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550:, or have fertility levels that are significantly reduced. The condition is most easily corrected by gelding the horse. A more complex and costly surgical procedure can sometimes correct the condition and restore the animal's fertility, though it is only cost-effective for a horse that has very high potential as a breeding stallion. This surgery generally removes the non-descended testicle, leaving the descended testicle, and creating a horse known as a monorchid stallion. Keeping cryptorchids or surgically-created monorchids as breeding stallions is controversial, as the condition is at least partially genetic and some handlers claim that cryptorchids tend to have greater levels of behavioral problems than normal stallions.
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within an all-male herd. Some stallions become very anxious or temperamental in a herd setting and may lose considerable weight, sometimes to the point of a health risk. Some may become highly protective of their mares and thus more aggressive and dangerous to handle. There is also a greater risk that the stallion may escape from a pasture or be stolen. Stallions may break down fences between adjoining fields to fight another stallion or mate with the "wrong" herd of mares, thus putting the pedigree of ensuing foals in question.
421:
509:
used for breeding, it can be gelded prior to reaching sexual maturity. A horse gelded young may grow taller and behave better if this is done. Older stallions that are sterile or otherwise no longer used for breeding may also be gelded and will exhibit calmer behavior, even if previously used for breeding. However, they are more likely to continue stallion-like behaviors than horses gelded at a younger age, especially if they have been used as a breeding stallion. Modern surgical techniques allow
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401:, England, breeding stallions run out on the open Forest for about two to three months each year with the mares and youngstock. On being taken off the Forest, many of them stay together in bachelor herds for most of the rest of the year. New Forest stallions, when not in their breeding work, take part on the annual
877:(Document refers to the local group-keeping of stallions: 15 stallions on winter grazing at New Park, 20 stallions at Cadland, and to free winter grazing to all stallions passed to run on the Forest, "all those stallions will now remain at our two secure grazing sites at New Park and the Manor of Cadland")
508:
If a stallion is not to be used for breeding, castrating (gelding) the male horse will allow it to live full-time in a herd with both males and females, reduce aggressive or disruptive behavior, and allow the horse to be around other animals without being seriously distracted. If a horse is not to be
430:
Complete isolation has significant drawbacks; stallions may develop additional behavior problems with aggression due to frustration and pent-up energy. As a general rule, a stallion that has been isolated from the time of weaning or sexual maturity will have a more difficult time adapting to a herd
369:
stallions are trained and managed in a variety of ways, depending on the region of the world, the owner's philosophy, and the individual stallion's temperament. In all cases, however, stallions have an inborn tendency to attempt to dominate both other horses and human handlers, and will be affected
408:
There are drawbacks to natural management, however. One is that the breeding date, and hence foaling date, of any given mare will be uncertain. Another problem is the risk of injury to the stallion or mare in the process of natural breeding, or the risk of injury while a hierarchy is established
156:
Fillies usually soon join a different band with a dominant stallion different from the one that sired them. Colts or young stallions without mares of their own usually form small, all-male, "bachelor bands" in the wild. Living in a group gives these stallions the social and protective benefits of
516:
In most cases, particularly in modern industrialized cultures, a male horse that is not of sufficient quality to be used for breeding will have a happier life without having to deal with the instinctive, hormone-driven behaviors that come with being left intact. Geldings are safer to handle and
393:
In some places, young domesticated stallions are allowed to live separately in a "bachelor herd" while growing up, kept out of sight, sound or smell of mares. A Swiss study demonstrated that even mature breeding stallions kept well away from other horses could live peacefully together in a herd
99:
as herd animals, they may be prone to aggressive behavior, particularly toward other stallions, and thus require careful management by knowledgeable handlers. With proper training and management, stallions are effective equine athletes at the highest levels of many disciplines, including
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more readily. Proponents of natural management also assert that mares are more likely to "settle" (become pregnant) in a natural herd setting. Some stallion managers keep a stallion with a mare herd year-round, others will only turn a stallion out with mares during the breeding season.
546:, a stallion which has one or both testicles undescended. If both testicles are not descended, the horse may appear to be a gelding, but will still behave like a stallion. A gelding that displays stallion-like behaviors is sometimes called a "false rig". In many cases, ridglings are
485:
stallion is more apt to present challenging behavior to a human handler than one who has not bred mares, and stallions may be more difficult to handle in spring and summer, during the breeding season, than during the fall and winter. Some stallions are used for both
431:
environment than one allowed to live close to other animals. As horses are instinctively social creatures, even stallions are believed to benefit from being allowed social interaction with other horses, though proper management and cautions are needed.
450:, then are stabled, train, perform, and travel worldwide as adults with few if any management problems. Even stallions who are unfamiliar with each other can work safely in reasonable proximity if properly trained; the vast majority of
284:. When not erect, the penis is housed within the prepuce, 50 cm (20 in) long and 2.5 to 6 cm (0.98 to 2.36 in) in diameter with the distal end 15 to 20 cm (5.9 to 7.9 in) free in the prepuce. The
424:
Provided with sufficient space and food with no distractions from mares in estrus, even stallions previously used for breeding may coexist peacefully. Not all individuals are suited for this kind of arrangement,
239:
A stallion's secondary characteristics include heavier muscling for a given breed than is seen in mares or geldings, often with considerable development along the crest of the neck, as shown in this image.
494:
rate, well-trained stallions with good temperaments can be taught that breeding behavior is only allowed in a certain area, or with certain cues, equipment, or with a particular handler.
378:. They must be trained to behave with respect toward humans at all times or else their natural aggressiveness, particularly a tendency to bite, may pose a danger of serious injury.
478:"pleasure"-type classes where horses are worked as a group. Overall, stallions can be trained to keep focused on work and may be brilliant performers if properly handled.
255:. The testes of an average stallion are ovoids 8 to 12 cm (3.1 to 4.7 in) long, 6 to 7 cm (2.4 to 2.8 in) high by 5 cm (2.0 in) wide;
416:
Aggressive and even violent behavior between stallions not habitually living together or in the presence of mares adds to the challenges in stallion management.
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uses and for breeding at the same general time of year. Though compromises may need to be made in expectations for both athletic performance and
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is evaluated. In horse show performance competition, stallions and mares often compete in the same arena with one another, particularly in
183:
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are stallions, as are many equine athletes in other forms of competition. Stallions are often shown together in the same ring at
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may give stallions a thicker, "cresty" neck, as well as a somewhat more muscular physique as compared to female horses, known as
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The advantage of natural types of management is that the stallion is allowed to behave "like a horse" and may exhibit fewer
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308:, a small pouch at the distal end of the glans. A structure called the urethral process projects beyond the glans.
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contracts to retract the penis into the sheath and relaxes to allow the penis to extend from the sheath. When
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Properly trained stallions can live and work close to mares and to one another. Examples include the
22:
703:
655:
Veterinary Notes for Horse Owners: New
Revised Edition of the Standard Work for More Than 100 Years
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1128:
280:
266:". Stallions have a vascular penis. When non-erect, it is quite flaccid and contained within the
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is relatively underdeveloped. Erection and protrusion take place gradually, by the increasing
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Even well-trained stallions require firm and consistent handling by experienced individuals.
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setting if proper precautions were taken while the initial herd hierarchy was established.
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community maintains that castration is mutilation and damaging to the animal's psyche.
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405:, working alongside mares and geldings, and compete successfully in many disciplines.
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McKinnon Angus O.; Squires, Edward L.; Vaala, Wendy E.; Varner, Dickson D. (2011).
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446:, where the entire group of stallions live part-time in a bachelor herd as young
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292:, the penis increases in length and thickness by 50% while the thickness of the
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may also contain older stallions who have lost their herd in a challenge.
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614:"The Stallion: Breeding Soundness Examination & Reproductive Anatomy"
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to be performed on a horse of almost any age with relatively few risks.
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115:"Stallion" is also used to refer to males of other equids, including
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903:(Document refers to the group-keeping of 22 stallions at Cadland)
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Mustang stallion (right) with part of his band of mares and foals
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926:(This site has photographs and video of group-kept stallions)
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Equine
Reproductive Physiology, Breeding and Stud Management
74:
961:. The New Forest Pony. December 18, 2010. Archived from
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to some degree by proximity to other horses, especially
358:
734:
Horseman's
Veterinary Encyclopedia, Revised and Updated
385:. In a harem model, the mares may "cycle" or achieve
1201:"Surgery to Address Roman Ruler's Ridgling Condition"
1221:
652:
Hayes, Captain M. Horace; Knightbridge, Roy (2002).
645:
1126:
840:"Pasturing Stallions Together Can Work, Says Study"
697:
1249:Update on sheath cleaning, with how-to video link
1080:"The Advantages of Spaying and Castrating Horses"
616:. University of Wisconsin-Madison. Archived from
340:Management and handling of domesticated stallions
1255:
336:, but are not strictly necessary for fertility.
791:(4th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 240.
757:
730:
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251:, which are suspended horizontally within the
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64:, but within that standard, the presence of
1152:"What is Castration / Spaying / Neutering?"
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608:
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831:
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838:Lesté-Lasserre, Christa (June 8, 2010).
814:"Return to Nature With Pasture Breeding"
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278:of the erectile vascular tissue in the
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16:Male horse that has not been castrated
1222:Smith Thomas, Heater (July 1, 2004).
1127:Cable, Christina S. (April 1, 2001).
1052:
983:
937:"Ellingham show ringside attractions"
812:Strickland, Charlene (July 5, 2007).
672:
577:
1094:
642:." Equine surgery 2 (2006): 540–557.
517:present fewer management problems.
312:The internal genitalia comprise the
1174:"When is a gelding actually a rig?"
916:. Nfstallions.info. October 2, 2011
888:"MINUTES of the Court of Verderers"
862:"MINUTES of the Court of Verderers"
658:. Simon and Schuster. p. 364.
589:"Gender Issues: Training Stallions"
87:Temperament varies widely based on
13:
1150:Schmid, Mark (February 20, 2010).
14:
1290:
1242:
1199:Paulick, Ray (November 5, 2004).
1154:. Organization for Animal Dignity
785:Parker, Rick (January 13, 2012).
243:The external genitalia comprise:
1279:National symbols of Burkina Faso
587:Release, Press (June 29, 2007).
328:. These contribute fluid to the
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1032:"Stallion Handling (AAEP 2005)"
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683:. Discovery Publishing House.
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78:, and castrated males, called
1:
867:. October 19, 2005. p. 3
570:
527:
7:
1055:"Keeping Stallions Focused"
959:"Winning Olympia Quadrille"
914:"New Forest Pony Stallions"
893:. April 15, 2009. p. 3
681:Sexual Behaviour in Animals
553:
497:
10:
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986:"Keeping Horses in Harems"
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343:
220:
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1129:"Castration in the Horse"
710:. John Wiley & Sons.
23:Stallion (disambiguation)
1269:Horse breeding and studs
758:Morel, M.C.G.D. (2008).
731:Equine Research (2005).
149:Stallion exhibiting the
52:). Stallions follow the
1106:"Gelding and Aftercare"
281:corpus cavernosum penis
95:, but because of their
1224:"Stallion or Gelding?"
1030:Mendell, Chad (2005).
1007:Strickland, Charlene.
426:
417:
397:As an example, in the
363:
272:retractor penis muscle
240:
153:
136:
33:
32:A stallion standing up
1104:Hill, Cherry (2008).
939:. Ellinghamshow.co.uk
440:Spanish Riding School
423:
415:
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296:increases by four to
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231:Horse sheath cleaning
157:living in a herd. A
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31:
638:Schumacher, James. "
466:classes where their
326:bulbourethral glands
316:, which include the
314:accessory sex glands
213:Genitourinary system
165:Reproductive anatomy
108:, and international
21:For other uses, see
1180:. February 11, 2013
1009:"Males as Athletes"
707:Equine Reproduction
679:Sarkar, A. (2003).
462:, particularly in
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44:that has not been
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1178:Horse & Hound
965:on April 15, 2012
771:978-1-78064-073-0
744:978-0-7627-9451-5
717:978-0-470-96187-2
690:978-81-7141-746-9
665:978-0-7432-3419-1
640:Penis and prepuce
438:stallions of the
304:opens within the
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620:on July 16, 2007
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468:conformation
452:Thoroughbred
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70:testosterone
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1274:Male horses
1226:. The Horse
1203:. The Horse
1158:November 6,
1131:. The Horse
1082:. Netvet UK
1061:November 6,
1057:. The Horse
1038:November 6,
1034:. The Horse
1015:November 6,
1011:. The Horse
992:November 6,
988:. The Horse
969:November 6,
943:November 6,
920:November 6,
846:November 6,
842:. The Horse
820:November 6,
816:. The Horse
595:November 6,
591:. The Horse
544:cryptorchid
460:horse shows
442:in Vienna,
334:ejaculation
106:horse shows
1258:Categories
571:References
511:castration
488:equestrian
399:New Forest
354:Horse care
344:See also:
298:five times
276:tumescence
221:See also:
40:is a male
548:infertile
528:Ridglings
492:fertility
456:racetrack
403:round-ups
97:instincts
60:of their
58:phenotype
50:castrated
1230:March 3,
1207:March 3,
1184:March 3,
1135:March 3,
1112:March 3,
1086:March 3,
764:. CABI.
554:See also
540:ridgling
534:Ridgling
498:Geldings
483:breeding
436:Lipizzan
425:however.
324:and the
93:training
89:genetics
81:geldings
68:such as
66:hormones
38:stallion
624:July 7,
504:Gelding
476:English
472:Western
444:Austria
302:urethra
253:scrotum
121:donkeys
110:Olympic
795:
768:
741:
714:
687:
662:
464:halter
387:estrus
352:, and
320:, the
300:. The
270:. The
268:sheath
249:testes
229:, and
117:zebras
46:gelded
891:(PDF)
865:(PDF)
448:colts
372:mares
330:semen
294:glans
290:erect
260:penis
75:mares
62:breed
42:horse
1232:2014
1209:2014
1186:2014
1160:2011
1137:2014
1114:2014
1088:2014
1063:2011
1040:2011
1017:2011
994:2011
971:2011
945:2011
922:2011
899:2011
873:2011
848:2011
822:2011
793:ISBN
766:ISBN
739:ISBN
712:ISBN
685:ISBN
660:ISBN
626:2007
597:2011
474:and
376:heat
258:the
247:the
119:and
91:and
56:and
374:in
332:at
1260::
1176:.
1096:^
1071:^
830:^
605:^
579:^
538:A
481:A
348:,
225:,
123:.
104:,
84:.
36:A
1234:.
1211:.
1188:.
1162:.
1139:.
1116:.
1090:.
1065:.
1042:.
1019:.
996:.
973:.
947:.
924:.
901:.
875:.
850:.
824:.
801:.
774:.
747:.
720:.
693:.
668:.
628:.
599:.
48:(
25:.
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