757:
333:
96:
290:
232:
866:
described it, "the Star
Chamber has, for centuries, symbolized disregard of basic individual rights. The Star Chamber not merely allowed, but required, defendants to have counsel. The defendant's answer to an indictment was not accepted unless it was signed by counsel. When counsel refused to sign
670:, to deal with cases of riot and offences against public order. Although it was initially popular with private litigants, under the Stuarts it developed the same reputation for harsh and arbitrary proceedings as its parent court, and during the political confusion of the 1640s, it disappeared.
72:
in civil and criminal matters. It was originally established to ensure the fair enforcement of laws against socially and politically prominent people sufficiently powerful that ordinary courts might hesitate to convict them of their crimes. It was mainly a court of appeal and could impose any
505:
The cases decided in those sessions enabled both the very powerful and those without power to seek redress. Thus, King Henry VII used the power of the Star
Chamber to break the power of the landed gentry, which had been such a cause of problems in the
613:
and his son
Charles used the court to examine cases of sedition, which meant that the court could be used to suppress opposition to royal policies. It came to be used to try nobles too powerful to be brought to trial in the lower courts.
839:, but on this occasion recommended that their members vote for it because the deal was "consistent with the restoration of UK sovereignty". In December 2023 the ERG's Star Chamber rejected Rishi Sunak's proposed legislation to allow the
566:(sometimes referred to as the "Acts of Union"). The Tudor-era gentry in Wales turned to the Chamber to evict Welsh landowners, to protect themselves, and in general, to protect the advantages given to them by the Laws in Wales Acts.
452:, those so powerful that ordinary courts could never convict them of their crimes. Despite its subsequent reputation, it followed elaborate procedures and innovated in allowing defendants the right to counsel and to call witnesses.
792:
In the late 20th century, the expression was revived in reference to ways of resolving internal high-level questions within the government, usually relating to budget appropriations. The press and some civil servants under the
134:(establishing the English monarch as head of the Church in England). It was housed in a three-storied building with at least three rooms and kitchen. The origin of the name has usually been explained as first recorded by
576:
where, because of their positions, individuals were forced to swear to answer truthfully all questions that might be asked. Faced with hostile questioning, this then gave them the "cruel trilemma" of having to
851:
The historical abuses of the Star
Chamber are considered to be some of the reasons, along with English common law precedent, behind the protections against compelled self-incrimination embodied in the
2952:
544:). From this time forward, the Court of Star Chamber became a political weapon for bringing actions against those who opposed the policies of King Henry VIII, his ministers and his parliament.
898:"The Ceann Comhairle intervened and said the Dáil could not be used as a "star chamber" warning that people's reputations were involved and if the deputy had information he should go to the
421:
described the Star
Chamber as "The most honourable court (Our Parliament excepted) that is in the Christian world. Both in respect of the judges in the court and its honourable proceeding."
701:
among those who were called to do constitutional acts. It imposed ruinous fines. It became the chief defence of
Charles against assaults upon those usurpations which cost him his life.
76:
The
Chamber building itself was also sometimes used for other councils, courts, and committee meetings, which may cause confusion as to the role of the court of Star Chamber.
463:. This gave the Star Chamber great flexibility, as it could punish defendants for any action that the court felt should be unlawful, even though it was technically lawful.
3494:
3464:
510:. Yet, when local courts were often clogged or mismanaged, the Court of Star Chamber also became a means of appeal for the common people against the excesses of the
148:". Gold stars on a blue background were a common medieval decoration for ceilings in richly decorated rooms: the Star Chamber ceiling itself is still to be seen at
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2569:
2564:
2559:
1806:
1717:
1692:
693:. ... With each embarrassment to arbitrary power the Star Chamber became emboldened to undertake further usurpation. ... The Star Chamber finally summoned
417:
Initially well-regarded because of its speed and flexibility, the Star
Chamber was regarded as one of the most just and efficient courts of the Tudor era.
73:
penalty, except the death penalty, in its own right. At various times it had sub-courts for particular areas, notably for appeals of 'poor man's causes'.
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
444:
matters. In a sense, the court was a court of appeal, a supervisory body, overseeing the operation of the lower courts, although it could hear cases by
414:'s second Parliament (1487) did not actually empower the Star Chamber, but rather created a separate tribunal distinct from the King's general Council.
3454:
1510:
875:
764:
The
Chamber itself stood until its demolition in 1806 (or 1834 or early in 1836), when its materials were salvaged. The door was reused in the nearby
3489:
852:
636:
On 17 October 1632, the Court of Star
Chamber banned all "news books" because of complaints from Spanish and Austrian diplomats that coverage of the
502:. Capital felonies and capital treason were not in its jurisdiction, it was not authorized to torture, and it could not impose the death sentence.
3484:
756:
797:(1979–1990) revived the term for private ministerial meetings at which disputes between the Treasury and high-spending departments were resolved.
2152:
1799:
621:, when he ruled without a Parliament. King Charles made extensive use of the Court of Star Chamber to prosecute dissenters, including the
1536:
195:. Blackstone thought the "Starr Chamber" might originally have been used for the deposition and storage of such contracts. However, the
1651:
3449:
1984:
836:
494:, were originally developed by the Court of Star Chamber, along with its more common role of dealing with misdemeanours, and, later,
1917:
681:
In the Star Chamber the council could inflict any punishment short of death, and frequently sentenced objects of its wrath to the
3444:
3175:
2094:
1974:
1846:
1792:
1249:
391:
2089:
1625:
1163:
855:. The meaning of "compelled testimony" under the Fifth Amendment – i.e., the conditions under which a defendant is allowed to "
355:
144:(1598), who noted "this place is called the Star Chamber, at the first all the roofe thereof was decked with images of starres
644:
and then smuggled into the country, until control of the press collapsed with the developing ideological conflict of 1640–41.
2226:
1775:
1494:
828:
3170:
1989:
1851:
753:"That excessive Baile ought not to be required nor excessive Fines imposed nor cruell and unusuall Punishments inflicted".
459:, which could impose punishment for actions that were deemed to be morally reprehensible, but were not in violation of the
859:" to avoid self-incrimination – is thus often interpreted via reference to the inquisitorial methods of the Star Chamber.
3469:
1841:
3459:
3401:
1937:
863:
3141:
2522:
2042:
1994:
271:
3421:
2145:
1927:
794:
563:
517:
In the time of Henry VII, the privy counsellors not attending the King at the time might sit in the star chamber.
2480:
2221:
1907:
131:
3479:
3474:
2527:
2182:
2052:
1902:
1815:
1743:
253:
153:
3336:
802:
249:
20:
1514:
3195:
2512:
2329:
2047:
879:
760:
Engraving of the Star Chamber, published in "Old and new London" in 1873, taken from a drawing made in 1836
3391:
3351:
3316:
3238:
2468:
2351:
2177:
2138:
2057:
2037:
1892:
1605:
809:
87:
called "star chambers". However, the arbitrariness is considered mythological by at least one academic.
3396:
3215:
3200:
2574:
2507:
617:
King Charles I used the Court of Star Chamber as a Parliamentary substitute during the eleven years of
310:
3205:
2463:
2016:
1140:
3326:
3311:
3210:
2502:
2485:
2384:
1932:
745:
The gruesome punishments that the Star Chamber had imposed were not forgotten, and were revived by
541:
425:
61:
1453:
3386:
3374:
3303:
3230:
2290:
1577:
1431:
816:
667:
242:
911:
Or, rather, the first reference in the OED. Blackstone mentions a reference in a document of 41
697:
before it for verdicts disagreeable to the government, and fined and imprisoned them. It spread
470:
and subjective, and it enabled the court to be used later on in its history as an instrument of
202:
Other etymological speculations mentioned by Blackstone include the derivation from Old English
3248:
2532:
2414:
2009:
1871:
739:
735:
548:
437:
1724:
1699:
1484:
640:
in England was unfair. As a result, newsbooks pertaining to this matter were often printed in
3363:
3341:
3331:
2517:
2458:
2285:
2004:
1876:
1856:
1721:
1712:
1696:
1687:
1467:
912:
521:
410:, with its roots going back to the medieval period. The so-called "Star Chamber Act" of King
345:
337:
46:
2374:
3187:
2389:
2344:
2204:
637:
604:
411:
294:
1765:
1296:
831:
should not back it. On 29 December 2020, the ERG's Star Chamber gave a similar verdict on
207:
8:
3268:
3220:
3146:
3133:
2475:
2427:
2317:
2263:
2253:
2241:
1979:
1861:
899:
871:
750:
746:
647:
The Star Chamber became notorious for judgments favourable to the king, for example when
483:
448:
as well. The court was set up to ensure the fair enforcement of laws against the English
188:
1423:
1160:
555:
to bring their cases directly to the Star Chamber, bypassing the lower courts entirely.
3321:
3260:
2497:
2394:
2339:
2322:
2302:
2194:
2169:
2161:
2115:
2110:
2062:
1999:
1922:
1352:
1277:
1269:
1230:
1105:
1041:
985:
840:
765:
727:
609:
578:
529:
192:
168:
95:
39:
784:
from the Court of Westminster, along with four tapestries depicting the four seasons.
607:, it had become synonymous with misuse and abuse of power by the King and his circle.
3273:
2379:
2278:
2231:
1912:
1771:
1659:
1617:
1490:
1344:
1281:
1222:
1097:
1033:
1029:
977:
674:
630:
586:
507:
460:
407:
306:
1340:
772:, and the historic Star Chamber ceiling, with its bright gold stars, was brought to
3369:
3283:
2453:
2312:
2295:
1942:
1752:
1613:
1551:
1336:
1261:
1214:
1089:
1025:
969:
777:
441:
157:
140:
103:
79:
In modern times, legal or administrative bodies with strict, arbitrary rulings, no
867:
the answer, for whatever reason, the defendant was considered to have confessed."
3379:
3359:
3278:
2409:
2369:
2246:
2199:
2032:
1836:
1784:
1167:
1059:
1014:"Council, Star Chamber, and Privy Council under the Tudors: II. The Star Chamber"
940:
856:
801:
made reference to this style of Thatcher's government during his first outing at
711:
656:
648:
600:
570:
533:
478:
for which it was intended. Many crimes that are now commonly prosecuted, such as
466:
However, this meant that the justice meted out by the Star Chamber could be very
445:
433:
418:
350:
An Acte geving the Court of Starchamber Authority to punnyshe dyvers Mydemeanors.
180:
69:
973:
175:
writing in 1769, speculated that the name had been derived from the legal word "
3243:
3158:
2490:
2404:
2268:
2216:
1178:
S.B. Chrimes, Henry VII, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972: p. 99.
773:
723:
652:
537:
487:
298:
211:
149:
31:
1486:
Westminster Part II: The Art, Architecture and Archaeology of the Royal Palace
3438:
3293:
2399:
2258:
1663:
1621:
1348:
1226:
1101:
1037:
981:
832:
731:
719:
618:
525:
467:
289:
3416:
3288:
3153:
2334:
2273:
2236:
1756:
1609:
1325:"Council, Star Chamber, and Privy Council under the Tudors: I. The Council"
798:
686:
456:
302:
99:
2448:
2432:
2307:
2209:
1866:
1601:
820:
663:
626:
455:
Another function of the Court of Star Chamber was to act like a court of
449:
176:
80:
808:
In 2010, the press employed the term for a committee established by the
3406:
3165:
1410:
A Star Chamber Court in Ireland – the Court of Castle Chamber 1571–1641
1273:
690:
471:
429:
256: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
65:
1356:
1324:
1234:
1202:
1109:
1077:
1045:
1013:
989:
957:
2187:
2130:
1597:
1582:
1301:
769:
641:
585:
if they gave unsatisfactory answers to their accusers, or be held in
552:
135:
1265:
231:
68:
judges, to supplement the judicial activities of the common-law and
2544:
1218:
1093:
781:
715:
599:
The power of the Court of Star Chamber grew considerably under the
511:
499:
360:
84:
2361:
1897:
682:
622:
582:
491:
479:
475:
432:
judges, and it supplemented the activities of the common-law and
145:
83:
rights to those accused, and secretive proceedings are sometimes
824:
386:
172:
111:
2443:
1764:
Kesselring, K. J.; Mears, Natalie, eds. (30 September 2021).
1626:"Full text: The 'Star Chamber' legal verdict on the backstop"
559:
187:) meaning 'document'). This term was in use until 1290, when
161:
118:
The first reference to the "star chamber" is in 1398, as the
107:
42:
2549:
1767:
Star Chamber matters: An Early Modern Court and its Records
942:
The Constitutional History of England: A Course of Lectures
698:
694:
495:
126:. Both forms recur throughout the fifteenth century, with
3411:
1652:"Tory 'star chamber' rejects Sunak's Rwanda flights plan"
1741:
Cheyney, Edward P. (1913). "The Court of Star Chamber".
722:, as well as that of other religious dissenters such as
179:" meaning the contract or obligation to a Jew (from the
114:, a common ceiling motif of the period throughout Europe
206:(steer) meaning "to govern"; as a court used to punish
655:
branded on both cheeks through its agency in 1637 for
122:; the more common form of the name appears in 1422 as
1483:
Rodwell, Warwick; Tatton-Brown, Tim (27 April 2020).
19:
This article is about the court. For other uses, see
1384:
Pamphlets and Pamphleteering in Early Modern Britain
524:, the court was under the successive leaderships of
305:, Bishop of Winchester, and clerics associated with
1482:
846:
819:formed its own 'Star Chamber' to pass judgement on
1814:
1596:
1552:"What can the UK learn from Canada's budget cuts?"
1284:– via Penn Law Legal Scholarship Repository.
876:Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution
199:gives this etymology "no claim to consideration."
1650:Hazell, Will; Malnick, Edward (9 December 2023).
1421:
870:In addition, the "excessive bail" article of the
853:Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution
3495:Courts and tribunals disestablished in the 1640s
3465:Former courts and tribunals in England and Wales
3436:
1297:"English Court of Star Chamber: A Brief History"
1144:, second edition. Oxford University Press, 1989.
1763:
569:One of the weapons of the Star Chamber was the
1430:. The Hammersmark Publishing Company. p.
1187:Edward P. Cheyney. The Court of Star Chamber.
2146:
1800:
1649:
1152:
1150:
812:to plan spending cuts to reduce public debt.
1770:. IHR Conference Series. London: UoL Press.
958:"Wolsey, the Council and the Council Courts"
551:, King Henry, Wolsey and Cranmer encouraged
218:); or that the chamber was full of windows.
1415:
1060:"Wallace claims NAMA official sought bribe"
666:set up an equivalent Court in Ireland, the
2153:
2139:
1807:
1793:
1147:
934:
932:
705:
558:The Court was used extensively to control
297:sitting in the Star Chamber and receiving
284:
3455:17th-century disestablishments in England
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
272:Learn how and when to remove this message
3490:Courts and tribunals established in 1487
1918:Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes
1682:
1680:
1537:"Engagements (Hansard, 25 October 1983)"
1071:
1069:
938:
755:
718:and inflamed by the severe treatment of
288:
94:
3485:Political metaphors referring to people
1740:
1322:
1011:
929:
406:The Court evolved from meetings of the
392:Statute Law Revision (Ireland) Act 1872
3437:
2160:
1465:
1426:The new star chamber: and other essays
1399:Phoenix Press reissue 2000 pp. 317–324
1200:
1075:
996:
738:, abolished the Star Chamber with the
2134:
1788:
1677:
1549:
1373:Phoenix Press reissue 2000 pp.254–257
1254:University of Pennsylvania Law Review
1247:
1207:The American Journal of Legal History
1191:, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Jul., 1913), p. 745
1134:
1132:
1082:The American Journal of Legal History
1066:
837:EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement
90:
1575:
874:was reproduced near-verbatim as the
629:. This was one of the causes of the
254:adding citations to reliable sources
225:
1157:Commentaries on the Laws of England
955:
939:Maitland, Frederic William (1911).
13:
1734:
1129:
156:, and similar examples are in the
130:last attested as appearing in the
16:15th to 17th century English court
14:
3506:
2043:Chief Justice of the Common Pleas
1294:
1138:"Star-chamber, starred chamber";
787:
3450:1641 disestablishments in Europe
1928:Court of Great Sessions in Wales
1624:; Howe, Martin (12 March 2019).
1576:King, Samantha (12 March 2019).
1444:Ashley, 206–209; Harris, 329–348
1386:Cambridge University Press, 2003
847:Influence on the US Constitution
795:premiership of Margaret Thatcher
536:), perhaps the King himself and
424:The Star Chamber was made up of
331:
313:, as well as the Mayor of London
230:
2222:England in the late Middle Ages
1705:
1643:
1590:
1569:
1543:
1529:
1513:. Tiscali.co.uk. Archived from
1503:
1476:
1459:
1447:
1438:
1402:
1389:
1376:
1363:
1316:
1288:
1250:"Intent in Criminal Conspiracy"
1241:
1194:
1181:
1172:
474:rather than for the purpose of
241:needs additional citations for
132:Supremacy of the Crown Act 1534
3445:1487 establishments in England
1903:Court for Crown Cases Reserved
1816:Judiciary of England and Wales
1744:The American Historical Review
1472:. Frederick A. Stokes Company.
1189:The American Historical Review
1116:
1052:
1030:10.1093/ehr/XXXVII.CXLVIII.516
949:
945:. Cambridge: University Press.
915:– 1367 – but does not quote it
905:
892:
749:, prompting an article in the
193:all Jews expelled from England
1:
1578:"What is the 'Star Chamber'?"
1412:Four Courts Press Dublin 2005
1341:10.1093/ehr/XXXVII.CXLVII.337
1329:The English Historical Review
1018:The English Historical Review
962:The English Historical Review
922:
54:
21:Star Chamber (disambiguation)
2048:Chief Baron of the Exchequer
1248:Harno, Albert (March 1941).
547:Although it was initially a
301:, Archbishop of Canterbury,
7:
2058:Justice of the Common Pleas
2053:Justice of the King's Bench
2038:Lords of Appeal in Ordinary
1893:Court of Appeal in Chancery
1550:Smale, Will (7 June 2010).
1466:Besant, Sir Walter (1895).
1159:, Vol. IV, Ch. 19, p. 263.
293:A document of 1504 showing
10:
3511:
3470:Informal legal terminology
2227:Economy in the Middle Ages
1422:Edgar Lee Masters (1904).
1201:Barnes, Thomas G. (1961).
1076:Barnes, Thomas G. (1961).
878:, which forms part of the
768:until it was destroyed in
592:
317:United Kingdom legislation
221:
18:
3460:Abuse of the legal system
3350:
3302:
3259:
3229:
3186:
3132:
2423:
2360:
2168:
2103:
2082:
2075:
2025:
2017:Common Serjeant of London
1967:
1960:
1885:
1829:
1822:
1141:Oxford English Dictionary
1062:. RTÉ News. 15 July 2015.
974:10.1093/ehr/XCI.CCCLX.481
827:deal, recommending that
397:
385:
380:
372:
367:
354:
344:
330:
325:
197:Oxford English Dictionary
53:to the mid-17th century (
1933:Court of High Commission
1203:"Star Chamber Mythology"
1078:"Star Chamber Mythology"
885:
589:if they gave no answer.
542:Archbishop of Canterbury
2291:Commonwealth of England
1323:Pollard, A. F. (1922).
1166:11 October 2010 at the
1012:Pollard, A. F. (1922).
817:European Research Group
706:Abolition and aftermath
668:Court of Castle Chamber
285:Plantagenets and Tudors
60:), and was composed of
2010:Recorder of Manchester
1872:High Court of Chivalry
880:US' own Bill of Rights
761:
751:Bill of Rights of 1688
740:Habeas Corpus Act 1640
703:
579:incriminate themselves
314:
115:
45:that sat at the royal
35:
3480:Parliament of England
3475:Palace of Westminster
2005:Recorder of Liverpool
1985:Court of Appeal judge
1938:Court of King's Bench
1908:Court of Common Pleas
1713:Faretta v. California
1688:Pennsylvania v. Muniz
1456:on legislation.gov.uk
759:
679:
603:, and by the time of
338:Parliament of England
321:Star Chamber Act 1487
292:
110:, Italy, frescoed by
98:
47:Palace of Westminster
3142:Anglo-Saxon military
2330:Overseas possessions
1757:10.1086/ahr/18.4.727
1124:Landmarks in the Law
673:In the early 1900s,
250:improve this article
171:, a notable English
2556:Acts of Parliament:
2323:Union with Scotland
2318:Glorious Revolution
2264:Union of the Crowns
2254:English Renaissance
2242:English Reformation
2183:Anglo-Saxon England
1980:Master of the Rolls
1862:Court of Protection
1395:Trevor-Roper, Hugh
1369:Trevor-Roper, Hugh
956:Guy, J. A. (1976).
872:Bill of Rights 1689
835:'s recently agreed
815:In March 2019, the
691:cutting off of ears
322:
311:St Paul's Cathedral
216:crimen stellionatus
2513:Secretary of State
2195:Kingdom of England
2162:Kingdom of England
2116:Admiralty Advocate
2063:Justice of Chester
2000:Recorder of London
1975:Lord Chief Justice
1923:Court of Exchequer
1877:Magistrates' Court
1618:Tomlinson, Michael
1454:The Bill of Rights
1126:(1984), pp. 61–62.
766:Westminster School
762:
728:Alexander Leighton
581:, face charges of
564:Laws in Wales Acts
530:Archbishop of York
320:
315:
169:William Blackstone
116:
91:Origin of the name
3432:
3431:
3274:Church of England
2232:Wars of the Roses
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2095:Solicitor General
2071:
2070:
1956:
1955:
1913:Court of Chancery
1777:978-1-912702-90-9
1614:Braverman, Suella
1496:978-1-317-24800-2
1408:Crawford, Jon G.
823:'s then proposed
675:Edgar Lee Masters
638:Thirty Years' War
631:English Civil War
587:contempt of court
508:Wars of the Roses
461:letter of the law
426:Privy Counsellors
404:
403:
381:Other legislation
326:Act of Parliament
307:Westminster Abbey
282:
281:
274:
138:, writing in his
124:le Sterne-chamere
62:privy counsellors
3502:
3392:Royal supporters
3239:English language
2486:Council of State
2476:King's Secretary
2469:House of Commons
2454:Magnum Concilium
2352:Maritime history
2313:Exclusion Crisis
2296:The Protectorate
2155:
2148:
2141:
2132:
2131:
2090:Attorney General
2080:
2079:
1990:High Court judge
1965:
1964:
1943:Court of Probate
1827:
1826:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1760:
1728:
1709:
1703:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1419:
1413:
1406:
1400:
1393:
1387:
1380:
1374:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1335:(147): 337–360.
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1295:Snell, Melissa.
1292:
1286:
1285:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1198:
1192:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1170:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1073:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1024:(148): 516–539.
1009:
994:
993:
968:(360): 481–505.
953:
947:
946:
936:
916:
909:
903:
896:
864:US Supreme Court
810:Cameron ministry
778:Wirral Peninsula
612:
520:In the reign of
399:Status: Repealed
335:
334:
323:
319:
277:
270:
266:
263:
257:
234:
226:
158:Scrovegni Chapel
141:Survey of London
104:Scrovegni Chapel
59:
56:
52:
49:, from the late
3510:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3422:St George's Day
3397:Royal standards
3380:College of Arms
3346:
3298:
3255:
3225:
3182:
3128:
2437:
2419:
2356:
2303:The Restoration
2247:Elizabethan era
2200:Norman Conquest
2164:
2159:
2129:
2120:
2111:King's Advocate
2099:
2067:
2033:Lord Chancellor
2021:
1952:
1881:
1852:Court of Appeal
1837:Court of equity
1818:
1813:
1778:
1737:
1735:Further reading
1732:
1731:
1710:
1706:
1685:
1678:
1668:
1666:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1595:
1591:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1548:
1544:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1517:on 25 July 2008
1509:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1481:
1477:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1420:
1416:
1407:
1403:
1397:Archbishop Laud
1394:
1390:
1381:
1377:
1371:Archbishop Laud
1368:
1364:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1293:
1289:
1266:10.2307/3309198
1246:
1242:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1168:Wayback Machine
1155:
1148:
1137:
1130:
1121:
1117:
1074:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1010:
997:
954:
950:
937:
930:
925:
920:
919:
910:
906:
897:
893:
888:
857:plead the Fifth
849:
790:
712:Long Parliament
708:
657:seditious libel
649:Archbishop Laud
608:
601:House of Stuart
595:
549:court of appeal
534:Lord Chancellor
526:Cardinal Wolsey
522:King Henry VIII
419:Sir Edward Coke
400:
340:
332:
318:
287:
278:
267:
261:
258:
247:
235:
224:
167:Alternatively,
164:and elsewhere.
128:Sterred Chambre
120:Sterred chambre
93:
57:
50:
36:Camera stellata
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3508:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3372:
3367:
3356:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3317:English Gothic
3314:
3308:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3244:English people
3241:
3235:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3159:New Model Army
3151:
3150:
3149:
3138:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2491:Lord Protector
2488:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2464:House of Lords
2456:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2269:Gunpowder Plot
2266:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2217:Angevin Empire
2214:
2213:
2212:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2158:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2135:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1761:
1751:(4): 727–750.
1736:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1704:
1676:
1642:
1622:Courts, Robert
1589:
1568:
1542:
1528:
1511:"Star Chamber"
1502:
1495:
1475:
1458:
1446:
1437:
1414:
1401:
1388:
1382:Raymond, Joad
1375:
1362:
1315:
1287:
1240:
1219:10.2307/844462
1193:
1180:
1171:
1146:
1128:
1122:Lord Denning,
1115:
1094:10.2307/844462
1065:
1051:
995:
948:
927:
926:
924:
921:
918:
917:
904:
890:
889:
887:
884:
848:
845:
789:
788:Recent history
786:
774:Leasowe Castle
724:William Prynne
707:
704:
653:William Prynne
605:King Charles I
594:
591:
538:Thomas Cranmer
488:criminal libel
408:King's Council
402:
401:
398:
395:
394:
389:
383:
382:
378:
377:
376:10 August 1872
374:
370:
369:
365:
364:
358:
352:
351:
348:
342:
341:
336:
328:
327:
316:
299:William Warham
295:King Henry VII
286:
283:
280:
279:
238:
236:
229:
223:
220:
150:Leasowe Castle
92:
89:
85:metaphorically
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3507:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3360:National flag
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3294:Country dance
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2576:Temp. incert.
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2503:Privy Council
2501:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2416:
2415:Orange-Nassau
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2259:Stuart period
2257:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2205:Anglo-Normans
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1995:Circuit judge
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1847:Privy Council
1845:
1843:
1842:Supreme Court
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1779:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1656:The Telegraph
1653:
1646:
1631:
1630:The Spectator
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1610:Raab, Dominic
1607:
1603:
1599:
1598:Cash, William
1593:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1572:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1538:
1532:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1498:
1492:
1489:. Routledge.
1488:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1455:
1450:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1405:
1398:
1392:
1385:
1379:
1372:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1260:(5): 624–47.
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1184:
1175:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1143:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1125:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1070:
1061:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
952:
944:
943:
935:
933:
928:
914:
908:
901:
895:
891:
883:
881:
877:
873:
868:
865:
860:
858:
854:
844:
843:to go ahead.
842:
838:
834:
833:Boris Johnson
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
811:
806:
804:
800:
796:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
758:
754:
752:
748:
747:King James II
743:
741:
737:
733:
732:John Bastwick
729:
725:
721:
720:John Lilburne
717:
713:
710:In 1641, the
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
678:
676:
671:
669:
665:
660:
658:
654:
650:
645:
643:
639:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:Personal Rule
615:
611:
606:
602:
597:
590:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
567:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
518:
515:
513:
509:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
453:
451:
447:
446:direct appeal
443:
439:
435:
434:equity courts
431:
428:, as well as
427:
422:
420:
415:
413:
409:
396:
393:
390:
388:
384:
379:
375:
371:
366:
362:
359:
357:
353:
349:
347:
343:
339:
329:
324:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
276:
273:
265:
255:
251:
245:
244:
239:This section
237:
233:
228:
227:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
88:
86:
82:
77:
74:
71:
70:equity courts
67:
63:
48:
44:
41:
37:
33:
29:
26:The court of
22:
3402:Crown Jewels
3387:Royal badges
3375:Coat of arms
3304:Architecture
3289:Morris dance
3231:Demographics
3154:English Army
2951:
2575:
2540:Star Chamber
2539:
2362:Royal Houses
2345:Protectorate
2274:Jacobean era
2237:Tudor period
2076:Law Officers
1948:Star Chamber
1947:
1898:Assize Court
1766:
1748:
1742:
1711:
1707:
1686:
1667:. Retrieved
1655:
1645:
1633:. Retrieved
1629:
1606:Jones, David
1602:Dodds, Nigel
1592:
1581:
1571:
1559:. Retrieved
1555:
1545:
1531:
1519:. Retrieved
1515:the original
1505:
1485:
1478:
1468:
1461:
1449:
1440:
1427:
1424:
1417:
1409:
1404:
1396:
1391:
1383:
1378:
1370:
1365:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1306:. Retrieved
1300:
1290:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1188:
1183:
1174:
1156:
1139:
1123:
1118:
1085:
1081:
1054:
1021:
1017:
965:
961:
951:
941:
907:
894:
869:
861:
850:
814:
807:
799:Neil Kinnock
791:
763:
744:
736:Henry Burton
709:
680:
672:
661:
646:
635:
625:who fled to
616:
610:King James I
598:
596:
571:
568:
562:, after the
557:
546:
519:
516:
504:
465:
454:
423:
416:
405:
303:Richard Foxe
268:
259:
248:Please help
243:verification
240:
215:
203:
201:
196:
184:
166:
139:
127:
123:
119:
117:
100:Starry vault
78:
75:
51:15th century
28:Star Chamber
27:
25:
3327:Elizabethan
3312:Anglo-Saxon
2533:Elizabethan
2523:Anglo-Saxon
2449:Curia regis
2390:Plantagenet
2340:Proprietary
2308:Popish Plot
2286:Interregnum
2210:The Anarchy
1867:Crown Court
1727: (1975)
1725:806, 821–22
1702: (1990)
1700:582, 595–98
1669:10 December
1635:23 December
1469:Westminster
1213:(1): 1–11.
1161:Online text
1088:(1): 1–11.
841:Rwanda plan
821:Theresa May
689:and to the
677:commented:
664:Elizabeth I
627:New England
450:upper class
387:Repealed by
81:due process
58: 1641
3439:Categories
3407:Tudor rose
3337:Queen Anne
3166:Royal Navy
2518:Governance
2508:Ministries
2459:Parliament
1857:High Court
1308:16 October
923:References
572:ex officio
553:plaintiffs
484:conspiracy
472:oppression
430:common-law
346:Long title
262:April 2021
66:common-law
3417:St George
3188:Geography
2953:1642–1660
2602:1422–1460
2597:1413–1421
2592:1399–1411
2587:1377–1397
2582:1327–1376
2570:1308–1325
2565:1275–1307
2560:1225–1267
2395:Lancaster
2375:Knýtlinga
2279:Civil War
2188:Heptarchy
1664:0307-1235
1583:TalkRadio
1349:0013-8266
1302:ThoughtCo
1282:152286544
1227:0002-9319
1102:0002-9319
1038:0013-8266
982:0013-8266
805:in 1983.
770:the Blitz
714:, led by
699:terrorism
662:In 1571,
642:Amsterdam
468:arbitrary
412:Henry VII
136:John Stow
38:) was an
3412:Oak tree
3370:Heraldry
3342:Georgian
3332:Jacobean
3284:Folklore
3269:Religion
3196:Counties
3134:Military
2528:Medieval
2481:Monarchy
2428:Politics
2380:Normandy
2178:Timeline
1961:Justices
1556:BBC News
1164:Archived
913:Edw. III
782:Cheshire
716:John Pym
687:whipping
623:Puritans
512:nobility
500:sedition
442:criminal
436:in both
373:Repealed
361:3 Hen. 7
356:Citation
208:cozenage
189:Edward I
3352:Symbols
3279:Cuisine
3261:Culture
3221:Palaces
3216:Castles
3201:Islands
3176:History
3147:Warfare
2498:Peerage
2385:Angevin
2170:History
2083:Current
1968:Current
1830:Current
1561:5 March
1521:5 March
1274:3309198
862:As the
776:on the
683:pillory
593:Stuarts
583:perjury
492:perjury
480:attempt
476:justice
222:History
204:steoran
102:of the
40:English
3206:Places
2550:Tories
2410:Stuart
2370:Wessex
2104:Former
2026:Former
1886:Former
1823:Courts
1774:
1716:,
1691:,
1662:
1493:
1357:551704
1355:
1347:
1280:
1272:
1235:844462
1233:
1225:
1110:844462
1108:
1100:
1046:552200
1044:
1036:
990:566623
988:
980:
900:gardaí
825:Brexit
695:juries
490:, and
457:equity
363:. c. 1
181:Hebrew
173:jurist
154:Wirral
146:gilted
112:Giotto
3322:Tudor
3211:Towns
3171:Ships
2545:Whigs
2444:Witan
2405:Tudor
2335:Crown
1720:
1695:
1353:JSTOR
1278:S2CID
1270:JSTOR
1231:JSTOR
1106:JSTOR
1042:JSTOR
986:JSTOR
886:Notes
803:PMQ's
685:, to
560:Wales
540:(the
528:(the
496:riots
438:civil
368:Dates
212:Latin
185:shtar
183:שטר (
177:starr
162:Padua
108:Padua
43:court
32:Latin
3364:list
3249:list
3124:1706
3119:1705
3114:1704
3109:1703
3104:1702
3099:1701
3094:1700
3089:1698
3084:1697
3079:1696
3074:1695
3069:1694
3064:1693
3059:1692
3054:1691
3049:1690
3044:1689
3039:1688
3034:1685
3029:1680
3024:1679
3019:1678
3014:1677
3009:1675
3004:1672
2999:1670
2994:1667
2989:1666
2984:1665
2979:1664
2974:1663
2969:1662
2964:1661
2959:1660
2947:1640
2942:1627
2937:1625
2932:1623
2927:1620
2922:1609
2917:1606
2912:1605
2907:1603
2902:1601
2897:1597
2892:1592
2887:1588
2882:1586
2877:1584
2872:1580
2867:1575
2862:1572
2857:1571
2852:1566
2847:1562
2842:1558
2837:1557
2832:1555
2827:1554
2822:1553
2817:1551
2812:1549
2807:1548
2802:1547
2797:1546
2792:1545
2787:1543
2782:1542
2777:1541
2772:1540
2767:1539
2762:1536
2757:1535
2752:1534
2747:1533
2742:1532
2737:1531
2732:1530
2727:1529
2722:1523
2717:1515
2712:1514
2707:1513
2702:1512
2697:1511
2692:1509
2687:1503
2682:1496
2677:1495
2672:1491
2667:1488
2662:1487
2657:1485
2652:1483
2647:1482
2642:1477
2637:1474
2632:1472
2627:1468
2622:1467
2617:1464
2612:1463
2607:1461
2400:York
1772:ISBN
1722:U.S.
1697:U.S.
1671:2023
1660:ISSN
1637:2021
1563:2012
1523:2012
1491:ISBN
1345:ISSN
1310:2023
1223:ISSN
1098:ISSN
1034:ISSN
978:ISSN
734:and
651:had
574:oath
532:and
498:and
440:and
309:and
210:(in
191:had
64:and
2433:Law
1753:doi
1718:422
1693:496
1337:doi
1262:doi
1215:doi
1090:doi
1026:doi
970:doi
829:MPs
780:in
252:by
160:in
106:in
3441::
1749:18
1747:.
1679:^
1658:.
1654:.
1628:.
1620:;
1616:;
1612:;
1608:;
1604:;
1600:;
1580:.
1554:.
1432:12
1351:.
1343:.
1333:37
1331:.
1327:.
1299:.
1276:.
1268:.
1258:89
1256:.
1252:.
1229:.
1221:.
1209:.
1205:.
1149:^
1131:^
1104:.
1096:.
1084:.
1080:.
1068:^
1040:.
1032:.
1022:37
1020:.
1016:.
998:^
984:.
976:.
966:91
964:.
960:.
931:^
902:."
882:.
742:.
730:,
726:,
659:.
633:.
514:.
486:,
482:,
214::
152:,
55:c.
34::
3366:)
3362:(
2154:e
2147:t
2140:v
1808:e
1801:t
1794:v
1780:.
1759:.
1755::
1673:.
1639:.
1586:.
1565:.
1539:.
1525:.
1499:.
1434:.
1359:.
1339::
1312:.
1264::
1237:.
1217::
1211:5
1112:.
1092::
1086:5
1048:.
1028::
992:.
972::
275:)
269:(
264:)
260:(
246:.
30:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
