Tin - Knowledge

4638: 3244: 4251:(ITC) had a considerable effect on tin prices. ITC supported the price of tin during periods of low prices by buying tin for its buffer stockpile and was able to restrain the price during periods of high prices by selling from the stockpile. This was an anti-free-market approach, designed to assure a sufficient flow of tin to consumer countries and a profit for producer countries. However, the buffer stockpile was not sufficiently large, and during most of those 29 years tin prices rose, sometimes sharply, especially from 1973 through 1980 when rampant inflation plagued many world economies. 2562:. Tin-117 has a cross section of 2.3 barns, one order of magnitude smaller, while tin-119 has a slightly smaller cross section of 2.2 barns. Before these cross sections were well known, it was proposed to use tin-lead solder as a reactor coolant for fast reactors because of its low melting point. Current studies are for lead or lead-bismuth reactor coolants because both heavy metals are nearly transparent to fast neutrons, with very low capture cross sections. In order to use a tin or tin-lead coolant, the tin would first have to go through isotopic separation to remove the isotopes with 3619: 1541: 1498: 3745: 2884: 4565: 1442: 4761: 2321: 5107: 1996: 3673: 3637: 3763: 3709: 4627: 4951:. Many nations now restrict the use of organotin compounds to vessels greater than 25 m (82 ft) long. The persistence of tributyltin in the aquatic environment is dependent upon the nature of the ecosystem. Because of this persistence and its use as an additive in ship paint, high concentrations of tributyltin have been found in marine sediments located near naval docks. Tributyltin has been used as a biomarker for 3655: 3691: 3727: 67: 4272: 3486: 9287: 4239: 2254: 4310: 4769:

application of this artisan technique. The light of a candle shining through the pierced design creates a decorative light pattern in the room where it sits. Lanterns and other punched tin articles were created in the New World from the earliest European settlement. A well-known example is the Revere lantern, named after

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with greater opacity, lightfastness, and weathering resistance than proposed organic lead chromate replacement pigments possess. NTP Yellow possesses the highest level of color saturation of these contemporary inorganic mixed metal complex pigments. More examples of this group include Pigment Yellow

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are of a tin/lead alloy, with 50/50 as the most common composition. The proportion of tin in the pipe defines the pipe's tone, since tin has a desirable tonal resonance. When a tin/lead alloy cools, the lead phase solidifies first, then when the eutectic temperature is reached, the remaining liquid

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damaged the tin industry. Tin consumption declined dramatically. ITC was able to avoid truly steep declines through accelerated buying for its buffer stockpile; this activity required extensive borrowing. ITC continued to borrow until late 1985 when it reached its credit limit. Immediately, a major

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About 253,000 tonnes of tin were mined in 2011, mostly in China (110,000 t), Indonesia (51,000 t), Peru (34,600 t), Bolivia (20,700 t) and Brazil (12,000 t). Estimates of tin production have historically varied with the market and mining technology. It is estimated that, at

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Tin forms several inter-metallic phases with lithium metal, making it a potentially attractive material for battery applications. Large volumetric expansion of tin upon alloying with lithium and instability of the tin-organic electrolyte interface at low electrochemical potentials are the greatest

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and food safes were in use in the days before refrigeration. These were wooden cupboards of various styles and sizes – either floor standing or hanging cupboards meant to discourage vermin and insects and to keep dust from perishable foodstuffs. These cabinets had tinplate inserts in the doors and

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Commercial grades of tin (99.8% tin content) resist transformation because of the inhibiting effect of small amounts of bismuth, antimony, lead, and silver present as impurities. Alloying elements such as copper, antimony, bismuth, cadmium, and silver increase the hardness of tin. Tin easily forms

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Perlich, M. A.; Bacca, L. A.; Bollmer, B. W.; Lanzalaco, A. C.; McClanahan, S. F.; Sewak, L. K.; Beiswanger, B. B.; Eichold, W. A.; Hull, J. R.; et al. (1995). "The clinical effect of a stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on plaque formation, gingivitis and gingival bleeding: a six-month

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mass number. Combined, these three isotopes make up about 17% of natural tin but represent nearly all of the capture cross section. Of the remaining seven isotopes tin-112 has a capture cross section of 1 barn. The other six isotopes forming 82.7% of natural tin have capture cross sections of 0.3

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Tin is unique among mineral commodities because of the complex agreements between producer countries and consumer countries dating back to 1921. Earlier agreements tended to be somewhat informal and led to the "First International Tin Agreement" in 1956, the first of a series that effectively

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Punched tin-plated steel, also called pierced tin, is an artisan technique originating in central Europe for creating functional and decorative housewares. Decorative piercing designs exist in a wide variety, based on local tradition and the artisan. Punched tin lanterns are the most common

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forms the layered tin/lead eutectic structure, which is shiny; contrast with the lead phase produces a mottled or spotted effect. This metal alloy is referred to as spotted metal. Major advantages of using tin for pipes include its appearance, workability, and resistance to corrosion.

4943:, for example). The EU banned the use of organotin compounds in 2003, while concerns over the toxicity of these compounds to marine life and damage to the reproduction and growth of some marine species (some reports describe biological effects to marine life at a concentration of 1 3885:

Scrap tin is an important source of the metal. Recovery of tin through recycling is increasing rapidly as of 2019. Whereas the United States has neither mined (since 1993) nor smelted (since 1989) tin, it was the largest secondary producer, recycling nearly 14,000 tonnes in 2006.

4440:. Many are rather dull in terms of colorfulness. However, some possess enough colorfulness to be competitive for use cases that require more than a moderate amount of it. Some are prized for other qualities. For instance, Pinkcolor is chosen by many watercolorists for its strong 4555:

can occur in lead-free solders, leading to loss of the soldered joint. Replacement alloys are being found, but the problems of joint integrity remain. A common lead-free alloy is 99% tin, 0.7% copper, and 0.3% silver, with melting temperature of 217 °C (422.6 °F).

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stannate is also known in orange form but has not seen wide use in the fine arts. It is available for purchase in pigment form from specialist artists' suppliers. There is another minor form, in terms of artistic usage and availability, of lead-tin yellow known as Lead-tin

4959:, with at least 82 known species. With the high levels of TBT in the local inshore areas, due to shipping activities, the shellfish had an adverse effect. Imposex is the imposition of male sexual characteristics on female specimens where they grow a penis and a pallial 4731:

Tin compounds are used in the production of various chemicals, including stabilizers for PVC and catalysts for industrial processes. Tin in form of ingots provide the raw material necessary for these chemical reactions, ensuring consistent quality and performance.

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were quickly realized and the quest for sources of the much less hazardous tin ores began early in the Bronze Age. This created the demand for rare tin metal and formed a trade network that linked the distant sources of tin to the markets of Bronze Age cultures.

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for about three years. ITC dissolved soon afterward, and the price of tin, now in a free-market environment, fell to $ 4 per pound and remained around that level through the 1990s. The price increased again by 2010 with a rebound in consumption following the

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of tin dioxide, about 80% of mined tin is from secondary deposits found downstream from the primary lodes. Tin is often recovered from granules washed downstream in the past and deposited in valleys or the sea. The most economical ways of mining tin are by

4591:, and this forms a large part of the market for metallic tin. A tinplate canister for preserving food was first manufactured in London in 1812. Speakers of British English call such containers "tins", while speakers of U.S. English call them " 2507:

of any element. Their mass numbers are 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, and 124. Tin-120 makes up almost a third of all tin. Tin-118 and tin-116 are also common. Tin-115 is the least common stable isotope. The isotopes with even

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blue green shade (Pigment Blue 15:3), as industrial production of manganese blue pigment ceased in the 1970s. Cerulean blue made with cobalt stannate, however, was popular with artists prior to the production of Manganese blue.

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was established in 1947 to control the price of tin. It collapsed in 1985. In 1984, the Association of Tin Producing Countries was created, with Australia, Bolivia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nigeria, Thailand, and Zaire as members.

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sometimes in the sides, punched out by the homeowner, cabinetmaker, or a tinsmith in varying designs to allow for air circulation while excluding flies. Modern reproductions of these articles remain popular in North America.

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Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022).

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Bragagni, Alessandro; Wombacher, Frank; Kirchenbaur, Maria; Braukmüller, Ninja; Münker, Carsten (2023). "Mass-independent Sn isotope fractionation and radiogenic 115Sn in chondrites and terrestrial rocks".

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is used for various industrial purposes such as slime control in paper mills and disinfection of circulating industrial cooling waters. Tributyltin was used as additive for ship paint to prevent growth of

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at the weight proportion of 61.9% tin and 38.1% lead (the atomic proportion: 73.9% tin and 26.1% lead), with melting temperature of 183 °C (361.4 °F). Such solders are primarily used for joining

6424:. Vol. 21. Washington D.C.: A seminar organized by Theodore A. Wertime and held at the Smithsonian Institution and the National Bureau of Standards, Washington D.C. March 14–15, 1977. p. 474. 9056:

Axiak, Victor; Micallef, Diane; Muscat, Joanne; Vella, Alfred; Mintoff, Bernardette (1 March 2003). "Imposex as a biomonitoring tool for marine pollution by tributyltin: some further observations".

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Jo, Yun Hwan; Jung, Inyu; Choi, Chung Seok; Kim, Inyoung; Lee, Hyuck Mo (2011). "Synthesis and characterization of low temperature Sn nanoparticles for the fabrication of highly conductive ink".

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is also a copper–tin alloy, containing 22% tin. Tin has sometimes been used in coinage; it once formed a single-digit percentage (usually five percent or less) of American pennies. and Canadian

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hard, brittle intermetallic phases that are typically undesirable. It does not mix into a solution with most metals and elements so tin does not have much solid solubility. Tin mixes well with

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with different metal contents had different physical properties. The earliest bronze objects had a tin or arsenic content of less than 2% and are believed to be the result of unintentional

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Most organotin compounds are colorless liquids or solids that are stable to air and water. They adopt tetrahedral geometry. Tetraalkyl- and tetraaryltin compounds can be prepared using

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plastics. In the absence of such stabilizers, PVC would rapidly degrade under heat, light, and atmospheric oxygen, resulting in discolored, brittle products. Tin scavenges labile

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process by producing a more fluid melt that cools to a denser, less spongy metal. This was an important innovation that allowed for the much more complex shapes cast in closed

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with tin–carbon bonds. Of the tin compounds, the organic derivatives are commercially the most useful. Some organotin compounds are highly toxic and have been used as

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The α-β transformation temperature is 13.2 °C (55.8 °F), but impurities (e.g. Al, Zn, etc.) lower it well below 0 °C (32 °F). With the addition of

2392:'s Russian campaign of 1812, the temperatures became so cold that the tin buttons on the soldiers' uniforms disintegrated over time, contributing to the defeat of the 2304:

in its solid state. Tin melts at about 232 °C (450 °F), the lowest in group 14, and boils at 2,602 °C (4,716 °F), the second lowest (ahead of

4297:, tin prices almost doubled during 2020–21 and have had their largest annual rise in over 30 years. Global refined tin consumption dropped 1.6 percent in 2020 as the 5831: 8918: 6785:

Peng, Yang; Ellis, Bobby D.; Wang, Xinping; Fettinger, James C.; Power, P. P. (2009). "Reversible Reactions of Ethylene with Distannynes Under Ambient Conditions".

4494:. There are no green pigments that have been used by artists that have tin as a constituent and purplish pigments with tin are classified as red, according to the 4317:

In 2018, just under half of all tin produced was used in solder. The rest was divided between tin plating, tin chemicals, brass and bronze alloys, and niche uses.

4048: 8458:; Murata, H.; Kafafi, Z.; Chrisey, D. (1999). "Electrical, optical, and structural properties of indium tin oxide thin films for organic light-emitting devices". 9018:

de Mora, S. J.; Stewart, C.; Phillips, D. (1 January 1995). "Sources and rate of degradation of tri(n-butyl)tin in marine sediments near Auckland, New Zealand".

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Antizar-Ladislao, Blanca (1 February 2008). "Environmental levels, toxicity and human exposure to tributyltin (TBT)-contaminated marine environment. A review".

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due to trace metal content in the copper ore. The addition of a second metal to copper increases its hardness, lowers the melting temperature, and improves the

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50. A silvery-colored metal, tin is soft enough to be cut with little force, and a bar of tin can be bent by hand with little effort. When bent, the so-called "

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ions (Cl), which would otherwise strip HCl from the plastic material. Typical tin compounds are carboxylic acid derivatives of dibutyltin dichloride, such as

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Pigment Red 233, commonly known as Pinkcolor or Potter's Pink and more precisely known as Chrome Tin Pink Sphene, is a historically important pigment in

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Lucas, Ivan T.; Syzdek, Jarosław; Kostecki, Robert (2011). "Interfacial processes at single-crystal β-Sn electrodes in organic carbonate electrolytes".

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Only hydrogen, fluorine, phosphorus, thallium and xenon are easier to use NMR analysis with for samples containing isotopes at their natural abundance.

4070: 2516:, while those with odd mass numbers have a nuclear spin of 1/2. It is thought that tin has such a great multitude of stable isotopes because of tin's 9506: 4254:

During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the U.S. reduced its strategic tin stockpile, partly to take advantage of historically high tin prices. The

8157: 3066:. The three heavier members are volatile molecular compounds, whereas the tetrafluoride is polymeric. All four halides are known for Sn(II) also: 6720: 8292: 8936:"Regulation (EC) No 782/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 April 2003 on the prohibition of organotin compounds on ships" 8264: 2900: 1778: 6629:

Gaur, D. P.; Srivastava, G.; Mehrotra, R. C. (1973). "Organic Derivatives of Tin. III. Reactions of Trialkyltin Ethoxide with Alkanolamines".

4479:), and Pigment Black 23 (Tin Antimony Grey Cassiterite). Another blue pigment with tin and cobalt is Pigment Blue 81, Cobalt Tin Alumina Blue 2570:

Tin has 31 unstable isotopes, ranging in mass number from 99 to 139. The unstable tin isotopes have half-lives of less than a year except for

7299: 5953: 5076: 4540: 4428:. It is fully lightfast and chemically stable in both oil paints and watercolors. Other inorganic mixed metal complex pigments, produced via 4202: 2030: 9479: 7104: 8824: 8761: 8370: 4158: 8165: 8144: 7187: 7139: 6926: 5622:

Molodets, A.M.; Nabatov, S.S. (2000). "Thermodynamic potentials, diagram of state, and phase transitions of tin on shock compression".

4114: 4026: 5050:. Research showed that only some crystalline facets of tetragonal (beta) Sn are responsible for undesirable electrochemical activity. 2504: 2470:. Tin can be highly polished and is used as a protective coat for other metals. When heated in air it oxidizes slowly to form a thin 6306: 6183: 4467:

Stannate), Pigment Orange 82 (Tin Titanium Zinc oxide, also known as Sicopal Orange), Pigment Red 121 (also known as Tin Violet and

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Lucas, Ivan; Syzdek, Jaroslaw (2011). "Interfacial processes at single-crystal β-Sn electrodes in organic carbonate electrolytes".

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structure in which electrons cannot move freely. α-tin is a dull-gray powdery material with no common uses other than specialized

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are electrically conductive and transparent, and are used to make transparent electrically conducting films with applications in

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The mixed halide-alkyls, which are more common and more important commercially than the tetraorgano derivatives, are prepared by

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gradually becomes biologically inactive in the presence of calcium compounds. It has also been shown to be more effective than

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London Metal Exchange (LME) is tin's principal trading site. Other tin contract markets are Kuala Lumpur Tin Market (KLTM) and

2878: 2757:, originally meant an alloy of silver and lead, and came to mean 'tin' in the fourth century—the earlier Latin word for it was 9499: 9434: 9392: 9369: 9343: 9314: 8972: 8851: 8818: 8791: 8755: 8715: 8506: 8438: 8403: 8364: 8244: 8217: 8188: 8138: 7181: 7133: 7028: 6920: 6853: 6547: 6400: 6370: 5947: 5855:

Dehaas, W.; Deboer, J.; Vandenberg, G. (1935). "The electrical resistance of cadmium, thallium and tin at low temperatures".

5815: 5784: 5715: 5533: 5323: 2590:, are the endpoints beyond which tin isotopes lighter than tin-100 and heavier than tin-132 are much less stable. Another 30 2021: 6361:

Cierny, J.; Weisgerber, G. (2003). "The "Bronze Age tin mines in Central Asia". In Giumlia-Mair, A.; Lo Schiavo, F. (eds.).

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Panel On Tin, National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Technical Aspects of Critical and Strategic Materials (1970).

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Leger, J. M.; Haines, J.; Atouf, A. (1996). "The high pressure behaviour of the cotunnite and post-cotunnite phases of PbCl

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have been identified for tin isotopes between 111 and 131, the most stable being tin-121m, with a half-life of 43.9 years.

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Kovalenko, V. I.; Yarmolyuk, V. V. (1995). "Endogenous rare metal ore formations and rare metal metallogeny of Mongolia".

6319: 3107:(also known as stannous chloride) is the most important commercial tin halide. Illustrating the routes to such compounds, 6728: 4948: 3965: 9260: 4645:

Tin in combination with other elements forms a wide variety of useful alloys. Tin is most commonly alloyed with copper.

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came into effect on 1 July 2006, the lead content in such alloys has decreased. While lead exposure is associated with

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Tin extraction and use can be dated to the beginnings of the Bronze Age around 3000 BC, when it was observed that

2341:(structural form) of elemental tin that is stable at and above room temperature. It is metallic and malleable, and has 2123: 2377:

applications. γ-tin and σ-tin exist at temperatures above 161 °C (322 °F) and pressures above several

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challenges to employment in commercial cells. Tin inter-metallic compound with cobalt and carbon was implemented by

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element on Earth, making up 0.00022% of its crust, and with 10 stable isotopes, it has the largest number of stable

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The relative differences in the abundances of tin's stable isotopes can be explained by how they are formed during

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and is more opaque. Artists typically must choose between cobalt stannate and manganese blue imitations made with

2184:(12.5% and 87.5% respectively), from as early as 3000 BC. After 600 BC, pure metallic tin was produced. 11118: 4841: 4294: 8095: 7238: 7209: 6888: 5549: 4693: 3546:) is the only commercially important source of tin, although small quantities of tin are recovered from complex 2308:) in its group. The melting point is further lowered to 177.3 °C (351.1 °F) for 11 nm particles. 8713:

Versolato, Oscar O. (2019). "Physics of laser-driven tin plasma sources of EUV radiation for nanolithography".

8003: 7964: 7925: 7886: 7847: 7808: 7769: 7730: 7691: 7652: 7613: 7574: 7535: 7496: 7457: 7418: 2450:, one of the characteristic features of superconductors, was first discovered in superconducting tin crystals. 2208:, which are typically 60% or more tin, and in the manufacture of transparent, electrically conducting films of 1698: 7323: 6064: 4343:, was mainly, in terms of painting, restricted to miniatures due to its high cost. It was widely used to make 2635:-process, The two lightest stable isotopes, tin-112 and tin-114, cannot be made in significant amounts in the 9299: 4936: 4606:

Copper cooking vessels such as saucepans and frying pans are frequently lined with a thin plating of tin, by

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Cases of poisoning from tin metal, its oxides, and its salts are almost unknown. On the other hand, certain

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in its Nexelion cells released in the late 2000s. The composition of the active material is approximately Sn

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containing tin–carbon bonds. Worldwide industrial production of organotin compounds likely exceeds 50,000

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Tin in Antiquity: its Mining and Trade Throughout the Ancient World with Particular Reference to Cornwall

6284: 4547:, lead-free solder is not without its challenges, including a higher melting point, and the formation of 3878:

current consumption rates and technologies, the Earth will run out of mine-able tin in 40 years. In 2006

4637: 3198:, which means that it dissolves in both acidic and basic solutions. Stannates with the structure , like 11113: 8106: 7259: 5742: 5088: 5080: 4495: 2563: 1121: 6761: 8285: 8260: 6251: 4248: 4226: 2945:), the oxide form of tin, was most likely the original source of tin. Other tin ores are less common 2684: 2342: 2014: 1478: 9463: 6457: 5271: 4894:

Some organotin compounds are relatively toxic, with both advantages and problems. They are used for

3290:), with tin in the +4 oxidation state, is unstable. Organotin hydrides are however well known, e.g. 1831: 9295: 7306: 4859: 2587: 1242: 35: 5937: 5357: 7277: 6256: 6051: 5776: 5382: 4995:. In the largest application, stannous chloride is a common reducing agent for the conversion of 4979:. Not only does tributyltin affect mammals, it affects sea otters, whales, dolphins, and humans. 4749: 3882:

suggested tin could run out within 20 years based on conservative estimates of 2% annual growth.

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Wilkes, Charles E.; Summers, James W.; Daniels, Charles Anthony; Berard, Mark T. (August 2005).

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Exposure to tin in the workplace can occur by inhalation, skin contact, and eye contact. The US

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objects appear first in the Near East where arsenic is commonly found with copper ore, but the

2521: 2131: 1128: 1113: 1089: 99: 8960: 8839: 8808: 8743: 8430: 8424: 8420: 8385: 8352: 6511:, translated by Eagleson, Mary; Brewer, William, San Diego/Berlin: Academic Press/De Gruyter, 1160: 9361: 8234: 8159: 8128: 7171: 7123: 6910: 6539: 6264: 5142: 4260: 4255: 3914: 3480: 2384:

In cold conditions β-tin tends to transform spontaneously into α-tin, a phenomenon known as "

2076: 1708: 9168:"Tin and Tin Compound Materials as Anodes in Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Batteries: A Review" 8781: 5893:

Meissner, W.; R. Ochsenfeld (1933). "Ein neuer effekt bei eintritt der Supraleitfähigkeit".

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Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds".

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compounds are known for both oxidation states. For Sn(IV), all four halides are well known:

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which leads to them being the most common tin isotopes, while tin-124 is only formed in the

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Farina, Vittorio; Krishnamurthy, Venkat; Scott, William J. (1997). "The Stille Reaction".

2969:. Cassiterite is usually black or dark in color, and these deposits can be easily seen in 8: 7278:"Agreement establishing the Association of Tin Producing Countries [1984] ATS 10" 6420:, eds. (July 1980). "The development of the usage of tin and tin-bronze: some problems". 6222: 5592: 5028: 4968: 4853: 4800: 3291: 2652: 2624: 2237: 1718: 1252: 9183: 9069: 9031: 8880: 8560: 8549:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences

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Geballe, Theodore H. (October 1993). "Superconductivity: From Physics to Technology".

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compared with 75 ppm for zinc, 50 ppm for copper, and 14 ppm for lead.

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Divalent organotin compounds are uncommon, although more common than related divalent

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The major commercial application of organotin compounds is in the stabilization of

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because it is harder, heavier, and more chemically resistant than the accompanying

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whose origins are not well understood. Some theories about their formation include

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The ten largest tin-producing companies produced most of the world's tin in 2007.

3530:

Tin does not occur as the native element but must be extracted from various ores.

3005: 1540: 11065: 11052: 11044: 10996: 10970: 10948: 10940: 10881: 10832: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9325: 9238: 8888: 8611: 8205: 7939: 7783: 7393: 6106: 5737: 5690: 5008: 4826: 4822: 4745: 4712: 4677: 4662: 4615: 4611: 4523: 4424:. However, it has enjoyed a large resurgence in popularity due to Internet-based 4354: 4344: 4326: 3879: 3440: 3233: 3229: 3088: 3053: 2996: 2974: 2962: 2883: 2788: 2701: 2500: 2494: 2447: 2349:, is the nonmetallic form. It is stable below 13.2 °C (55.8 °F) and is 2213: 2119: 2046: 1764: 1743: 1420: 1345: 9142: 8782:

Atkins, Peter; Shriver, Duward F.; Overton, Tina & Rourke, Jonathan (2006).

7978: 5091:(REL) of 2 mg/m over an 8-hour workday. At levels of 100 mg/m, tin is 3019: 2393: 1756: 11079: 11028: 10872: 9515: 9451: 8911: 8728: 8455: 7900: 7861: 7822: 7588: 7549: 7510: 7432: 7090: 6327: 6245: 5482: 4996: 4607: 4544: 4413: 3095: 3060: 2815: 2748: 2736: 2719: 2687: 2648: 2536: 2532: 2439: 2432: 2229: 2084: 2053: 1849: 1670: 1527: 1482: 1262: 1155: 153: 9474: 9252: 6168: 6037: 4564: 2324: 11102: 11036: 10965: 10894: 10818: 10609: 9309:(87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. 9291: 9192: 6705: 6642: 6045: 5936:

Craig, Bruce D.; Anderson, David S.; International, A. S. M. (January 1995).

5291: 5083:

for tin exposure in the workplace as 2 mg/m over an 8-hour workday. The

5059: 5016: 4956: 4705: 4650: 4491: 4433: 4425: 3973:

Most of the world's tin is traded on LME, from 8 countries, under 17 brands.

3595: 3447:

compounds. The greater stabilization enjoyed by Sn(II) is attributed to the "

3444: 2517: 2475: 2378: 2374: 2354: 2327:

at −40 °C (time lapse; one second of the video is one hour in real time)

2257: 2146: 2095: 2061: 1836: 1739: 1650: 1609: 1523: 1448: 1406: 1216: 1189: 1175: 1071: 918: 9469: 7471: 6806: 6677: 4760: 2188:, which is an alloy of 85–90% tin with the remainder commonly consisting of 11108: 10960: 10663: 10492: 10197: 9597: 9530: 9211: 9085: 8896: 8568: 8052: 7343:"Tin surge worsens supply chain woes for electronics, solar and auto firms" 7122:

Schrader, George F.; Elshennawy, Ahmad K.; Doyle, Lawrence E. (July 2000).

7105:"Seminole Group Colombia Discovers High Grade Tin Ore in the Amazon Jungle" 6814: 5600: 5121: 4960: 4697: 4409: 4370: 3163: 2978: 2583: 2513: 2080: 2000: 1979: 1660: 1614: 1497: 1094: 960: 827: 601: 9004: 8699: 8671: 5441:. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. 5283: 4935:

on ships, with use declining after organotin compounds were recognized as

2204:. In modern times, tin is used in many alloys, most notably tin-lead soft 10717: 10681: 10672: 10582: 10564: 10555: 9592: 8522: 8034: 6657: 5968: 5768: 5528:(in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 793–800. 4927: 4789: 4770: 4600: 4584: 4487: 4476: 4454: 4441: 4432:, often feature tin as a constituent. These pigments are known for their 4429: 4330: 3563: 3531: 3329:. The first organotin compound to be reported was diethyltin diiodide ((C 3307: 3237: 3014: 2970: 2930: 2559: 2509: 2091: 1363: 1002: 974: 967: 897: 883: 876: 8547:

Pilkington, L. A. B. (1969). "Review Lecture. The Float Glass Process".

6065:"Westinghouse Nuclear > Energy Systems > Lead-cooled Fast Reactor" 3504:

in low-to-medium mass stars (with masses of 0.6 to 10 times that of the

2891:

of the Plougrescant-Ommerschans type, Plougrescant, France, 1500–1300 BC

2110:. Tin shows a chemical similarity to both of its neighbors in group 14, 1194:

2875 K (2602 °C, 4716 °F)

10848: 10726: 10654: 10627: 10600: 10260: 10242: 10215: 10046: 10037: 9776: 8576: 6862: 6489: 6472: 6437: 6279: 6210: 6153: 5914: 5643: 5272:"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)" 5174: 4830: 4719: 4666: 4658: 4445: 4421: 4004: 3954: 3559: 3555: 3509: 3195: 2627:. Tin isotopes 115, 117 through 120, and 122 are produced via both the 2620: 2201: 2141:: at room temperature, the stable allotrope is β-tin, a silvery-white, 1441: 1009: 953: 932: 911: 650: 636: 615: 487: 480: 281: 8453: 6696:

Graf, Günter G. (15 June 2000). "Tin, Tin Alloys, and Tin Compounds".

4792:), resulting in a flat and flawless surface. This is also called the " 2145:

metal; at low temperatures it is less dense grey α-tin, which has the

10735: 10708: 10699: 10546: 10528: 10519: 10510: 10296: 10206: 10179: 10127: 10073: 10055: 10019: 9999: 9938: 9875: 9819: 9758: 9747: 9666: 9617: 9607: 9602: 8912:"Tin Hazards To Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review" 8479: 8337: 7282:

Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library

6749: 6719:

Thoonen, Sander H. L.; Deelman, Berth-Jan; van Koten, Gerard (2004).

4940: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4603:

is so called because it was mass-produced first in tin-plated steel.

4506: 4405: 4348: 3750: 3678: 3498: 3318: 2613: 2602: 2578:

of about 230,000 years. Tin-100 and tin-132 are two of the very few

2575: 2338: 2265: 2217: 2197: 2142: 2138: 2111: 1816: 1603: 1412: 1028: 1016: 995: 988: 869: 855: 848: 841: 678: 608: 587: 550: 508: 494: 466: 448: 404: 355: 311: 267: 258: 198: 79: 8917:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. 6507:

Holleman, Arnold Frederik; Wiberg, Egon (2001), Wiberg, Nils (ed.),

6429: 6415: 2388:" or "tin disease". Some unverifiable sources also say that, during 11020: 10690: 10591: 10474: 10456: 10431: 10422: 10395: 10368: 10332: 10323: 10305: 10233: 10224: 10118: 9990: 9956: 9866: 9857: 9848: 9839: 9794: 9713: 9695: 9630: 6909:

Sutphin, David M.; Sabin, Andrew E.; Reed, Bruce L. (1 June 1992).

6662:(3rd, completely rev. and extended ed.). Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 5462:

Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).

5137: 5127: 4944: 4879: 4777: 4701: 4626: 4592: 4552: 4528: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4458: 4389: 4383: 4362: 4358: 3890: 3768: 3642: 3583: 3567: 3551: 3275: 3108: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2907: 2866: 2732: 2644: 2424: 2400: 2389: 2385: 2370: 2193: 1055: 981: 904: 813: 799: 783: 776: 755: 734: 706: 699: 685: 629: 622: 543: 441: 418: 348: 341: 334: 327: 295: 235: 221: 173: 8991:

Maguire, R. James (1987). "Environmental aspects of tributyltin".

8650:

Hattab, F. (April 1989). "The State of Fluorides in Toothpastes".

6416:

Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C.; Franklin, Alan D.; Olin, Jacqueline S.;

5665: 2407:

the transformation might not occur at all, increasing durability.

10772: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10645: 10636: 10618: 10573: 10501: 10483: 10413: 10359: 10341: 10314: 10287: 10269: 10251: 10161: 10091: 10064: 10028: 10010: 9974: 9965: 9947: 9929: 9828: 9767: 9657: 9612: 9484: 9402:

MacIntosh, Robert M. (1968). "Tin". In Clifford A. Hampel (ed.).

9290:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

7347: 5147: 5069: 4988: 4952: 4895: 4818: 4673: 4569: 4437: 4366: 3714: 3571: 3547: 3456: 3326: 3225: 2966: 2946: 2911: 2697: 2601:. Tin-116 through tin-120, along with tin-122, are formed in the 2586:" nucleus which despite being unstable, as they have very uneven 2579: 2571: 2416: 2412: 2404: 2362: 2358: 2350: 2293: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2221: 2127: 2088: 2065: 1199: 1184: (231.93 °C, 449.47 °F) 1134: 946: 939: 925: 890: 834: 820: 769: 727: 713: 692: 671: 657: 643: 573: 522: 501: 473: 459: 432: 425: 411: 397: 318: 274: 191: 10787: 9411: 9166:

Mou, Haoyi; Xiao, Wei; Miao, Chang; Li, Rui; Yu, Liming (2020).

6721:"Synthetic aspects of tetraorganotins and organotin(IV) halides" 5251: 3893:, and in 2009, new deposits of tin were discovered in Colombia. 3485: 2567:

barns or less, making them effectively transparent to neutrons.

66: 27:

This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see

10537: 10465: 10350: 10278: 10188: 10170: 10136: 10100: 10082: 9911: 9902: 9893: 9785: 9738: 9704: 9686: 9641: 8742:

Ebdon, L.; Britain), Royal Society of Chemistry (Great (2001).

6912:

Tin – International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report

6577: 5524:

Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Tin".

5268: 5012: 4654: 4646: 4630: 4596: 4595:" or "tin cans". One derivation of such use is the slang term " 4519: 4511: 4480: 4397: 4374: 4309: 4287: 4268:, accompanying restocking and continued growth in consumption. 4092: 3910: 3732: 3696: 3513: 3468: 3451:". Organotin(II) compounds include both stannylenes (formula: R 3035: 2896: 2467: 2443: 2289: 2205: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2157: 1181: 1047: 862: 806: 720: 664: 594: 580: 557: 529: 515: 383: 376: 369: 288: 251: 228: 214: 182: 8837: 6473:"Interrelation between gold and tin: A historical perspective" 5791:

Only officers had metal buttons, and those were made of brass.

5550:"Ink with tin nanoparticles could print future circuit boards" 5316:

Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements

4271: 10751: 10440: 10145: 9803: 9677: 5132: 5004: 5000: 4863: 4785: 4704:

is capable of producing the magnetic field of a conventional

4457:), Pigment Yellow 216 (Solaplex Yellow), Pigment Yellow 219 ( 4436:, weatherfastness, chemical stability, lack of toxicity, and 4400:

stannate, continues to be an important artists' pigment. Its

3624: 2459: 2366: 2277: 2225: 2150: 1168: 790: 564: 302: 207: 8958: 8684: 6887:. International Tin Research Institute. 1991. Archived from 5177:: the parameters (at 20 °C) for each crystal axis are α 4764:

A 21st-century reproduction barn lantern made of punched tin

4448:) has been brought to market as a non-toxic replacement for 3310:

radicals, which are rare examples of compounds of tin(III).

2527:

Tin is one of the easiest elements to detect and analyze by

2446:

and was one of the first superconductors to be studied. The

2280:. When a bar of tin is bent a crackling sound known as the " 2196:, bismuth, and sometimes lead and silver, has been used for 10404: 10377: 9920: 9884: 9722: 8421:"Metal Pipes: And the Materials used in their Construction" 6104: 5092: 5035: 4580: 4576: 4461: 4393: 4378: 4340: 3660: 2903: 2888: 2609: 2463: 2428: 2420: 2305: 2297: 2122:, +2 and the slightly more stable +4. Tin is the 49th most 2115: 1040: 762: 741: 390: 362: 242: 8806: 6078:

Walker, Phil (1994). "Doubly Magic Discovery of Tin-100".

5935: 5746: 5692:

Napoleon's Buttons: 17 molecules that changed history

4238: 3178:(cassiterite) forms when tin is heated in the presence of 2659:-process, both directly and as the daughter of long-lived 11129:

Chemical elements with body-centered tetragonal structure

9524: 9406:. New York: Reinhold Book Corporation. pp. 722–732. 9334:. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 8748:

Trace element speciation for environment, food and health

7940:"The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Black – PBk" 7784:"The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Orange – PO" 7745:"The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Yellow – PY" 7706:"The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Yellow – PY" 7667:"The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Yellow – PY" 7628:"The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Yellow – PY" 7472:"The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Yellow – PY" 7394:"The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Yellow – PY" 6982:

Reilly, Michael (26 May 2007). "How Long Will it Last?".

4875: 4444:, even though its chroma is low. Recently, NTP Yellow (a 4401: 4259:"tin crisis" ensued—tin was delisted from trading on the 3906: 3505: 3490: 3179: 2663:, and also from the decay of indium-115 produced via the 9132: 9055: 8986: 8984: 7979:"The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment White – PW" 5666:"Tin Pests | Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering" 4408:

blue, Pigment Blue 33, although it lacks that pigment's

3135:

and Sn combine to stannous chloride by a process called

2253: 7550:"The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Blue – PB" 7511:"The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Blue – PB" 7369:"Tin demand to decline – International Tin Association" 7121: 6718: 9331:

Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements

9105:"The Effects of Tributyltin on the Marine Environment" 9017: 8418: 7901:"The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Red – PR" 7862:"The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Red – PR" 7823:"The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Red – PR" 7589:"The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Red – PR" 7433:"The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Red – PR" 7237:. International Tin Research Institute. Archived from 7208:. International Tin Research Institute. Archived from 6784: 6628: 6502: 6500: 5969:"Tin-Formation About the Element Tin | Periodic Table" 5854: 5773:

Nature's Building Blocks: an A-Z Guide to the Elements

4700:). A superconducting magnet weighing as little as two 4599:" or "tinny", meaning "can of beer" in Australia. The 3570:. Minerals with tin are almost always associated with 2869:

in the first centuries AD was the main source of tin.

8981: 5892: 5085:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

4657:

is mostly copper with 12% tin, while the addition of

3598:

deposits, which can contain as little as 0.015% tin.

3228:

of tin exist in both the +2 and +4 oxidation states:

9296:"Significant events affecting tin prices since 1958" 7300:"Significant events affecting tin prices since 1958" 5806:

Schwartz, Mel (2002). "Tin and alloys, properties".

5523: 5461: 5102: 4522:, in amounts of 5 to 70% w/w. Tin with lead forms a 2995:

In the great majority of its compounds, tin has the

9099: 9097: 9095: 8597: 8232: 6840:

The physical universe: An introduction to astronomy

6497: 4784:Window glass is most often made by floating molten 4537:

Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive

9420: 8494: 8094: 7068: 6837: 6631:Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie 6244: 6105:Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; 5688: 4939:with high toxicity for some marine organisms (the 3574:rock, usually at a level of 1% tin oxide content. 9352: 9051: 9049: 8786:(4th ed.). W.H. Freeman. pp. 343, 345. 8426:The Art of Organ Building Audsley, George Ashdown 6530: 5464:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" 4696:(18 K) and critical magnetic field (25 4587:(or tinned) steel containers are widely used for 4486:Pigment White 15, tin(IV) oxide, is used for its 4313:World consumption of refined tin by end-use, 2006 4247:collapsed in 1985. Through these agreements, the 11100: 9092: 8866: 6908: 6360: 6015: 6013: 5389:. National Institure of Standards and Technology 5364:. National Institute of Standards and Technology 5309: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5301: 4836:Tin is used as a target to create laser-induced 4799:Tin is used as a negative electrode in advanced 4471:stannate), Pigment Red 230 (Chrome Alumina Pink 4339:, Pigment Red 109, a hydrous double stannate of 2775:(meaning the same substance), the origin of the 1550: = 648.96 pm (at 20 °C) 41:For the chemical compound with formula TiN, see 9385:Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds 8838:David N.-S. Hon; Nobuo Shiraishi, eds. (2001). 8744:"Organotin in Industrial and Domestic Products" 8383: 6184:"Abundance of the Elements in the Solar System" 6022:"Neutron scattering lengths and cross sections" 5621: 4242:World production and price (US exchange) of tin 3210:, are also known, though the free stannic acid 9253:"NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Tin" 9046: 8454:Kim, H.; Gilmore, C.; Pique, A.; Horwitz, J.; 6698:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 6506: 5689:Le Coureur, Penny; Burreson, Jay (2004). 4947:per liter) have led to a worldwide ban by the 4518:Tin has long been used in alloys with lead as 3162:Tin can form many oxides, sulfides, and other 2156:The first tin alloy used on a large scale was 34:"Stannum" redirects here. For other uses, see 10803: 9500: 9429:(Revised ed.). Oxford University Press. 9165: 8959:Dürr, Simone; Thomason, Jeremy, eds. (2008). 8741: 8357:Elements of Metallurgy and Engineering Alloys 8203: 8016: 6655: 6243: 6149: 6147: 6052:Neutron Scattering Lengths and cross sections 6010: 5808:Encyclopedia of Materials, Parts and Finishes 5570: 5416:(86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. 5332: 5298: 5077:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 4726: 4541:Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive 4347:. It has also been used in the arts to stain 2860: 2809: 2800: 2713: 2690: 2655:. Tin-115 might be partially produced in the 2087:of elements. It is obtained chiefly from the 2015: 1118: 9475:CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards 7169: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6390: 5888: 5886: 2843: 2791: 2704: 1598:115 nΩ⋅m (at 0 °C) 1440: 9464:Theodore Gray's Wooden Periodic Table Table 9224: 8750:. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 144. 6115:evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" 6050:Table of cross sections available at NIST: 5801: 5799: 5406: 5318:. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. 4963:. A high level of TBT can damage mammalian 4369:that was historically highly important for 4301:disrupted global manufacturing industries. 3594:. Most of the world's tin is produced from 3321:compounds, sometimes called stannanes, are 2851: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2739: 2722: 2554:Of the stable isotopes, tin-115 has a high 2531:, which relies on molecular weight and its 2216:applications. Another large application is 50:Chemical element with atomic number 50 (Sn) 10810: 10796: 9507: 9493: 8777: 8775: 8773: 8771: 8546: 6879: 6877: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6144: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5455: 3471:. Both classes exhibit unusual reactions. 2984: 2957:process. Cassiterite often accumulates in 2022: 2008: 1779: 1772: 1539: 1496: 65: 9404:The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements 9401: 9378: 9201: 9191: 8712: 8042: 6933: 6488: 5966: 5883: 5775:(New ed.). New York, United States: 5733:"Book review: The last alchemist in Pari" 5313: 5011:couples organotin compounds with organic 4809:is added to some dental care products as 3977:Largest tin producing companies (tonnes) 3519:Tin is the 49th most abundant element in 2288:of the crystals. This trait is shared by 9418: 8447: 8350: 8309: 8067:"Technical data Sheet - Lead free alloy" 7293: 7291: 6556: 6365:. Oxford: Archaeopress. pp. 23–31. 5805: 5796: 5705: 5262: 5093:immediately dangerous to life and health 4847: 4759: 4636: 4625: 4583:, zinc, and steel to prevent corrosion. 4563: 4505: 4308: 4270: 4237: 3484: 3242: 2882: 2252: 2149:structure. Metallic tin does not easily 10607: 8990: 8768: 8315: 8126: 6874: 6684: 6379: 6181: 6175: 5832:"Tin Alloys – Characteristics and Uses" 5560:from the original on 16 September 2011. 5508: 3603:World tin mine reserves (tonnes, 2011) 2727:. It is not found in other branches of 14: 11101: 10661: 10490: 10195: 9323: 8649: 8497:Making & decorating picture frames 8492: 8429:. Courier Dover Publications. p. 8092: 7297: 7128:. Society of Manufacturing Engineers. 7023:. New York: W.W. Norton. p. 109. 6981: 6868: 6562: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6077: 5767: 5730: 5439:CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 5340:"New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound" 4817:). Tin(II) fluoride can be mixed with 4711:A small percentage of tin is added to 4653:has a high percentage of tin as well. 4475:), Pigment Red 236 (Chrome Tin Orchid 4357:(which occurs in two yellow forms — a 4233: 3948: 3798:Economically recoverable tin reserves 3313: 3306:H). These compounds release transient 3030: 2879:Tin sources and trade during antiquity 1257:white (β): 27.112 J/(mol·K) 10791: 10715: 10679: 10670: 10580: 10562: 10553: 9488: 8846:. New York, NY: Dekker. p. 799. 8716:Plasma Sources Science and Technology 8019:"Getting the Lead Out of Electronics" 7324:"12 Januari Pemasaran Perdana INATIN" 7288: 7152: 7125:Manufacturing processes and materials 7043: 7016: 7010: 6844:. University Science Books. pp. 6565:Inorganic & Theoretical Chemistry 6299:Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th Edition 6019: 5967:Crutchlow, Charlotte (25 June 2021). 5436: 5410:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 4755: 4621: 1962: 1957: 1949: 1946: 1938: 1935: 1927: 1924: 1916: 1913: 1905: 1902: 1894: 1891: 1883: 1880: 1872: 1869: 1861: 1858: 1848: 1845: 10724: 10652: 10625: 10598: 10258: 10240: 10213: 10044: 10035: 9294:: Carlin, James F., Jr. (1998). 8391:Encyclopedia of keyboard instruments 8178: 7340: 6695: 6470: 6265:participating institution membership 6098: 5495: 4982: 3131:and hydrogen gas. Alternatively SnCl 2369:properties because its atoms form a 10733: 10706: 10697: 10544: 10526: 10517: 10508: 10294: 10204: 10177: 10125: 10071: 10053: 10017: 9997: 9936: 9873: 9774: 9756: 9745: 9664: 9304: 8212:. BiblioBazaar, LLC. pp. 1–2. 8183:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 1–5. 7260:"The World's Biggest Tin Producers" 6960:. United States Geological Survey. 6835: 6729:Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 6395:. London: The Institute of Metals. 6232: 5710:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5022: 4949:International Maritime Organization 3966:List of countries by tin production 3467:), which are roughly equivalent to 2485:) that inhibits further oxidation. 1304: 24: 10688: 10589: 10472: 10454: 10429: 10420: 10393: 10366: 10321: 10303: 10231: 10222: 10116: 9988: 9954: 9864: 9846: 9837: 9817: 9792: 9514: 9111:. 17 November 2018. Archived from 8967:. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 227. 8909: 8359:. ASM International. p. 597. 6952: 6277: 5942:. ASM International. p. 126. 4869: 4735: 4715:for the cladding of nuclear fuel. 3111:reacts with tin metal to give SnCl 2243: 2130:in the periodic table, due to its 1395:3rd: 2943.0 kJ/mol 1392:2nd: 1411.8 kJ/mol 1247:white (β): 296.1 kJ/mol 25: 11140: 10817: 10643: 10634: 10616: 10571: 10481: 10411: 10384: 10357: 10339: 10330: 10312: 10285: 10267: 10249: 10159: 10089: 10062: 10026: 9972: 9963: 9945: 9927: 9855: 9826: 9765: 9711: 9693: 9655: 9628: 9445: 9307:Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 8688:The Journal of Clinical Dentistry 8023:Environmental Health Perspectives 7231:"Top Ten Tin Producing Companies" 7044:Alves, Bruna (15 February 2024). 6955:"Tin: Statistics and Information" 6871:, pp. 124, 231, 449 and 503. 6656:Elschenbroich, Christoph (2006). 6020:Sears, Varley F. (January 1992). 5526:Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie 5173:The thermal expansion of β-Sn is 4840:that act as the light source for 4616:copper cookware with acidic foods 2558:for fast neutron energies, at 30 1389:1st: 708.6 kJ/mol 10535: 10499: 10463: 10348: 10276: 10186: 10168: 10098: 10080: 10008: 9909: 9900: 9891: 9736: 9639: 9285: 9245: 9218: 9159: 9126: 9011: 8993:Applied Organometallic Chemistry 8952: 8928: 8924:from the original on 2012-01-18. 8903: 8860: 8831: 8827:from the original on 2016-05-09. 8800: 8764:from the original on 2016-05-21. 8735: 8706: 8678: 8643: 8618: 8591: 8540: 8515: 8493:Bridge, Janet (September 1996). 8486: 8412: 8377: 8373:from the original on 2016-05-28. 8344: 8168:from the original on 2016-05-22. 8147:from the original on 2016-05-31. 7330:from the original on 2012-04-26. 7190:from the original on 2016-05-19. 7142:from the original on 2016-05-11. 7111:from the original on 2014-08-26. 7046:"U.S. annual tin recycling 2023" 6929:from the original on 2016-04-28. 6742:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2004.03.027 5956:from the original on 2016-05-11. 5105: 4821:abrasives while the more common 4641:Artisans working with tin sheets 4551:that cause electrical problems. 3761: 3743: 3725: 3707: 3689: 3671: 3653: 3635: 3617: 3489:Sample of cassiterite, the main 2769:apparently came from an earlier 2319: 1995: 1994: 1524:face-centered diamond-cubic 1272: 10438: 10143: 10134: 9801: 9783: 9702: 9684: 9278: 9263:from the original on 2015-11-25 9227:Electrochemistry Communications 8632:from the original on 2009-04-27 8600:Electrochemistry Communications 8529:from the original on 2011-08-11 8419:George Ashdown Audsley (1988). 8298:from the original on 2012-01-13 8286:"Composition of canadian coins" 8278: 8267:from the original on 2011-10-25 8253: 8226: 8197: 8172: 8151: 8120: 8086: 8059: 8010: 7971: 7932: 7893: 7854: 7815: 7776: 7737: 7698: 7659: 7620: 7581: 7542: 7503: 7464: 7425: 7386: 7361: 7334: 7316: 7270: 7252: 7223: 7194: 7163: 7146: 7115: 7097: 7062: 7037: 6975: 6964:from the original on 2008-12-06 6902: 6829: 6778: 6712: 6649: 6622: 6571: 6524: 6464: 6409: 6354: 6341: 6312: 6292: 6271: 6157:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 6139:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 6071: 6057: 5993:"Interactive NMR Frequency Map" 5985: 5960: 5929: 5848: 5824: 5761: 5731:Cotton, Simon (29 April 2014). 5724: 5699: 5695:. New York: Penguin Group, USA. 5682: 5658: 5615: 5564: 5542: 5489: 5224: 4842:extreme ultraviolet lithography 4304: 4295:2021 global supply chain crisis 4293:Due to factors involved in the 2999:II or IV. Compounds containing 2608:(slow neutron capture) in most 10402: 10375: 9918: 9882: 9720: 9675: 8239:. Read books. pp. 46–47. 5593:10.1088/0957-4484/22/22/225701 5430: 5400: 5375: 5350: 5252:"Standard Atomic Weights: Tin" 5244: 5167: 5053: 4559: 3497:Tin is generated via the long 2068:" can be heard as a result of 1635: cm/mol (298 K) 1376:Pauling scale: 1.96 13: 1: 10107: 9300:U.S. National Geodetic Survey 9078:10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00119-8 8844:Wood and cellulosic chemistry 8394:. New York: Garland. p. 8384:Robert Palmieri, ed. (2006). 8261:"The Composition of the Cent" 7341:Daly, Tom (5 December 2021). 7298:Carlin, James F. Jr. (1998). 7176:. Stanford University Press. 7004:10.1016/S0262-4079(07)61508-5 5877:10.1016/S0031-8914(35)90114-8 5237: 4937:persistent organic pollutants 3896: 3889:New deposits are reported in 3474: 2953:that require a more involved 2643:-processes and are among the 2556:neutron capture cross section 2345:crystal structure. α-tin, or 1623:Molar magnetic susceptibility 9457:The Periodic Table of Videos 9379:Heiserman, David L. (1992). 9305:Lide, David R., ed. (2006). 9239:10.1016/j.elecom.2011.08.026 9040:10.1016/0025-326X(94)00178-C 8889:10.1016/j.envint.2007.09.005 8664:10.1016/0300-5712(89)90129-2 8612:10.1016/j.elecom.2011.08.026 8233:Williams, Robert S. (2007). 8105:. Vol. 32, no. 4. 6616:10.1016/0022-3697(95)00060-7 6563:Taylor, F. Sherwood (1942). 6391:Penhallurick, R. D. (1986). 6349:American Heritage Dictionary 5504:. Black Dog & Leventhal. 2846:Meyers Konversations-Lexikon 2670: 1679:2730 m/s (at 1095:group 14 (carbon group) 7: 9143:10.1002/0471264180.or050.01 8351:Campbell, Flake C. (2008). 8236:Principles of Metallography 8127:Control, Tin Under (1945). 8093:Childs, Peter (July 1995). 7159:. McGraw-Hill book Company. 6471:Dube, RK (September 2006). 6320:"The Ancient Mining of Tin" 6285:Online Etymology Dictionary 5810:(2nd ed.). CRC Press. 5708:The Last Alchemist in Paris 5314:Arblaster, John W. (2018). 5098: 4889: 4535:. Since the European Union 4320: 3959: 3270: 2619:(rapid neutron capture) in 2488: 2458:Tin resists corrosion from 2453: 2248: 1512: = 318.11 pm 1507: = 583.13 pm 10: 11145: 10006: 9835: 9754: 9673: 9637: 9539: 9466:: Tin samples and castings 9460:(University of Nottingham) 8460:Journal of Applied Physics 8107:Royal Society of Chemistry 8002:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 7963:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 7924:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 7885:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 7846:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 7807:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 7768:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 7729:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 7690:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 7651:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 7612:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 7573:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 7534:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 7495:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 7456:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 7417:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 7107:. FreePR101 PressRelease. 7091:10.2113/gsecongeo.90.3.520 6422:The Search for Ancient Tin 6182:Cameron, A. G. W. (1973). 5939:Handbook of corrosion data 5743:Royal Society of Chemistry 5276:Pure and Applied Chemistry 5124:(the mythical Tin Islands) 5089:recommended exposure limit 5081:permissible exposure limit 5057: 5026: 4851: 4727:Manufacturing of chemicals 4496:Colour Index International 4373:and which had some use in 4277: 3963: 3952: 3478: 3250:of the structure of solid 2988: 2876: 2872: 2835:is unknown; it may be pre- 2683:and can be traced back to 2492: 1215:when liquid (at 1207:white (β): 7.289 g/cm 456: 324: 264: 204: 179: 40: 33: 26: 10989: 10825: 10749: 10449: 10154: 9983: 9812: 9731: 9650: 9623: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9534: 9529: 9522: 9419:Stwertka, Albert (1998). 9358:Chemistry of the Elements 9356:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). 9058:Environment International 9020:Marine Pollution Bulletin 8869:Environment International 6567:(6th ed.). Heineman. 6536:Chemistry of the Elements 6534:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). 6252:Oxford English Dictionary 6169:10.1016/j.gca.2023.01.014 6038:10.1080/10448639208218770 4501: 4453:158 (Tin Vanadium Yellow 4266:2007–2008 economic crisis 4249:International Tin Council 4227:International Tin Council 3512:of the heavy isotopes of 3166:derivatives. The dioxide 2462:, but can be corroded by 2357:crystal structure, as do 2318: 2313: 1993: 1989: 1954: 1943: 1932: 1921: 1910: 1899: 1888: 1877: 1866: 1855: 1842: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1763: 1750: 1732: 1727: 1717: 1707: 1697: 1687: 1669: 1659: 1649: 1639: 1621: 1602: 1592: 1582: 1554: 1534: 1518: 1489: 1471: 1461: 1456: 1439: 1429: 1419: 1411:empirical: 140 1405: 1380: 1370: 1344: 1339: 1261: 1251: 1241: 1227: 1213: 1209:gray (α): 5.770 g/cm 1198: 1188: 1174: 1154: 1149: 1141: 1127: 1112: 1100: 1088: 1069: 1046: 159: 151: 147: 114: 98: 94: 78: 73: 64: 9193:10.3389/fchem.2020.00141 8729:10.1088/1361-6595/ab3302 8694:(Special Issue): 54–58. 8161:Trends in the use of tin 6885:"Tin: From Ore to Ingot" 6706:10.1002/14356007.a27_049 6643:10.1002/zaac.19733980109 6363:The Problem of Early Tin 6107:Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik 6092:10.1088/2058-7058/7/6/24 5483:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae 5160: 4860:organometallic compounds 4858:Organotin compounds are 4742:oxides of indium and tin 4684:is commercially used in 4579:and is used for coating 4568:Tin plated metal from a 3455:Sn, as seen for singlet 3390:redistribution reactions 3115:whereas the reaction of 2887:Ceremonial giant bronze 2343:body-centered tetragonal 2284:" can be heard from the 2260:of solidified molten tin 2240:can be extremely toxic. 1479:body-centered tetragonal 1477:white (β): 36:Stannum (disambiguation) 11124:Native element minerals 9480:Tin (USD cents per kg) 9387:. New York: TAB Books. 8813:. Hanser. p. 108. 6807:10.1126/science.1176443 6700:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 6324:oxleigh.freeserve.co.uk 6257:Oxford University Press 5777:Oxford University Press 5706:Öhrström, Lars (2013). 5496:Gray, Theodore (2007). 5068:are almost as toxic as 4973:central nervous systems 4750:liquid crystal displays 4690:superconducting magnets 4545:serious health problems 3013:while those containing 2985:Compounds and chemistry 2865:, and is evidence that 2692: 2599:stellar nucleosynthesis 2535:are referenced against 2396:, a persistent legend. 1588:66.8 W/(m⋅K) 1578:/K (at 20 °C) 1568:/K (at 20 °C) 1522:gray (α): 1350:−4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, 85:silvery-white, β (beta) 11119:Post-transition metals 9172:Frontiers in Chemistry 8840:"Preservation of Wood" 8569:10.1098/rspa.1969.0212 8204:Brakes, James (2009). 8179:Hull, Charles (1992). 8102:Education in Chemistry 8017:Black, Harvey (2005). 7305:. USGS. Archived from 7017:Brown, Lester (2006). 6836:Shu, Frank H. (1982). 5437:Weast, Robert (1984). 5387:NIST Chemistry WebBook 5362:NIST Chemistry WebBook 4977:gastrointestinal tract 4765: 4718:Most metal pipes in a 4642: 4634: 4614:methods, since use of 4572: 4515: 4404:is similar to that of 4392:blue, a somewhat dull 4377:in its silicate form. 4314: 4288:Indonesia Tin Exchange 4283: 4280:2020s commodities boom 4243: 4049:Malaysia Smelting Corp 3903:carbothermic reduction 3577:Because of the higher 3523:, representing 2 3494: 3459:) and distannylenes (R 3267: 2991:Category:Tin compounds 2892: 2861: 2852: 2850:suggests instead that 2844: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2810: 2801: 2792: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2740: 2723: 2714: 2705: 2524:" in nuclear physics. 2520:being 50, which is a " 2365:. α-tin does not have 2261: 1594:Electrical resistivity 1445: 1129:Electron configuration 100:Standard atomic weight 9427:Guide to the Elements 9362:Butterworth-Heinemann 9354:Greenwood, Norman N. 9324:Emsley, John (2001). 9005:10.1002/aoc.590010602 8961:"Fouling on Shipping" 8501:. North Light Books. 7170:Knorr, Klaus (1945). 7153:Louis, Henry (1911). 6953:Carlin, James F. Jr. 6596:J. Phys. Chem. Solids 6540:Butterworth-Heinemann 6532:Greenwood, Norman N. 6191:Space Science Reviews 5284:10.1515/pac-2019-0603 5143:Tin mining in Britain 5087:(NIOSH) determined a 4975:, bone structure and 4763: 4640: 4629: 4575:Tin bonds readily to 4567: 4539:(WEEE Directive) and 4509: 4490:, most commonly as a 4312: 4275:Tin Prices 2008–2022 4274: 4261:London Metal Exchange 4241: 3964:Further information: 3915:reverberatory furnace 3488: 3481:Category:Tin minerals 3248:Ball-and-stick models 3246: 2886: 2735:from Germanic (e.g., 2588:neutron–proton ratios 2325:β–α transition of tin 2256: 2077:post-transition metal 1713:50–440 MPa 1444: 1233:white (β): 7.03 8652:Journal of Dentistry 8096:"The tin-man's tale" 8035:10.1289/ehp.113-a682 7326:. 15 December 2011. 6915:. DIANE. p. 9. 6418:Wertime, Theodore A. 5153:Whisker (metallurgy) 4884:dibutyltin dilaurate 4694:critical temperature 4612:traditional chemical 4510:A coil of lead-free 4396:chemically known as 2625:neutron star mergers 1584:Thermal conductivity 1514:(at 20 °C) 1431:Van der Waals radius 1243:Heat of vaporization 1223:6.99 g/cm 1203:(at 20° C) 29:Tin (disambiguation) 9184:2020FrCh....8..141M 9070:2003EnInt..28..743A 9032:1995MarPB..30...50D 8881:2008EnInt..34..292A 8784:Inorganic chemistry 8561:1969RSPSA.314....1P 8472:1999JAP....86.6451K 8330:1993PhT....46j..52G 7083:1995EcGeo..90..520K 6996:2007NewSc.194...38R 6799:2009Sci...325.1668P 6793:(5948): 1668–1670. 6608:1996JPCS...57....7L 6509:Inorganic Chemistry 6255:(Online ed.). 6203:1973SSRv...15..121C 6131:2003NuPhA.729....3A 5907:1933NW.....21..787M 5895:Naturwissenschaften 5869:1935Phy.....2..453D 5771:(1 October 2011) . 5636:2000HTemp..38..715M 5585:2011Nanot..22v5701J 5066:organotin compounds 5029:Lithium-ion battery 4896:biocidal properties 4854:Organotin chemistry 4848:Organotin compounds 4649:is 85–99% tin, and 4325:Pigment Yellow 38, 4234:Price and exchanges 3978: 3949:Mining and smelting 3901:Tin is produced by 3799: 3604: 3314:Organotin compounds 3292:tributyltin hydride 3031:Inorganic compounds 2918:of the Bronze Age. 2763:, or "white lead". 2653:photodisintegration 2333:β-tin, also called 2238:organotin compounds 2118:, and has two main 1425:139±4 pm 1382:Ionization energies 1264:Vapor pressure 1253:Molar heat capacity 1150:Physical properties 1142:Electrons per shell 61: 9137:. pp. 1–652. 8210:Analysis of Babbit 8164:. pp. 10–22. 8133:. pp. 10–15. 7266:. 13 January 2019. 6490:10.1007/BF03215537 6211:10.1007/BF00172440 5915:10.1007/BF01504252 5644:10.1007/BF02755923 4916:antifouling agents 4912:wood preservatives 4794:Pilkington process 4766: 4756:Other applications 4643: 4635: 4622:Specialized alloys 4573: 4516: 4315: 4284: 4244: 3976: 3797: 3786: Total 3778: Other 3602: 3508:), and finally by 3495: 3323:chemical compounds 3268: 3137:comproportionation 2899:objects formed of 2893: 2681:Germanic languages 2592:metastable isomers 2262: 2153:in air and water. 1462:Natural occurrence 1452: 1446: 1053: 1036: 53: 11114:Chemical elements 11096: 11095: 10785: 10784: 10778: 10777: 10744: 10743: 9436:978-0-19-508083-4 9394:978-0-8306-3018-9 9381:"Element 50: Tin" 9371:978-0-08-037941-8 9345:978-0-19-850340-8 9316:978-0-8493-0487-3 9135:Organic Reactions 8974:978-1-4051-6926-4 8853:978-0-8247-0024-9 8820:978-1-56990-379-7 8793:978-0-7167-4878-6 8757:978-0-85404-459-7 8626:"Colgate Gel-Kam" 8606:(11): 1271–1275. 8508:978-0-89134-739-2 8440:978-0-486-21315-6 8405:978-0-415-94174-7 8366:978-0-87170-867-0 8291:. Canadian Mint. 8246:978-1-4067-4671-6 8219:978-1-110-11092-6 8190:978-0-7478-0152-8 8140:978-0-8047-2136-3 8130:Tin Under Control 7375:. 18 October 2019 7183:978-0-8047-2136-3 7173:Tin Under Control 7156:Metallurgy of tin 7135:978-0-87263-517-3 7030:978-0-393-32831-8 6922:978-0-941375-62-7 6855:978-0-935702-05-7 6736:(13): 2145–2157. 6549:978-0-08-037941-8 6402:978-0-904357-81-3 6372:978-1-84171-564-3 6309:', citing H. Kopp 6278:Harper, Douglas. 6263:(Subscription or 6119:Nuclear Physics A 6114: 5949:978-0-87170-518-1 5817:978-1-56676-661-6 5786:978-0-19-960563-7 5749:on 10 August 2014 5717:978-0-19-966109-1 5556:. 12 April 2011. 5535:978-3-11-007511-3 5471:Chinese Physics C 5346:. 27 August 2016. 5325:978-1-62708-155-9 4993:organic chemistry 4983:Organic chemistry 4933:fouling organisms 4924:wood preservative 4920:Tributyltin oxide 4811:stannous fluoride 4589:food preservation 4533:electric circuits 4450:lead(II) chromate 4337:Purple of Cassius 4299:COVID-19 pandemic 4256:1981–82 recession 4223: 4222: 4137:Guangxi China Tin 3874: 3873: 3793: 3792: 3449:inert pair effect 3354:Grignard reagents 3252:stannous chloride 3119:and tin produces 3117:hydrochloric acid 2631:-process and the 2472:passivation layer 2431:, forming simple 2331: 2330: 2094:, which contains 2072:in tin crystals. 2036: 2035: 1985: 1984: 1754:"Sn": from Latin 1665:58 GPa 1655:18 GPa 1645:50 GPa 1604:Magnetic ordering 1556:Thermal expansion 1519:Crystal structure 1491:Lattice constants 1473:Crystal structure 1447: 1435:217 pm 1372:Electronegativity 1340:Atomic properties 1334: 1333: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1051: 1034: 1024: 1023: 750:Mercury (element) 16:(Redirected from 11136: 11089: 11075: 10981: 10936: 10935: 10934: 10926: 10925: 10917: 10916: 10891: 10812: 10805: 10798: 10789: 10788: 10754: 10753: 10740: 10738: 10731: 10729: 10722: 10720: 10713: 10711: 10704: 10702: 10695: 10693: 10686: 10684: 10677: 10675: 10668: 10666: 10659: 10657: 10650: 10648: 10641: 10639: 10632: 10630: 10623: 10621: 10614: 10612: 10605: 10603: 10596: 10594: 10587: 10585: 10578: 10576: 10569: 10567: 10560: 10558: 10551: 10549: 10542: 10540: 10533: 10531: 10524: 10522: 10515: 10513: 10506: 10504: 10497: 10495: 10488: 10486: 10479: 10477: 10470: 10468: 10461: 10459: 10445: 10443: 10436: 10434: 10427: 10425: 10418: 10416: 10409: 10407: 10400: 10398: 10391: 10389: 10382: 10380: 10373: 10371: 10364: 10362: 10355: 10353: 10346: 10344: 10337: 10335: 10328: 10326: 10319: 10317: 10310: 10308: 10301: 10299: 10292: 10290: 10283: 10281: 10274: 10272: 10265: 10263: 10256: 10254: 10247: 10245: 10238: 10236: 10229: 10227: 10220: 10218: 10211: 10209: 10202: 10200: 10193: 10191: 10184: 10182: 10175: 10173: 10166: 10164: 10150: 10148: 10141: 10139: 10132: 10130: 10123: 10121: 10114: 10112: 10105: 10103: 10096: 10094: 10087: 10085: 10078: 10076: 10069: 10067: 10060: 10058: 10051: 10049: 10042: 10040: 10033: 10031: 10024: 10022: 10015: 10013: 10004: 10002: 9995: 9993: 9979: 9977: 9970: 9968: 9961: 9959: 9952: 9950: 9943: 9941: 9934: 9932: 9925: 9923: 9916: 9914: 9907: 9905: 9898: 9896: 9889: 9887: 9880: 9878: 9871: 9869: 9862: 9860: 9853: 9851: 9844: 9842: 9833: 9831: 9824: 9822: 9808: 9806: 9799: 9797: 9790: 9788: 9781: 9779: 9772: 9770: 9763: 9761: 9752: 9750: 9743: 9741: 9727: 9725: 9718: 9716: 9709: 9707: 9700: 9698: 9691: 9689: 9682: 9680: 9671: 9669: 9662: 9660: 9646: 9644: 9635: 9633: 9525: 9509: 9502: 9495: 9486: 9485: 9470:Base Metals: Tin 9440: 9424: 9415: 9398: 9375: 9360:(2nd ed.). 9349: 9320: 9289: 9288: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9268: 9249: 9243: 9242: 9222: 9216: 9215: 9205: 9195: 9163: 9157: 9156: 9130: 9124: 9123: 9121: 9120: 9101: 9090: 9089: 9053: 9044: 9043: 9015: 9009: 9008: 8988: 8979: 8978: 8956: 8950: 8949: 8947: 8946: 8932: 8926: 8925: 8923: 8916: 8910:Eisler, Ronald. 8907: 8901: 8900: 8864: 8858: 8857: 8835: 8829: 8828: 8804: 8798: 8797: 8779: 8766: 8765: 8739: 8733: 8732: 8710: 8704: 8703: 8682: 8676: 8675: 8647: 8641: 8640: 8638: 8637: 8622: 8616: 8615: 8595: 8589: 8588: 8544: 8538: 8537: 8535: 8534: 8519: 8513: 8512: 8500: 8490: 8484: 8483: 8480:10.1063/1.371708 8451: 8445: 8444: 8416: 8410: 8409: 8381: 8375: 8374: 8348: 8342: 8341: 8338:10.1063/1.881384 8313: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8303: 8297: 8290: 8282: 8276: 8275: 8273: 8272: 8257: 8251: 8250: 8230: 8224: 8223: 8201: 8195: 8194: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8155: 8149: 8148: 8124: 8118: 8117: 8115: 8114: 8098: 8090: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8080: 8071: 8063: 8057: 8056: 8046: 8014: 8008: 8007: 8001: 7993: 7991: 7990: 7975: 7969: 7968: 7962: 7954: 7952: 7951: 7936: 7930: 7929: 7923: 7915: 7913: 7912: 7897: 7891: 7890: 7884: 7876: 7874: 7873: 7858: 7852: 7851: 7845: 7837: 7835: 7834: 7819: 7813: 7812: 7806: 7798: 7796: 7795: 7780: 7774: 7773: 7767: 7759: 7757: 7756: 7741: 7735: 7734: 7728: 7720: 7718: 7717: 7702: 7696: 7695: 7689: 7681: 7679: 7678: 7663: 7657: 7656: 7650: 7642: 7640: 7639: 7624: 7618: 7617: 7611: 7603: 7601: 7600: 7585: 7579: 7578: 7572: 7564: 7562: 7561: 7546: 7540: 7539: 7533: 7525: 7523: 7522: 7507: 7501: 7500: 7494: 7486: 7484: 7483: 7468: 7462: 7461: 7455: 7447: 7445: 7444: 7429: 7423: 7422: 7416: 7408: 7406: 7405: 7390: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7380: 7365: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7355: 7338: 7332: 7331: 7320: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7304: 7295: 7286: 7285: 7274: 7268: 7267: 7256: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7246: 7227: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7217: 7202:"LME Tin Brands" 7198: 7192: 7191: 7167: 7161: 7160: 7150: 7144: 7143: 7119: 7113: 7112: 7101: 7095: 7094: 7071:Economic Geology 7066: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7056: 7041: 7035: 7034: 7014: 7008: 7007: 6979: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6969: 6959: 6950: 6931: 6930: 6906: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6896: 6881: 6872: 6866: 6860: 6859: 6843: 6833: 6827: 6826: 6782: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6772: 6766: 6760:. Archived from 6725: 6716: 6710: 6709: 6693: 6682: 6681: 6653: 6647: 6646: 6626: 6620: 6619: 6593: 6592: 6591: 6575: 6569: 6568: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6538:(2nd ed.). 6528: 6522: 6521: 6504: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6468: 6462: 6461: 6455: 6451: 6449: 6441: 6413: 6407: 6406: 6388: 6377: 6376: 6358: 6352: 6345: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6335: 6326:. Archived from 6316: 6310: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6260: 6248: 6241: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6221:. Archived from 6188: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6151: 6142: 6141: 6112: 6102: 6096: 6095: 6075: 6069: 6068: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6017: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6004: 5995:. Archived from 5989: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5979: 5964: 5958: 5957: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5890: 5881: 5880: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5803: 5794: 5793: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5745:. Archived from 5728: 5722: 5721: 5703: 5697: 5696: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5676: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5624:High Temperature 5619: 5613: 5612: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5521: 5506: 5505: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5468: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5415: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5394: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5344:Chemistry Europe 5336: 5330: 5329: 5311: 5296: 5295: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5248: 5231: 5228: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5204: 5202: 5190: 5188: 5171: 5115: 5113:Chemistry portal 5110: 5109: 5108: 5023:Li-ion batteries 4965:endocrine glands 4807:Tin(II) fluoride 4801:Li-ion batteries 4748:devices such as 4713:zirconium alloys 4524:eutectic mixture 4181:Metallo-Chimique 4071:Yunnan Chengfeng 3979: 3975: 3939: 3938: 3937: 3934: 3919:electric furnace 3800: 3796: 3767: 3765: 3764: 3749: 3747: 3746: 3731: 3729: 3728: 3713: 3711: 3710: 3695: 3693: 3692: 3677: 3675: 3674: 3659: 3657: 3656: 3641: 3639: 3638: 3623: 3621: 3620: 3605: 3601: 3579:specific gravity 3545: 3544: 3543: 3431: 3430: 3429: 3419: 3417: 3416: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3383: 3381: 3380: 3370: 3369: 3368: 3347:Edward Frankland 3289: 3288: 3287: 3265: 3264: 3263: 3221: 3220: 3219: 3209: 3208: 3207: 3193: 3192: 3191: 3177: 3176: 3175: 3158: 3157: 3156: 3130: 3129: 3128: 3105:Tin(II) chloride 3085: 3084: 3083: 3024: 3023: 3010: 3009: 2944: 2943: 2942: 2920:Arsenical bronze 2864: 2855: 2849: 2834: 2828: 2823:. The origin of 2822: 2813: 2804: 2795: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2760:plumbum candidum 2756: 2743: 2726: 2717: 2708: 2695: 2679:is shared among 2550: 2549: 2548: 2529:NMR spectroscopy 2484: 2442:below 3.72 2323: 2322: 2311: 2310: 2210:indium tin oxide 2179: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2137:It has two main 2120:oxidation states 2109: 2108: 2107: 2043:chemical element 2024: 2017: 2010: 1998: 1997: 1976: 1969: 1967: 1828: 1796: 1795: 1786: 1781: 1774: 1746: 1709:Brinell hardness 1676: 1634: 1632: 1577: 1575: 1567: 1565: 1543: 1535:Lattice constant 1500: 1457:Other properties 1361: 1355: 1346:Oxidation states 1312: 1308: 1280: 1276: 1269: 1268: 1220: 1204: 1165: 1164: 1120: 1081: 1080: 1019: 1012: 1005: 998: 991: 984: 977: 970: 963: 956: 949: 942: 935: 928: 921: 914: 907: 900: 893: 886: 879: 872: 865: 858: 851: 844: 837: 830: 823: 816: 809: 802: 793: 786: 779: 772: 765: 758: 751: 744: 737: 730: 723: 716: 709: 702: 695: 688: 681: 674: 667: 660: 653: 646: 639: 632: 625: 618: 611: 604: 597: 590: 583: 576: 567: 560: 553: 546: 539: 532: 525: 518: 511: 504: 497: 490: 483: 476: 469: 462: 451: 444: 435: 428: 421: 414: 407: 400: 393: 386: 379: 372: 365: 358: 351: 344: 337: 330: 321: 314: 305: 298: 291: 284: 277: 270: 261: 254: 245: 238: 231: 224: 217: 210: 201: 194: 185: 176: 170: 169: 165: 164: 161: 160: 135: 133: 126: 124: 110: 90: 86: 69: 62: 60: 52: 43:Titanium nitride 21: 11144: 11143: 11139: 11138: 11137: 11135: 11134: 11133: 11099: 11098: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11069: 11064: 11060: 11056: 11048: 11040: 11032: 11024: 11016: 11008: 11000: 10985: 10980: 10976: 10956: 10952: 10944: 10933: 10930: 10929: 10928: 10924: 10921: 10920: 10919: 10915: 10912: 10911: 10910: 10908: 10903: 10889: 10885: 10880: 10876: 10868: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10844: 10836: 10821: 10816: 10786: 10781: 10780: 10779: 10745: 10736: 10734: 10727: 10725: 10718: 10716: 10709: 10707: 10700: 10698: 10691: 10689: 10682: 10680: 10673: 10671: 10664: 10662: 10655: 10653: 10646: 10644: 10637: 10635: 10628: 10626: 10619: 10617: 10610: 10608: 10601: 10599: 10592: 10590: 10583: 10581: 10574: 10572: 10565: 10563: 10556: 10554: 10547: 10545: 10538: 10536: 10529: 10527: 10520: 10518: 10511: 10509: 10502: 10500: 10493: 10491: 10484: 10482: 10475: 10473: 10466: 10464: 10457: 10455: 10441: 10439: 10432: 10430: 10423: 10421: 10414: 10412: 10405: 10403: 10396: 10394: 10387: 10385: 10378: 10376: 10369: 10367: 10360: 10358: 10351: 10349: 10342: 10340: 10333: 10331: 10324: 10322: 10315: 10313: 10306: 10304: 10297: 10295: 10288: 10286: 10279: 10277: 10270: 10268: 10261: 10259: 10252: 10250: 10243: 10241: 10234: 10232: 10225: 10223: 10216: 10214: 10207: 10205: 10198: 10196: 10189: 10187: 10180: 10178: 10171: 10169: 10162: 10160: 10146: 10144: 10137: 10135: 10128: 10126: 10119: 10117: 10110: 10108: 10101: 10099: 10092: 10090: 10083: 10081: 10074: 10072: 10065: 10063: 10056: 10054: 10047: 10045: 10038: 10036: 10029: 10027: 10020: 10018: 10011: 10009: 10000: 9998: 9991: 9989: 9975: 9973: 9966: 9964: 9957: 9955: 9948: 9946: 9939: 9937: 9930: 9928: 9921: 9919: 9912: 9910: 9903: 9901: 9894: 9892: 9885: 9883: 9876: 9874: 9867: 9865: 9858: 9856: 9849: 9847: 9840: 9838: 9829: 9827: 9820: 9818: 9804: 9802: 9795: 9793: 9786: 9784: 9777: 9775: 9768: 9766: 9759: 9757: 9748: 9746: 9739: 9737: 9723: 9721: 9714: 9712: 9705: 9703: 9696: 9694: 9687: 9685: 9678: 9676: 9667: 9665: 9658: 9656: 9642: 9640: 9631: 9629: 9518: 9513: 9448: 9443: 9437: 9395: 9372: 9346: 9317: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9275: 9266: 9264: 9251: 9250: 9246: 9223: 9219: 9164: 9160: 9153: 9131: 9127: 9118: 9116: 9103: 9102: 9093: 9060:. Secotox S.I. 9054: 9047: 9016: 9012: 8989: 8982: 8975: 8957: 8953: 8944: 8942: 8934: 8933: 8929: 8921: 8914: 8908: 8904: 8865: 8861: 8854: 8836: 8832: 8821: 8805: 8801: 8794: 8780: 8769: 8758: 8740: 8736: 8711: 8707: 8683: 8679: 8648: 8644: 8635: 8633: 8624: 8623: 8619: 8596: 8592: 8545: 8541: 8532: 8530: 8521: 8520: 8516: 8509: 8491: 8487: 8452: 8448: 8441: 8417: 8413: 8406: 8382: 8378: 8367: 8349: 8345: 8314: 8310: 8301: 8299: 8295: 8288: 8284: 8283: 8279: 8270: 8268: 8259: 8258: 8254: 8247: 8231: 8227: 8220: 8202: 8198: 8191: 8177: 8173: 8156: 8152: 8141: 8125: 8121: 8112: 8110: 8091: 8087: 8078: 8076: 8069: 8065: 8064: 8060: 8015: 8011: 7995: 7994: 7988: 7986: 7977: 7976: 7972: 7956: 7955: 7949: 7947: 7938: 7937: 7933: 7917: 7916: 7910: 7908: 7899: 7898: 7894: 7878: 7877: 7871: 7869: 7860: 7859: 7855: 7839: 7838: 7832: 7830: 7821: 7820: 7816: 7800: 7799: 7793: 7791: 7782: 7781: 7777: 7761: 7760: 7754: 7752: 7743: 7742: 7738: 7722: 7721: 7715: 7713: 7704: 7703: 7699: 7683: 7682: 7676: 7674: 7665: 7664: 7660: 7644: 7643: 7637: 7635: 7626: 7625: 7621: 7605: 7604: 7598: 7596: 7587: 7586: 7582: 7566: 7565: 7559: 7557: 7548: 7547: 7543: 7527: 7526: 7520: 7518: 7509: 7508: 7504: 7488: 7487: 7481: 7479: 7470: 7469: 7465: 7449: 7448: 7442: 7440: 7431: 7430: 7426: 7410: 7409: 7403: 7401: 7392: 7391: 7387: 7378: 7376: 7367: 7366: 7362: 7353: 7351: 7339: 7335: 7322: 7321: 7317: 7309: 7302: 7296: 7289: 7276: 7275: 7271: 7258: 7257: 7253: 7244: 7242: 7229: 7228: 7224: 7215: 7213: 7200: 7199: 7195: 7184: 7168: 7164: 7151: 7147: 7136: 7120: 7116: 7103: 7102: 7098: 7067: 7063: 7054: 7052: 7042: 7038: 7031: 7015: 7011: 6990:(2605): 38–39. 6980: 6976: 6967: 6965: 6957: 6951: 6934: 6923: 6907: 6903: 6894: 6892: 6883: 6882: 6875: 6867: 6863: 6856: 6834: 6830: 6783: 6779: 6770: 6768: 6764: 6723: 6717: 6713: 6694: 6685: 6670: 6659:Organometallics 6654: 6650: 6627: 6623: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6576: 6572: 6561: 6557: 6550: 6529: 6525: 6519: 6505: 6498: 6469: 6465: 6453: 6452: 6443: 6442: 6430:10.2307/3103162 6414: 6410: 6403: 6389: 6380: 6373: 6359: 6355: 6346: 6342: 6333: 6331: 6318: 6317: 6313: 6297: 6293: 6276: 6272: 6262: 6242: 6233: 6225: 6186: 6180: 6176: 6152: 6145: 6103: 6099: 6076: 6072: 6063: 6062: 6058: 6018: 6011: 6002: 6000: 5991: 5990: 5986: 5977: 5975: 5965: 5961: 5950: 5934: 5930: 5901:(44): 787–788. 5891: 5884: 5853: 5849: 5840: 5838: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5818: 5804: 5797: 5787: 5779:. p. 552. 5766: 5762: 5752: 5750: 5738:Chemistry World 5729: 5725: 5718: 5704: 5700: 5687: 5683: 5674: 5672: 5664: 5663: 5659: 5620: 5616: 5569: 5565: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5536: 5522: 5509: 5494: 5490: 5466: 5460: 5456: 5449: 5435: 5431: 5424: 5413: 5405: 5401: 5392: 5390: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5367: 5365: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5326: 5312: 5299: 5267: 5263: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5225: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5172: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5111: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5079:(OSHA) set the 5062: 5056: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5031: 5025: 5009:Stille reaction 4985: 4892: 4872: 4870:PVC stabilizers 4856: 4850: 4829:in controlling 4827:sodium fluoride 4823:sodium fluoride 4816: 4788:on molten tin ( 4758: 4746:optoelectronics 4738: 4736:Optoelectronics 4729: 4708:weighing tons. 4681: 4663:phosphor bronze 4624: 4562: 4504: 4355:Lead-tin yellow 4345:cranberry glass 4327:tin(IV) sulfide 4323: 4307: 4282: 4276: 4236: 3998: 3968: 3962: 3957: 3951: 3943: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3899: 3875: 3806:Million tonnes 3794: 3762: 3760: 3744: 3742: 3726: 3724: 3708: 3706: 3690: 3688: 3672: 3670: 3654: 3652: 3636: 3634: 3618: 3616: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3483: 3477: 3466: 3462: 3454: 3441:organogermanium 3435: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3345:), reported by 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3316: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3273: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3234:tin(IV) sulfide 3230:tin(II) sulfide 3218: 3215: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3190: 3187: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3174: 3171: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3134: 3127: 3124: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3114: 3099: 3092: 3082: 3079: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3064: 3057: 3050: 3043: 3033: 3021: 3020: 3017:tin are termed 3007: 3006: 3003:tin are called 2997:oxidation state 2993: 2987: 2963:placer deposits 2941: 2938: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2881: 2875: 2744:from English). 2673: 2547: 2544: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2533:chemical shifts 2505:greatest number 2501:stable isotopes 2497: 2495:Isotopes of tin 2491: 2483: 2479: 2456: 2448:Meissner effect 2320: 2314:External videos 2264:Tin is a soft, 2251: 2246: 2244:Characteristics 2176: 2172: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2161: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2028: 2003: 1972: 1965: 1963: 1826: 1819: 1812:abundance 1785: 1767: 1765:Isotopes of tin 1744:35th century BC 1738: 1723:7440-31-5 1683:) (rolled) 1674: 1641:Young's modulus 1630: 1628: 1612: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1563: 1561: 1546: 1544: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1421:Covalent radius 1401: 1357: 1351: 1335: 1310: 1278: 1214: 1208: 1202: 1158: 1145:2, 8, 18, 18, 4 1074: 1070: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1031: 1025: 1017: 1010: 1003: 996: 989: 982: 975: 968: 961: 954: 947: 940: 933: 926: 919: 912: 905: 898: 891: 884: 877: 870: 863: 856: 849: 842: 835: 828: 821: 814: 807: 800: 791: 784: 777: 770: 763: 756: 749: 742: 735: 728: 721: 714: 707: 700: 693: 686: 679: 672: 665: 658: 651: 644: 637: 630: 623: 616: 609: 602: 595: 588: 581: 574: 565: 558: 551: 544: 537: 530: 523: 516: 509: 502: 495: 488: 481: 474: 467: 460: 449: 442: 433: 426: 419: 412: 405: 398: 391: 384: 377: 370: 363: 356: 349: 342: 335: 328: 319: 312: 303: 296: 289: 282: 275: 268: 259: 252: 243: 236: 229: 222: 215: 208: 199: 192: 183: 174: 143: 131: 129: 122: 120: 108: 102: 89:gray, α (alpha) 88: 84: 58: 54: 51: 46: 39: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11142: 11132: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11094: 11093: 11091: 11090: 11085: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11067: 11062: 11058: 11054: 11050: 11046: 11042: 11038: 11034: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11018: 11014: 11010: 11006: 11002: 10998: 10993: 10991: 10987: 10986: 10984: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10931: 10922: 10913: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10883: 10878: 10874: 10870: 10866: 10862: 10858: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10842: 10838: 10834: 10829: 10827: 10823: 10822: 10815: 10814: 10807: 10800: 10792: 10783: 10782: 10776: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10746: 10742: 10741: 10732: 10723: 10714: 10705: 10696: 10687: 10678: 10669: 10660: 10651: 10642: 10633: 10624: 10615: 10606: 10597: 10588: 10579: 10570: 10561: 10552: 10543: 10534: 10525: 10516: 10507: 10498: 10489: 10480: 10471: 10462: 10453: 10447: 10446: 10437: 10428: 10419: 10410: 10401: 10392: 10383: 10374: 10365: 10356: 10347: 10338: 10329: 10320: 10311: 10302: 10293: 10284: 10275: 10266: 10257: 10248: 10239: 10230: 10221: 10212: 10203: 10194: 10185: 10176: 10167: 10158: 10152: 10151: 10142: 10133: 10124: 10115: 10106: 10097: 10088: 10079: 10070: 10061: 10052: 10043: 10034: 10025: 10016: 10007: 10005: 9996: 9987: 9981: 9980: 9971: 9962: 9953: 9944: 9935: 9926: 9917: 9908: 9899: 9890: 9881: 9872: 9863: 9854: 9845: 9836: 9834: 9825: 9816: 9810: 9809: 9800: 9791: 9782: 9773: 9764: 9755: 9753: 9744: 9735: 9729: 9728: 9719: 9710: 9701: 9692: 9683: 9674: 9672: 9663: 9654: 9648: 9647: 9638: 9636: 9627: 9621: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9520: 9519: 9516:Periodic table 9512: 9511: 9504: 9497: 9489: 9483: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9461: 9447: 9446:External links 9444: 9442: 9441: 9435: 9416: 9399: 9393: 9376: 9370: 9350: 9344: 9321: 9315: 9302: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9274: 9273: 9244: 9217: 9158: 9151: 9125: 9091: 9064:(8): 743–749. 9045: 9010: 8999:(6): 475–498. 8980: 8973: 8951: 8927: 8902: 8875:(2): 292–308. 8859: 8852: 8830: 8819: 8799: 8792: 8767: 8756: 8734: 8705: 8677: 8642: 8617: 8590: 8555:(1516): 1–25. 8539: 8523:"Tin punching" 8514: 8507: 8485: 8446: 8439: 8411: 8404: 8376: 8365: 8343: 8308: 8277: 8252: 8245: 8225: 8218: 8206:"Introduction" 8196: 8189: 8171: 8150: 8139: 8119: 8085: 8058: 8029:(10): A682–5. 8009: 7970: 7931: 7892: 7853: 7814: 7775: 7736: 7697: 7658: 7619: 7580: 7541: 7502: 7463: 7424: 7385: 7360: 7333: 7315: 7312:on 2011-10-28. 7287: 7269: 7251: 7222: 7193: 7182: 7162: 7145: 7134: 7114: 7096: 7061: 7036: 7029: 7009: 6974: 6932: 6921: 6901: 6873: 6861: 6854: 6828: 6777: 6711: 6683: 6668: 6648: 6621: 6588: 6579: 6570: 6555: 6548: 6523: 6517: 6496: 6483:(3): 103–113. 6463: 6454:|journal= 6408: 6401: 6378: 6371: 6353: 6340: 6311: 6291: 6270: 6231: 6228:on 2011-10-21. 6197:(1): 121–146. 6174: 6143: 6097: 6070: 6056: 6009: 5984: 5959: 5948: 5928: 5882: 5847: 5823: 5816: 5795: 5785: 5760: 5723: 5716: 5698: 5681: 5657: 5630:(5): 715–721. 5614: 5579:(22): 225701. 5573:Nanotechnology 5563: 5541: 5534: 5507: 5488: 5454: 5447: 5429: 5422: 5399: 5374: 5349: 5331: 5324: 5297: 5261: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5223: 5210: 5206: 5192: 5178: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5156: 5155:(tin whiskers) 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5118: 5117: 5116: 5100: 5097: 5058:Main article: 5055: 5052: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5027:Main article: 5024: 5021: 4991:are useful in 4984: 4981: 4891: 4888: 4871: 4868: 4852:Main article: 4849: 4846: 4814: 4757: 4754: 4737: 4734: 4728: 4725: 4679: 4676:–tin compound 4623: 4620: 4618:can be toxic. 4608:electroplating 4561: 4558: 4503: 4500: 4414:phthalocyanine 4329:, is known as 4322: 4319: 4306: 4303: 4235: 4232: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3961: 3958: 3953:Main article: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3926: 3913:or coke. Both 3898: 3895: 3872: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3852: 3848: 3847: 3844: 3840: 3839: 3836: 3832: 3831: 3828: 3824: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3815: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3804: 3795: 3791: 3790: 3787: 3783: 3782: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3771: 3757: 3756: 3753: 3739: 3738: 3735: 3721: 3720: 3717: 3703: 3702: 3699: 3685: 3684: 3681: 3667: 3666: 3663: 3649: 3648: 3645: 3631: 3630: 3627: 3613: 3612: 3609: 3600: 3540: 3476: 3473: 3464: 3460: 3452: 3437: 3436: 3433: 3426: 3413: 3401: 3386: 3385: 3377: 3365: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3315: 3312: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3284: 3272: 3269: 3260: 3216: 3204: 3188: 3172: 3160: 3159: 3153: 3144: 3132: 3125: 3112: 3097: 3090: 3080: 3069: 3062: 3055: 3048: 3041: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3012: 2986: 2983: 2939: 2877:Main article: 2874: 2871: 2751:name for tin, 2688:Proto-Germanic 2672: 2669: 2649:proton capture 2574:, which has a 2545: 2537:tetramethyltin 2493:Main article: 2490: 2487: 2481: 2455: 2452: 2440:superconductor 2438:Tin becomes a 2353:. α-tin has a 2329: 2328: 2316: 2315: 2276:silvery-white 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2230:food packaging 2214:optoelectronic 2170: tin and 2104: 2085:periodic table 2034: 2033: 2027: 2026: 2019: 2012: 2004: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1970: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1814: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1800: 1799:Main isotopes 1792: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1776: 1768: 1761: 1760: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1736: 1730: 1729: 1725: 1724: 1721: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1677: 1671:Speed of sound 1667: 1666: 1663: 1657: 1656: 1653: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1637: 1636: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1580: 1579: 1558: 1552: 1551: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1495: 1493: 1487: 1486: 1475: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1458: 1454: 1453: 1449:Spectral lines 1437: 1436: 1433: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1417: 1416: 1409: 1403: 1402: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1386: 1384: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1368: 1367: 1348: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1332: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1267: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1239: 1238: 1231: 1229:Heat of fusion 1225: 1224: 1221: 1211: 1210: 1205: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1186: 1185: 1178: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1152: 1151: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1139: 1138: 1137:] 4d 5s 5p 1131: 1125: 1124: 1116: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1098: 1097: 1092: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1044: 1043: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1014: 1007: 1000: 993: 986: 979: 972: 965: 958: 951: 944: 937: 930: 923: 916: 909: 902: 895: 888: 881: 874: 867: 860: 853: 846: 839: 832: 825: 818: 811: 804: 796: 795: 788: 781: 774: 767: 760: 753: 746: 739: 732: 725: 718: 711: 704: 697: 690: 683: 676: 669: 662: 655: 648: 641: 634: 627: 620: 613: 606: 599: 592: 585: 578: 570: 569: 562: 555: 548: 541: 534: 527: 520: 513: 506: 499: 492: 485: 478: 471: 464: 457: 455: 453: 446: 438: 437: 430: 423: 416: 409: 402: 395: 388: 381: 374: 367: 360: 353: 346: 339: 332: 325: 323: 316: 308: 307: 300: 293: 286: 279: 272: 265: 263: 256: 248: 247: 240: 233: 226: 219: 212: 205: 203: 196: 188: 187: 180: 178: 168: 157: 156: 154:periodic table 149: 148: 145: 144: 142: 141: 127: 117: 115: 112: 111: 106: 96: 95: 92: 91: 82: 76: 75: 71: 70: 56: 49: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11141: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11106: 11104: 11088: 11077: 11074: 11063: 11061: 11051: 11049: 11043: 11041: 11035: 11033: 11027: 11025: 11019: 11017: 11011: 11009: 11003: 11001: 10995: 10994: 10992: 10988: 10982: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10947: 10945: 10939: 10937: 10906: 10904: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10890: 10879: 10877: 10871: 10869: 10863: 10861: 10847: 10845: 10839: 10837: 10831: 10830: 10828: 10824: 10820: 10819:Tin compounds 10813: 10808: 10806: 10801: 10799: 10794: 10793: 10790: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10755: 10748: 10739: 10730: 10721: 10712: 10703: 10694: 10685: 10676: 10667: 10658: 10649: 10640: 10631: 10622: 10613: 10604: 10595: 10586: 10577: 10568: 10559: 10550: 10541: 10532: 10523: 10514: 10505: 10496: 10487: 10478: 10469: 10460: 10452: 10448: 10444: 10435: 10426: 10417: 10408: 10399: 10390: 10381: 10372: 10363: 10354: 10345: 10336: 10327: 10318: 10309: 10300: 10291: 10282: 10273: 10264: 10255: 10246: 10237: 10228: 10219: 10210: 10201: 10192: 10183: 10174: 10165: 10157: 10153: 10149: 10140: 10131: 10122: 10113: 10104: 10095: 10086: 10077: 10068: 10059: 10050: 10041: 10032: 10023: 10014: 10003: 9994: 9986: 9982: 9978: 9969: 9960: 9951: 9942: 9933: 9924: 9915: 9906: 9897: 9888: 9879: 9870: 9861: 9852: 9843: 9832: 9823: 9815: 9811: 9807: 9798: 9789: 9780: 9771: 9762: 9751: 9742: 9734: 9730: 9726: 9717: 9708: 9699: 9690: 9681: 9670: 9661: 9653: 9649: 9645: 9634: 9626: 9622: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9526: 9521: 9517: 9510: 9505: 9503: 9498: 9496: 9491: 9490: 9487: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9465: 9462: 9459: 9458: 9453: 9450: 9449: 9438: 9432: 9428: 9423: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9400: 9396: 9390: 9386: 9382: 9377: 9373: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9341: 9337: 9333: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9318: 9312: 9308: 9303: 9301: 9297: 9293: 9292:public domain 9284: 9283: 9262: 9258: 9254: 9248: 9240: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9221: 9213: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9162: 9154: 9152:0-471-26418-0 9148: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9129: 9115:on 2021-01-25 9114: 9110: 9106: 9100: 9098: 9096: 9087: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9071: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9052: 9050: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9014: 9006: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8987: 8985: 8976: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8955: 8941: 8937: 8931: 8920: 8913: 8906: 8898: 8894: 8890: 8886: 8882: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8863: 8855: 8849: 8845: 8841: 8834: 8826: 8822: 8816: 8812: 8811: 8803: 8795: 8789: 8785: 8778: 8776: 8774: 8772: 8763: 8759: 8753: 8749: 8745: 8738: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8717: 8709: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8681: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8646: 8631: 8627: 8621: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8594: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8550: 8543: 8528: 8524: 8518: 8510: 8504: 8499: 8498: 8489: 8481: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8456:Mattoussi, H. 8450: 8442: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8427: 8422: 8415: 8407: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8392: 8387: 8380: 8372: 8368: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8347: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8324:(10): 52–56. 8323: 8319: 8318:Physics Today 8312: 8294: 8287: 8281: 8266: 8262: 8256: 8248: 8242: 8238: 8237: 8229: 8221: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8200: 8192: 8186: 8182: 8175: 8167: 8163: 8162: 8154: 8146: 8142: 8136: 8132: 8131: 8123: 8108: 8104: 8103: 8097: 8089: 8075: 8068: 8062: 8054: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8013: 8005: 7999: 7984: 7983:artiscreation 7980: 7974: 7966: 7960: 7945: 7944:artiscreation 7941: 7935: 7927: 7921: 7906: 7905:artiscreation 7902: 7896: 7888: 7882: 7867: 7866:artiscreation 7863: 7857: 7849: 7843: 7828: 7827:artiscreation 7824: 7818: 7810: 7804: 7789: 7788:artiscreation 7785: 7779: 7771: 7765: 7750: 7749:artiscreation 7746: 7740: 7732: 7726: 7711: 7710:artiscreation 7707: 7701: 7693: 7687: 7672: 7671:artiscreation 7668: 7662: 7654: 7648: 7633: 7632:artiscreation 7629: 7623: 7615: 7609: 7594: 7593:artiscreation 7590: 7584: 7576: 7570: 7555: 7554:artiscreation 7551: 7545: 7537: 7531: 7516: 7515:artiscreation 7512: 7506: 7498: 7492: 7477: 7476:artiscreation 7473: 7467: 7459: 7453: 7438: 7437:artiscreation 7434: 7428: 7420: 7414: 7399: 7398:artiscreation 7395: 7389: 7374: 7370: 7364: 7350: 7349: 7344: 7337: 7329: 7325: 7319: 7308: 7301: 7294: 7292: 7283: 7279: 7273: 7265: 7261: 7255: 7241:on 2008-12-07 7240: 7236: 7232: 7226: 7212:on 2008-12-07 7211: 7207: 7203: 7197: 7189: 7185: 7179: 7175: 7174: 7166: 7158: 7157: 7149: 7141: 7137: 7131: 7127: 7126: 7118: 7110: 7106: 7100: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7065: 7051: 7047: 7040: 7032: 7026: 7022: 7021: 7013: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6984:New Scientist 6978: 6963: 6956: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6928: 6924: 6918: 6914: 6913: 6905: 6891:on 2009-03-22 6890: 6886: 6880: 6878: 6870: 6865: 6857: 6851: 6847: 6842: 6841: 6832: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6781: 6767:on 2011-08-07 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6730: 6722: 6715: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6669:3-527-29390-6 6665: 6661: 6660: 6652: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6625: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6574: 6566: 6559: 6551: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6527: 6520: 6518:0-12-352651-5 6514: 6510: 6503: 6501: 6491: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6477:Gold Bulletin 6474: 6467: 6459: 6447: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6412: 6404: 6398: 6394: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6374: 6368: 6364: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6344: 6330:on 2009-04-03 6329: 6325: 6321: 6315: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6295: 6287: 6286: 6281: 6274: 6266: 6258: 6254: 6253: 6247: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6185: 6178: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6150: 6148: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6108: 6101: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6080:Physics World 6074: 6066: 6060: 6053: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6016: 6014: 5999:on 2011-06-04 5998: 5994: 5988: 5974: 5970: 5963: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5941: 5940: 5932: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5889: 5887: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5863:(1–12): 453. 5862: 5858: 5851: 5837: 5836:Nuclear Power 5833: 5827: 5819: 5813: 5809: 5802: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5764: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5739: 5734: 5727: 5719: 5713: 5709: 5702: 5694: 5693: 5685: 5671: 5670:calce.umd.edu 5667: 5661: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5618: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5567: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5545: 5537: 5531: 5527: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5503: 5499: 5492: 5484: 5480: 5477:(3): 030001. 5476: 5472: 5465: 5458: 5450: 5448:0-8493-0464-4 5444: 5440: 5433: 5425: 5423:0-8493-0486-5 5419: 5412: 5411: 5403: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5363: 5359: 5353: 5345: 5341: 5335: 5327: 5321: 5317: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5265: 5257: 5253: 5247: 5243: 5227: 5197: = 5195: 5183: = 5181: 5176: 5170: 5166: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5103: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5060:Tin poisoning 5051: 5037: 5030: 5020: 5018: 5017:pseudohalides 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4957:neogastropods 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4929: 4925: 4922:is used as a 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4887: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4855: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4802: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4779: 4774: 4772: 4762: 4753: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4733: 4724: 4721: 4716: 4714: 4709: 4707: 4706:electromagnet 4703: 4699: 4695: 4692:for its high 4691: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4651:bearing metal 4648: 4639: 4632: 4628: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4566: 4557: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4513: 4508: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4492:ceramic glaze 4489: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4434:lightfastness 4431: 4427: 4426:word-of-mouth 4423: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4318: 4311: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4291: 4289: 4281: 4273: 4269: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4250: 4240: 4231: 4228: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4178: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4134: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4002: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3974: 3971: 3967: 3956: 3924: 3923: 3922: 3921:can be used: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3905:of the oxide 3904: 3894: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3881: 3869: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3845: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3770: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3752: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3734: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3716: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3698: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3680: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3662: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3644: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3626: 3615: 3614: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3588:hydraulicking 3585: 3580: 3575: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3533: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3521:Earth's crust 3517: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3501: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3472: 3470: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3445:organosilicon 3442: 3395: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3359: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3350: 3348: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3311: 3309: 3293: 3277: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3197: 3181: 3165: 3142: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3118: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3100: 3093: 3086: 3072: 3065: 3058: 3051: 3044: 3037: 3028: 3025: 3018: 3016: 3011: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2992: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2932: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2902: 2898: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2870: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2840: 2838: 2837:Indo-European 2833: 2827: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2729:Indo-European 2725: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2686: 2685:reconstructed 2682: 2678: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2518:atomic number 2515: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2496: 2486: 2477: 2476:stannic oxide 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2375:semiconductor 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2355:diamond cubic 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2326: 2317: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2259: 2255: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2147:diamond cubic 2144: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2097: 2096:stannic oxide 2093: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2062:atomic number 2059: 2055: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2032: 2029: | 2025: 2020: 2018: 2013: 2011: 2006: 2005: 2002: 2001:Category: Tin 1992: 1988: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1971: 1960: 1953: 1942: 1931: 1920: 1909: 1898: 1887: 1876: 1865: 1854: 1851: 1841: 1838: 1837:product 1835: 1833: 1830: 1823: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1782: 1777: 1775: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1740:protohistoric 1737: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1700: 1699:Mohs hardness 1696: 1692: 1690: 1689:Poisson ratio 1686: 1682: 1678: 1675:thin rod 1672: 1668: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1652: 1651:Shear modulus 1648: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1542: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1511: 1506: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1408: 1407:Atomic radius 1404: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1307: 1302: 1301: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1275: 1271: 1270: 1266: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1212: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1191: 1190:Boiling point 1187: 1183: 1179: 1177: 1176:Melting point 1173: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1108: 1107:period 5 1105: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1072:Atomic number 1068: 1057: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1030: 1027: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1008: 1006: 1001: 999: 994: 992: 987: 985: 980: 978: 973: 971: 966: 964: 959: 957: 952: 950: 945: 943: 938: 936: 931: 929: 924: 922: 920:Rutherfordium 917: 915: 910: 908: 903: 901: 896: 894: 889: 887: 882: 880: 875: 873: 868: 866: 861: 859: 854: 852: 847: 845: 840: 838: 833: 831: 826: 824: 819: 817: 812: 810: 805: 803: 798: 797: 794: 789: 787: 782: 780: 775: 773: 768: 766: 761: 759: 754: 752: 747: 745: 740: 738: 733: 731: 726: 724: 719: 717: 712: 710: 705: 703: 698: 696: 691: 689: 684: 682: 677: 675: 670: 668: 663: 661: 656: 654: 649: 647: 642: 640: 635: 633: 628: 626: 621: 619: 614: 612: 607: 605: 600: 598: 593: 591: 586: 584: 579: 577: 572: 571: 568: 563: 561: 556: 554: 549: 547: 542: 540: 535: 533: 528: 526: 521: 519: 514: 512: 507: 505: 500: 498: 493: 491: 486: 484: 479: 477: 472: 470: 465: 463: 458: 454: 452: 447: 445: 440: 439: 436: 431: 429: 424: 422: 417: 415: 410: 408: 403: 401: 396: 394: 389: 387: 382: 380: 375: 373: 368: 366: 361: 359: 354: 352: 347: 345: 340: 338: 333: 331: 326: 322: 317: 315: 310: 309: 306: 301: 299: 294: 292: 287: 285: 280: 278: 273: 271: 266: 262: 257: 255: 250: 249: 246: 241: 239: 234: 232: 227: 225: 220: 218: 213: 211: 206: 202: 197: 195: 190: 189: 186: 181: 177: 172: 171: 167: 166: 163: 162: 158: 155: 150: 146: 139: 128: 119: 118: 116: 113: 105: 101: 97: 93: 83: 81: 77: 72: 68: 63: 48: 44: 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Retrieved 9256: 9247: 9233:(11): 1271. 9230: 9226: 9220: 9175: 9171: 9161: 9134: 9128: 9117:. Retrieved 9113:the original 9108: 9061: 9057: 9026:(1): 50–57. 9023: 9019: 9013: 8996: 8992: 8964: 8954: 8943:. Retrieved 8939: 8930: 8905: 8872: 8868: 8862: 8843: 8833: 8810:PVC handbook 8809: 8802: 8783: 8747: 8737: 8720: 8714: 8708: 8691: 8687: 8680: 8658:(2): 47–54. 8655: 8651: 8645: 8634:. Retrieved 8620: 8603: 8599: 8593: 8552: 8548: 8542: 8531:. Retrieved 8517: 8496: 8488: 8466:(11): 6451. 8463: 8459: 8449: 8425: 8414: 8390: 8386:"Pipe Metal" 8379: 8356: 8346: 8321: 8317: 8311: 8300:. Retrieved 8280: 8269:. Retrieved 8255: 8235: 8228: 8209: 8199: 8180: 8174: 8160: 8153: 8129: 8122: 8111:. Retrieved 8109:. p. 92 8100: 8088: 8077:. Retrieved 8073: 8061: 8026: 8022: 8012: 7987:. Retrieved 7982: 7973: 7948:. Retrieved 7943: 7934: 7909:. Retrieved 7904: 7895: 7870:. Retrieved 7865: 7856: 7831:. Retrieved 7826: 7817: 7792:. Retrieved 7787: 7778: 7753:. Retrieved 7748: 7739: 7714:. 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Retrieved 6328:the original 6323: 6314: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6283: 6273: 6250: 6223:the original 6194: 6190: 6177: 6160: 6156: 6122: 6118: 6100: 6086:(June): 28. 6083: 6079: 6073: 6059: 6032:(3): 26–37. 6029: 6026:Neutron News 6025: 6001:. Retrieved 5997:the original 5987: 5976:. Retrieved 5972: 5962: 5938: 5931: 5898: 5894: 5860: 5856: 5850: 5839:. Retrieved 5835: 5826: 5807: 5790: 5772: 5769:Emsley, John 5763: 5751:. Retrieved 5747:the original 5736: 5726: 5707: 5701: 5691: 5684: 5673:. Retrieved 5669: 5660: 5627: 5623: 5617: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5553: 5544: 5525: 5502:The Elements 5501: 5498:"Tin Images" 5491: 5474: 5470: 5457: 5438: 5432: 5409: 5402: 5391:. Retrieved 5386: 5377: 5366:. Retrieved 5361: 5352: 5334: 5315: 5275: 5264: 5246: 5226: 5193: 5179: 5169: 5122:Cassiterides 5074: 5063: 5032: 4986: 4969:reproductive 4961:vas deferens 4893: 4873: 4857: 4835: 4805: 4798: 4783: 4776:In America, 4775: 4767: 4739: 4730: 4717: 4710: 4671: 4644: 4605: 4574: 4549:tin whiskers 4517: 4485: 4419: 4410:colorfulness 4388: 4371:oil painting 4353: 4335: 4324: 4316: 4305:Applications 4292: 4285: 4253: 4245: 4224: 3972: 3969: 3900: 3888: 3884: 3880:Lester Brown 3876: 3576: 3529: 3518: 3499: 3496: 3438: 3387: 3371:+ 4 RMgBr → 3351: 3317: 3308:tributyl tin 3274: 3224: 3222:is unknown. 3164:chalcogenide 3161: 3103: 3034: 2994: 2979:gold panning 2973:. Alluvial ( 2961:channels as 2929: 2924:health risks 2901:polymetallic 2894: 2841: 2784: 2746: 2731:, except by 2676: 2674: 2664: 2656: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2614: 2603: 2596: 2584:doubly magic 2569: 2553: 2526: 2522:magic number 2514:nuclear spin 2510:mass numbers 2499:Tin has ten 2498: 2457: 2437: 2409: 2398: 2394:Grande Armée 2383: 2346: 2334: 2332: 2263: 2155: 2136: 2134:of protons. 2132:magic number 2074: 2057: 2049: 2038: 2037: 1821: 1755: 1661:Bulk modulus 1610:paramagnetic 1547: 1509: 1504: 1358: 1352: 1305: 1273: 1263: 1180:505.08 1076: 962:Darmstadtium 829:Protactinium 603:Praseodymium 536: 103: 47: 9109:ScienceBuzz 8353:"Zirconium" 8263:. 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