25:
403:
With respect to other aspects of the spoken language, there are developments towards a unification that is not always the effect of standardisation or convergence. For instance, the fricatives in
Central Standard Swedish have undergone a change in recent decades toward those of Southern Swedish, than
394:
During the second half of the 19th century, the use of a standardised written language increased with each new method of communication and transportation. It was, however, only in the 1960s that the major demographic situation of Sweden had changed from a quite rural and agrarian society to today's
238:
for all
Finnish pupils in primary and secondary schools, but the requirement to include Swedish in the upper-secondary final examination ("studentexamen") was dropped in 2004. Certified knowledge of Swedish language is still mandatory for government officials, and therefore most University degrees
378:
In Sweden, the concept of a unified standard language, based on a high prestige dialect spoken in the capital region, was primarily understood in terms of the written language, as exemplified with the
Swedification of the Danish and Norwegian provinces that were acquired in the 17th century. The
322:
Swedish became Sweden's main official language on July 1, 2009, when a new language law was implemented. The issue of whether
Swedish should be declared the official language has been raised in the past, and the parliament voted on the matter in 2005 but the proposal narrowly failed. The Swedish
419:
in 1809 drastically decreased communication between Sweden and
Finland, but Swedish remained the language of administration and higher education until Finnish was given equal status in the late 19th century. The position of Swedish gradually eroded in the 20th century, as population shifts from
233:
Until the late 19th or the early 20th century, Swedish was the primary language of status, government and education in
Finland although it was spoken as a first language by only a relatively small minority. Since the 1970s, both domestic languages have been
399:
converged towards unified dialects whose vocabulary and grammatical rules adhered to that of the written
Standard Swedish. The different phonologies, particularly the different realizations of the tonal word accents, have remained more varied.
463:. That resulted in a relation between Standard Swedish as spoken in Western Finland aa opposed to Southern Finland, which mainly echoed the relation between Standard Swedish as spoken in Central Sweden, as opposed to Southern Sweden.
420:
industrialisation and war increasingly caused many ethnic Finns to move to the traditional coastal and urban
Swedish enclaves. In reaction, Swedish-speaking Finns renewed their cultural and linguistic connections with Sweden and a
255:
Swedish linguists reserve the term "dialect" for rural dialects with roots that can be traced back to Old
Swedish. However, among Swedish speakers in general, other regional standards are considered to be "dialects".
424:, based on the current variety spoken by educated mainland Swedes, emerged. However, alienation between the two countries by the lack of tangible support from Sweden during both world wars, the
354:
and several other organizations representing journalists, teachers, actors, writers and translators. The recommendations of those bodies are not legally binding but are generally respected.
226:, the most prestigious dialect spoken in (the capital of) Sweden. During the 20th century, its meaning changed, and it now denotes the prestige dialect of the Swedish speakers in
314:. Several dialects occur in broadcast media in Sweden, but the Central Swedish variant dominates and is often perceived as more "standardized" and more neutral than the others.
211:
National
Swedish television and radio news broadcasts that are often produced in Stockholm have historically preferred commentators who speak what is seen as
175:
spoken in Estonia. For speakers in Sweden, the term, however often, perhaps primarily, indicates "non-dialectal" (spoken) Swedish. The term "Sweden Swedish" (
342:
is similarly funded by the Swedish government and may be said to have a semiofficial status as a regulatory body being a joint effort that includes the
152:"High Swedish" are used in Sweden and Finland respectively, particularly by non-linguists, and both terms are ambiguous. The direct translation of
279:(with three national standards for Germany, Austria and Switzerland) there is no single standard for spoken Swedish. There are several regional
884:
239:
require studies in both oral and written Swedish. Most universities teach Finnish Swedish for this purpose, but some universities, like
636:
443:
In the second half of the 20th century, tensions between the centre and the periphery in Finland made the concept of a spoken standard
525:
942:
328:
598:
179:) is sometimes used instead, as a parallel to the term Finland Swedish. There is, however, no common agreement on how
572:
559:
68:
46:
39:
916:
889:
710:
351:
629:
983:
904:
1050:
966:
894:
460:
861:
1045:
959:
622:
937:
909:
879:
831:
808:
603:
477:
339:
33:
836:
993:
721:
416:
295:
50:
247:), and despite minor differences in vocabulary etc. both are seen as equals for this purpose.
1019:
452:
444:
396:
280:
841:
785:
697:
522:
8:
826:
780:
607:
534:
388:
871:
818:
731:
240:
988:
795:
702:
568:
555:
472:
425:
332:
307:
260:
235:
103:
95:
726:
577:
752:
716:
684:
669:
645:
437:
384:
288:
272:
172:
107:
99:
91:
932:
899:
790:
736:
664:
529:
413:
343:
323:
language also has official status in Finland (including the autonomous region of
311:
276:
268:
200:
164:
429:
856:
456:
1039:
674:
595:(mostly in Swedish with some sections in English, Finnish, French and German)
347:
156:"Standard Swedish" is less common and primarily used in scholarly contexts.
102:
is uniform and standardized, the spoken standard may vary considerably from
851:
498:
1024:
327:), but no officially sanctioned standard actually exists. However, the
299:
119:
368:
1009:
846:
692:
380:
372:
310:). There is also a separate standard for Swedish in Finland based on
303:
284:
264:
111:
294:
The major regional variants include those of South Sweden (based on
799:
614:
227:
163:
has come to mean all Swedish as spoken in Sweden as opposed to the
115:
324:
123:
196:
367:
Standard Swedish evolved from the high prestige dialects of the
1014:
187:
to one Swede may appear dialectal to another. (Etymologically,
204:
190:
127:
772:
765:
758:
379:
people were taught Swedish hymns and prayers but with a
250:
222:(literally "High Swedish") was formerly the same as for
610:, Sweden's national Public-Service broadcasting company
592:
578:
Definition of the goals of the Swedish Language Council
538:, 2005-12-07. Retrieved on July 23, 2006. (in Swedish)
593:
The official website of the Swedish Language Council
267:realizations are not. Contrary to the situation in
455:again oriented towards Sweden, particularly when
110:have developed around the major urban centers of
1037:
302:), Central Sweden (centered on the capital of
159:In certain (mostly Finland-related) contexts,
630:
133:
85:
16:Standard form of written and spoken Swedish
637:
623:
499:"Swedish becomes official 'main language'"
395:highly-urbanized society, when the spoken
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
243:, have opted to teach Standard Swedish (
87:standardsvenska, rikssvenska, högsvenska
32:This article includes a list of general
215:, but that has gradually been relaxed.
1038:
943:Institute for the Languages of Finland
496:
404:those of Northern Sweden and Finland.
329:Institute for the Languages of Finland
291:) that are used in official contexts.
618:
251:Regional standards and rural dialects
644:
18:
606:is a series of TV programs made by
523:Svenskan blir inte officiellt språk
13:
317:
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1062:
675:Ukrainian Swedish (Gammalsvenska)
586:
352:Swedish Broadcasting Corporation
306:) and Northern Sweden (based on
23:
412:The creation of the autonomous
298:), Western Sweden (centered on
516:
490:
263:is theoretically uniform, its
183:should sound. What appears as
1:
984:Swedish as a foreign language
545:
195:is a compound form that is a
553:Funktionell svensk grammatik
497:Landes, David (2009-07-01).
335:and dictionary compilation.
7:
967:Svenska Akademiens ordlista
885:Reformation and Renaissance
466:
10:
1067:
407:
357:
1002:
976:
960:Svenska Akademiens ordbok
951:
925:
870:
817:
745:
683:
652:
375:, the capital of Sweden.
362:
938:Swedish Language Council
832:Germanic parent language
604:Svenska Dialektmysterier
599:Svenska Dialektmysterier
483:
478:Swedish Language Council
340:Swedish Language Council
94:as a spoken and written
837:Proto-Germanic language
564:Engstrand, Olle (2004)
551:Bolander, Maria (2002)
171:, spoken in Finland or
53:more precise citations.
994:Swedish for immigrants
447:less popular, and the
417:Grand Duchy of Finland
383:that remained largely
296:South Swedish dialects
144:In Swedish, the terms
86:
1020:Swedish Sign Language
371:Valley region around
98:. While Swedish as a
862:Contemporary Swedish
440:of Finland Swedish.
148:"Realm Swedish" and
827:Proto-Indo-European
535:Sveriges Television
331:has the purpose of
106:to region. Several
1051:Standard languages
566:Fonetikens grunder
528:2011-04-26 at the
436:being seen as the
241:Tampere University
236:mandatory subjects
218:The definition of
1033:
1032:
989:Mandatory Swedish
653:National variants
473:Swedish phonology
459:to more elevated
432:gradually led to
426:Finnish Civil War
333:language planning
308:Norrland dialects
289:prestige dialects
261:Swedish phonology
108:prestige dialects
96:standard language
79:
78:
71:
1058:
1046:Swedish language
809:Dialect Alphabet
708:Östsvenska mål:
670:Estonian Swedish
660:Standard Swedish
646:Swedish language
639:
632:
625:
616:
615:
582:
539:
520:
514:
513:
511:
510:
494:
438:prestige dialect
173:Estonian Swedish
100:written language
89:
82:Standard Swedish
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1029:
998:
972:
947:
933:Swedish Academy
921:
866:
813:
741:
703:Norrländska mål
679:
665:Finland Swedish
648:
643:
601:
589:
580:
548:
543:
542:
530:Wayback Machine
521:
517:
508:
506:
495:
491:
486:
469:
410:
365:
360:
344:Swedish Academy
338:In Sweden, the
320:
318:Official status
312:Finland Swedish
253:
169:finlandssvenska
165:Finland Swedish
154:standardsvenska
142:
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1064:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1004:
1003:Related topics
1000:
999:
997:
996:
991:
986:
980:
978:
974:
973:
971:
970:
963:
955:
953:
949:
948:
946:
945:
940:
935:
929:
927:
923:
922:
920:
919:
914:
913:
912:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
876:
874:
868:
867:
865:
864:
859:
857:Modern Swedish
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
823:
821:
815:
814:
812:
811:
806:
793:
788:
783:
778:
777:
776:
769:
762:
749:
747:
743:
742:
740:
739:
737:Rinkebysvenska
734:
729:
724:
722:Sydsvenska mål
719:
714:
706:
700:
695:
693:Gotländska mål
689:
687:
681:
680:
678:
677:
672:
667:
662:
656:
654:
650:
649:
642:
641:
634:
627:
619:
613:
612:
596:
588:
587:External links
585:
584:
583:
575:
562:
547:
544:
541:
540:
515:
488:
487:
485:
482:
481:
480:
475:
468:
465:
409:
406:
364:
361:
359:
356:
319:
316:
252:
249:
177:sverigesvenska
141:
132:
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1063:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1001:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
981:
979:
975:
969:
968:
964:
962:
961:
957:
956:
954:
950:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
928:
924:
918:
915:
911:
908:
907:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
890:Enlightenment
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
877:
875:
873:
869:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
822:
820:
816:
810:
807:
804:
802:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
775:
774:
770:
768:
767:
763:
761:
760:
756:
755:
754:
751:
750:
748:
744:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
712:
711:Ostrobothnian
707:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
688:
686:
682:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
655:
651:
647:
640:
635:
633:
628:
626:
621:
620:
617:
611:
609:
605:
600:
597:
594:
591:
590:
579:
576:
574:
573:91-44-04238-8
570:
567:
563:
561:
560:91-47-05054-3
557:
554:
550:
549:
537:
536:
531:
527:
524:
519:
505:. thelocal.se
504:
500:
493:
489:
479:
476:
474:
471:
470:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
415:
405:
401:
398:
392:
390:
386:
382:
376:
374:
370:
355:
353:
349:
348:Swedish Radio
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
257:
248:
246:
242:
237:
231:
229:
225:
221:
216:
214:
209:
207:
206:
202:
198:
194:
192:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
140:
136:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
88:
83:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
965:
958:
952:Dictionaries
800:
771:
764:
757:
732:Stockholmska
709:
659:
602:
581:(in English)
565:
552:
533:
518:
507:. Retrieved
502:
492:
453:Ostrobothnia
448:
442:
433:
430:Åland crisis
421:
411:
402:
393:
377:
366:
337:
321:
293:
258:
254:
244:
232:
223:
219:
217:
212:
210:
203:
188:
184:
180:
176:
168:
160:
158:
153:
149:
145:
143:
138:
134:
81:
80:
65:
56:
37:
852:Old Swedish
842:Proto-Norse
781:Orthography
451:Swedish in
245:rikssvenska
224:rikssvenska
213:rikssvenska
185:rikssvenska
181:rikssvenska
161:rikssvenska
146:rikssvenska
135:Rikssvenska
51:introducing
1040:Categories
1025:Suecophile
926:Regulators
917:Children's
872:Literature
546:References
509:2009-07-15
434:Högsvenska
428:, and the
422:Högsvenska
300:Gothenburg
220:högsvenska
150:högsvenska
139:högsvenska
120:Gothenburg
90:) denotes
34:references
1010:Swenglish
977:Education
905:Modernist
847:Old Norse
796:Phonology
503:The Local
461:registers
457:switching
397:varieties
389:Norwegian
381:phonology
373:Stockholm
304:Stockholm
285:acrolects
281:varieties
259:Although
112:Stockholm
895:Romantic
753:Alphabet
727:Åländska
685:Dialects
526:Archived
467:See also
265:phonetic
228:Helsinki
116:Helsinki
59:May 2009
900:Realism
819:History
791:Grammar
786:Braille
717:Sveamål
698:Götamål
445:variety
414:Russian
408:Finland
369:Mälaren
358:History
273:Finnish
199:of the
197:cognate
92:Swedish
47:improve
1015:Svorsk
910:poetry
803:-sound
571:
558:
449:spoken
385:Danish
363:Sweden
277:German
269:Danish
201:German
104:region
36:, but
880:Early
484:Notes
325:Åland
205:Reich
124:Malmö
569:ISBN
556:ISBN
191:riks
137:and
128:Lund
122:and
746:Use
608:SVT
387:or
287:or
275:or
208:.)
1042::
801:sj
532:,
501:.
391:.
350:,
346:,
271:,
230:.
193:-"
167:,
130:.
118:,
114:,
805:)
798:(
773:Ö
766:Ä
759:Å
705::
638:e
631:t
624:v
512:.
283:(
189:"
126:–
84:(
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.