133:. This is based on the idea that public administrations are not strictly aimed at profit-making. Products or services therefore can be guaranteed to consumers of that supply of that product or service under the best conditions and at prices that are comparable to the expectations of the value and characteristics of the product or service.
160:
Interestingly, a 2013 study found that when private options for products or services are available, welfare is more likely to be maximised. The simple rationalisation to this is that when there are more players, there is therefore more choice. More choice allows greater access to a greater number of
223:
incomes between loss-making activities and profitable activities. If the aforementioned occurs through production or pricing behaviors, this suggests usual competitive forces characteristic of competitive markets are not being applied to the state monopoly. A firm engaging in this practice under
151:
The concept of public goods, as produced and distributed under state monopolies, are that they are supplied at a level independent from, or inconsistent with, the actual market demand for the good. Therefore, the price does not reflect the utility of the product or service. Under
156:
economic ideology, this advocates for a centralised production system to account for the fact this product or service should be universally available and competition 'badly adapts,' to the constraints to which the supply of these products or services are subject.
440:
Furthermore, there are concerns that government-controlled entitles can be manipulated by political will. This can manifest through the allocation of resources for the purpose of political ends, rather than for the promotion of economic efficiency.
384:
Despite these reform efforts to promote competitive markets, regulatory and structural reforms struggle to overcome the entrenched market dominance of state monopolies. This is resultant of advantages enjoyed by state monopolies, including
211:
There is a substantial difference between best practice benchmarks within private organisations, and the state monopoly's own productive efficiency. For example, a monopoly's lack of productive efficiency could be resultant of
89:
and influence to its advantage, in affecting how the market evolves over a long period of time. This is especially the case if the state monopoly controls access to vital inputs essential to operating within the market.
362:(removing statutory restrictions to market competition) and structural reforms (including separating contestable elements of a state monopoly, and creating third party rights of access to natural monopolies).
43:
is the sole provider of a particular good or service and competition is prohibited by law. It is a monopoly created, owned, and operated by the government. It is usually distinguished from a
1239:"Henry W. de Jong and William G. Shepherd, eds., Pioneers of Industrial Organization: How the Economics of Competition and Monopoly Took Shape (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2007)"
335:
Governments often create or allow monopolies to exist and grant them patents. This limits entry and allow the patent-holding firm to earn a monopoly profit from an invention.
332:). In these monopolies over harmful goods or services, the monopoly is designed to reduce consumption of the product by deliberately decreasing the efficiency of the market.
113:), demonstrates its ability to disregard any competitive forces within the market. A state monopoly also retains the ability to reduce service value, or impose restrictive
369:(both state monopolies and private industry) to respond to competitive pressures, as opposed to legislated regulatory structures. This has been observed to result in more
81:
These activities have a major influence on the operational environment, when its trading activities are not subject to competitive forces inherent within
1093:
184:
The state monopoly is legislated for, with legislative instruments precluding competitive activities regarding the provision of goods or services.
136:
However, the structure of a country's economy more broadly usually determines how state monopolies operate. In countries that are members of the
93:
The high degree of autonomy and ability to act independently in the market, has been demonstrated by the ability to alter relationships with its
358:
have seen efforts to reform the disproportionate market powers they sustain, to therefore enhance competition. This has been enacted through
1197:"G. G. Djolov, The Economics of Competition: The Race to Monopoly. London: The Haworth Press, 2006, 322 pp., ISBN 0789027895 (SC), $ 47.50"
642:, W. Kip Viscusi, Joseph E. Harrington, Jr., and John M. Vernon (MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 4th Edn, 2005)"
522:
140:, sectors where there are state monopolies are usually those that are meeting the "needs of utilities and public services." Whereas, in
1109:"Economic Integration, Monopoly Power and Productivity Growth without Scale Effects: Economic Integration and Productivity Growth"
173:
capacity or greater performance. However, any of the three following factors more broadly explain a state monopoly's existence:
187:
A poorly contestable market exists, with competition previously operating inefficiently despite the lack of legal restrictions.
66:
A state monopoly can be characterized by its commercial behavior not being effectively limited by the competitive pressures of
50:
A government monopoly may be run by any level of government—national, regional, local; for levels below the national, it is a
1710:
1668:
1626:
1069:
913:
745:
617:
577:
540:
365:
Across all levels of governmental jurisdiction, both structural and regulatory reforms have been preferred, as it forces all
177:
A natural monopoly endures within the market, whereby the most efficient form of meeting demand is through the creation of a
213:
97:
to its advantage, without negatively impacting its dominant market share. A state monopoly's ability to increase the
309:
241:
is run by the government with competition forbidden by law in some or all services. Also, government monopolies on
237:
The most prominent example of the monopoly is law and the legitimate use of physical force. In many countries, the
1570:"Liberalizing markets, liberalizing welfare? Economic reform and social regulation in the EU's electricity regime"
338:
Health care systems where the government controls the industry and specifically prohibits competition, such as
1809:
471:
44:
1481:
762:
1569:
801:
501:
401:
Government monopolies tend to comply with law (tax compliance, environmental law, safety regulations)
300:
might also be monopolized. In
Finland, the government has a monopoly to operate slot machines (see
1332:
K. Grechenig, M. Kolmar, The State's
Enforcement Monopoly and the Private Protection of Property,
320:, maintain state-owned-and-operated monopolies on the sale of certain kinds of alcohol (typically
1804:
1355:
1350:
1015:
688:
1814:
689:"Government contracting with monopoly in infrastructure provision: Regulation or deregulation?"
351:
225:
178:
40:
1522:
386:
339:
86:
1435:"State Monopolies and the Free Movement of Goods in EU Law: Getting Beyond Obscure Clarity"
1299:
481:
268:, some goods deemed harmful are distributed through a government monopoly. For example, in
258:
1288:"Eyring, Carl F. Essentials of physics. New York: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1948. 422 p. $ 3.75"
8:
1360:
1108:
374:
220:
1303:
761:
Sibley, David S.; Doane, Michael J.; Williams, Michael A.; Tsai, Shu-Yi (October 2004).
208:. This income would be excessive, if it were not a result of its inefficient operations.
1780:
1716:
1674:
1597:
1550:
1462:
1266:
1128:
1087:
1035:
996:
957:
858:
831:"Non-optimality of state by state monopoly pricing with demand uncertainty: An example"
708:
669:
414:
410:
Greater and stabler government income, than with a state owned company in a free market
366:
246:
141:
102:
71:
1735:
196:
The primary determinations of demonstrating the market power of state monopolies are:
1720:
1706:
1678:
1664:
1632:
1622:
1618:
Regulation of
Infrastructure and Utilities : Public Policy and Management Issues
1601:
1589:
1554:
1542:
1466:
1454:
1415:
1385:
1315:
1270:
1258:
1216:
1172:
1075:
1065:
1039:
961:
909:
862:
850:
782:
778:
741:
712:
673:
661:
613:
573:
536:
461:
456:
378:
370:
359:
321:
32:
1784:
1760:
1132:
1000:
976:
727:
1772:
1698:
1656:
1581:
1534:
1501:
1493:
1446:
1405:
1397:
1307:
1250:
1208:
1162:
1120:
1027:
988:
947:
901:
842:
830:
809:
774:
733:
700:
653:
605:
565:
528:
491:
451:
289:
265:
242:
114:
70:. This occurs when its business activities exert an extensive influence within the
1585:
1334:
Journal of
Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE) 2014, vol. 170 (1), 5-23
1031:
846:
557:
569:
532:
486:
466:
201:
145:
110:
905:
814:
800:
Grunichev, A.S.; Mierin, L.A.; Yagudin, R.Kh.; Fakhrutdinov, R.M. (2015-02-01).
1692:
1650:
1538:
1238:
496:
250:
204:
within the market is characterized by disproportionate returns on its existing
106:
51:
1702:
1660:
1636:
1401:
1254:
1079:
893:
802:"Institutional Features of Interaction of the State and of Natural Monopolies"
704:
599:
1798:
1593:
1546:
1458:
1419:
1346:
1319:
1262:
1220:
1176:
952:
935:
854:
786:
665:
609:
305:
254:
238:
47:, where the government grants a monopoly to a private individual or company.
1287:
936:"Monopoly Analysis of a Limited Liability of State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs)"
687:
Li, Shuai; Cai, Jiannan; Feng, Zhuo; Xu, Yifang; Cai, Hubo (February 2019).
1497:
1311:
313:
118:
1776:
1434:
1167:
1150:
992:
737:
637:
169:
A state monopoly's market power and dominance can arise from its superior
1450:
657:
75:
253:
have historically been common, though recent decades have seen a strong
78:, and potential competitors are unable to successfully compete with it.
1506:
1482:"Privatization and Regulation of Transport Infrastructure in the 1990s"
1410:
1386:"Deregulating Network Industries: Dealing with Price-quality Tradeoffs"
1196:
1124:
170:
82:
36:
1616:
1212:
1059:
892:
Scognamiglio, Carlo; Caroli, Matteo (1992), Baldassarri, Mario (ed.),
129:
The theoretical purpose of state monopolies is to maximise collective
1523:"Implications of the State Monopoly Over Industry and Its Relaxation"
558:"Problems of Environmental Impacts and Regulating Business Practices"
20:
144:, state monopolies can disrupt healthy business competition, and in
58:
usually means a government monopoly run by the national government.
1694:
Doing
Business 2020: Comparing Business Regulation in 190 Economies
1652:
Doing
Business 2020: Comparing Business Regulation in 190 Economies
1333:
898:
Oligopoly and
Dynamic Competition: Firm, Market and Economic System
693:
Transportation
Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review
476:
317:
301:
297:
94:
799:
429:
Government monopolies have traditional risks of usual monopolies:
277:
273:
269:
153:
148:, such stifling of private competition plateaus economic growth.
130:
67:
1384:
Buehler, Stefan; Gärtner, Dennis; Halbheer, Daniel (July 2006).
877:
Regulation and economic analysis : a critique over two centuries
404:
Prices of a good or service might be stabler, or at a set price.
1151:"Monopoly Profit Maximization: Success and Economic Principles"
293:
285:
281:
417:), which can be seen as posing bases for more ethical business
1736:"Are Monopolies Good? Surprisingly, Yes—Peter Thiel Explains"
205:
98:
524:
The
Regulation of the State in Competitive Markets in the EU
109:(coupled with maintaining this price or quantity at above a
1149:
355:
329:
325:
137:
1148:
760:
1383:
879:(1st ed. 1994.). Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.
631:
629:
191:
61:
377:
is no longer directed by legislative instruments or
16:
Government control of an industry or economic sector
1107:Davis, Colin; Hashimoto, Ken-ichi (February 2016).
900:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 249–278,
626:
224:normal market conditions, would not survive in the
891:
598:Berg, Sanford V.; Tschirhart, John (1989-01-27).
345:
105:provided, without a relational change in its own
1796:
1016:"Monopoly, economic efficiency and unemployment"
420:Can take over a private monopoly judged harmful.
350:Although state monopolies are sustained through
1106:
597:
124:
1758:
974:
829:Peck, James; Rampal, Jeevant (October 2019).
564:, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 129–147,
397:The following advantages, may happen or not:
1092:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
635:
304:). Similar regimes for alcohol exist in the
1759:Seim, Katja; Waldfogel, Joel (April 2013).
1351:"The Ugly Truth About Canadian Health Care"
975:Seim, Katja; Waldfogel, Joel (April 2013).
686:
1243:Journal of the History of Economic Thought
828:
290:monopolies for selling alcoholic beverages
1761:"Public Monopoly and Economic Efficiency"
1505:
1409:
1166:
977:"Public Monopoly and Economic Efficiency"
951:
813:
1520:
806:Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences
407:No economical dead-weight in advertising
1479:
1345:
933:
85:. Therefore, this results in using its
1797:
1733:
1614:
1432:
887:
885:
555:
1567:
1379:
1377:
1282:
1280:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1144:
1142:
1053:
1051:
1049:
725:
640:Economics of Regulation and Antitrust
1439:Legal Issues of Economic Integration
1013:
763:"Pricing Access to a Monopoly Input"
636:Weber Waller, Spencer (2006-09-01).
1195:Toole, Andrew A. (September 2010).
940:Jurnal Penegakan Hukum Dan Keadilan
882:
192:Evidence of exercising market power
62:Characteristics of state monopolies
13:
1374:
1277:
1227:
1183:
1139:
1057:
1046:
729:Monopoly and Restrictive Practices
14:
1826:
1574:Journal of European Public Policy
767:Journal of Public Economic Theory
413:No pressure to drive down costs (
310:alcoholic beverage control states
117:, without experiencing a loss in
1521:Naughton, Barry (January 1992).
1486:The World Bank Research Observer
1237:Brown, John Howard (June 2009).
1155:Economics Research International
934:Machmud, Aris (September 2022).
779:10.1111/j.1467-9779.2004.00179.x
562:Regulation and Economic Analysis
424:
288:government-owned companies have
1752:
1727:
1685:
1643:
1608:
1561:
1514:
1473:
1426:
1390:Journal of Regulatory Economics
1339:
1326:
1113:Review of Development Economics
1100:
1007:
968:
927:
869:
164:
1064:. Cambridge University Press.
1061:The Theory of Natural Monopoly
822:
793:
754:
719:
680:
604:. Cambridge University Press.
591:
549:
515:
346:Reforms to enhance competition
146:centrally controlled economies
74:, can act autonomously of any
1:
1734:Cabral, Carrie (2020-07-02).
1586:10.1080/13501763.2016.1249012
1433:Butler, Graham (2021-09-01).
1058:W., Sharkey, William (1982).
1032:10.1016/j.econmod.2012.01.001
847:10.1016/j.econlet.2019.108561
508:
392:
342:, are government monopolies.
570:10.1007/978-1-4615-2620-9_10
533:10.5040/9781472560124.ch-004
373:outcomes for an economy, as
7:
1568:Haber, Hanan (2018-03-04).
1298:(1): 85–86. February 1949.
906:10.1007/978-1-349-12818-1_9
815:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n1s3p73
726:Allen, G. C. (2013-11-05).
601:Natural Monopoly Regulation
556:Gordon, Richard L. (1994),
472:Government-granted monopoly
444:
296:and other institutions for
232:
125:Purpose of State Monopolies
45:government-granted monopoly
10:
1831:
1539:10.1177/009770049201800102
1480:Estache, A. (2001-05-01).
1703:10.1596/978-1-4648-1440-2
1661:10.1596/978-1-4648-1440-2
1402:10.1007/s11149-006-0011-8
1255:10.1017/s1053837209090245
732:(0 ed.). Routledge.
705:10.1016/j.tre.2019.01.002
527:. Hart Publishing. 2007.
502:State monopoly capitalism
436:Abuse of market dominance
1765:American Economic Review
1615:Asquer, Alberto (2018).
981:American Economic Review
953:10.18196/jphk.v3i2.15825
610:10.1017/cbo9780511572067
179:single government entity
352:legislative instruments
1621:. Palgrave Macmillan.
1312:10.1002/sce.3730330167
387:first mover advantages
379:regulatory authorities
214:gold plating of assets
41:government corporation
1777:10.1257/aer.103.2.831
1014:Zhao, Bo (May 2012).
993:10.1257/aer.103.2.831
738:10.4324/9781315016597
433:High prices can arise
257:trend throughout the
68:private organisations
1810:Monopoly (economics)
1498:10.1093/wbro/16.1.85
1451:10.54648/leie2021020
658:10.54648/woco2006035
482:Monopoly on violence
259:industrialized world
142:developing economies
115:terms and conditions
111:market clearing rate
83:free trading markets
1361:Manhattan Institute
1304:1949SciEd..33S..85.
1168:10.1155/2015/875301
894:"Public Monopolies"
375:resource allocation
367:market participants
312:(ABC states), e.g.
25:government monopoly
1125:10.1111/rode.12200
1020:Economic Modelling
415:race to the bottom
360:regulatory reforms
247:telecommunications
103:goods and services
1712:978-1-4648-1440-2
1670:978-1-4648-1440-2
1628:978-3-319-67735-4
1292:Science Education
1213:10.1002/agr.20232
1071:978-0-511-57181-7
915:978-1-349-12818-1
835:Economics Letters
747:978-1-136-51086-1
646:World Competition
619:978-0-521-33039-8
579:978-1-4613-6123-7
542:978-1-84113-497-0
462:Crown corporation
457:Coercive monopoly
322:distilled spirits
33:coercive monopoly
1822:
1789:
1788:
1756:
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1749:
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1725:
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1689:
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1192:
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1083:
1055:
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1005:
1004:
972:
966:
965:
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931:
925:
924:
923:
922:
889:
880:
875:Gordon. (1994).
873:
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633:
624:
623:
595:
589:
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587:
586:
553:
547:
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519:
492:Natural monopoly
452:Alcohol monopoly
308:, where certain
266:Nordic countries
243:public utilities
87:market dominance
1830:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1795:
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1792:
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1740:Shortform Books
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1427:
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1349:(Summer 2007).
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487:Nationalization
467:Salt commission
447:
427:
395:
356:major economies
348:
235:
221:cross-subsidies
202:economic income
200:The monopoly's
194:
167:
127:
107:operating costs
101:or quantity of
64:
29:public monopoly
17:
12:
11:
5:
1828:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1805:Market failure
1791:
1790:
1771:(2): 831–862.
1751:
1726:
1711:
1697:. 2019-09-24.
1684:
1669:
1655:. 2019-09-24.
1642:
1627:
1607:
1580:(3): 307–326.
1560:
1513:
1472:
1445:(3): 285–308.
1425:
1373:
1347:Gratzer, David
1338:
1325:
1276:
1249:(2): 243–244.
1226:
1207:(1): 174–175.
1182:
1138:
1119:(1): 152–163.
1099:
1070:
1045:
1026:(3): 586–600.
1006:
987:(2): 831–862.
967:
946:(2): 152–168.
926:
914:
881:
868:
821:
792:
773:(4): 541–555.
753:
746:
718:
679:
638:"Book Review:
625:
618:
590:
578:
548:
541:
513:
512:
510:
507:
505:
504:
499:
497:Private police
494:
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347:
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324:and sometimes
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193:
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166:
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126:
123:
63:
60:
56:state monopoly
52:local monopoly
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1827:
1816:
1815:Fiscal policy
1813:
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1808:
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1802:
1800:
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1532:
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1517:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1492:(1): 85–107.
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
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1421:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1396:(1): 99–115.
1395:
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1357:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1335:
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