: 8653: 8649: 8641: 8634: 8622:, p. 204; 8620:Montefiore 2003 8618: 8614: 8600:Montefiore 2003 8598: 8594: 8586:, p. 350; 8582: 8578: 8570: 8566: 8558:, p. 349; 8554:, p. 201; 8552:Montefiore 2003 8550: 8546: 8538: 8534: 8519: 8515: 8507: 8503: 8495: 8491: 8483: 8479: 8467:, p. 346; 8461:Montefiore 2003 8459: 8455: 8447: 8443: 8435:, p. 320; 8429:Montefiore 2003 8427: 8423: 8415: 8411: 8403: 8399: 8391: 8387: 8379: 8375: 8367:, p. 314; 8361:Montefiore 2003 8359:, p. 179; 8355: 8351: 8343: 8336: 8328: 8321: 8313: 8309: 8301: 8297: 8289: 8285: 8277:, p. 219; 8273: 8269: 8261:, p. 385; 8257:, p. 218; 8249: 8245: 8237: 8233: 8225:, p. 218; 8221: 8217: 8209:, p. 116; 8207:Montefiore 2003 8205:, p. 176; 8201: 8197: 8189: 8185: 8177: 8173: 8165: 8161: 8153: 8146: 8138: 8134: 8126: 8122: 8112:Volkogonov 1991 8110:, p. 212; 8106: 8102: 8094: 8087: 8079:, p. 164; 8075: 8071: 8063: 8059: 8051:, p. 628; 8047: 8043: 8035:, p. 833; 8031: 8027: 8015:, p. 824; 8011: 8007: 7999: 7995: 7987:, p. 626; 7979: 7975: 7967:, p. 824; 7963: 7959: 7951: 7947: 7939: 7935: 7927: 7920: 7908:, p. 312; 7904: 7900: 7892: 7883: 7875: 7868: 7860:, p. 310; 7856: 7852: 7844: 7835: 7827: 7823: 7815: 7811: 7801:Montefiore 2003 7799: 7795: 7785:Montefiore 2003 7783:, p. 169; 7779: 7775: 7767: 7763: 7755:, p. 289; 7751: 7747: 7739: 7735: 7727: 7723: 7711:, p. 176; 7703: 7699: 7691: 7684: 7676: 7669: 7661: 7657: 7649: 7645: 7637: 7633: 7625: 7621: 7613: 7609: 7597: 7593: 7585: 7581: 7575:Montefiore 2003 7573:, p. 246; 7569: 7565: 7555:Volkogonov 1991 7553: 7549: 7541: 7537: 7529: 7525: 7517: 7513: 7505: 7498: 7490: 7486: 7478: 7474: 7466: 7462: 7454: 7447: 7435:, p. 259; 7427: 7423: 7415: 7411: 7403:, p. 214; 7395: 7391: 7383: 7379: 7371: 7367: 7359: 7355: 7347: 7343: 7335: 7331: 7323: 7319: 7311: 7302: 7294: 7290: 7282: 7278: 7270: 7266: 7258:, p. 266; 7254:, p. 158; 7250: 7246: 7238:, p. 260; 7234:, p. 172; 7232:Volkogonov 1991 7230: 7226: 7220:Volkogonov 1991 7218: 7214: 7206:, p. 160; 7202: 7198: 7190:, p. 270; 7186: 7182: 7174: 7170: 7162:, p. 272; 7158: 7154: 7146:, p. 270; 7142: 7138: 7130: 7126: 7118: 7114: 7106: 7102: 7094:, p. 266; 7090: 7086: 7078: 7074: 7062: 7058: 7050: 7043: 7037:Volkogonov 1991 7035: 7031: 7025:Volkogonov 1991 7023:, p. 160; 7019: 7015: 7007: 7000: 6992:, p. 258; 6988: 6984: 6976: 6972: 6964:, p. 258; 6960: 6956: 6936: 6932: 6924:, p. 253; 6920: 6916: 6908:, p. 256; 6904: 6900: 6888: 6884: 6876:, p. 256; 6868: 6864: 6856: 6852: 6844: 6840: 6832: 6828: 6820: 6813: 6805:, p. 160; 6803:Volkogonov 1991 6801:, p. 130; 6797: 6793: 6785: 6781: 6775:Montefiore 2003 6773: 6769: 6761: 6757: 6745: 6741: 6733: 6729: 6721: 6717: 6709:, p. 164; 6707:Volkogonov 1991 6705: 6701: 6677: 6673: 6665: 6661: 6649:, p. 247; 6645: 6641: 6629: 6625: 6617:, p. 614; 6609:, p. 126; 6605: 6601: 6589: 6582: 6574: 6570: 6562:, p. 228; 6558: 6554: 6546: 6542: 6534: 6530: 6522: 6518: 6510: 6506: 6498: 6494: 6486:, p. 474; 6478: 6474: 6468:Montefiore 2003 6466: 6462: 6456:Volkogonov 1991 6454: 6450: 6442: 6438: 6430:, p. 127; 6426: 6422: 6414:, p. 127; 6410: 6406: 6398: 6394: 6386: 6382: 6374: 6370: 6362: 6358: 6350: 6346: 6338: 6334: 6324: 6322: 6315: 6299: 6295: 6277:Volkogonov 1991 6275:, p. 111; 6271: 6267: 6255: 6251: 6243:, p. 221; 6237:Volkogonov 1991 6231: 6227: 6219:, p. 221; 6213:Montefiore 2003 6211:, p. 130; 6207: 6203: 6195:, p. 219; 6189:Montefiore 2003 6187:, p. 110; 6183: 6179: 6171:, p. 534; 6167:, p. 219; 6161:Montefiore 2003 6159:, p. 104; 6155: 6151: 6143: 6139: 6131: 6127: 6119: 6115: 6101:Volkogonov 1991 6095: 6091: 6077:Volkogonov 1991 6071: 6067: 6059:, p. 206; 6053:Volkogonov 1991 6051: 6047: 6035:, p. 195; 6027: 6023: 6011:, p. 194; 6005:Volkogonov 1991 6003: 5999: 5991: 5984: 5976:, p. 195; 5968: 5964: 5956:, p. 483; 5952:, p. 193; 5944: 5940: 5928:, p. 102; 5924: 5920: 5912:, p. 414; 5908:, p. 192; 5904: 5900: 5888: 5884: 5874:Volkogonov 1991 5868: 5864: 5856: 5849: 5841:, p. 209; 5837:, p. 369; 5833: 5829: 5821: 5817: 5803:Volkogonov 1991 5797: 5793: 5785: 5781: 5773: 5769: 5761:, p. 344; 5757:, p. 187; 5749: 5745: 5737:, p. 127; 5733: 5726: 5714: 5710: 5698: 5694: 5682: 5678: 5670: 5666: 5654: 5650: 5642: 5635: 5627: 5623: 5615: 5611: 5603: 5599: 5587: 5583: 5575: 5571: 5559:, p. 211; 5555: 5551: 5543:, p. 182; 5539: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5515: 5511: 5499: 5495: 5487:, p. 362; 5483:, p. 179; 5475: 5471: 5463: 5452: 5444: 5440: 5432:, p. 357; 5428:, p. 178; 5424: 5420: 5412:, p. 176; 5408: 5404: 5396: 5389: 5381: 5377: 5369: 5365: 5357: 5353: 5345: 5341: 5329: 5325: 5317: 5313: 5303:Volkogonov 1991 5297: 5293: 5285: 5278: 5270: 5266: 5254: 5250: 5242: 5233: 5225:, p. 172; 5217: 5213: 5205: 5201: 5193: 5189: 5181:, p. 166; 5175:Volkogonov 1991 5169: 5165: 5151:Montefiore 2007 5147:Volkogonov 1991 5145: 5141: 5129: 5125: 5115:Montefiore 2007 5109: 5105: 5097:, p. 164; 5093: 5089: 5081: 5074: 5062:, p. 163; 5056:Montefiore 2003 5052:Volkogonov 1991 5046: 5042: 5034:, p. 165; 5030: 5026: 5018: 5014: 5006:, p. 161; 5002: 4998: 4986: 4982: 4966: 4962: 4946: 4942: 4934: 4930: 4918: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4894:, p. 264; 4890:, p. 167; 4882: 4878: 4866: 4862: 4854:, p. 228; 4850:, p. 148; 4844:Volkogonov 1991 4838: 4834: 4826: 4822: 4814: 4807: 4799: 4792: 4784: 4780: 4774:Montefiore 2003 4772: 4768: 4760: 4756: 4746:Montefiore 2003 4744: 4740: 4728: 4724: 4712: 4708: 4698:Volkogonov 1991 4696: 4692: 4676: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4652: 4648: 4641: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4574: 4570: 4558: 4540: 4539: 4531: 4512:; Russian: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4477: 4473: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4425: 4421: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4382: 4353:Leonid Brezhnev 4303: 4293: 4240: 4234: 4218:state socialism 4198:Anatoly Rybakov 4194:Vasily Grossman 4094:Robert Conquest 4070: 3988: 3944:Peter the Great 3920:Bolshoi Theatre 3879: 3871:Miron Merzhanov 3845: 3841: 3837: 3818:Lavrentiy Beria 3785: 3779:External videos 3767: 3683: 3673: 3661:Anastas Mikoyan 3637:Lavrentiy Beria 3633:Georgy Malenkov 3592:atherosclerosis 3568: 3562: 3510: 3504: 3475:state of Israel 3417: 3374:Greek Civil War 3370:Josip Broz Tito 3343:Slovak Republic 3326: 3318:Bolshoi Theatre 3249:Walter Ulbricht 3233: 3199:Napoleonic Wars 3171:Collected Works 3150: 3144: 3139: 3075:Harry S. Truman 3063: 3055:Warsaw Uprising 2947:Man of the Year 2923:, November 1943 2905: 2884:major offensive 2872:cosmopolitanism 2860:national anthem 2792:prisoner of war 2714: 2682:Tripartite Pact 2590:annexed Austria 2586: 2581: 2557:Main articles: 2555: 2547:Lavrentiy Beria 2499:Order No. 00447 2480: 2410: 2404: 2301: 2287: 2260:Southern Russia 2230: 2216: 2211: 2195:Osip Piatnitsky 2183:social fascists 2064:Menshevik Trial 2048: 2001:planned economy 1911: 1907: 1896: 1894:Economic policy 1891: 1885: 1861:Mikhail Kalinin 1812:Anastas Mikoyan 1801:Left Opposition 1699: 1694: 1688: 1644: 1640: 1592:Georgian affair 1544: 1503:Józef Piłsudski 1490:earlier clashes 1424:Semyon Budyonny 1408: 1380:First World War 1276: 1271: 1265: 1182: 1176: 1080:captured Berlin 1062:, enabling the 1021:command economy 1009:Five-Year Plans 877: 870: 857: 844: 814: 813: 808: 807: 750: 749: 740: 739: 738: 737: 736: 734: 728: 714: 711: 698: 630: 604: 553: 532: 522:Artyom Sergeyev 500: 499: 491: 487: 484: 474: 466: 462: 459: 441: 424: 423:Other political 418: 410:Political party 405: 378: 374: 358: 352: 351: 325: 313: 297: 292: 275: 263: 247: 242: 229:Georgy Malenkov 223: 213: 208: 183: 178: 164: 156: 149: 141: 135: 130: 114: 98: 89: 80: 72: 69: 58: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 26697: 26687: 26686: 26681: 26676: 26671: 26666: 26661: 26656: 26651: 26646: 26641: 26639:Russian exiles 26636: 26631: 26626: 26621: 26616: 26611: 26606: 26601: 26596: 26591: 26586: 26581: 26576: 26571: 26566: 26561: 26556: 26551: 26546: 26541: 26536: 26531: 26526: 26521: 26516: 26511: 26506: 26501: 26496: 26491: 26486: 26481: 26476: 26471: 26466: 26461: 26456: 26451: 26446: 26441: 26436: 26431: 26426: 26421: 26416: 26411: 26406: 26401: 26396: 26391: 26386: 26381: 26376: 26371: 26366: 26361: 26356: 26351: 26346: 26341: 26336: 26331: 26326: 26321: 26316: 26311: 26306: 26301: 26296: 26291: 26286: 26284:Old Bolsheviks 26281: 26276: 26271: 26266: 26261: 26256: 26251: 26246: 26241: 26236: 26231: 26226: 26221: 26219:Generalissimos 26216: 26211: 26206: 26201: 26196: 26191: 26186: 26181: 26176: 26171: 26166: 26161: 26156: 26151: 26146: 26141: 26136: 26131: 26126: 26121: 26116: 26111: 26106: 26101: 26096: 26091: 26076: 26075: 26063: 26051: 26039: 26016: 26015: 26010: 26009: 26007: 26006: 25998: 25986: 25978: 25966: 25962:Greta Thunberg 25958: 25929: 25921: 25913: 25905: 25892:Ebola Fighters 25887: 25879: 25871: 25863: 25855: 25847: 25839: 25835:Vladimir Putin 25831: 25823: 25804: 25800:George W. Bush 25796: 25788: 25775:Cynthia Cooper 25769: 25760: 25758: 25754: 25753: 25751: 25750: 25746:George W. Bush 25742: 25734: 25722: 25714: 25706: 25698: 25690: 25681:Nelson Mandela 25677:F. W. de Klerk 25667: 25659: 25651: 25643: 25635: 25627: 25619: 25615:Corazon Aquino 25611: 25603: 25595: 25583: 25575: 25567: 25559: 25551: 25543: 25535: 25526: 25524: 25520: 25519: 25517: 25516: 25495:Barbara Jordan 25461: 25453: 25445: 25433: 25425: 25417: 25409: 25396:William Anders 25387: 25379: 25371: 25363: 25355: 25347: 25339: 25331: 25318:Charles Townes 25298:Edward Purcell 25274:Charles Draper 25264: 25256: 25248: 25240: 25232: 25228:Harlow Curtice 25224: 25216: 25208: 25200: 25191: 25189: 25185: 25184: 25182: 25181: 25173: 25165: 25157: 25149: 25141: 25133: 25125: 25117: 25109: 25101: 25093: 25085: 25077: 25073:Soong Mei-ling 25065: 25061:Wallis Simpson 25057: 25053:Haile Selassie 25049: 25041: 25033: 25025: 25017: 25009: 25001: 24993: 24984: 24982: 24978: 24977: 24967: 24966: 24959: 24952: 24944: 24935: 24934: 24924: 24921: 24920: 24918: 24917: 24912: 24907: 24902: 24897: 24892: 24887: 24882: 24877: 24871: 24869: 24865: 24864: 24862: 24861: 24856: 24851: 24849:Zianon Pazniak 24846: 24841: 24836: 24831: 24826: 24821: 24816: 24810: 24808: 24804: 24803: 24801: 24800: 24798:Vladimir Putin 24795: 24790: 24785: 24780: 24775: 24770: 24765: 24760: 24755: 24750: 24745: 24739: 24737: 24733: 24732: 24730: 24729: 24728: 24727: 24717: 24712: 24707: 24702: 24701: 24700: 24695: 24685: 24680: 24675: 24669: 24667: 24663: 24662: 24654: 24653: 24646: 24639: 24631: 24622: 24621: 24619: 24618: 24613: 24608: 24603: 24597: 24595: 24591: 24590: 24588: 24587: 24582: 24577: 24575:Vladimir Lenin 24572: 24567: 24561: 24559: 24555: 24554: 24546: 24545: 24538: 24531: 24523: 24514: 24513: 24511: 24510: 24505: 24500: 24494: 24492: 24488: 24487: 24485: 24484: 24479: 24474: 24472:Vladimir Lenin 24469: 24464: 24458: 24456: 24452: 24451: 24443: 24442: 24435: 24428: 24420: 24411: 24410: 24408: 24407: 24402: 24397: 24391: 24389: 24385: 24384: 24382: 24381: 24376: 24371: 24369:Vladimir Lenin 24366: 24361: 24355: 24353: 24349: 24348: 24340: 24339: 24332: 24325: 24317: 24308: 24307: 24305: 24304: 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23247: 23242: 23237: 23232: 23227: 23222: 23217: 23212: 23207: 23202: 23200:Andrei Zhdanov 23197: 23192: 23186: 23184: 23180: 23179: 23171: 23170: 23163: 23156: 23148: 23139: 23138: 23136: 23135: 23130: 23125: 23120: 23115: 23110: 23105: 23100: 23095: 23090: 23085: 23083:Alexei Kosygin 23080: 23075: 23070: 23065: 23060: 23054: 23052: 23048: 23047: 23045: 23044: 23039: 23034: 23029: 23024: 23019: 23017:Mikhail Suslov 23014: 23009: 23007:Maksim Saburov 23004: 22999: 22994: 22989: 22984: 22979: 22974: 22969: 22964: 22959: 22954: 22949: 22944: 22939: 22934: 22929: 22924: 22922:Averky Aristov 22919: 22913: 22911: 22907: 22906: 22898: 22897: 22890: 22883: 22875: 22866: 22865: 22862: 22861: 22857: 22856: 22853: 22852: 22850: 22849: 22844: 22839: 22834: 22829: 22824: 22819: 22814: 22809: 22804: 22799: 22794: 22788: 22786: 22780: 22779: 22777: 22776: 22771: 22766: 22761: 22756: 22751: 22746: 22741: 22739:Vladimir Lenin 22735: 22733: 22727: 22726: 22724: 22723: 22718: 22713: 22707: 22705: 22699: 22698: 22696: 22695: 22690: 22685: 22680: 22675: 22670: 22665: 22659: 22657: 22644: 22641: 22640: 22638: 22637: 22632: 22627: 22622: 22617: 22612: 22606: 22604: 22594: 22593: 22591: 22590: 22585: 22583:Erich Honecker 22580: 22575: 22573:Otto Grotewohl 22570: 22564: 22562: 22556: 22555: 22553: 22552: 22547: 22542: 22537: 22532: 22527: 22521: 22519: 22513: 22512: 22510: 22509: 22507:Petar Mladenov 22504: 22499: 22494: 22488: 22486: 22480: 22479: 22477: 22476: 22471: 22465: 22463: 22451: 22444: 22443: 22431: 22430: 22423: 22416: 22408: 22399: 22398: 22396: 22395: 22390: 22385: 22380: 22375: 22370: 22365: 22360: 22355: 22350: 22345: 22340: 22335: 22330: 22325: 22320: 22315: 22310: 22305: 22300: 22295: 22290: 22285: 22280: 22275: 22270: 22265: 22260: 22255: 22250: 22245: 22235: 22230: 22225: 22220: 22215: 22210: 22205: 22200: 22195: 22190: 22184: 22181: 22180: 22173: 22172: 22165: 22158: 22150: 22141: 22140: 22138: 22137: 22132: 22127: 22121: 22118: 22117: 22115: 22114: 22108: 22102: 22099: 22093: 22087: 22081: 22075: 22069: 22063: 22057: 22051: 22045: 22039: 22033: 22027: 22021: 22015: 22009: 22003: 21997: 21991: 21985: 21979: 21973: 21967: 21960: 21958: 21956:First Deputies 21952: 21951: 21949: 21948: 21942: 21934: 21928: 21922: 21916: 21910: 21904: 21898: 21892: 21886: 21880: 21874: 21867: 21865: 21861: 21860: 21853: 21852: 21845: 21838: 21830: 21821: 21820: 21818: 21817: 21809: 21801: 21796:Sergei Sokolov 21793: 21788:Dmitry Ustinov 21785: 21780:Andrei Grechko 21777: 21769: 21761: 21752: 21750: 21742: 21741: 21739: 21738: 21730: 21721: 21719: 21713: 21712: 21710: 21709: 21703: 21701: 21695: 21694: 21692: 21691: 21683: 21675: 21666: 21664: 21658: 21657: 21655: 21654: 21648: 21646: 21638: 21637: 21635: 21634: 21626: 21618: 21609: 21607: 21599: 21598: 21596: 21595: 21587: 21579: 21570: 21568: 21560: 21559: 21552: 21550: 21548: 21547: 21539: 21534:Mikhail Frunze 21531: 21523: 21515: 21506: 21504: 21494: 21493: 21482: 21481: 21474: 21467: 21459: 21450: 21449: 21447: 21446: 21441: 21436: 21431: 21426: 21421: 21416: 21410: 21408: 21404: 21403: 21401: 21400: 21394: 21388: 21382: 21376: 21370: 21364: 21358: 21352: 21349:Workers' Group 21346: 21340: 21337:Workers' Truth 21334: 21328: 21322: 21316: 21314: 21310: 21309: 21306: 21305: 21303: 21302: 21297: 21292: 21287: 21281: 21279: 21271: 21270: 21268: 21267: 21262: 21257: 21252: 21247: 21241: 21239: 21231: 21230: 21228: 21227: 21222: 21217: 21212: 21207: 21205:Transcaucasian 21202: 21197: 21192: 21187: 21182: 21177: 21172: 21167: 21162: 21160:Karelo-Finnish 21157: 21152: 21147: 21142: 21137: 21132: 21126: 21124: 21117: 21113: 21112: 21109: 21108: 21105: 21104: 21102: 21101: 21099:28th (1990–91) 21096: 21094:16th (1930–34) 21091: 21089:15th (1927–30) 21086: 21084:14th (1925–27) 21081: 21079:13th (1924–25) 21076: 21074:12th (1923–24) 21071: 21069:11th (1922–23) 21066: 21064:10th (1921–22) 21061: 21055: 21053: 21047: 21046: 21044: 21043: 21041:27th (1986–90) 21038: 21036:26th (1981–86) 21033: 21031:25th (1976–81) 21028: 21026:24th (1971–76) 21023: 21021:23rd (1966–71) 21018: 21016:22nd (1961–66) 21013: 21011:20th (1956–61) 21008: 21006:19th (1952–56) 21003: 21001:18th (1939–52) 20998: 20996:17th (1934–39) 20993: 20991:16th (1930–34) 20988: 20986:15th (1927–30) 20983: 20981:14th (1925–27) 20978: 20976:13th (1924–25) 20973: 20971:10th (1921–24) 20968: 20962: 20960: 20954: 20953: 20951: 20950: 20948:28th (1990–91) 20945: 20943:27th (1986–90) 20940: 20938:26th (1981–86) 20935: 20933:25th (1976–81) 20930: 20928:24th (1971–76) 20925: 20923:23rd (1966–71) 20920: 20918:22nd (1961–66) 20915: 20913:20th (1956–61) 20910: 20908:19th (1952–56) 20905: 20903:18th (1939–52) 20900: 20898:17th (1934–39) 20895: 20893:16th (1930–34) 20890: 20888:15th (1927–30) 20885: 20883:14th (1925–27) 20880: 20878:13th (1924–25) 20875: 20873:12th (1923–24) 20870: 20868:11th (1922–23) 20865: 20863:10th (1921–22) 20860: 20855: 20850: 20845: 20840: 20835: 20830: 20825: 20820: 20815: 20810: 20805: 20799: 20797: 20788: 20782: 20781: 20778: 20777: 20775: 20774: 20772:16th (1930–34) 20769: 20767:15th (1927–30) 20764: 20762:14th (1925–27) 20759: 20757:13th (1924–25) 20754: 20752:12th (1923–24) 20748: 20746: 20740: 20739: 20737: 20736: 20734:14th (1925–27) 20731: 20729:13th (1924–25) 20726: 20724:12th (1923–24) 20720: 20718: 20712: 20711: 20709: 20708: 20706:28th (1990–91) 20703: 20701:16th (1930–34) 20698: 20696:15th (1927–30) 20693: 20691:14th (1925–27) 20688: 20686:13th (1924–25) 20683: 20681:12th (1923–24) 20677: 20675: 20666: 20657: 20656: 20653: 20652: 20650: 20649: 20647:27th (1986–90) 20644: 20642:26th (1981–86) 20639: 20637:25th (1976–81) 20634: 20632:24th (1971–76) 20629: 20627:23rd (1966–71) 20624: 20622:22nd (1961–66) 20619: 20617:20th (1956–61) 20614: 20612:19th (1952–56) 20609: 20607:18th (1939–52) 20604: 20602:17th (1934–39) 20598: 20596: 20590: 20589: 20587: 20586: 20584:18th (1939–52) 20581: 20579:17th (1934–39) 20576: 20574:16th (1930–34) 20571: 20569:15th (1927–30) 20566: 20564:14th (1925–27) 20561: 20559:13th (1924–25) 20556: 20554:12th (1923–24) 20551: 20549:11th (1922–23) 20546: 20544:10th (1921–22) 20541: 20536: 20531: 20525: 20523: 20517: 20516: 20514: 20513: 20511:28th (1990–91) 20508: 20506:27th (1986–90) 20503: 20501:26th (1981–86) 20498: 20496:25th (1976–81) 20493: 20491:24th (1971–76) 20488: 20486:23rd (1966–71) 20483: 20481:22nd (1961–66) 20478: 20476:20th (1956–61) 20473: 20471:19th (1952–56) 20468: 20466:18th (1939–52) 20463: 20461:17th (1934–39) 20458: 20456:16th (1930–34) 20453: 20451:15th (1927–30) 20448: 20446:14th (1925–27) 20443: 20441:13th (1924–25) 20438: 20436:12th (1923–24) 20433: 20431:11th (1922–23) 20428: 20426:10th (1921–22) 20423: 20418: 20413: 20408: 20402: 20400: 20394: 20393: 20391: 20390: 20388:28th (1990–91) 20385: 20383:27th (1986–90) 20380: 20378:26th (1981–86) 20375: 20373:25th (1976–81) 20370: 20368:24th (1971–76) 20365: 20363:23rd (1966–71) 20360: 20358:22nd (1961–66) 20355: 20353:20th (1956–61) 20350: 20348:19th (1952–56) 20345: 20343:18th (1939–52) 20340: 20338:17th (1934–39) 20335: 20333:16th (1930–34) 20330: 20328:15th (1927–30) 20325: 20323:14th (1925–27) 20320: 20318:13th (1924–25) 20315: 20313:12th (1923–24) 20310: 20308:11th (1922–23) 20305: 20303:10th (1921–22) 20300: 20295: 20290: 20285: 20280: 20278:Oct.–Dec. 1917 20275: 20273:Aug.–Oct. 1917 20269: 20267: 20258: 20255:Elected by the 20249: 20245: 20244: 20241: 20240: 20238: 20237: 20232: 20227: 20222: 20217: 20212: 20207: 20202: 20197: 20192: 20187: 20182: 20177: 20172: 20167: 20162: 20157: 20152: 20147: 20141: 20139: 20133: 20132: 20130: 20129: 20124: 20119: 20114: 20109: 20104: 20099: 20094: 20089: 20084: 20079: 20074: 20069: 20064: 20059: 20054: 20049: 20044: 20039: 20034: 20029: 20024: 20019: 20014: 20009: 20004: 19999: 19994: 19988: 19986: 19977: 19973: 19972: 19969: 19968: 19966: 19965: 19958: 19950: 19948: 19944: 19943: 19941: 19940: 19935: 19930: 19925: 19920: 19915: 19910: 19905: 19900: 19895: 19890: 19885: 19880: 19878:Heavy Industry 19875: 19870: 19868:Foreign Cadres 19865: 19860: 19855: 19850: 19845: 19840: 19834: 19832: 19826: 19825: 19823: 19822: 19817: 19812: 19807: 19801: 19799: 19795: 19794: 19792: 19791: 19781: 19775: 19769: 19763: 19757: 19751: 19745: 19739: 19733: 19727: 19724:Yakov Sverdlov 19721: 19714: 19712: 19706: 19705: 19703: 19702: 19696: 19690: 19684: 19678: 19672: 19666: 19663:Vladimir Lenin 19659: 19657: 19648: 19642: 19641: 19634: 19633: 19626: 19619: 19611: 19605: 19602: 19601: 19589: 19588: 19586: 19585: 19574: 19571: 19570: 19568: 19567: 19562: 19561: 19560: 19555: 19550: 19545: 19540: 19535: 19530: 19525: 19517: 19512: 19507: 19502: 19496: 19494: 19488: 19487: 19485: 19484: 19476: 19468: 19460: 19452: 19444: 19436: 19428: 19420: 19412: 19404: 19396: 19388: 19380: 19372: 19364: 19355: 19353: 19349: 19348: 19346: 19345: 19337: 19335: 19331: 19330: 19328: 19327: 19322: 19320:Stalin Society 19317: 19312: 19307: 19302: 19297: 19292: 19287: 19282: 19277: 19272: 19267: 19262: 19260:Stalin statues 19257: 19252: 19247: 19241: 19239: 19235: 19234: 19232: 19231: 19226: 19219: 19214: 19207: 19200: 19193: 19188: 19183: 19178: 19173: 19168: 19163: 19161:Stalin Epigram 19157: 19155: 19150: 19147: 19146: 19144: 19143: 19138: 19133: 19128: 19123: 19118: 19111: 19106: 19104:Rehabilitation 19101: 19096: 19090: 19088: 19082: 19081: 19079: 19078: 19073: 19066: 19061: 19056: 19049: 19044: 19039: 19032: 19027: 19020: 19015: 19010: 19003: 18996: 18989: 18982: 18974: 18972: 18968: 18967: 18965: 18964: 18959: 18954: 18949: 18944: 18939: 18934: 18929: 18924: 18923: 18922: 18917: 18912: 18907: 18902: 18897: 18892: 18882: 18872: 18867: 18862: 18857: 18852: 18847: 18846: 18845: 18840: 18831: 18826: 18818: 18817: 18816: 18811: 18806: 18801: 18800: 18799: 18794: 18789: 18784: 18779: 18774: 18769: 18764: 18759: 18754: 18749: 18744: 18739: 18734: 18724: 18714: 18709: 18704: 18703: 18702: 18692: 18687: 18682: 18680:Wittorf affair 18677: 18675:Dekulakization 18672: 18667: 18662: 18657: 18652: 18646: 18644: 18638: 18637: 18635: 18634: 18629: 18624: 18619: 18617:New Soviet man 18614: 18609: 18604: 18599: 18594: 18589: 18584: 18579: 18574: 18569: 18564: 18559: 18553: 18551: 18547: 18546: 18543: 18542: 18540: 18539: 18534: 18529: 18524: 18519: 18518: 18517: 18512: 18507: 18502: 18497: 18492: 18491: 18490: 18480: 18475: 18470: 18460: 18455: 18450: 18445: 18440: 18439: 18438: 18433: 18428: 18423: 18418: 18413: 18408: 18403: 18402: 18401: 18391: 18381: 18376: 18371: 18366: 18361: 18356: 18351: 18346: 18341: 18332: 18327: 18322: 18317: 18316: 18315: 18310: 18300: 18291: 18285: 18283: 18279: 18278: 18276: 18275: 18270: 18265: 18260: 18255: 18250: 18245: 18240: 18234: 18232: 18225: 18219: 18218: 18216: 18215: 18209: 18202: 18199: 18198: 18191: 18190: 18183: 18176: 18168: 18160: 18159: 18145: 18142: 18133: 18119: 18115: 18114: 18110: 18109: 18104: 18101: 18088: 18083: 18079: 18078: 18073: 18070: 18053: 18048: 18044: 18043: 18037: 18036: 18023: 18016: 18011: 18006: 18001: 17996: 17991: 17986: 17975: 17974:External links 17972: 17970: 17969: 17934: 17907: 17882: 17862: 17852:on 5 June 2018 17842: 17817: 17792: 17767: 17742: 17718: 17693: 17668: 17647: 17622: 17597: 17580: 17559: 17538: 17493: 17488: 17471: 17469: 17466: 17464: 17463: 17416: 17365: 17359: 17346: 17340: 17327: 17308: 17290: 17275: 17269: 17256: 17250: 17237: 17231: 17218: 17200: 17185: 17179: 17158: 17148:(6): 959–987. 17137: 17119: 17104: 17098: 17085: 17056: 17032:Soviet Studies 17027: 17021: 17008: 17002: 16989: 16983: 16970: 16964: 16958:. Allen Lane. 16949: 16931: 16916: 16910: 16897: 16887:(3): 367–379. 16876: 16870: 16857: 16851: 16838: 16832: 16815: 16797:(3): 409–429. 16786: 16780: 16767: 16722: 16696:(4): 663–675. 16685: 16679: 16673:. Allen Lane. 16664: 16658: 16652:. Allen Lane. 16643: 16637: 16624: 16612:10.2307/130111 16606:(3): 269–286. 16595: 16556: 16538:(3): 673–691. 16527: 16521: 16504: 16498: 16485: 16456: 16437: 16410: 16357: 16351: 16338: 16332: 16319: 16301: 16295:. Bloomsbury. 16287:Foltz, Richard 16283: 16277: 16264: 16258: 16245: 16227:(4): 663–693. 16216: 16183:(6): 823–841. 16165: 16114: 16104:(5): 603–630. 16093: 16060:(2): 245–259. 16042: 16024: 16009: 16000: 15959:(4): 625–633. 15941: 15935: 15922: 15916: 15903: 15897: 15884: 15878: 15863: 15820: 15811: 15805: 15792: 15783: 15777: 15764: 15758: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15725: 15694: 15678: 15666: 15654: 15642: 15640:, p. 596. 15627: 15625:, p. 315. 15615: 15613:, p. 595. 15599: 15597:, p. 595. 15587: 15585:, p. 594. 15571: 15569:, p. 594. 15559: 15557:, p. 594. 15539: 15537:, p. 592. 15527: 15525:, p. 314. 15515: 15508: 15490: 15474: 15462: 15460:, p. 401. 15450: 15434: 15422: 15410: 15398: 15386: 15374: 15367: 15347: 15331: 15319: 15317:, p. 173. 15307: 15295: 15293:, p. xxi. 15279: 15267: 15250: 15238: 15226: 15222:Khlevniuk 2015 15211: 15209:, p. 182. 15199: 15197:, p. 596. 15187: 15175: 15171:McDermott 2006 15163: 15151: 15147:McDermott 2006 15135: 15123: 15121:, p. 215. 15111: 15109:, p. 124. 15099: 15087: 15085:, p. 370. 15081:, p. 31; 15067: 15063:Khlevniuk 2015 15053:, p. 52; 15039: 15037:, p. 732. 15027: 15025:, p. 190. 15023:Khlevniuk 2015 15011: 15009:, p. 246. 14995: 14976: 14956: 14949: 14929: 14917: 14905: 14903:, p. 602. 14890: 14874: 14859: 14855:McDermott 2006 14842: 14830: 14814: 14802: 14783: 14763: 14761:, p. 366. 14751: 14739: 14737:, p. 252. 14735:Khlevniuk 2015 14727: 14725:, p. 365. 14715: 14713:, p. 521. 14703: 14701:, p. 144. 14691: 14679: 14677:, p. 260. 14675:Khlevniuk 2015 14667: 14663:Khlevniuk 2015 14655: 14653:, p. 521. 14639: 14637:, p. 256. 14635:Khlevniuk 2015 14615: 14611:Khlevniuk 2015 14603: 14601:, p. 255. 14599:Khlevniuk 2015 14597:, p. 16; 14583: 14571: 14563:Khlevniuk 2015 14561:, p. 13; 14551: 14536: 14524: 14512: 14500: 14469: 14465:Khlevniuk 2015 14453: 14451:, p. 364. 14437: 14433:Khlevniuk 2015 14427:, p. 64; 14413: 14394: 14374: 14372:, p. 202. 14362: 14350: 14338: 14326: 14324:, p. 209. 14320:, p. 80; 14310: 14308:, p. 209. 14298: 14286: 14284:, p. 106. 14274: 14272:, p. 135. 14262: 14250: 14238: 14232:, p. 49; 14222: 14203: 14183: 14164: 14144: 14125: 14105: 14086: 14066: 14047: 14027: 14023:Khlevniuk 2015 14015: 14000: 13996:Khlevniuk 2015 13990:, p. 90; 13980: 13978:, p. 437. 13964: 13952: 13936: 13934:, p. 145. 13924: 13908: 13904:Khlevniuk 2015 13892: 13888:McDermott 2006 13882:, p. 86; 13878:, p. 93; 13868: 13862:, p. 86; 13852: 13840: 13836:Khlevniuk 2015 13828: 13822:, p. 19; 13820:McDermott 2006 13814:, p. 86; 13804: 13802:, p. 131. 13792: 13780: 13776:Khlevniuk 2015 13768: 13764:Khlevniuk 2015 13762:, p. 73; 13752: 13748:Khlevniuk 2015 13740: 13738:, p. 620. 13728: 13709: 13689: 13685:McDermott 2006 13677: 13658: 13646: 13644:, p. 175. 13634: 13632:, p. 736. 13618: 13602: 13586: 13574: 13572:, p. 285. 13558: 13556:, p. 334. 13546: 13534: 13530:Khlevniuk 2015 13518: 13516:, p. 145. 13514:Khlevniuk 2015 13503: 13501:, p. 337. 13491: 13489:, p. 648. 13475: 13473:, p. 342. 13463: 13461:, p. 424. 13451: 13449:, p. 424. 13445:, p. 42; 13435: 13431:McDermott 2006 13423: 13416: 13398: 13394:McDermott 2006 13392:, p. 18; 13378: 13374:McDermott 2006 13358: 13339: 13319: 13317:, p. 181. 13307: 13305:, p. 145. 13295: 13291:Khlevniuk 2015 13283: 13281:, p. 115. 13268: 13258:, p. 42; 13248: 13246:, p. 148. 13244:Khlevniuk 2015 13234:, p. 63; 13220: 13218:, p. 337. 13204: 13202:, p. 343. 13189: 13177: 13175:, p. 572. 13165: 13163:, p. 178. 13153: 13151:, p. 295. 13133: 13131:, p. 296. 13117: 13115:, p. 102. 13105: 13103:, p. 594. 13089: 13087:, p. 191. 13085:Khlevniuk 2015 13077: 13065: 13057:Khlevniuk 2015 13049: 13045:Khlevniuk 2015 13037: 13035:, p. 331. 13025: 13013: 13011:, p. 525. 13001: 12999:, p. 525. 12995:, p. 60; 12985: 12973: 12949: 12925: 12921:Khlevniuk 2015 12919:, p. 25; 12909: 12897: 12895:, p. 329. 12893:Khlevniuk 2015 12885: 12873: 12869:Khlevniuk 2015 12863:, p. 49; 12849: 12847:, p. 268. 12837: 12825: 12813: 12811:, p. 579. 12801: 12797:Khlevniuk 2015 12795:, p. 42; 12777: 12765: 12753: 12749:Khlevniuk 2015 12738: 12734:Khlevniuk 2015 12722: 12710: 12693: 12678: 12676:, p. 552. 12666: 12651: 12647:Khlevniuk 2015 12639: 12637:, p. 531. 12627: 12623:Khlevniuk 2015 12615: 12603: 12601:, p. 211. 12597:, p. 95; 12587: 12585:, p. 211. 12575: 12560: 12548: 12546:, p. 545. 12536: 12530:, p. 86; 12528:Deutscher 1966 12520: 12516:Khlevniuk 2015 12508: 12504:Khlevniuk 2015 12492: 12480: 12478:, p. 216. 12468: 12453: 12449:Khlevniuk 2015 12447:, p. 93; 12437: 12425: 12421:Khlevniuk 2015 12405: 12393: 12381: 12379:, p. 336. 12369: 12357: 12342: 12330: 12328:, p. 314. 12326:Khlevniuk 2015 12310: 12303: 12277: 12275:, p. 316. 12273:Khlevniuk 2015 12265: 12263:, p. 593. 12250: 12248:, p. 315. 12246:Khlevniuk 2015 12235: 12233:, p. 591. 12223: 12211: 12209:, p. 312. 12207:Khlevniuk 2015 12199: 12187: 12185:, p. 310. 12183:Khlevniuk 2015 12175: 12163: 12151: 12149:, p. 319. 12147:Khlevniuk 2015 12139: 12137:, p. 318. 12135:Khlevniuk 2015 12119: 12117:, p. 317. 12115:Khlevniuk 2015 12103: 12101:, p. 317. 12099:Khlevniuk 2015 12091: 12089:, p. 314. 12087:Khlevniuk 2015 12075: 12073:, p. 588. 12063: 12032: 12030:, p. 587. 12020: 12018:, p. 189. 12016:Khlevniuk 2015 12008: 12004:Khlevniuk 2015 11992: 11990:, p. 313. 11988:Khlevniuk 2015 11968: 11966:, p. 142. 11964:Khlevniuk 2015 11948: 11946:, p. 312. 11931: 11927:Khlevniuk 2015 11907: 11903:Khlevniuk 2015 11895: 11893:, p. 306. 11891:Khlevniuk 2015 11879: 11877:, p. 578. 11867: 11851: 11839: 11837:, p. 560. 11822: 11818:Khlevniuk 2015 11810: 11808:, p. 308. 11798: 11796:, p. 307. 11794:Khlevniuk 2015 11782: 11778:Khlevniuk 2015 11766: 11764:, p. 307. 11762:Khlevniuk 2015 11742: 11740:, p. 195. 11738:Khlevniuk 2015 11726: 11724:, p. 571. 11711: 11709:, p. 309. 11707:Khlevniuk 2015 11691: 11689:, p. 286. 11687:Khlevniuk 2015 11679: 11677:, p. 290. 11667: 11655: 11651:Khlevniuk 2015 11639: 11623: 11621:, p. 284. 11619:Khlevniuk 2015 11603: 11601:, p. 285. 11599:Khlevniuk 2015 11591: 11589:, p. 291. 11579: 11567: 11565:, p. 296. 11563:Khlevniuk 2015 11551: 11547:Khlevniuk 2015 11535: 11533:, p. 554. 11520: 11516:Khlevniuk 2015 11500: 11498:, p. 294. 11496:Khlevniuk 2015 11484: 11482:, p. 287. 11480:Khlevniuk 2015 11468: 11464:Khlevniuk 2015 11452: 11450:, p. 553. 11440: 11438:, p. 509. 11428: 11426:, p. 286. 11424:Khlevniuk 2015 11408: 11406:, p. 513. 11396: 11384: 11382:, p. 476. 11372: 11370:, p. 281. 11368:Khlevniuk 2015 11352: 11350:, p. 507. 11337: 11335:, p. 287. 11325: 11323:, p. 516. 11308: 11306:, p. 515. 11291: 11289:, p. 515. 11275: 11273:, p. 511. 11260: 11258:, p. 267. 11256:Khlevniuk 2015 11240: 11238:, p. 503. 11224: 11222:, p. 518. 11209: 11207:, p. 483. 11197: 11195:, p. 517. 11185: 11183:, p. 290. 11181:Khlevniuk 2015 11165: 11163:, p. 264. 11161:Khlevniuk 2015 11153: 11141: 11134: 11116: 11114:, p. 551. 11104: 11102:, p. 281. 11100:Khlevniuk 2015 11085: 11083:, p. 494. 11070: 11014: 11012:, p. 504. 11002: 11000:, p. 267. 10998:Khlevniuk 2015 10986: 10984:, p. 502. 10974: 10972:, p. 297. 10970:Khlevniuk 2015 10962: 10960:, p. 293. 10958:Khlevniuk 2015 10946: 10944:, p. 508. 10934: 10922: 10920:, p. 487. 10910: 10908:, p. 503. 10895: 10883: 10881:, p. 299. 10879:Khlevniuk 2015 10868: 10866:, p. 261. 10864:Khlevniuk 2015 10852: 10840: 10838:, p. 261. 10836:Khlevniuk 2015 10824: 10820:Khlevniuk 2015 10812: 10810:, p. 282. 10808:Khlevniuk 2015 10796: 10794:, p. 303. 10792:Khlevniuk 2015 10784: 10782:, p. 534. 10772: 10768:Khlevniuk 2015 10756: 10754:, p. 268. 10752:Khlevniuk 2015 10740: 10738:, p. 491. 10724: 10722:, p. 289. 10712: 10708:Khlevniuk 2015 10696: 10694:, p. 497. 10684: 10682:, p. 496. 10672: 10670:, p. 500. 10660: 10658:, p. 261. 10656:Khlevniuk 2015 10644: 10632: 10630:, p. 482. 10620: 10618:, p. 268. 10616:Khlevniuk 2015 10608: 10606:, p. 202. 10592: 10590:, p. 485. 10580: 10578:, p. 262. 10576:Khlevniuk 2015 10564: 10562:, p. 548. 10552: 10540: 10538:, p. 541. 10528: 10526:, p. 479. 10516: 10504: 10502:, p. 247. 10500:Khlevniuk 2015 10488: 10486:, p. 484. 10471: 10469:, p. 481. 10454: 10452:, p. 506. 10439: 10424: 10412: 10410:, p. 249. 10408:Khlevniuk 2015 10396: 10394:, p. 248. 10392:Khlevniuk 2015 10380: 10376:Khlevniuk 2015 10364: 10352: 10350:, p. 474. 10340: 10338:, p. 234. 10336:Khlevniuk 2015 10320: 10308: 10306:, p. 247. 10304:Khlevniuk 2015 10292: 10290:, p. 473. 10277: 10275:, p. 244. 10273:Khlevniuk 2015 10261: 10259:, p. 245. 10257:Khlevniuk 2015 10245: 10229: 10217: 10215:, p. 244. 10213:Khlevniuk 2015 10197: 10195:, p. 233. 10193:Khlevniuk 2015 10185: 10181:Khlevniuk 2015 10165: 10163:, p. 492. 10148: 10132: 10120: 10118:, p. 244. 10116:Khlevniuk 2015 10104: 10092: 10088:Khlevniuk 2015 10068: 10066:, p. 463. 10053: 10051:, p. 462. 10041: 10037:Khlevniuk 2015 10017: 10015:, p. 460. 10005: 10003:, p. 456. 9993: 9989:Khlevniuk 2015 9973: 9971:, p. 458. 9961: 9959:, p. 466. 9945: 9943:, p. 466. 9933: 9931:, p. 452. 9918: 9916:, p. 163. 9906: 9904:, p. 159. 9894: 9892:, p. 227. 9890:Khlevniuk 2015 9874: 9872:, p. 155. 9862: 9851:Khlevniuk 2015 9839: 9837:, p. 225. 9835:Khlevniuk 2015 9827: 9825:, p. 225. 9823:Khlevniuk 2015 9811: 9809:, p. 427. 9799: 9797:, p. 426. 9787: 9785:, p. 425. 9775: 9773:, p. 124. 9763: 9751: 9747:Khlevniuk 2015 9731: 9729:, p. 444. 9715: 9703: 9701:, p. 446. 9688: 9686:, p. 442. 9676: 9674:, p. 441. 9664: 9660:Khlevniuk 2015 9648: 9646:, p. 421. 9636: 9634:, p. 211. 9632:Khlevniuk 2015 9624: 9622:, p. 568. 9612: 9610:, p. 422. 9597: 9595:, p. 423. 9582: 9580:, p. 223. 9578:Khlevniuk 2015 9566: 9564:, p. 521. 9550: 9548:, p. 210. 9546:Khlevniuk 2015 9534: 9532:, p. 209. 9530:Khlevniuk 2015 9528:, p. 98; 9514: 9512:, p. 391. 9510:Gellately 2007 9502: 9486: 9484:, p. 220. 9482:Khlevniuk 2015 9470: 9458: 9454:Khlevniuk 2015 9438: 9436:, p. 417. 9426: 9424:, p. 418. 9411: 9409:, p. 416. 9395: 9391:Khlevniuk 2015 9379: 9377:, p. 420. 9367: 9365:, p. 413. 9355: 9351:Khlevniuk 2015 9339: 9335:Khlevniuk 2015 9333:, p. 67; 9319: 9317:, p. 198. 9315:Khlevniuk 2015 9313:, p. 82; 9299: 9297:, p. 180. 9295:Khlevniuk 2015 9283: 9267: 9247: 9245:, p. 406. 9231: 9229:, p. 405. 9215: 9213:, p. 170. 9211:Khlevniuk 2015 9199: 9197:, p. 170. 9195:Khlevniuk 2015 9187: 9185:, p. 173. 9183:Khlevniuk 2015 9171: 9169:, p. 173. 9167:Khlevniuk 2015 9147: 9145:, p. 173. 9143:Khlevniuk 2015 9131: 9129:, p. 173. 9127:Khlevniuk 2015 9115: 9111:Khlevniuk 2015 9095: 9093:, p. 405. 9079: 9077:, p. 224. 9067: 9047: 9031: 9029:, p. 169. 9027:Khlevniuk 2015 9011: 9009:, p. 166. 9007:Khlevniuk 2015 8987: 8983:Khlevniuk 2015 8971: 8969:, p. 166. 8967:Khlevniuk 2015 8955: 8953:, p. 109. 8943: 8931: 8919: 8915:Khlevniuk 2015 8907: 8903:Khlevniuk 2015 8891: 8875: 8873:, p. 308. 8863: 8851: 8849:, p. 159. 8847:Khlevniuk 2015 8839: 8837:, p. 157. 8835:Khlevniuk 2015 8827: 8825:, p. 162. 8823:Khlevniuk 2015 8815: 8813:, p. 160. 8811:Khlevniuk 2015 8795: 8793:, p. 245. 8783: 8781:, p. 367. 8771: 8767:Khlevniuk 2015 8755: 8751:Khlevniuk 2015 8743: 8741:, p. 152. 8739:Khlevniuk 2015 8731: 8727:Khlevniuk 2015 8719: 8717:, p. 204. 8707: 8705:, p. 140. 8703:Khlevniuk 2015 8695: 8691:Khlevniuk 2015 8683: 8681:, p. 174. 8679:Khlevniuk 2015 8659: 8657:, p. 394. 8647: 8645:, p. 151. 8643:Khlevniuk 2015 8632: 8630:, p. 151. 8628:Khlevniuk 2015 8612: 8610:, p. 150. 8608:Khlevniuk 2015 8592: 8588:Khlevniuk 2015 8576: 8572:Khlevniuk 2015 8564: 8562:, p. 140. 8560:Khlevniuk 2015 8544: 8542:, p. 347. 8532: 8513: 8511:, p. 391. 8501: 8499:, p. 349. 8489: 8485:Khlevniuk 2015 8477: 8475:, p. 140. 8473:Khlevniuk 2015 8471:, p. 24; 8453: 8449:Khlevniuk 2015 8441: 8439:, p. 139. 8437:Khlevniuk 2015 8421: 8409: 8407:, p. 139. 8405:Khlevniuk 2015 8397: 8395:, p. 315. 8385: 8381:Khlevniuk 2015 8373: 8369:Khlevniuk 2015 8349: 8347:, p. 125. 8345:Khlevniuk 2015 8334: 8332:, p. 126. 8330:Khlevniuk 2015 8319: 8317:, p. 156. 8315:Khlevniuk 2015 8307: 8295: 8293:, p. 154. 8291:Khlevniuk 2015 8283: 8281:, p. 387. 8267: 8265:, p. 135. 8263:Khlevniuk 2015 8243: 8241:, p. 135. 8239:Khlevniuk 2015 8231: 8227:Khlevniuk 2015 8215: 8213:, p. 340. 8195: 8193:, p. 217. 8183: 8181:, p. 386. 8171: 8169:, p. 216. 8159: 8157:, p. 362. 8144: 8142:, p. 361. 8132: 8130:, p. 212. 8120: 8118:, p. 361. 8100: 8098:, p. 319. 8085: 8083:, p. 724. 8069: 8067:, p. 627. 8057: 8055:, p. 664. 8041: 8039:, p. 665. 8025: 8023:, p. 120. 8021:Khlevniuk 2015 8005: 8003:, p. 834. 7993: 7991:, p. 117. 7989:Khlevniuk 2015 7973: 7957: 7955:, p. 823. 7945: 7943:, p. 119. 7941:Khlevniuk 2015 7933: 7931:, p. 117. 7929:Khlevniuk 2015 7918: 7916:, p. 117. 7914:Khlevniuk 2015 7898: 7896:, p. 318. 7881: 7879:, p. 628. 7866: 7864:, p. 627. 7850: 7848:, p. 310. 7833: 7831:, p. 316. 7821: 7819:, p. 297. 7809: 7793: 7787:, p. 90; 7773: 7771:, p. 289. 7761: 7759:, p. 595. 7745: 7741:Allilueva 1967 7733: 7731:, p. 173. 7721: 7719:, p. 720. 7705:McDermott 1995 7697: 7695:, p. 261. 7682: 7680:, p. 282. 7667: 7655: 7653:, p. 379. 7643: 7641:, p. 325. 7639:Khlevniuk 2015 7631: 7629:, p. 191. 7619: 7617:, p. 157. 7607: 7605:, p. 307. 7591: 7579: 7563: 7561:, p. 308. 7547: 7545:, p. 304. 7535: 7533:, p. 299. 7523: 7511: 7509:, p. 301. 7496: 7494:, p. 326. 7484: 7482:, p. 324. 7472: 7470:, p. 155. 7460: 7458:, p. 268. 7445: 7443:, p. 107. 7441:Khlevniuk 2015 7421: 7419:, p. 108. 7417:Khlevniuk 2015 7409: 7405:Khlevniuk 2015 7389: 7387:, p. 300. 7377: 7375:, p. 269. 7365: 7353: 7341: 7329: 7327:, p. 118. 7325:Khlevniuk 2015 7317: 7315:, p. 265. 7300: 7298:, p. 274. 7288: 7286:, p. 259. 7276: 7264: 7244: 7242:, p. 708. 7224: 7222:, p. 174. 7212: 7210:, p. 114. 7208:Khlevniuk 2015 7196: 7192:Khlevniuk 2015 7180: 7178:, p. 272. 7168: 7166:, p. 116. 7164:Khlevniuk 2015 7152: 7150:, p. 116. 7148:Khlevniuk 2015 7136: 7134:, p. 270. 7124: 7122:, p. 271. 7112: 7110:, p. 113. 7108:Khlevniuk 2015 7100: 7098:, p. 112. 7096:Khlevniuk 2015 7084: 7082:, p. 234. 7072: 7068:Khlevniuk 2015 7056: 7054:, p. 231. 7041: 7039:, p. 167. 7029: 7027:, p. 166. 7013: 7011:, p. 267. 6998: 6996:, p. 105. 6994:Khlevniuk 2015 6982: 6980:, p. 258. 6970: 6968:, p. 103. 6966:Khlevniuk 2015 6954: 6950:Khlevniuk 2015 6930: 6928:, p. 101. 6926:Khlevniuk 2015 6914: 6912:, p. 571. 6898: 6896:, p. 258. 6882: 6862: 6860:, p. 254. 6850: 6848:, p. 256. 6838: 6836:, p. 273. 6826: 6824:, p. 244. 6811: 6809:, p. 689. 6791: 6789:, p. 130. 6779: 6767: 6765:, p. 278. 6755: 6739: 6727: 6725:, p. 276. 6715: 6713:, p. 282. 6699: 6695:Khlevniuk 2015 6671: 6667:Khlevniuk 2015 6659: 6655:Khlevniuk 2015 6639: 6637:, p. 614. 6623: 6619:Khlevniuk 2015 6613:, p. 11; 6599: 6595:Khlevniuk 2015 6580: 6578:, p. 240. 6568: 6566:, p. 563. 6552: 6550:, p. 228. 6540: 6538:, p. 227. 6528: 6526:, p. 225. 6516: 6512:Khlevniuk 2015 6504: 6492: 6488:Khlevniuk 2015 6482:, p. 98; 6472: 6460: 6458:, p. 136. 6448: 6446:, p. 111. 6436: 6434:, p. 238. 6420: 6418:, p. 235. 6404: 6392: 6390:, p. 432. 6380: 6378:, p. 469. 6368: 6366:, p. 455. 6356: 6354:, p. 453. 6344: 6342:, p. 426. 6332: 6313: 6293: 6289:Khlevniuk 2015 6265: 6261:Khlevniuk 2015 6249: 6247:, p. 544. 6225: 6223:, p. 540. 6215:, p. 30; 6201: 6191:, p. 30; 6177: 6173:Khlevniuk 2015 6163:, p. 30; 6149: 6137: 6125: 6123:, p. 528. 6113: 6109:Khlevniuk 2015 6089: 6085:Khlevniuk 2015 6065: 6063:, p. 485. 6055:, p. 74; 6045: 6041:Khlevniuk 2015 6021: 6017:Khlevniuk 2015 6007:, p. 71; 5997: 5995:, p. 195. 5982: 5978:Khlevniuk 2015 5972:, p. 95; 5962: 5958:Khlevniuk 2015 5948:, p. 98; 5938: 5936:, p. 528. 5918: 5914:Khlevniuk 2015 5898: 5896:, p. 413. 5882: 5880:, p. 191. 5876:, p. 53; 5872:, p. 97; 5862: 5860:, p. 501. 5847: 5845:, p. 504. 5827: 5825:, p. 190. 5815: 5813:, p. 411. 5801:, p. 96; 5791: 5789:, p. 188. 5779: 5777:, p. 186. 5767: 5763:Khlevniuk 2015 5753:, p. 89; 5743: 5741:, p. 232. 5724: 5722:, p. 400. 5708: 5692: 5690:, p. 400. 5676: 5674:, p. 200. 5664: 5662:, p. 371. 5648: 5646:, p. 202. 5633: 5631:, p. 388. 5621: 5609: 5607:, p. 392. 5597: 5595:, p. 377. 5581: 5579:, p. 377. 5569: 5549: 5533: 5531:, p. 182. 5521: 5519:, p. 135. 5509: 5507:, p. 364. 5493: 5489:Khlevniuk 2015 5479:, p. 87; 5469: 5467:, p. 177. 5450: 5438: 5434:Khlevniuk 2015 5418: 5402: 5400:, p. 178. 5387: 5385:, p. 174. 5375: 5363: 5361:, p. 199. 5351: 5349:, p. 176. 5339: 5337:, p. 175. 5333:, p. 91; 5323: 5321:, p. 175. 5311: 5309:, p. 331. 5305:, p. 45; 5301:, p. 86; 5291: 5289:, p. 185. 5276: 5264: 5262:, p. 172. 5258:, p. 85; 5248: 5246:, p. 172. 5231: 5229:, p. 314. 5211: 5209:, p. 169. 5199: 5197:, p. 171. 5187: 5183:Khlevniuk 2015 5177:, p. 40; 5163: 5159:Khlevniuk 2015 5153:, p. 27; 5149:, p. 46; 5139: 5137:, p. 170. 5133:, p. 81; 5123: 5119:Khlevniuk 2015 5117:, p. 28; 5103: 5087: 5085:, p. 173. 5072: 5068:Khlevniuk 2015 5058:, p. 27; 5054:, p. 39; 5050:, p. 77; 5040: 5024: 5022:, p. 259. 5012: 4996: 4994:, p. 250. 4980: 4978:, p. 250. 4970:, p. 75; 4960: 4950:, p. 72; 4940: 4938:, p. 153. 4928: 4926:, p. 152. 4922:, p. 71; 4912: 4900: 4896:Khlevniuk 2015 4886:, p. 72; 4876: 4874:, p. 151. 4870:, p. 72; 4860: 4856:Khlevniuk 2015 4846:, p. 30; 4842:, p. 70; 4832: 4830:, p. 148. 4820: 4818:, p. 158. 4805: 4803:, p. 155. 4790: 4788:, p. 149. 4778: 4776:, p. 157. 4766: 4764:, p. 150. 4754: 4752:, p. 226. 4748:, p. 27; 4738: 4736:, p. 229. 4732:, p. 71; 4722: 4720:, p. 228. 4716:, p. 71; 4706: 4704:, p. 148. 4690: 4686:Khlevniuk 2015 4670: 4668:, p. 177. 4658: 4654:Khlevniuk 2015 4646: 4639: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4605: 4568: 4471: 4450: 4441: 4432: 4419: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4381: 4378: 4366:Vladimir Putin 4292: 4289: 4268:Michael Ellman 4236:Main article: 4233: 4230: 4116:Old Bolsheviks 4099:anti-communist 4092:The historian 4069: 4066: 4046:Artyom Sergeev 3993:Boris Bazhanov 3987: 3984: 3976:Yakov Sverdlov 3892:Trofim Lysenko 3878: 3875: 3859:Kuntsevo Dacha 3793: 3792: 3781: 3780: 3766: 3763: 3672: 3669: 3665:A mass amnesty 3596:Jonathan Brent 3580:Kuntsevo Dacha 3564:Main article: 3561: 3558: 3522:Order of Lenin 3503: 3500: 3416: 3413: 3325: 3322: 3232: 3229: 3148:Leningrad case 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3098:war with Japan 3071:Clement Attlee 3062: 3059: 3026:Crimean Tatars 2966:British Empire 2904: 2901: 2848:Anna Akhmatova 2829:The centre of 2779:scorched earth 2713: 2710: 2684:was signed by 2675:Katyn massacre 2619:Maxim Litvinov 2585: 2582: 2575:Katyn massacre 2554: 2551: 2435:Nikolai Yezhov 2406:Main article: 2403: 2400: 2286: 2283: 2268:North Caucasus 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2132:Trofim Lysenko 2047: 2044: 1997:market economy 1981:North Caucasus 1897: 1895: 1892: 1884: 1881: 1787:Mikhail Tomsky 1764:Genrikh Yagoda 1756:Old Bolsheviks 1698: 1695: 1690:Main article: 1687: 1684: 1676:Boris Bazhanov 1632: 1596:South Caucasus 1543: 1540: 1534:was signed in 1532:a peace treaty 1484:Stalin in 1920 1407: 1404: 1319:a constitution 1307:Yakov Sverdlov 1275: 1272: 1267:Main article: 1264: 1261: 1257:Stephen Kotkin 1253:Oleg Khlevniuk 1237:paramilitaries 1222:Vladimir Lenin 1206:Russian Empire 1188:Stalin in 1893 1178:Main article: 1175: 1172: 1138:, who in 1956 969:Vladimir Lenin 951:Russian Empire 883: 882: 879: 878: 876: 875: 865: 854: 846: 845: 843: 842: 832: 829: 822: 811: 810: 809: 806: 805: 799: 788: 777: 766: 761:Politburo and 747: 746: 745: 742: 741: 729: 712: 707: 706: 705: 704: 703: 700: 699: 697: 696: 691: 690: 689: 678: 676: 672: 671: 665: 661: 660: 654: 650: 649: 646: 642: 641: 636: 632: 631: 629: 628: 623: 617: 615: 611: 610: 606: 605: 603: 602: 599: 595: 593: 589: 588: 581: 577: 576: 571: 567: 566: 561: 555: 554: 552: 551: 546: 540: 538: 534: 533: 531: 530: 525: 519: 514: 508: 506: 502: 501: 489: 485: 480: 479: 478: 477: 464: 460: 455: 454: 453: 452: 449: 447: 443: 442: 440: 439: 428: 426: 420: 419: 413: 411: 407: 406: 404: 403: 397: 390: 388: 384: 383: 377:(aged 74) 371: 367: 366: 364:Russian Empire 349: 347: 343: 342: 338: 337: 334: 333: 328: 322: 321: 316: 310: 309: 307:Vladimir Lenin 304: 300: 299: 289: 288: 282: 281: 278: 272: 271: 266: 260: 259: 254: 250: 249: 239: 238: 232: 231: 226: 220: 219: 216: 210: 209: 207: 206: 201: 198: 192: 190: 186: 185: 175: 174: 168: 167: 159: 153: 152: 144: 138: 137: 127: 126: 120: 119: 116: 115: 109:Stalin at the 108: 100: 99: 97: 96: 87: 77: 74: 73: 70: 65: 47:Vissarionovich 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 26696: 26685: 26682: 26680: 26677: 26675: 26672: 26670: 26667: 26665: 26662: 26660: 26657: 26655: 26652: 26650: 26647: 26645: 26642: 26640: 26637: 26635: 26632: 26630: 26627: 26625: 26622: 26620: 26617: 26615: 26612: 26610: 26607: 26605: 26602: 26600: 26597: 26595: 26592: 26590: 26587: 26585: 26582: 26580: 26577: 26575: 26572: 26570: 26567: 26565: 26562: 26560: 26557: 26555: 26552: 26550: 26547: 26545: 26542: 26540: 26537: 26535: 26532: 26530: 26527: 26525: 26522: 26520: 26517: 26515: 26512: 26510: 26507: 26505: 26502: 26500: 26497: 26495: 26492: 26490: 26487: 26485: 26482: 26480: 26477: 26475: 26472: 26470: 26467: 26465: 26462: 26460: 26457: 26455: 26452: 26450: 26447: 26445: 26442: 26440: 26437: 26435: 26432: 26430: 26427: 26425: 26422: 26420: 26417: 26415: 26412: 26410: 26407: 26405: 26402: 26400: 26397: 26395: 26392: 26390: 26387: 26385: 26382: 26380: 26377: 26375: 26372: 26370: 26367: 26365: 26362: 26360: 26357: 26355: 26352: 26350: 26347: 26345: 26342: 26340: 26337: 26335: 26332: 26330: 26327: 26325: 26322: 26320: 26317: 26315: 26312: 26310: 26307: 26305: 26302: 26300: 26297: 26295: 26292: 26290: 26287: 26285: 26282: 26280: 26277: 26275: 26272: 26270: 26267: 26265: 26262: 26260: 26257: 26255: 26252: 26250: 26247: 26245: 26242: 26240: 26237: 26235: 26232: 26230: 26227: 26225: 26222: 26220: 26217: 26215: 26212: 26210: 26207: 26205: 26202: 26200: 26197: 26195: 26192: 26190: 26187: 26185: 26182: 26180: 26177: 26175: 26172: 26170: 26167: 26165: 26162: 26160: 26157: 26155: 26152: 26150: 26147: 26145: 26142: 26140: 26137: 26135: 26132: 26130: 26127: 26125: 26122: 26120: 26119:Anti-fascists 26117: 26115: 26112: 26110: 26107: 26105: 26102: 26100: 26097: 26095: 26094:Joseph Stalin 26092: 26090: 26089:Russification 26087: 26086: 26084: 26074: 26064: 26062: 26052: 26050: 26040: 26038: 26028: 26027: 26024: 26003: 25999: 25995: 25991: 25987: 25983: 25979: 25975: 25974:Kamala Harris 25971: 25967: 25963: 25959: 25954: 25953: 25948: 25944: 25940: 25936: 25930: 25926: 25922: 25918: 25914: 25910: 25909:Angela Merkel 25906: 25901: 25900:Salome Karwah 25897: 25893: 25888: 25884: 25880: 25876: 25872: 25868: 25867:The Protester 25864: 25860: 25856: 25852: 25848: 25844: 25840: 25836: 25832: 25828: 25824: 25819: 25818:Melinda Gates 25815: 25811: 25805: 25801: 25797: 25793: 25789: 25784: 25780: 25779:Coleen Rowley 25776: 25770: 25766: 25762: 25761: 25759: 25755: 25747: 25743: 25739: 25735: 25731: 25727: 25723: 25719: 25715: 25711: 25707: 25703: 25702:Newt Gingrich 25699: 25695: 25691: 25686: 25685:Yitzhak Rabin 25682: 25678: 25674: 25673:Yasser Arafat 25668: 25664: 25660: 25656: 25652: 25648: 25644: 25640: 25636: 25632: 25628: 25624: 25620: 25616: 25612: 25608: 25607:Deng Xiaoping 25604: 25600: 25596: 25592: 25591:Yuri Andropov 25588: 25587:Ronald Reagan 25584: 25580: 25576: 25572: 25568: 25564: 25563:Ronald Reagan 25560: 25556: 25552: 25548: 25547:Deng Xiaoping 25544: 25540: 25536: 25532: 25528: 25527: 25525: 25521: 25512: 25508: 25504: 25500: 25496: 25492: 25488: 25484: 25480: 25476: 25472: 25468: 25462: 25458: 25454: 25450: 25446: 25442: 25441:Richard Nixon 25438: 25434: 25430: 25429:Richard Nixon 25426: 25422: 25418: 25414: 25410: 25405: 25401: 25397: 25393: 25388: 25384: 25380: 25376: 25372: 25368: 25364: 25360: 25356: 25352: 25348: 25344: 25340: 25336: 25332: 25327: 25323: 25319: 25315: 25314:Edward Teller 25311: 25307: 25303: 25299: 25295: 25294:Linus Pauling 25291: 25290:Willard Libby 25287: 25283: 25279: 25275: 25271: 25270:George Beadle 25265: 25261: 25257: 25253: 25249: 25245: 25241: 25237: 25233: 25229: 25225: 25221: 25217: 25213: 25209: 25205: 25204:Elizabeth II 25201: 25197: 25193: 25192: 25190: 25186: 25178: 25174: 25170: 25166: 25162: 25158: 25154: 25150: 25146: 25142: 25138: 25134: 25130: 25126: 25122: 25118: 25114: 25113:Joseph Stalin 25110: 25106: 25102: 25098: 25094: 25090: 25089:Joseph Stalin 25086: 25082: 25078: 25074: 25070: 25066: 25062: 25058: 25054: 25050: 25046: 25042: 25038: 25034: 25030: 25026: 25022: 25018: 25014: 25010: 25006: 25005:Owen D. Young 25002: 24998: 24994: 24990: 24986: 24985: 24983: 24979: 24975: 24973: 24965: 24960: 24958: 24953: 24951: 24946: 24945: 24942: 24932: 24922: 24916: 24913: 24911: 24908: 24906: 24903: 24901: 24898: 24896: 24893: 24891: 24888: 24886: 24883: 24881: 24878: 24876: 24873: 24872: 24870: 24866: 24860: 24859:Romas Kalanta 24857: 24855: 24852: 24850: 24847: 24845: 24842: 24840: 24837: 24835: 24834:Oleksa Hirnyk 24832: 24830: 24827: 24825: 24822: 24820: 24817: 24815: 24812: 24811: 24809: 24805: 24799: 24796: 24794: 24791: 24789: 24786: 24784: 24781: 24779: 24778:Joseph Stalin 24776: 24774: 24771: 24769: 24766: 24764: 24763:Alexander III 24761: 24759: 24758:Pyotr Valuyev 24756: 24754: 24751: 24749: 24746: 24744: 24741: 24740: 24738: 24734: 24726: 24723: 24722: 24721: 24718: 24716: 24713: 24711: 24708: 24706: 24703: 24699: 24696: 24694: 24691: 24690: 24689: 24686: 24684: 24681: 24679: 24676: 24674: 24671: 24670: 24668: 24664: 24659: 24658:Russification 24652: 24647: 24645: 24640: 24638: 24633: 24632: 24629: 24617: 24616:Elena Stasova 24614: 24612: 24609: 24607: 24604: 24602: 24599: 24598: 24596: 24592: 24586: 24583: 24581: 24580:Joseph Stalin 24578: 24576: 24573: 24571: 24568: 24566: 24563: 24562: 24560: 24556: 24551: 24544: 24539: 24537: 24532: 24530: 24525: 24524: 24521: 24509: 24506: 24504: 24501: 24499: 24496: 24495: 24493: 24489: 24483: 24480: 24478: 24477:Joseph Stalin 24475: 24473: 24470: 24468: 24465: 24463: 24460: 24459: 24457: 24453: 24448: 24441: 24436: 24434: 24429: 24427: 24422: 24421: 24418: 24406: 24403: 24401: 24398: 24396: 24393: 24392: 24390: 24386: 24380: 24377: 24375: 24374:Joseph Stalin 24372: 24370: 24367: 24365: 24362: 24360: 24357: 24356: 24354: 24350: 24345: 24338: 24333: 24331: 24326: 24324: 24319: 24318: 24315: 24303: 24300: 24298: 24295: 24293: 24290: 24289: 24287: 24283: 24277: 24274: 24272: 24269: 24267: 24266:Joseph Stalin 24264: 24262: 24259: 24257: 24254: 24252: 24249: 24247: 24244: 24243: 24241: 24237: 24232: 24225: 24220: 24218: 24213: 24211: 24206: 24205: 24202: 24190: 24187: 24185: 24182: 24180: 24177: 24175: 24172: 24171: 24169: 24165: 24159: 24156: 24154: 24151: 24149: 24148:Joseph Stalin 24146: 24144: 24141: 24139: 24136: 24134: 24131: 24129: 24126: 24125: 24123: 24119: 24114: 24107: 24102: 24100: 24095: 24093: 24088: 24087: 24084: 24072: 24069: 24067: 24064: 24062: 24059: 24057: 24054: 24052: 24049: 24047: 24044: 24043: 24041: 24037: 24031: 24028: 24026: 24023: 24021: 24020:Joseph Stalin 24018: 24016: 24013: 24011: 24008: 24006: 24003: 24001: 23998: 23997: 23995: 23991: 23986: 23979: 23974: 23972: 23967: 23965: 23960: 23959: 23956: 23944: 23941: 23939: 23936: 23934: 23931: 23929: 23926: 23924: 23921: 23919: 23916: 23914: 23911: 23909: 23906: 23904: 23901: 23899: 23896: 23894: 23891: 23890: 23888: 23884: 23878: 23875: 23873: 23870: 23868: 23865: 23863: 23862:Joseph Stalin 23860: 23858: 23855: 23853: 23850: 23848: 23845: 23843: 23840: 23838: 23835: 23833: 23830: 23829: 23827: 23823: 23818: 23811: 23806: 23804: 23799: 23797: 23792: 23791: 23788: 23776: 23773: 23771: 23768: 23766: 23763: 23761: 23758: 23756: 23753: 23751: 23748: 23746: 23743: 23741: 23738: 23736: 23733: 23731: 23728: 23727: 23725: 23721: 23715: 23712: 23710: 23709:Joseph Stalin 23707: 23705: 23702: 23700: 23697: 23695: 23692: 23690: 23687: 23685: 23682: 23680: 23677: 23675: 23672: 23671: 23669: 23665: 23660: 23653: 23648: 23646: 23641: 23639: 23634: 23633: 23630: 23618: 23615: 23613: 23610: 23608: 23605: 23603: 23600: 23598: 23595: 23594: 23592: 23588: 23582: 23579: 23577: 23574: 23572: 23571:Joseph Stalin 23569: 23567: 23564: 23562: 23559: 23557: 23554: 23552: 23549: 23547: 23544: 23542: 23539: 23537: 23534: 23532: 23529: 23527: 23524: 23523: 23521: 23517: 23512: 23505: 23500: 23498: 23493: 23491: 23486: 23485: 23482: 23470: 23467: 23465: 23462: 23460: 23457: 23455: 23452: 23450: 23447: 23445: 23442: 23440: 23437: 23435: 23432: 23430: 23427: 23426: 23424: 23420: 23414: 23411: 23409: 23406: 23404: 23403:Joseph Stalin 23401: 23399: 23396: 23394: 23391: 23389: 23386: 23384: 23381: 23379: 23376: 23374: 23371: 23369: 23366: 23364: 23361: 23359: 23356: 23355: 23353: 23349: 23344: 23337: 23332: 23330: 23325: 23323: 23318: 23317: 23314: 23302: 23299: 23297: 23294: 23292: 23289: 23287: 23284: 23282: 23279: 23277: 23274: 23272: 23269: 23268: 23266: 23262: 23256: 23253: 23251: 23248: 23246: 23243: 23241: 23238: 23236: 23233: 23231: 23228: 23226: 23225:Joseph Stalin 23223: 23221: 23218: 23216: 23213: 23211: 23208: 23206: 23203: 23201: 23198: 23196: 23193: 23191: 23188: 23187: 23185: 23181: 23176: 23169: 23164: 23162: 23157: 23155: 23150: 23149: 23146: 23134: 23131: 23129: 23126: 23124: 23121: 23119: 23116: 23114: 23111: 23109: 23106: 23104: 23103:Ivan Tevosian 23101: 23099: 23096: 23094: 23093:Nikolai Pegov 23091: 23089: 23086: 23084: 23081: 23079: 23076: 23074: 23071: 23069: 23068:Arseny Zverev 23066: 23064: 23061: 23059: 23056: 23055: 23053: 23049: 23043: 23040: 23038: 23035: 23033: 23030: 23028: 23025: 23023: 23020: 23018: 23015: 23013: 23012:Joseph Stalin 23010: 23008: 23005: 23003: 23000: 22998: 22995: 22993: 22990: 22988: 22985: 22983: 22980: 22978: 22975: 22973: 22970: 22968: 22965: 22963: 22962:Otto Kuusinen 22960: 22958: 22955: 22953: 22950: 22948: 22945: 22943: 22940: 22938: 22935: 22933: 22930: 22928: 22925: 22923: 22920: 22918: 22915: 22914: 22912: 22908: 22903: 22896: 22891: 22889: 22884: 22882: 22877: 22876: 22873: 22848: 22845: 22843: 22840: 22838: 22835: 22833: 22830: 22828: 22825: 22823: 22820: 22818: 22815: 22813: 22812:Mitja Ribičič 22810: 22808: 22805: 22803: 22800: 22798: 22795: 22793: 22790: 22789: 22787: 22785: 22781: 22775: 22772: 22770: 22767: 22765: 22764:Yuri Andropov 22762: 22760: 22757: 22755: 22752: 22750: 22747: 22745: 22744:Joseph Stalin 22742: 22740: 22737: 22736: 22734: 22732: 22728: 22722: 22719: 22717: 22714: 22712: 22709: 22708: 22706: 22704: 22700: 22694: 22691: 22689: 22686: 22684: 22681: 22679: 22678:Edward Gierek 22676: 22674: 22671: 22669: 22666: 22664: 22661: 22660: 22658: 22656: 22652: 22648: 22645: 22636: 22633: 22631: 22628: 22626: 22623: 22621: 22618: 22616: 22613: 22611: 22610:Mátyás Rákosi 22608: 22607: 22605: 22603: 22599: 22595: 22589: 22586: 22584: 22581: 22579: 22576: 22574: 22571: 22569: 22568:Wilhelm Pieck 22566: 22565: 22563: 22561: 22557: 22551: 22550:Karel Urbánek 22548: 22546: 22543: 22541: 22538: 22536: 22533: 22531: 22528: 22526: 22523: 22522: 22520: 22518: 22514: 22508: 22505: 22503: 22502:Todor Zhivkov 22500: 22498: 22495: 22493: 22490: 22489: 22487: 22485: 22481: 22475: 22472: 22470: 22467: 22466: 22464: 22462: 22458: 22455: 22454: 22449: 22445: 22441: 22437: 22429: 22424: 22422: 22417: 22415: 22410: 22409: 22406: 22394: 22391: 22389: 22386: 22384: 22381: 22379: 22376: 22374: 22371: 22369: 22366: 22364: 22361: 22359: 22356: 22354: 22351: 22349: 22346: 22344: 22341: 22339: 22336: 22334: 22331: 22329: 22326: 22324: 22321: 22319: 22316: 22314: 22311: 22309: 22306: 22304: 22301: 22299: 22296: 22294: 22291: 22289: 22286: 22284: 22281: 22279: 22276: 22274: 22271: 22269: 22266: 22264: 22261: 22259: 22256: 22254: 22251: 22249: 22246: 22243: 22242:Generalissimo 22239: 22236: 22234: 22231: 22229: 22226: 22224: 22221: 22219: 22216: 22214: 22211: 22209: 22206: 22204: 22201: 22199: 22196: 22194: 22191: 22189: 22186: 22185: 22182: 22178: 22171: 22166: 22164: 22159: 22157: 22152: 22151: 22148: 22136: 22133: 22131: 22128: 22126: 22123: 22122: 22119: 22112: 22109: 22106: 22103: 22100: 22097: 22094: 22091: 22088: 22085: 22082: 22079: 22076: 22073: 22070: 22067: 22064: 22061: 22058: 22055: 22052: 22049: 22046: 22043: 22040: 22037: 22034: 22031: 22028: 22025: 22022: 22019: 22016: 22013: 22010: 22007: 22004: 22001: 21998: 21995: 21992: 21989: 21986: 21983: 21980: 21977: 21974: 21971: 21968: 21965: 21962: 21961: 21959: 21957: 21953: 21946: 21943: 21940: 21939: 21935: 21932: 21929: 21926: 21923: 21920: 21917: 21914: 21911: 21908: 21905: 21902: 21899: 21896: 21893: 21890: 21887: 21884: 21881: 21878: 21875: 21872: 21869: 21868: 21866: 21862: 21858: 21851: 21846: 21844: 21839: 21837: 21832: 21831: 21828: 21813: 21810: 21805: 21802: 21797: 21794: 21789: 21786: 21781: 21778: 21773: 21770: 21765: 21764:Georgy Zhukov 21762: 21757: 21754: 21753: 21751: 21747: 21743: 21734: 21731: 21726: 21725:Ivan Yumashev 21723: 21722: 21720: 21714: 21708: 21705: 21704: 21702: 21696: 21687: 21684: 21679: 21676: 21671: 21670:Joseph Stalin 21668: 21667: 21665: 21659: 21653: 21652:Joseph Stalin 21650: 21649: 21647: 21639: 21630: 21627: 21622: 21619: 21614: 21613:Pyotr Smirnov 21611: 21610: 21608: 21604: 21600: 21591: 21590:Joseph Stalin 21588: 21583: 21580: 21575: 21572: 21571: 21569: 21565: 21561: 21543: 21540: 21535: 21532: 21527: 21524: 21519: 21516: 21511: 21508: 21507: 21505: 21501: 21495: 21491: 21487: 21480: 21475: 21473: 21468: 21466: 21461: 21460: 21457: 21445: 21442: 21440: 21437: 21435: 21432: 21430: 21427: 21425: 21422: 21420: 21417: 21415: 21412: 21411: 21409: 21405: 21398: 21395: 21392: 21389: 21386: 21383: 21380: 21377: 21374: 21371: 21368: 21365: 21362: 21359: 21356: 21353: 21350: 21347: 21344: 21341: 21338: 21335: 21332: 21329: 21326: 21323: 21321: 21318: 21317: 21315: 21311: 21301: 21298: 21296: 21293: 21291: 21288: 21286: 21283: 21282: 21280: 21276: 21266: 21263: 21261: 21258: 21256: 21253: 21251: 21248: 21246: 21243: 21242: 21240: 21236: 21226: 21223: 21221: 21218: 21216: 21213: 21211: 21208: 21206: 21203: 21201: 21198: 21196: 21193: 21191: 21188: 21186: 21183: 21181: 21178: 21176: 21173: 21171: 21168: 21166: 21163: 21161: 21158: 21156: 21153: 21151: 21148: 21146: 21143: 21141: 21138: 21136: 21133: 21131: 21128: 21127: 21125: 21121: 21118: 21114: 21100: 21097: 21095: 21092: 21090: 21087: 21085: 21082: 21080: 21077: 21075: 21072: 21070: 21067: 21065: 21062: 21060: 21059:9th (1920–21) 21057: 21056: 21054: 21052: 21048: 21042: 21039: 21037: 21034: 21032: 21029: 21027: 21024: 21022: 21019: 21017: 21014: 21012: 21009: 21007: 21004: 21002: 20999: 20997: 20994: 20992: 20989: 20987: 20984: 20982: 20979: 20977: 20974: 20972: 20969: 20967: 20966:8th (1919–21) 20964: 20963: 20961: 20959: 20955: 20949: 20946: 20944: 20941: 20939: 20936: 20934: 20931: 20929: 20926: 20924: 20921: 20919: 20916: 20914: 20911: 20909: 20906: 20904: 20901: 20899: 20896: 20894: 20891: 20889: 20886: 20884: 20881: 20879: 20876: 20874: 20871: 20869: 20866: 20864: 20861: 20859: 20858:9th (1920–21) 20856: 20854: 20853:8th (1919–20) 20851: 20849: 20848:7th (1918–19) 20846: 20844: 20843:6th (1917–18) 20841: 20839: 20836: 20834: 20831: 20829: 20828:5th (1907–12) 20826: 20824: 20823:4th (1906–07) 20821: 20819: 20816: 20814: 20811: 20809: 20808:2nd (1903–05) 20806: 20804: 20801: 20800: 20798: 20796: 20792: 20789: 20783: 20773: 20770: 20768: 20765: 20763: 20760: 20758: 20755: 20753: 20750: 20749: 20747: 20745: 20741: 20735: 20732: 20730: 20727: 20725: 20722: 20721: 20719: 20717: 20713: 20707: 20704: 20702: 20699: 20697: 20694: 20692: 20689: 20687: 20684: 20682: 20679: 20678: 20676: 20674: 20670: 20667: 20665: 20658: 20648: 20645: 20643: 20640: 20638: 20635: 20633: 20630: 20628: 20625: 20623: 20620: 20618: 20615: 20613: 20610: 20608: 20605: 20603: 20600: 20599: 20597: 20595: 20591: 20585: 20582: 20580: 20577: 20575: 20572: 20570: 20567: 20565: 20562: 20560: 20557: 20555: 20552: 20550: 20547: 20545: 20542: 20540: 20539:9th (1920–21) 20537: 20535: 20534:8th (1919–20) 20532: 20530: 20527: 20526: 20524: 20522: 20518: 20512: 20509: 20507: 20504: 20502: 20499: 20497: 20494: 20492: 20489: 20487: 20484: 20482: 20479: 20477: 20474: 20472: 20469: 20467: 20464: 20462: 20459: 20457: 20454: 20452: 20449: 20447: 20444: 20442: 20439: 20437: 20434: 20432: 20429: 20427: 20424: 20422: 20421:9th (1920–21) 20419: 20417: 20416:8th (1919–20) 20414: 20412: 20411:7th (1918–19) 20409: 20407: 20406:6th (1917–18) 20404: 20403: 20401: 20399: 20395: 20389: 20386: 20384: 20381: 20379: 20376: 20374: 20371: 20369: 20366: 20364: 20361: 20359: 20356: 20354: 20351: 20349: 20346: 20344: 20341: 20339: 20336: 20334: 20331: 20329: 20326: 20324: 20321: 20319: 20316: 20314: 20311: 20309: 20306: 20304: 20301: 20299: 20298:9th (1920–21) 20296: 20294: 20293:8th (1919–20) 20291: 20289: 20288:7th (1918–19) 20286: 20284: 20283:6th (1917–18) 20281: 20279: 20276: 20274: 20271: 20270: 20268: 20266: 20262: 20259: 20253: 20250: 20246: 20236: 20233: 20231: 20228: 20226: 20223: 20221: 20218: 20216: 20213: 20211: 20208: 20206: 20203: 20201: 20198: 20196: 20193: 20191: 20188: 20186: 20183: 20181: 20178: 20176: 20173: 20171: 20168: 20166: 20163: 20161: 20158: 20156: 20153: 20151: 20148: 20146: 20143: 20142: 20140: 20138: 20134: 20128: 20125: 20123: 20120: 20118: 20115: 20113: 20110: 20108: 20105: 20103: 20100: 20098: 20095: 20093: 20090: 20088: 20085: 20083: 20080: 20078: 20075: 20073: 20070: 20068: 20065: 20063: 20060: 20058: 20055: 20053: 20050: 20048: 20045: 20043: 20040: 20038: 20035: 20033: 20030: 20028: 20025: 20023: 20020: 20018: 20015: 20013: 20010: 20008: 20005: 20003: 20000: 19998: 19995: 19993: 19990: 19989: 19987: 19985: 19981: 19978: 19974: 19964: 19963: 19959: 19957: 19956: 19952: 19951: 19949: 19945: 19939: 19936: 19934: 19931: 19929: 19926: 19924: 19921: 19919: 19916: 19914: 19911: 19909: 19906: 19904: 19901: 19899: 19896: 19894: 19891: 19889: 19888:International 19886: 19884: 19881: 19879: 19876: 19874: 19871: 19869: 19866: 19864: 19861: 19859: 19856: 19854: 19851: 19849: 19846: 19844: 19841: 19839: 19836: 19835: 19833: 19831: 19827: 19821: 19818: 19816: 19813: 19811: 19808: 19806: 19803: 19802: 19800: 19796: 19789: 19785: 19782: 19779: 19776: 19773: 19770: 19767: 19766:Yuri Andropov 19764: 19761: 19758: 19755: 19752: 19749: 19748:Joseph Stalin 19746: 19743: 19740: 19737: 19734: 19731: 19730:Elena Stasova 19728: 19725: 19722: 19719: 19718:Elena Stasova 19716: 19715: 19713: 19711: 19707: 19700: 19697: 19694: 19691: 19688: 19687:Yuri Andropov 19685: 19682: 19679: 19676: 19673: 19670: 19669:Joseph Stalin 19667: 19664: 19661: 19660: 19658: 19656: 19652: 19649: 19647: 19643: 19639: 19632: 19627: 19625: 19620: 19618: 19613: 19612: 19609: 19603: 19596: 19584: 19576: 19575: 19572: 19566: 19563: 19559: 19556: 19554: 19551: 19549: 19546: 19544: 19541: 19539: 19538:Semyonovskoye 19536: 19534: 19531: 19529: 19526: 19524: 19521: 19520: 19518: 19516: 19513: 19511: 19508: 19506: 19503: 19501: 19498: 19497: 19495: 19493: 19489: 19480: 19477: 19472: 19469: 19464: 19461: 19456: 19453: 19448: 19445: 19440: 19437: 19432: 19429: 19424: 19421: 19416: 19415:Vasily Stalin 19413: 19410:(second wife) 19408: 19405: 19402:(adopted son) 19400: 19397: 19392: 19389: 19384: 19381: 19376: 19375:Kato Svanidze 19373: 19368: 19365: 19360: 19357: 19356: 19354: 19350: 19344: 19343: 19339: 19338: 19336: 19332: 19326: 19323: 19321: 19318: 19316: 19313: 19311: 19308: 19306: 19303: 19301: 19298: 19296: 19293: 19291: 19288: 19286: 19283: 19281: 19278: 19276: 19273: 19271: 19268: 19266: 19263: 19261: 19258: 19256: 19253: 19251: 19248: 19246: 19243: 19242: 19240: 19236: 19230: 19227: 19225: 19224: 19220: 19218: 19215: 19213: 19212: 19208: 19206: 19205: 19201: 19199: 19198: 19194: 19192: 19189: 19187: 19184: 19182: 19179: 19177: 19174: 19172: 19171:Ryutin Affair 19169: 19167: 19164: 19162: 19159: 19158: 19156: 19151:Criticism and 19148: 19142: 19139: 19137: 19134: 19132: 19129: 19127: 19124: 19122: 19119: 19117: 19116: 19112: 19110: 19107: 19105: 19102: 19100: 19097: 19095: 19092: 19091: 19089: 19087: 19083: 19077: 19074: 19071: 19067: 19065: 19064:Order No. 270 19062: 19060: 19059:Order No. 227 19057: 19055: 19054: 19050: 19048: 19045: 19043: 19040: 19038: 19037: 19033: 19031: 19028: 19026: 19025: 19021: 19019: 19016: 19014: 19011: 19008: 19004: 19001: 18997: 18994: 18990: 18987: 18983: 18980: 18976: 18975: 18973: 18969: 18963: 18960: 18958: 18957:Doctors' plot 18955: 18953: 18950: 18948: 18945: 18943: 18940: 18938: 18935: 18933: 18930: 18928: 18925: 18921: 18918: 18916: 18915:Nazino affair 18913: 18911: 18908: 18906: 18903: 18901: 18898: 18896: 18893: 18891: 18888: 18887: 18886: 18883: 18880: 18879:German–Soviet 18876: 18873: 18871: 18868: 18866: 18863: 18861: 18858: 18856: 18853: 18851: 18848: 18844: 18841: 18839: 18838:Slavists case 18835: 18832: 18830: 18827: 18825: 18822: 18821: 18819: 18815: 18812: 18810: 18807: 18805: 18804:Moscow Trials 18802: 18798: 18795: 18793: 18790: 18788: 18785: 18783: 18780: 18778: 18775: 18773: 18770: 18768: 18765: 18763: 18760: 18758: 18755: 18753: 18750: 18748: 18745: 18743: 18740: 18738: 18735: 18733: 18730: 18729: 18728: 18725: 18723: 18720: 18719: 18718: 18715: 18713: 18710: 18708: 18705: 18701: 18698: 18697: 18696: 18693: 18691: 18688: 18686: 18683: 18681: 18678: 18676: 18673: 18671: 18668: 18666: 18663: 18661: 18658: 18656: 18653: 18651: 18648: 18647: 18645: 18639: 18633: 18630: 18628: 18625: 18623: 18620: 18618: 18615: 18613: 18610: 18608: 18605: 18603: 18600: 18598: 18595: 18593: 18590: 18588: 18585: 18583: 18580: 18578: 18575: 18573: 18570: 18568: 18567:Korenizatsiya 18565: 18563: 18562:Neo-Stalinism 18560: 18558: 18555: 18554: 18552: 18548: 18538: 18535: 18533: 18530: 18528: 18525: 18523: 18520: 18516: 18513: 18511: 18508: 18506: 18503: 18501: 18498: 18496: 18493: 18489: 18486: 18485: 18484: 18481: 18479: 18476: 18474: 18471: 18469: 18466: 18465: 18464: 18461: 18459: 18456: 18454: 18451: 18449: 18448:Ili Rebellion 18446: 18444: 18441: 18437: 18434: 18432: 18429: 18427: 18424: 18422: 18419: 18417: 18414: 18412: 18409: 18407: 18404: 18400: 18397: 18396: 18395: 18392: 18390: 18387: 18386: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18370: 18367: 18365: 18362: 18360: 18357: 18355: 18352: 18350: 18347: 18345: 18342: 18340: 18336: 18333: 18331: 18328: 18326: 18323: 18321: 18318: 18314: 18311: 18309: 18306: 18305: 18304: 18301: 18299: 18295: 18292: 18290: 18287: 18286: 18284: 18280: 18274: 18271: 18269: 18266: 18264: 18261: 18259: 18256: 18254: 18251: 18249: 18246: 18244: 18241: 18239: 18236: 18235: 18233: 18229: 18226: 18220: 18213: 18210: 18207: 18204: 18203: 18200: 18196: 18195:Joseph Stalin 18189: 18184: 18182: 18177: 18175: 18170: 18169: 18166: 18156: 18153: 18148: 18139: 18138: 18130: 18127: 18122: 18116: 18111: 18107: 18098: 18093: 18086: 18080: 18076: 18067: 18062: 18058: 18051: 18045: 18040: 18035: 18031: 18027: 18024: 18022: 18021: 18017: 18015: 18012: 18010: 18007: 18005: 18002: 18000: 17997: 17995: 17992: 17990: 17987: 17985: 17983: 17978: 17977: 17955: 17951: 17939: 17935: 17923: 17919: 17915: 17908: 17896: 17892: 17891:Russia Beyond 17888: 17883: 17871: 17867: 17863: 17851: 17847: 17843: 17831: 17827: 17823: 17818: 17806: 17802: 17798: 17793: 17781: 17777: 17773: 17768: 17756: 17752: 17748: 17743: 17731: 17727: 17723: 17719: 17707: 17703: 17699: 17694: 17682: 17678: 17674: 17669: 17657: 17653: 17648: 17636: 17632: 17628: 17623: 17611: 17607: 17603: 17598: 17594: 17590: 17586: 17581: 17569: 17565: 17560: 17548: 17544: 17539: 17527: 17523: 17507: 17503: 17494: 17491: 17489:0-060-10099-0 17485: 17481: 17477: 17473: 17472: 17460: 17456: 17452: 17448: 17444: 17440: 17436: 17432: 17428: 17424: 17423: 17422:Slavic Review 17417: 17402: 17398: 17394: 17390: 17386: 17382: 17378: 17371: 17366: 17362: 17356: 17352: 17347: 17343: 17337: 17333: 17328: 17326: 17322: 17319: 17314: 17309: 17297: 17293: 17287: 17283: 17282: 17276: 17272: 17266: 17262: 17257: 17253: 17247: 17244:. Macmillan. 17243: 17238: 17234: 17228: 17225:. Macmillan. 17224: 17219: 17207: 17203: 17197: 17193: 17192: 17191:Joseph Stalin 17186: 17182: 17176: 17172: 17168: 17165:. UCL Press. 17164: 17159: 17155: 17151: 17147: 17143: 17138: 17126: 17122: 17116: 17112: 17111: 17105: 17101: 17095: 17091: 17086: 17082: 17078: 17074: 17070: 17067:(4): 93–103. 17066: 17062: 17057: 17053: 17049: 17045: 17041: 17037: 17033: 17028: 17024: 17018: 17014: 17009: 17005: 16999: 16995: 16990: 16986: 16980: 16976: 16971: 16967: 16961: 16957: 16956: 16950: 16938: 16934: 16928: 16924: 16923: 16917: 16913: 16911:0-2311-0676-9 16907: 16903: 16898: 16894: 16890: 16886: 16882: 16877: 16873: 16867: 16863: 16858: 16854: 16848: 16844: 16839: 16835: 16829: 16824: 16823: 16816: 16812: 16808: 16804: 16800: 16796: 16792: 16787: 16783: 16777: 16773: 16768: 16756: 16752: 16748: 16744: 16740: 16736: 16732: 16728: 16723: 16719: 16715: 16711: 16707: 16703: 16699: 16695: 16691: 16686: 16682: 16676: 16672: 16671: 16665: 16661: 16655: 16651: 16650: 16644: 16640: 16634: 16630: 16625: 16621: 16617: 16613: 16609: 16605: 16601: 16596: 16584: 16580: 16576: 16572: 16568: 16567: 16562: 16557: 16553: 16549: 16545: 16541: 16537: 16533: 16528: 16524: 16518: 16514: 16510: 16505: 16501: 16495: 16491: 16486: 16471: 16464: 16463: 16457: 16450: 16443: 16438: 16423: 16416: 16411: 16396: 16392: 16388: 16384: 16380: 16376: 16372: 16371: 16363: 16358: 16354: 16348: 16344: 16339: 16335: 16329: 16325: 16320: 16308: 16304: 16298: 16294: 16293: 16288: 16284: 16280: 16274: 16270: 16265: 16261: 16259:0-7146-4619-9 16255: 16251: 16246: 16242: 16238: 16234: 16230: 16226: 16222: 16217: 16202: 16198: 16194: 16190: 16186: 16182: 16178: 16171: 16166: 16151: 16147: 16143: 16139: 16135: 16131: 16127: 16120: 16115: 16111: 16107: 16103: 16099: 16094: 16079: 16075: 16071: 16067: 16063: 16059: 16055: 16048: 16043: 16031: 16027: 16021: 16017: 16016: 16010: 16006: 16001: 15986: 15982: 15978: 15974: 15970: 15966: 15962: 15958: 15954: 15947: 15942: 15938: 15932: 15928: 15923: 15919: 15913: 15909: 15904: 15900: 15894: 15890: 15885: 15881: 15875: 15871: 15870: 15864: 15860: 15854: 15846: 15842: 15838: 15834: 15830: 15826: 15821: 15817: 15812: 15808: 15802: 15798: 15793: 15789: 15784: 15780: 15774: 15770: 15765: 15761: 15755: 15751: 15746: 15745: 15737: 15713: 15709: 15705: 15698: 15691: 15687: 15682: 15675: 15670: 15663: 15658: 15651: 15646: 15639: 15634: 15632: 15624: 15623:Conquest 1991 15619: 15612: 15608: 15607:Conquest 1991 15603: 15596: 15591: 15584: 15580: 15575: 15568: 15563: 15556: 15552: 15548: 15547:Conquest 1991 15543: 15536: 15531: 15524: 15523:Conquest 1991 15519: 15511: 15505: 15501: 15494: 15487: 15483: 15478: 15471: 15466: 15459: 15454: 15447: 15443: 15438: 15431: 15426: 15419: 15414: 15407: 15402: 15395: 15390: 15383: 15378: 15370: 15364: 15360: 15359: 15351: 15344: 15340: 15335: 15328: 15323: 15316: 15311: 15304: 15299: 15292: 15289:, p. 6; 15288: 15283: 15276: 15275:Conquest 1991 15271: 15264: 15259: 15257: 15255: 15248:, p. 13. 15247: 15242: 15235: 15230: 15224:, p. ix. 15223: 15218: 15216: 15208: 15207:Conquest 1991 15203: 15196: 15191: 15184: 15179: 15172: 15167: 15160: 15155: 15148: 15144: 15143:Conquest 1991 15139: 15132: 15127: 15120: 15115: 15108: 15103: 15097:, p. 77. 15096: 15091: 15084: 15080: 15076: 15075:Conquest 1991 15071: 15065:, p. 12. 15064: 15060: 15057:, p. 9; 15056: 15052: 15049:, p. 8; 15048: 15047:McCauley 2003 15043: 15036: 15031: 15024: 15020: 15015: 15008: 15004: 14999: 14983: 14979: 14973: 14969: 14968: 14960: 14952: 14946: 14942: 14941: 14933: 14926: 14921: 14914: 14909: 14902: 14897: 14895: 14887: 14883: 14878: 14871: 14866: 14864: 14856: 14851: 14849: 14847: 14839: 14834: 14827: 14823: 14818: 14812:, p. xi. 14811: 14810:Conquest 1991 14806: 14790: 14786: 14780: 14776: 14775: 14767: 14760: 14755: 14748: 14743: 14736: 14731: 14724: 14719: 14712: 14707: 14700: 14695: 14688: 14683: 14676: 14671: 14664: 14659: 14652: 14648: 14647:Conquest 1991 14643: 14636: 14632: 14628: 14624: 14623:Conquest 1991 14619: 14612: 14607: 14600: 14596: 14592: 14587: 14581:, p. 12. 14580: 14575: 14568: 14564: 14560: 14555: 14548: 14543: 14541: 14533: 14528: 14521: 14516: 14509: 14504: 14488: 14484: 14480: 14473: 14467:, p. 30. 14466: 14462: 14457: 14450: 14446: 14441: 14435:, p. 25. 14434: 14430: 14426: 14422: 14417: 14401: 14397: 14391: 14387: 14386: 14378: 14371: 14366: 14359: 14354: 14347: 14342: 14336:, p. 80. 14335: 14330: 14323: 14319: 14314: 14307: 14302: 14296:, p. 73. 14295: 14290: 14283: 14278: 14271: 14266: 14259: 14254: 14248:, p. 49. 14247: 14242: 14236:, p. 65. 14235: 14231: 14226: 14210: 14206: 14200: 14196: 14195: 14187: 14171: 14167: 14161: 14157: 14156: 14148: 14132: 14128: 14122: 14118: 14117: 14109: 14093: 14089: 14083: 14079: 14078: 14070: 14054: 14050: 14044: 14040: 14039: 14031: 14024: 14019: 14013:, p. 24. 14012: 14007: 14005: 13997: 13993: 13989: 13988:McCauley 2003 13984: 13977: 13973: 13972:Conquest 1991 13968: 13961: 13956: 13949: 13945: 13940: 13933: 13928: 13922:, p. 90. 13921: 13920:McCauley 2003 13917: 13916:Conquest 1991 13912: 13905: 13901: 13896: 13890:, p. 19. 13889: 13885: 13881: 13877: 13876:McCauley 2003 13872: 13865: 13861: 13856: 13850:, p. 33. 13849: 13844: 13838:, p. 93. 13837: 13832: 13825: 13821: 13818:, p. 9; 13817: 13813: 13808: 13801: 13796: 13789: 13784: 13777: 13772: 13765: 13761: 13756: 13750:, p. 96. 13749: 13744: 13737: 13732: 13716: 13712: 13706: 13702: 13701: 13693: 13687:, p. 12. 13686: 13681: 13674: 13669: 13667: 13665: 13663: 13656:, p. 42. 13655: 13650: 13643: 13638: 13631: 13627: 13622: 13615: 13611: 13606: 13599: 13595: 13590: 13583: 13578: 13571: 13567: 13562: 13555: 13550: 13543: 13538: 13531: 13528:, p. 4; 13527: 13522: 13515: 13510: 13508: 13500: 13495: 13488: 13484: 13479: 13472: 13467: 13460: 13455: 13448: 13444: 13439: 13432: 13427: 13419: 13413: 13409: 13402: 13396:, p. 13. 13395: 13391: 13387: 13386:Conquest 1991 13382: 13376:, p. 13. 13375: 13371: 13367: 13366:Conquest 1991 13362: 13346: 13342: 13336: 13332: 13331: 13323: 13316: 13311: 13304: 13299: 13292: 13287: 13280: 13275: 13273: 13265: 13261: 13257: 13252: 13245: 13241: 13237: 13233: 13229: 13228:Conquest 1991 13224: 13217: 13214:, p. 8; 13213: 13208: 13201: 13196: 13194: 13186: 13181: 13174: 13169: 13162: 13157: 13150: 13146: 13142: 13141:Conquest 1991 13137: 13130: 13126: 13121: 13114: 13109: 13102: 13098: 13093: 13086: 13081: 13075:, p. 64. 13074: 13069: 13062: 13058: 13053: 13046: 13041: 13034: 13029: 13022: 13017: 13010: 13005: 12998: 12994: 12989: 12983:, p. 60. 12982: 12977: 12970: 12966: 12962: 12958: 12957:Conquest 1991 12953: 12946: 12942: 12938: 12934: 12933:Conquest 1991 12929: 12922: 12918: 12913: 12906: 12901: 12894: 12889: 12882: 12877: 12871:, p. 52. 12870: 12866: 12862: 12858: 12857:Conquest 1991 12853: 12846: 12841: 12835:, p. 85. 12834: 12829: 12823:, p. 18. 12822: 12817: 12810: 12805: 12799:, p. 97. 12798: 12794: 12791:, p. 2; 12790: 12787:, p. 1; 12786: 12785:Conquest 1991 12781: 12774: 12769: 12762: 12757: 12751:, p. 97. 12750: 12745: 12743: 12736:, p. 97. 12735: 12732:, p. 1; 12731: 12730:Conquest 1991 12726: 12719: 12718:Conquest 1991 12714: 12707: 12702: 12700: 12698: 12691:, p. 99. 12690: 12685: 12683: 12675: 12670: 12664:, p. 98. 12663: 12658: 12656: 12648: 12643: 12636: 12631: 12625:, p. 67. 12624: 12619: 12612: 12607: 12600: 12596: 12591: 12584: 12579: 12573:, p. 94. 12572: 12567: 12565: 12558:, p. 92. 12557: 12552: 12545: 12540: 12533: 12529: 12524: 12517: 12512: 12505: 12501: 12496: 12489: 12484: 12477: 12472: 12466:, p. 93. 12465: 12460: 12458: 12450: 12446: 12441: 12434: 12429: 12423:, p. 47. 12422: 12418: 12414: 12409: 12403:, p. 67. 12402: 12397: 12391:, p. 43. 12390: 12385: 12378: 12373: 12367:, p. xi. 12366: 12361: 12354: 12349: 12347: 12340:, p. 32. 12339: 12334: 12327: 12323: 12322:Conquest 1991 12319: 12314: 12306: 12300: 12296: 12292: 12288: 12281: 12274: 12269: 12262: 12257: 12255: 12247: 12242: 12240: 12232: 12227: 12221:, p. 20. 12220: 12215: 12208: 12203: 12196: 12191: 12184: 12179: 12172: 12167: 12161:, p. 75. 12160: 12155: 12148: 12143: 12136: 12132: 12128: 12123: 12116: 12112: 12107: 12100: 12095: 12088: 12084: 12079: 12072: 12067: 12051: 12047: 12043: 12036: 12029: 12024: 12017: 12012: 12005: 12001: 12000:Conquest 1991 11996: 11989: 11985: 11981: 11977: 11976:Conquest 1991 11972: 11965: 11961: 11957: 11956:Conquest 1991 11952: 11945: 11944:Conquest 1991 11940: 11938: 11936: 11928: 11924: 11920: 11916: 11915:Conquest 1991 11911: 11904: 11899: 11892: 11888: 11883: 11876: 11871: 11864: 11860: 11859:Conquest 1991 11855: 11848: 11843: 11836: 11831: 11829: 11827: 11819: 11814: 11807: 11806:Conquest 1991 11802: 11795: 11791: 11790:Conquest 1991 11786: 11779: 11775: 11774:Conquest 1991 11770: 11763: 11759: 11755: 11751: 11750:Conquest 1991 11746: 11739: 11735: 11730: 11723: 11718: 11716: 11708: 11704: 11700: 11695: 11688: 11683: 11676: 11675:Conquest 1991 11671: 11664: 11659: 11652: 11648: 11647:Conquest 1991 11643: 11636: 11635:Brackman 2001 11632: 11627: 11620: 11616: 11612: 11611:Conquest 1991 11607: 11600: 11595: 11588: 11587:Conquest 1991 11583: 11576: 11571: 11564: 11560: 11555: 11548: 11544: 11539: 11532: 11527: 11525: 11517: 11513: 11509: 11508:Conquest 1991 11504: 11497: 11493: 11488: 11481: 11477: 11472: 11465: 11461: 11456: 11449: 11444: 11437: 11432: 11425: 11421: 11417: 11416:Conquest 1991 11412: 11405: 11400: 11393: 11388: 11381: 11376: 11369: 11365: 11361: 11360:Conquest 1991 11356: 11349: 11344: 11342: 11334: 11333:Conquest 1991 11329: 11322: 11317: 11315: 11313: 11305: 11300: 11298: 11296: 11288: 11284: 11283:Conquest 1991 11279: 11272: 11267: 11265: 11257: 11253: 11249: 11248:Conquest 1991 11244: 11237: 11233: 11232:Conquest 1991 11228: 11221: 11216: 11214: 11206: 11201: 11194: 11189: 11182: 11178: 11174: 11173:Conquest 1991 11169: 11162: 11157: 11150: 11145: 11137: 11135:0-3001-2364-7 11131: 11127: 11120: 11113: 11108: 11101: 11097: 11092: 11090: 11082: 11077: 11075: 11059: 11055: 11051: 11047: 11043: 11039: 11035: 11031: 11030: 11025: 11018: 11011: 11006: 10999: 10995: 10990: 10983: 10978: 10971: 10966: 10959: 10955: 10950: 10943: 10938: 10932:, p. 57. 10931: 10926: 10919: 10914: 10907: 10902: 10900: 10892: 10887: 10880: 10875: 10873: 10865: 10861: 10856: 10849: 10844: 10837: 10833: 10828: 10821: 10816: 10809: 10805: 10800: 10793: 10788: 10781: 10776: 10769: 10765: 10760: 10753: 10749: 10744: 10737: 10733: 10732:Conquest 1991 10728: 10721: 10720:Conquest 1991 10716: 10709: 10705: 10700: 10693: 10688: 10681: 10676: 10669: 10664: 10657: 10653: 10648: 10641: 10636: 10629: 10624: 10617: 10612: 10605: 10601: 10596: 10589: 10584: 10577: 10573: 10568: 10561: 10556: 10549: 10544: 10537: 10532: 10525: 10520: 10513: 10508: 10501: 10497: 10492: 10485: 10480: 10478: 10476: 10468: 10463: 10461: 10459: 10451: 10446: 10444: 10436: 10431: 10429: 10421: 10416: 10409: 10405: 10404:Conquest 1991 10400: 10393: 10389: 10388:Conquest 1991 10384: 10377: 10373: 10368: 10361: 10356: 10349: 10344: 10337: 10333: 10329: 10328:Conquest 1991 10324: 10317: 10312: 10305: 10301: 10296: 10289: 10284: 10282: 10274: 10270: 10265: 10258: 10254: 10249: 10242: 10238: 10233: 10226: 10221: 10214: 10210: 10206: 10205:Conquest 1991 10201: 10194: 10189: 10182: 10178: 10174: 10173:Conquest 1991 10169: 10162: 10157: 10155: 10153: 10145: 10141: 10136: 10129: 10124: 10117: 10113: 10108: 10101: 10096: 10089: 10085: 10081: 10077: 10076:Conquest 1991 10072: 10065: 10060: 10058: 10050: 10045: 10038: 10034: 10030: 10026: 10025:Conquest 1991 10021: 10014: 10009: 10002: 9997: 9990: 9986: 9982: 9981:Conquest 1991 9977: 9970: 9965: 9958: 9954: 9953:Conquest 1991 9949: 9942: 9937: 9930: 9925: 9923: 9915: 9910: 9903: 9898: 9891: 9887: 9883: 9882:Conquest 1991 9878: 9871: 9866: 9859: 9857: 9852: 9848: 9843: 9836: 9831: 9824: 9820: 9815: 9808: 9803: 9796: 9791: 9784: 9779: 9772: 9767: 9760: 9755: 9748: 9744: 9740: 9739:Conquest 1991 9735: 9728: 9724: 9723:Conquest 1991 9719: 9712: 9707: 9700: 9695: 9693: 9685: 9680: 9673: 9668: 9661: 9657: 9652: 9645: 9640: 9633: 9628: 9621: 9616: 9609: 9604: 9602: 9594: 9589: 9587: 9579: 9575: 9570: 9563: 9559: 9558:Conquest 1991 9554: 9547: 9543: 9542:Conquest 1991 9538: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9522:Conquest 1991 9518: 9511: 9506: 9500:, p. 90. 9499: 9495: 9490: 9483: 9479: 9474: 9468:, p. 26. 9467: 9462: 9455: 9451: 9447: 9446:Conquest 1991 9442: 9435: 9430: 9423: 9418: 9416: 9408: 9404: 9403:Conquest 1991 9399: 9392: 9388: 9383: 9376: 9371: 9364: 9359: 9352: 9348: 9343: 9336: 9332: 9328: 9323: 9316: 9312: 9308: 9303: 9296: 9292: 9291:Conquest 1991 9287: 9281:, p. 63. 9280: 9276: 9275:Conquest 1991 9271: 9265:, p. 58. 9264: 9260: 9259:Brackman 2001 9256: 9255:Conquest 1991 9251: 9244: 9240: 9239:Conquest 1991 9235: 9228: 9224: 9223:Conquest 1991 9219: 9212: 9208: 9207:Conquest 1991 9203: 9196: 9191: 9184: 9180: 9179:Brackman 2001 9175: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9155:Conquest 1991 9151: 9144: 9140: 9135: 9128: 9124: 9123:Conquest 1991 9119: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9103:Conquest 1991 9099: 9092: 9088: 9087:Conquest 1991 9083: 9076: 9075:Conquest 1991 9071: 9065:, p. 20. 9064: 9060: 9056: 9055:Conquest 1991 9051: 9045:, p. 43. 9044: 9040: 9039:Conquest 1991 9035: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9019:Conquest 1991 9015: 9008: 9004: 9000: 8996: 8995:Conquest 1991 8991: 8984: 8980: 8979:Conquest 1991 8975: 8968: 8964: 8963:Conquest 1991 8959: 8952: 8947: 8940: 8935: 8928: 8927:Conquest 1991 8923: 8916: 8911: 8904: 8900: 8895: 8888: 8884: 8883:Conquest 1991 8879: 8872: 8867: 8860: 8855: 8848: 8843: 8836: 8831: 8824: 8819: 8812: 8808: 8804: 8803:Conquest 1991 8799: 8792: 8787: 8780: 8775: 8768: 8764: 8759: 8752: 8747: 8740: 8735: 8728: 8723: 8716: 8711: 8704: 8699: 8692: 8687: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8667:Conquest 1991 8663: 8656: 8651: 8644: 8639: 8637: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8616: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8596: 8589: 8585: 8580: 8573: 8568: 8561: 8557: 8553: 8548: 8541: 8536: 8528: 8524: 8517: 8510: 8505: 8498: 8493: 8486: 8481: 8474: 8470: 8469:Conquest 2008 8466: 8462: 8457: 8450: 8445: 8438: 8434: 8430: 8425: 8418: 8413: 8406: 8401: 8394: 8389: 8382: 8377: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8357:Conquest 1991 8353: 8346: 8341: 8339: 8331: 8326: 8324: 8316: 8311: 8304: 8299: 8292: 8287: 8280: 8276: 8275:Conquest 1991 8271: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8255:Conquest 1991 8252: 8247: 8240: 8235: 8228: 8224: 8223:Conquest 1991 8219: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8203:Conquest 1991 8199: 8192: 8191:Conquest 1991 8187: 8180: 8175: 8168: 8167:Conquest 1991 8163: 8156: 8151: 8149: 8141: 8136: 8129: 8128:Conquest 1991 8124: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8108:Conquest 1991 8104: 8097: 8092: 8090: 8082: 8078: 8077:Conquest 1991 8073: 8066: 8061: 8054: 8050: 8045: 8038: 8037:Kuromiya 2008 8034: 8029: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8009: 8002: 7997: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7977: 7970: 7966: 7961: 7954: 7949: 7942: 7937: 7930: 7925: 7923: 7915: 7911: 7910:Conquest 2008 7907: 7902: 7895: 7890: 7888: 7886: 7878: 7873: 7871: 7863: 7859: 7854: 7847: 7842: 7840: 7838: 7830: 7825: 7818: 7813: 7806: 7802: 7797: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7781:Conquest 1991 7777: 7770: 7765: 7758: 7754: 7749: 7743:, p. 111 7742: 7737: 7730: 7729:Conquest 1991 7725: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7709:Conquest 1991 7706: 7701: 7694: 7689: 7687: 7679: 7674: 7672: 7664: 7663:Conquest 1991 7659: 7652: 7647: 7640: 7635: 7628: 7627:Conquest 1991 7623: 7616: 7615:Conquest 1991 7611: 7604: 7600: 7599:Conquest 1991 7595: 7588: 7583: 7577:, p. 85. 7576: 7572: 7567: 7560: 7556: 7551: 7544: 7539: 7532: 7527: 7520: 7515: 7508: 7503: 7501: 7493: 7488: 7481: 7476: 7469: 7468:Conquest 1991 7464: 7457: 7452: 7450: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7429:Conquest 1991 7425: 7418: 7413: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7397:Conquest 1991 7393: 7386: 7381: 7374: 7369: 7362: 7357: 7350: 7345: 7338: 7337:Conquest 1991 7333: 7326: 7321: 7314: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7297: 7292: 7285: 7280: 7273: 7268: 7262:, p. 18. 7261: 7260:Conquest 2008 7257: 7253: 7252:Conquest 1991 7248: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7228: 7221: 7216: 7209: 7205: 7204:Conquest 1991 7200: 7193: 7189: 7184: 7177: 7172: 7165: 7161: 7156: 7149: 7145: 7140: 7133: 7128: 7121: 7116: 7109: 7104: 7097: 7093: 7088: 7081: 7076: 7069: 7065: 7060: 7053: 7048: 7046: 7038: 7033: 7026: 7022: 7021:Conquest 1991 7017: 7010: 7005: 7003: 6995: 6991: 6986: 6979: 6974: 6967: 6963: 6958: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6938:Conquest 1991 6934: 6927: 6923: 6918: 6911: 6907: 6902: 6895: 6891: 6890:Conquest 1991 6886: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6870:Conquest 1991 6866: 6859: 6854: 6847: 6842: 6835: 6830: 6823: 6818: 6816: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6799:Conquest 1991 6795: 6788: 6787:Conquest 1991 6783: 6777:, p. 39. 6776: 6771: 6764: 6759: 6752: 6751:Conquest 2008 6748: 6743: 6736: 6731: 6724: 6719: 6712: 6708: 6703: 6697:, p. 85. 6696: 6692: 6688: 6687:Conquest 2008 6684: 6680: 6679:Conquest 1991 6675: 6669:, p. 85. 6668: 6663: 6657:, p. 91. 6656: 6652: 6648: 6643: 6636: 6632: 6631:Conquest 1991 6627: 6621:, p. 83. 6620: 6616: 6612: 6611:Conquest 2008 6608: 6607:Conquest 1991 6603: 6596: 6592: 6587: 6585: 6577: 6572: 6565: 6561: 6556: 6549: 6544: 6537: 6532: 6525: 6520: 6514:, p. 87. 6513: 6508: 6501: 6496: 6490:, p. 52. 6489: 6485: 6481: 6480:Conquest 1991 6476: 6470:, p. 27. 6469: 6464: 6457: 6452: 6445: 6440: 6433: 6429: 6428:Conquest 1991 6424: 6417: 6413: 6412:Conquest 1991 6408: 6401: 6396: 6389: 6384: 6377: 6372: 6365: 6360: 6353: 6348: 6341: 6336: 6320: 6316: 6310: 6306: 6305: 6297: 6291:, p. 79. 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6273:Conquest 1991 6269: 6263:, p. 79. 6262: 6258: 6253: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6233:Conquest 1991 6229: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6209:Conquest 1991 6205: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6185:Conquest 1991 6181: 6175:, p. 79. 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6157:Conquest 1991 6153: 6147:, p. 62. 6146: 6141: 6135:, p. 59. 6134: 6129: 6122: 6117: 6111:, p. 71. 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6097:Conquest 1991 6093: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6073:Conquest 1991 6069: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6049: 6043:, p. 69. 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6029:Conquest 1991 6025: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6001: 5994: 5989: 5987: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5970:Conquest 1991 5966: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5946:Conquest 1991 5942: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5926:Conquest 1991 5922: 5916:, p. 68. 5915: 5911: 5907: 5902: 5895: 5891: 5886: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5870:Conquest 1991 5866: 5859: 5854: 5852: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5831: 5824: 5819: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5799:Conquest 1991 5795: 5788: 5783: 5776: 5771: 5765:, p. 64. 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5751:Conquest 1991 5747: 5740: 5736: 5735:Conquest 1991 5731: 5729: 5721: 5717: 5712: 5705: 5701: 5696: 5689: 5685: 5680: 5673: 5668: 5661: 5657: 5652: 5645: 5640: 5638: 5630: 5625: 5618: 5613: 5606: 5601: 5594: 5590: 5585: 5578: 5573: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5553: 5546: 5542: 5537: 5530: 5525: 5518: 5517:Brackman 2004 5513: 5506: 5502: 5497: 5491:, p. 60. 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5477:Conquest 1991 5473: 5466: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5447: 5442: 5436:, p. 59. 5435: 5431: 5427: 5422: 5415: 5411: 5406: 5399: 5394: 5392: 5384: 5379: 5372: 5367: 5360: 5355: 5348: 5343: 5336: 5332: 5331:Conquest 1991 5327: 5320: 5315: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5299:Conquest 1991 5295: 5288: 5283: 5281: 5273: 5268: 5261: 5257: 5256:Conquest 1991 5252: 5245: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5219:Conquest 1991 5215: 5208: 5203: 5196: 5191: 5185:, p. 55. 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5171:Conquest 1991 5167: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5143: 5136: 5132: 5131:Conquest 1991 5127: 5121:, p. 55. 5120: 5116: 5112: 5111:Conquest 1991 5107: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5084: 5079: 5077: 5070:, p. 54. 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5048:Conquest 1991 5044: 5037: 5033: 5028: 5021: 5016: 5009: 5005: 5000: 4993: 4989: 4984: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4968:Conquest 1991 4964: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4948:Conquest 1991 4944: 4937: 4932: 4925: 4921: 4920:Conquest 1991 4916: 4910:, p. 71. 4909: 4908:Conquest 1991 4904: 4898:, p. 49. 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4884:Conquest 1991 4880: 4873: 4869: 4868:Conquest 1991 4864: 4858:, p. 52. 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4840:Conquest 1991 4836: 4829: 4824: 4817: 4812: 4810: 4802: 4797: 4795: 4787: 4782: 4775: 4770: 4763: 4758: 4751: 4747: 4742: 4735: 4731: 4730:Conquest 1991 4726: 4719: 4715: 4714:Conquest 1991 4710: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4688:, p. 52. 4687: 4683: 4679: 4674: 4667: 4662: 4656:, p. 53. 4655: 4650: 4642: 4636: 4632: 4631: 4623: 4619: 4602: 4595: 4588: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4561: 4550: 4543: 4537: 4528: 4522: 4509: 4475: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4454: 4445: 4436: 4429: 4423: 4416: 4410: 4406: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4370:Wall of Grief 4367: 4363: 4362:Boris Yeltsin 4359: 4354: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4298: 4297:Neo-Stalinism 4288: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4250: 4249:death penalty 4246: 4239: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4170: 4168: 4167:human history 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4136: 4135:Gori, Georgia 4132: 4127: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4111:Vadim Rogovin 4106: 4104: 4103:mass murderer 4100: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4028: 4020: 4015: 4011: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3996: 3994: 3983: 3981: 3977: 3971: 3967: 3965: 3964: 3959: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3931: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3910: 3905: 3899: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3874: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3855:Nestor Lakoba 3852: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3822:Nestor Lakoba 3819: 3815: 3811: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3791: 3782: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3762: 3760: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3747: 3742: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3620: 3618: 3615:also held at 3613: 3609: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3572: 3567: 3557: 3555: 3554: 3549: 3543: 3541: 3536: 3535:Slánský trial 3532: 3531:doctors' plot 3523: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3508:Doctors' plot 3499: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3462:launched the 3461: 3457: 3453: 3452:38th parallel 3448: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3412: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3377: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3344: 3335: 3330: 3321: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3309: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3279:Marshall Plan 3276: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3228: 3226: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3209: 3207: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3162:Generalissimo 3159: 3155: 3149: 3134: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3110:Kwantung Army 3107: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3087:seized Berlin 3080: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3061:1945: Victory 3058: 3056: 3051: 3050:Kuril Islands 3047: 3043: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2988:, 4 July 1944 2987: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2974:Western Front 2971: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2931: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2900: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2804:cannon fodder 2801: 2800:Order No. 227 2797: 2793: 2789: 2788:Order No. 270 2784: 2780: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2752: 2747: 2746:Georgy Zhukov 2743: 2739: 2735: 2734:Eastern Front 2731: 2723: 2718: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2484: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2353:popular front 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2308: 2307: 2300: 2296: 2295:Moscow trials 2292: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2275:crop rotation 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2206: 2204: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2083: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2056:Shakhty Trial 2053: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1991: 1990:war communism 1986: 1982: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1910: 1904: 1901: 1890: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1865:Avel Enukidze 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1834: 1829: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1749: 1746:. During the 1745: 1744: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1693: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1667: 1665: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1643: 1637: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1553: 1548: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1482: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1285: 1280: 1270: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1186: 1181: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1124:doctors' plot 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 965: 960: 956: 952: 948: 943: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 880: 873: 869: 866: 864: 860: 856: 855: 853: 852: 847: 841: 837: 833: 830: 827: 823: 820: 816: 815: 804: 800: 797: 793: 789: 786: 782: 778: 775: 771: 767: 764: 760: 756: 752: 751: 743: 733: 710: 701: 695: 692: 688: 685: 684: 683: 680: 679: 677: 673: 669: 666: 662: 658: 657:Generalissimo 655: 651: 647: 643: 640: 637: 633: 627: 624: 622: 621:Soviet Russia 619: 618: 616: 612: 607: 600: 597: 596: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 575: 572: 568: 565: 562: 560: 556: 550: 547: 545: 542: 541: 539: 535: 529: 526: 523: 520: 518: 517:Vasily Stalin 515: 513: 510: 509: 507: 503: 483: 476: 475: 458: 451: 450: 448: 444: 437: 433: 430: 429: 427: 421: 416: 412: 408: 401: 398: 395: 392: 391: 389: 387:Resting place 385: 382: 372: 368: 365: 361: 356: 348: 344: 339: 335: 332: 329: 323: 320: 317: 311: 308: 305: 301: 295: 290: 287: 283: 279: 273: 270: 267: 261: 258: 255: 251: 245: 240: 237: 233: 230: 227: 221: 217: 211: 205: 202: 199: 197: 194: 193: 191: 187: 181: 176: 173: 169: 163: 160: 154: 148: 145: 139: 133: 128: 125: 121: 117: 112: 106: 101: 92:იოსებ სტალინი 88: 79: 78: 75: 71:Joseph Stalin 68: 67:Generalissimo 63: 60: 56: 52: 49: and the 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 26073:Soviet Union 26002:Taylor Swift 25950: 25917:Donald Trump 25896:Kent Brantly 25883:Pope Francis 25875:Barack Obama 25851:Ben Bernanke 25843:Barack Obama 25757:2001–present 25726:Bill Clinton 25718:Andrew Grove 25663:Bill Clinton 25579:The Computer 25531:Jimmy Carter 25507:Carol Sutton 25475:Alison Cheek 25421:Willy Brandt 25400:Frank Borman 25306:Emilio Segrè 25112: 25088: 25081:Adolf Hitler 25021:Pierre Laval 24971: 24844:Albert Razin 24839:Vasyl Makukh 24824:Eduard Polón 24819:Leo Mechelin 24777: 24748:Alexander II 24585:Leon Trotsky 24579: 24558:Full members 24482:Leon Trotsky 24476: 24455:Full members 24379:Leon Trotsky 24373: 24352:Full members 24276:Leon Trotsky 24265: 24261:Alexei Rykov 24239:Full members 24158:Leon Trotsky 24147: 24143:Alexei Rykov 24121:Full members 24030:Leon Trotsky 24019: 24015:Alexei Rykov 23993:Full members 23928:Sergei Kirov 23872:Leon Trotsky 23861: 23857:Alexei Rykov 23825:Full members 23740:Sergei Kirov 23708: 23699:Alexei Rykov 23667:Full members 23570: 23566:Alexei Rykov 23541:Sergei Kirov 23519:Full members 23459:Robert Eikhe 23402: 23378:Sergei Kirov 23351:Full members 23224: 23183:Full members 23078:Ivan Kabanov 23011: 22910:Full members 22837:Boško Krunić 22802:Lazar Mojsov 22743: 22668:Edward Ochab 22630:Károly Grósz 22540:Gustáv Husák 22440:Eastern Bloc 22237: 22223:Shaposhnikov 22193:Tukhachevsky 21936: 21888: 21804:Dmitry Yazov 21669: 21651: 21643:Armed Forces 21589: 21526:Leon Trotsky 21490:Soviet Union 21278:Other organs 21195:Russian SFSR 21140:Byelorussian 19960: 19953: 19947:Publications 19853:Construction 19790:, Aug. 1991) 19787: 19747: 19668: 19482:(son-in-law) 19474:(son-in-law) 19471:Yuri Zhdanov 19378:(first wife) 19367:Keke Geladze 19340: 19229:Antisemitism 19221: 19209: 19202: 19195: 19186:Kremlin Plot 19113: 19051: 19035: 19022: 18927:Tax on trees 18885:Deportations 18622:Stakhanovite 18483:Eastern Bloc 18384:World War II 18337: / 18224:and politics 18194: 18151: 18135: 18125: 18090: 18055: 18018: 17981: 17961:. 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Retrieved 16737:(2): 70–88. 16734: 16730: 16693: 16689: 16668: 16647: 16628: 16603: 16599: 16589:23 September 16587:. Retrieved 16570: 16564: 16535: 16531: 16508: 16489: 16477:. Retrieved 16461: 16449:the original 16429:. Retrieved 16404:21 September 16402:. Retrieved 16374: 16368: 16342: 16323: 16311:. Retrieved 16291: 16268: 16249: 16224: 16220: 16208:. Retrieved 16180: 16176: 16159:22 September 16157:. Retrieved 16129: 16125: 16101: 16097: 16087:11 September 16085:. Retrieved 16057: 16053: 16034:. Retrieved 16014: 16004: 15992:. Retrieved 15956: 15952: 15926: 15907: 15888: 15867: 15853:cite journal 15828: 15824: 15815: 15796: 15787: 15768: 15749: 15730:Bibliography 15716:. 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Retrieved 13699: 13692: 13680: 13675:, p. 2. 13673:Roberts 2022 13649: 13637: 13626:Service 2004 13621: 13616:, p. 5. 13610:Service 2004 13605: 13600:, p. 6. 13589: 13582:Service 2004 13577: 13566:Service 2004 13561: 13554:Service 2004 13549: 13544:, p. 8. 13537: 13532:, p. 7. 13521: 13499:Service 2004 13494: 13478: 13471:Service 2004 13466: 13454: 13438: 13426: 13407: 13401: 13390:Service 2004 13381: 13361: 13349:. 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9023:Roberts 1992 9014: 9003:Service 2004 8999:Roberts 1992 8990: 8974: 8958: 8951:Nekrich 1997 8946: 8939:Service 2004 8934: 8922: 8910: 8899:Service 2004 8894: 8887:Service 2004 8878: 8866: 8854: 8842: 8830: 8818: 8807:Service 2004 8798: 8786: 8779:Service 2004 8774: 8763:Service 2004 8758: 8746: 8734: 8722: 8710: 8698: 8686: 8671:Service 2004 8662: 8655:Service 2004 8650: 8624:Service 2004 8615: 8604:Service 2004 8595: 8584:Service 2004 8579: 8567: 8556:Service 2004 8547: 8540:Service 2004 8535: 8526: 8516: 8509:Service 2004 8504: 8497:Service 2004 8492: 8480: 8465:Service 2004 8456: 8444: 8433:Service 2004 8424: 8417:Service 2004 8412: 8400: 8393:Service 2004 8388: 8376: 8365:Service 2004 8352: 8310: 8303:Service 2004 8298: 8286: 8279:Service 2004 8270: 8259:Service 2004 8246: 8234: 8218: 8211:Service 2004 8198: 8186: 8179:Service 2004 8174: 8162: 8155:Service 2004 8140:Service 2004 8135: 8123: 8116:Service 2004 8103: 8096:Service 2004 8072: 8060: 8044: 8028: 8008: 7996: 7976: 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W. Davies 4265: 4241: 4214: 4205:hagiographic 4202: 4187: 4143:totalitarian 4139: 4107: 4091: 4050: 4031: 4023: 3997: 3989: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3955: 3936: 3913: 3900: 3888: 3835: 3796: 3768: 3755: 3745: 3738: 3733:Druskininkai 3707: 3699: 3695:East Germany 3621: 3604: 3577: 3551: 3544: 3527: 3472: 3449: 3433: 3400:vote rigging 3398:(PZPR), and 3378: 3350:Iron Curtain 3347: 3339: 3334:Eastern Bloc 3324:Eastern Bloc 3312: 3306: 3304: 3272: 3257: 3222: 3210: 3203: 3191: 3174: 3170: 3151: 3137:Post-war era 3130:Harry Truman 3122: 3095: 3084: 3039: 2991: 2959: 2940: 2934: 2926: 2876: 2836: 2783:NKVD to kill 2776: 2749: 2727: 2701: 2697: 2679: 2655: 2616: 2587: 2553:World War II 2543:fifth column 2539: 2535: 2488: 2461:Moscow Trial 2459:. The first 2454: 2446:Great Terror 2430:NKVD troikas 2426:Sergey Kirov 2422: 2396:United Front 2357: 2349:7th Congress 2326: 2304: 2302: 2272: 2253: 2245:Adolf Hitler 2241: 2203:appendicitis 2199: 2168: 2101: 2079: 2049: 2024:Moscow Metro 2021: 2013:Magnitogorsk 2004: 1994: 1978: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1932: 1912: 1906: 1902: 1899: 1868: 1838: 1825: 1794: 1783:Alexei Rykov 1780: 1753: 1741: 1723: 1707:Alexei Rykov 1668: 1660: 1645: 1639: 1634: 1616: 1580: 1557: 1520: 1487: 1455: 1436: 1432:White armies 1409: 1377: 1348: 1346: 1321:for the new 1315: 1303:Leon Trotsky 1288: 1230: 1198:Keke Geladze 1191: 1148: 1092:from Finland 1060:Nazi Germany 1052:anti-fascist 1045: 962: 944: 936:totalitarian 934:, while the 900:Soviet Union 891: 887: 886: 871: 858: 849: 694:World War II 675:Battles/wars 626:Soviet Union 425:affiliations 417:(from 1912) 381:Soviet Union 375:(1953-03-05) 373:5 March 1953 330: 326:Succeeded by 318: 293: 276:Succeeded by 256: 243: 224:Succeeded by 189:First Deputy 179: 157:Succeeded by 131: 83:Иосиф Сталин 59: 54: 46: 26109:1953 deaths 26104:1878 births 25952:The Capital 25949:/ Staff of 25947:Kyaw Soe Oo 25939:Maria Ressa 25571:Lech Wałęsa 25539:Anwar Sadat 25511:Addie Wyatt 25503:Susie Sharp 25491:Carla Hills 25487:Ella Grasso 25479:Jill Conway 25457:King Faisal 25449:John Sirica 25302:Isidor Rabi 25278:John Enders 24768:Nicholas II 24565:Lev Kamenev 24552:(1919–1920) 24462:Lev Kamenev 24449:(1920–1921) 24364:Lev Kamenev 24346:(1921–1922) 24251:Lev Kamenev 24233:(1922–1923) 24133:Lev Kamenev 24115:(1923–1924) 24010:Lev Kamenev 23987:(1924–1926) 23943:Vlas Chubar 23898:Lev Kamenev 23819:(1926–1927) 23770:Karl Bauman 23765:Vlas Chubar 23661:(1927–1930) 23617:Vlas Chubar 23513:(1930–1934) 23449:Vlas Chubar 23413:Vlas Chubar 23345:(1934–1939) 23177:(1939–1952) 23108:Pavel Yudin 22904:(1952–1956) 22842:Stipe Šuvar 22822:Ali Šukrija 22635:Rezső Nyers 22625:János Kádár 22545:Miloš Jakeš 22469:Enver Hoxha 22258:Rokossovsky 22098:(1989–1990) 22092:(1988–1990) 22086:(1985–1989) 22084:Murakhovsky 22080:(1985–1988) 22074:(1983–1985) 22068:(1982–1987) 22062:(1980–1986) 22056:(1976–1980) 22050:(1965–1973) 22044:(1965–1978) 22038:(1963–1965) 22032:(1960–1964) 22026:(1958–1960) 22020:(1957–1958) 22014:(1955–1957) 22008:(1955–1957) 22002:(1955–1964) 21996:(1953–1957) 21984:(1950–1955) 21978:(1942–1957) 21972:(1941–1946) 21970:Voznesensky 21966:(1934–1935) 21941:(Aug. 1991) 21927:(1985–1991) 21921:(1980–1985) 21915:(1964–1980) 21909:(1958–1964) 21903:(1955–1958) 21897:(1953–1955) 21891:(1941–1953) 21885:(1930–1941) 21879:(1924–1930) 21873:(1923–1924) 21749:(1953–1992) 21718:(1950–1953) 21700:(1950–1953) 21663:(1946–1950) 21606:(1937–1946) 21567:(1934–1946) 21503:(1917–1934) 21238:Local-level 21135:Azerbaijani 20716:Secretariat 20398:Secretariat 20235:19th (1988) 20230:18th (1941) 20225:17th (1932) 20220:16th (1929) 20215:15th (1926) 20210:14th (1925) 20205:13th (1924) 20200:12th (1922) 20127:28th (1990) 20122:27th (1986) 20117:26th (1981) 20112:25th (1976) 20107:24th (1971) 20102:23rd (1966) 20097:22nd (1961) 20092:21st (1959) 20087:20th (1956) 20082:19th (1952) 20077:18th (1939) 20072:17th (1934) 20067:16th (1930) 20062:15th (1927) 20057:14th (1925) 20052:13th (1924) 20047:12th (1923) 20042:11th (1922) 20037:10th (1921) 19883:Information 19843:Agriculture 19830:Departments 19810:Secretariat 19238:Remembrance 19204:Animal Farm 19030:Stalin Note 18717:Great Purge 18685:Great Break 18577:Great Break 18298:(1928–1941) 18214:(1946–1953) 18208:(1922–1952) 17963:21 November 17811:15 December 17662:23 November 17641:23 November 17532:21 November 15910:. Pimlico. 15872:. Penguin. 15482:Snyder 2010 15446:Ellman 2002 15430:Ellman 2002 15418:Healey 2018 15394:Ellman 2002 15327:Ellman 2002 15303:Sandle 1999 15195:Kotkin 2014 15131:Kotkin 2014 15059:Kotkin 2014 15035:Kotkin 2014 14925:Ellman 2002 14569:, p. . 14567:Kotkin 2017 14258:Kotkin 2014 13960:Kotkin 2017 13948:Kotkin 2017 13864:Kotkin 2014 13824:Kotkin 2017 13736:Kotkin 2014 13630:Kotkin 2014 13614:Kotkin 2017 13598:Kotkin 2017 13594:Kotkin 2014 13487:Kotkin 2014 13459:Kotkin 2014 13447:Kotkin 2014 13264:Kotkin 2014 13240:Kotkin 2014 13101:Kotkin 2014 13061:Kotkin 2017 12945:Kotkin 2017 12905:Kotkin 2017 12821:Rieber 2005 12635:Kotkin 2014 12544:Kotkin 2014 12532:Kotkin 2014 12500:Sandle 1999 12476:Sandle 1999 12417:Kotkin 2014 12389:Rieber 2005 12365:Kotkin 2014 12338:Rieber 2005 10930:Gaddis 2005 10860:Ellman 2000 10848:Ellman 2000 10435:Wettig 2008 10360:Glantz 1983 9466:Glantz 2001 9163:Wettig 2008 9063:Wettig 2008 8859:Harris 2017 8251:Haslam 1979 8081:Kotkin 2014 8053:Ellman 2007 8033:Ellman 2005 8013:Ellman 2005 8001:Ellman 2005 7981:Ellman 2005 7965:Ellman 2005 7953:Ellman 2005 7757:Kotkin 2014 7717:Kotkin 2014 7571:Sandle 1999 7519:Sandle 1999 7437:Kotkin 2014 7401:Sandle 1999 7361:Sandle 1999 7349:Sandle 1999 7272:Sandle 1999 7240:Kotkin 2014 7080:Sandle 1999 7052:Sandle 1999 6946:Kotkin 2014 6910:Kotkin 2014 6878:Kotkin 2014 6807:Kotkin 2014 6691:Kotkin 2014 6651:Kotkin 2014 6635:Kotkin 2014 6615:Kotkin 2014 6564:Kotkin 2014 6484:Kotkin 2014 6400:Kotkin 2014 6388:Kotkin 2014 6376:Kotkin 2014 6364:Kotkin 2014 6352:Kotkin 2014 6340:Kotkin 2014 6285:Kotkin 2014 6245:Kotkin 2014 6221:Kotkin 2014 6197:Kotkin 2014 6169:Kotkin 2014 6121:Kotkin 2014 6061:Kotkin 2014 6037:Kotkin 2014 6013:Kotkin 2014 5954:Kotkin 2014 5934:Kotkin 2014 5910:Kotkin 2014 5894:Kotkin 2014 5858:Kotkin 2014 5843:Kotkin 2014 5811:Kotkin 2014 5759:Kotkin 2014 5720:Kotkin 2014 5704:Kotkin 2014 5688:Kotkin 2014 5660:Kotkin 2014 5629:Kotkin 2014 5617:Kotkin 2014 5605:Kotkin 2014 5593:Kotkin 2014 5577:Kotkin 2014 5565:Kotkin 2014 5557:Davies 2003 5545:Kotkin 2014 5505:Kotkin 2014 5485:Kotkin 2014 5430:Kotkin 2014 5414:Kotkin 2014 5307:Kotkin 2014 5227:Kotkin 2014 5155:Kotkin 2014 5099:Kotkin 2014 5064:Kotkin 2014 5036:Kotkin 2014 5020:Kotkin 2014 5008:Kotkin 2014 4992:Kotkin 2014 4976:Kotkin 2014 4956:Kotkin 2014 4892:Kotkin 2014 4852:Kotkin 2014 4750:Kotkin 2014 4734:Kotkin 2014 4718:Kotkin 2014 4682:Kotkin 2014 4666:Kotkin 2014 4415:Secretariat 4180:carrying a 4086:East Berlin 3980:Peter Kenez 3957:Volga-Volga 3877:Personality 3799:histrionics 3735:, Lithuania 3729:Grūtas Park 3714:bourgeoisie 3619:in London. 3608:crowd crush 3496:Birobidzhan 3456:Kim Il Sung 3081:, July 1945 2868:Pan-Slavist 2686:Axis Powers 2491:Great Purge 2483:Great Purge 2408:Great Purge 2320:during the 2175:H. G. Wells 2164:1937 census 2120:Maxim Gorky 1935:Novosibirsk 1791:Triumvirate 1719:Great Purge 1711:Lev Kamenev 1666:in Moscow. 1648:Gorki dacha 1507:nationalism 1365:Helsingfors 1340:The Moscow 1120:antisemitic 1104:superpowers 1029:Great Purge 1027:. Stalin's 824:1920–1922: 670:(from 1941) 659:(from 1945) 314:Preceded by 264:Preceded by 214:Preceded by 142:Preceded by 51:family name 26083:Categories 25814:Bill Gates 25738:Jeff Bezos 25655:Ted Turner 25483:Betty Ford 25404:Jim Lovell 24743:Nicholas I 24673:Azerbaijan 22588:Egon Krenz 22474:Ramiz Alia 22378:Akhromeyev 22338:Yakubovsky 22313:Moskalenko 22308:Yeryomenko 22283:Sokolovsky 22263:Malinovsky 22233:Vasilevsky 22213:Timoshenko 22188:Voroshilov 22111:Doguzhiyev 21994:Kaganovich 21938:Doguzhiyev 21907:Khrushchev 21210:Turkestani 21185:Lithuanian 20785:Elected by 20185:9th (1920) 20180:8th (1919) 20175:7th (1917) 20170:6th (1912) 20165:5th (1908) 20150:2nd (1906) 20145:1st (1905) 20137:Conference 20032:9th (1920) 20027:8th (1919) 20022:7th (1918) 20017:6th (1917) 20012:5th (1907) 20007:4th (1906) 20002:3rd (1905) 19997:2nd (1903) 19992:1st (1898) 19918:Propaganda 19553:Lake Ritsa 19533:Uspenskoye 19450:(grandson) 19434:(grandson) 19426:(daughter) 19181:Trotskyism 19153:opposition 18829:Lysenkoism 18515:Korean War 18394:Winter War 18282:Chronology 18273:Death toll 18238:Early life 18141:1922–1952 18100:1941–1947 18069:1941–1953 17901:5 February 17856:30 October 16943:18 October 16431:1 December 16210:17 January 15831:(2): 270. 15734:See also: 15343:Moore 2012 15339:Chang 2019 12761:Foltz 2021 12674:Overy 2004 12171:Evans 1953 11703:Overy 2004 9620:Overy 2004 8675:Overy 2004 6133:Suny 2020b 4610:References 4295:See also: 4232:Death toll 4120:scientific 4114:among the 3506:See also: 3479:Golda Meir 3464:Korean War 3436:Mao Zedong 3336:until 1989 3241:Mao Zedong 3158:River Elbe 3156:up to the 3146:See also: 2970:Königsberg 2831:Stalingrad 2808:law of war 2751:blitzkrieg 2563:Winter War 2479:, in 1936. 2392:Kuomintang 2333:Nazi Party 2289:See also: 2264:Kazakhstan 2052:show trial 1985:an article 1730:Red Square 1488:Following 1373:federalism 1331:Red Terror 1233:Bolsheviks 1174:Early life 1035:system of 614:Allegiance 559:Alma mater 43:patronymic 26259:Holodomor 26099:Stalinism 26049:Communism 26037:Biography 25982:Elon Musk 25970:Joe Biden 25730:Ken Starr 25523:1976–2000 25188:1951–1975 24981:1927–1950 24905:Trasianka 24710:Lithuania 22620:Imre Nagy 22615:Ernő Gerő 22383:Kurkotkin 22293:Bagramyan 22273:Meretskov 22268:Tolbukhin 22090:Maslyukov 22048:Polyansky 22006:Pervukhin 21964:Kuybyshev 21815:(1991–92) 21807:(1987–91) 21799:(1984–87) 21791:(1976–84) 21783:(1967–76) 21775:(1957–67) 21767:(1955–57) 21759:(1953–55) 21736:(1951–53) 21728:(1950–51) 21689:(1949–50) 21681:(1947–49) 21673:(1946–47) 21632:(1939–46) 21624:(1938–39) 21616:(1937–38) 21593:(1941–46) 21585:(1940–41) 21577:(1934–40) 21545:(1925–34) 21529:(1918–25) 21521:(1917–18) 21393:(1990–91) 21381:(1932–33) 21363:(1926–27) 21357:(1924–33) 21351:(1923–30) 21345:(1923–27) 21339:(1921–23) 21333:(1920–21) 21327:(1919–21) 21313:Groupings 21220:Ukrainian 21190:Moldavian 20744:Collegium 20673:Presidium 20265:Politburo 19780:(1985–91) 19774:(1984–85) 19768:(1982–84) 19762:(1964–82) 19756:(1953–64) 19750:(1922–52) 19744:(1921–22) 19738:(1919–21) 19726:(1918–19) 19720:(1917–18) 19701:(1985–91) 19695:(1984–85) 19689:(1982–84) 19683:(1964–82) 19677:(1953–64) 19671:(1924–53) 19665:(1912–24) 19543:New Athos 18809:Hotel Lux 18792:Vinnytsia 18747:Chortkiv 18737:Berezwecz 18732:Berezhany 18700:Holodomor 18557:Stalinism 18495:Cominform 18231:Overviews 17786:4 January 17302:13 August 16811:144922280 16718:143876370 16552:159573290 16313:3 January 15994:7 October 15981:145729808 15845:150711796 15718:8 October 15708:Bloomberg 14461:Suny 2020 14406:26 August 14215:15 August 13351:15 August 11058:153413935 11050:1468-2745 4615:Citations 4587:Russified 4560:romanized 4521:romanized 4480:English: 4467:Politburo 4321:. There, 4155:oligarchy 4151:Caesarism 3924:formalism 3863:Novy Afon 3710:class war 3681:Stalinism 3631:, namely 3358:Cominform 3275:continent 3264:atom bomb 2962:in Tehran 2768:Kuibyshev 2764:Luftwaffe 2756:Wehrmacht 2592:and then 2390:with the 2388:civil war 2358:When the 2251:in 1933. 2224:Holodomor 2108:a culture 2081:Zhenotdel 1726:mausoleum 1600:Abkhazian 1568:Turkestan 1467:Lithuania 1416:Tsaritsyn 1155:socialism 1031:used the 995:, Stalin 989:Politburo 973:Bolshevik 940:Stalinism 904:his death 648:1918–1920 592:Nicknames 580:Signature 574:Full list 524:(adopted) 436:Bolshevik 294:In office 244:In office 180:In office 132:In office 25710:David Ho 24931:Category 24885:Ems Ukaz 22353:Brezhnev 22348:Koshevoy 22343:Batitsky 22323:Zakharov 22298:Biryuzov 22288:Bulganin 22208:Blyukher 22198:Budyonny 22105:Velichko 22060:Arkhipov 22054:Tikhonov 21982:Bulganin 21919:Tikhonov 21901:Bulganin 21895:Malenkov 21864:Premiers 21407:See also 21250:Okrugkom 21170:Khorezmi 21155:Georgian 21150:Estonian 21145:Bukharan 21130:Armenian 20787:Congress 19984:Congress 19583:Category 19523:Kuntsevo 19370:(mother) 19362:(father) 18797:Zolochiv 18782:Valozhyn 18752:Kurapaty 18550:Concepts 18463:Cold War 18057:Chairman 17954:Archived 17895:Archived 17870:Archived 17836:30 April 17830:Archived 17805:Archived 17755:Archived 17736:20 March 17730:Archived 17706:Archived 17702:NBC News 17687:8 August 17681:Archived 17656:Archived 17635:Archived 17610:Archived 17593:Archived 17568:Archived 17526:Archived 17506:Archived 17478:(1967), 17459:43228133 17451:22368819 17401:Archived 17321:Archived 17296:Archived 17212:17 March 17206:Archived 17125:Archived 17081:57563511 16937:Archived 16761:29 April 16755:Archived 16751:57561115 16710:20451530 16583:Archived 16470:Archived 16422:Archived 16395:Archived 16307:Archived 16289:(2021). 16241:53655536 16201:Archived 16197:13880089 16150:Archived 16146:43510161 16078:Archived 16074:55486912 16036:29 April 16030:Archived 15985:Archived 15973:20451229 15712:Archived 14988:3 August 14982:Archived 14789:Archived 14487:Archived 14400:Archived 14209:Archived 14170:Archived 14131:Archived 14092:Archived 14053:Archived 13715:Archived 13345:Archived 12050:Archived 11063:19 March 6319:Archived 4594:pre-1918 4577:Georgian 4549:Georgian 4459:de facto 4380:See also 4245:genocide 4147:autocrat 4042:Svetlana 4019:Svetlana 3952:Westerns 3851:Abkhazia 3803:smallpox 3771:Ossetian 3751:vanguard 3741:Leninist 3600:warfarin 3283:hegemony 3260:Cold War 3186:Budapest 3048:and the 3046:Sakhalin 3018:Karachai 3010:Chechens 2744:), with 2698:de facto 2515:Latvians 2266:and the 2152:Buddhist 2112:numeracy 1966:kolkhozy 1916:Komsomol 1776:Svetlana 1608:Adjarian 1604:Ossetian 1428:Red Army 1212:to join 1108:Cold War 1076:Red Army 991:. After 924:Leninist 920:dictator 868:Malenkov 664:Commands 639:Red Army 505:Children 379:Moscow, 26023:Portals 25943:Wa Lone 24900:Surzhyk 24720:Ukraine 24688:Finland 24678:Belarus 22438:of the 22373:Sokolov 22368:Ogarkov 22363:Kulikov 22358:Ustinov 22328:Golikov 22318:Chuikov 22303:Grechko 22253:Govorov 22203:Yegorov 22096:Voronin 22078:Talyzin 22072:Gromyko 22042:Mazurov 22036:Ustinov 22030:Kosygin 22012:Saburov 22000:Mikoyan 21976:Molotov 21945:Silayev 21925:Ryzhkov 21913:Kosygin 21883:Molotov 21510:Council 21488:of the 21285:Statute 21265:Partkom 21215:Turkmen 21180:Latvian 21175:Kirghiz 20662:Central 20521:Orgburo 19873:General 19858:Culture 19815:Orgburo 19655:Leaders 19558:Sukhumi 19519:Dachas 19510:Kureika 18900:Koreans 18787:Vileyka 18488:Comecon 18313:Sovkhoz 18308:Kolkhoz 18222:History 18059:of the 18032:of the 18028:in the 17928:5 March 17876:11 June 17761:25 June 17712:25 June 17616:25 June 17574:21 June 17566:. BBC. 17553:2 April 17443:2672986 17410:12 June 17318:excerpt 16391:2166597 14483:Kp.ru - 14176:31 July 14137:31 July 14098:31 July 14059:31 July 13721:23 June 12159:Li 2009 6325:10 July 4585:), the 3691:Dresden 3488:Zionism 3409:autarky 3362:Zhdanov 3188:in 1949 3123:At the 3022:Balkars 3014:Ingushi 3006:Kalmyks 3002:Ostland 2986:Polotsk 2919:at the 2879:Kharkov 2702:de jure 2531:Chinese 2527:Koreans 2511:Germans 2448:in the 2335:in the 2256:Ukraine 2247:became 2187:fascism 2144:Priests 2036:utopian 1999:with a 1972:sovkhoz 1857:Yuzovka 1820:Tbilisi 1740:on the 1564:Georgia 1554:in 1921 1463:Estonia 1384:Kremlin 1342:Kremlin 1241:Siberia 1226:Okhrana 1218:Marxism 1096:Romania 1011:led to 981:Siberia 928:Marxism 537:Parents 498: 490: 486: 473: 465: 461: 446:Spouses 303:Premier 257:Himself 253:Premier 18:Staline 26004:(2023) 25996:(2022) 25984:(2021) 25976:(2020) 25964:(2019) 25956:(2018) 25927:(2017) 25919:(2016) 25911:(2015) 25903:(2014) 25885:(2013) 25877:(2012) 25869:(2011) 25861:(2010) 25853:(2009) 25845:(2008) 25837:(2007) 25829:(2006) 25821:(2005) 25802:(2004) 25794:(2003) 25786:(2002) 25767:(2001) 25748:(2000) 25740:(1999) 25732:(1998) 25720:(1997) 25712:(1996) 25704:(1995) 25696:(1994) 25688:(1993) 25665:(1992) 25657:(1991) 25649:(1990) 25641:(1989) 25633:(1988) 25625:(1987) 25617:(1986) 25609:(1985) 25601:(1984) 25593:(1983) 25581:(1982) 25573:(1981) 25565:(1980) 25557:(1979) 25549:(1978) 25541:(1977) 25533:(1976) 25514:(1975) 25459:(1974) 25451:(1973) 25443:(1972) 25431:(1971) 25423:(1970) 25415:(1969) 25407:(1968) 25385:(1967) 25377:(1966) 25369:(1965) 25361:(1964) 25353:(1963) 25345:(1962) 25337:(1961) 25329:(1960) 25262:(1959) 25254:(1958) 25246:(1957) 25238:(1956) 25230:(1955) 25222:(1954) 25214:(1953) 25206:(1952) 25198:(1951) 25179:(1950) 25171:(1949) 25163:(1948) 25155:(1947) 25147:(1946) 25139:(1945) 25131:(1944) 25123:(1943) 25115:(1942) 25107:(1941) 25099:(1940) 25091:(1939) 25083:(1938) 25075:(1937) 25063:(1936) 25055:(1935) 25047:(1934) 25039:(1933) 25031:(1932) 25023:(1931) 25015:(1930) 25007:(1929) 24999:(1928) 24991:(1927) 24725:Crimea 24715:Poland 24705:Latvia 22388:Petrov 22333:Krylov 22238:Stalin 22228:Zhukov 22066:Aliyev 22024:Kozlov 22018:Kuzmin 21931:Pavlov 21889:Stalin 21645:(1946) 21537:(1925) 21513:(1917) 21399:(1991) 21387:(1957) 21375:(1932) 21369:(1930) 21260:Raikom 21255:Gorkom 21165:Kazakh 19955:Pravda 19788:acting 19352:Family 18777:Sambir 17512:7 June 17486: 17457: 17449: 17441: 17397:152781 17395: 17357: 17338: 17288: 17267: 17248: 17229: 17198: 17177: 17131:18 May 17117: 17096: 17079: 17052:152247 17050: 17019: 17000: 16981: 16962: 16929: 16908: 16868: 16849: 16830: 16809: 16778: 16749: 16716: 16708: 16677: 16656: 16635: 16620:130111 16618: 16550: 16519: 16496: 16479:14 May 16389: 16349: 16330: 16299: 16275: 16256: 16239: 16195: 16144: 16072: 16022: 16005:Stalin 15979: 15971: 15933: 15914: 15895: 15876: 15843: 15803: 15775: 15756: 15506: 15365: 14974: 14947: 14795:8 July 14781: 14493:21 May 14392: 14201: 14162: 14123: 14084: 14045: 13707: 13414: 13337: 12301: 11132: 11056: 11048: 6311: 6304:Stalin 4637: 4579:: 4551:: 4311:Pravda 4196:, and 4182:banner 4159:despot 4078:poster 4068:Legacy 4038:Vasily 4008:Galina 3963:Circus 3946:, and 3846: 3842: 3838: 3807:webbed 3313:Pravda 3175:Pravda 3024:, and 2816:Romani 2742:Stavka 2577:, and 2529:, and 2523:Greeks 2297:, and 2226:, and 2214:Famine 2150:, and 2126:, and 2066:, and 2005:ad hoc 1928:NEPmen 1924:kulaks 1851:, and 1822:, 1925 1796:Troika 1785:, and 1766:, and 1713:, and 1612:Vasily 1606:, and 1586:. 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