471:
36:
316:
28:
20:
340:, a domestic uprising. Piombino fell quickly to a Neapolitan force, while Porto Longone, garrisoned by 1,500 Frenchmen, held out ten weeks. Because of subsequent pirate attacks and to defend against any future attacks by the French, the Spanish Crown decided to build another fortress on the bay of Longone: Fort Focardo.
335:
over the French off Porto Ercole. In
September of the same year, after conquering Piombino, the French managed to capture Porto Longone. The Spanish garrison, which consisted of merely 80 men, held out for two weeks. The Spaniards recaptured both Piombino and Porto Longone during the summer of 1650,
295:
also provided pasture for Tuscan shepherds, who brought their flocks of sheep to the warm coastal grazing lands during the winter. The Tuscan authorities even taxed the head of sheep as their shepherds brought them to the coast, an act which provoked some complaints to the
Spanish authorities. In
228:
to Cosimo, in return for which the duke cancelled all debts owed by Philip II or
Charles. According to the act of infeudation, "not included, but absolutely excluded, and expressly excluded the Sienese fortresses, castles, ports, places and farmland of, namely, Porto Ercole, Orbetello, Talamone,
546:
out of the old Grand Duchy of
Tuscany and to award it the Principality of Piombino, while allowing France to annex the Tuscan part of Elba (Portoferraio). This fulfillment of these terms depended on the agreement of Naples. On 28 March, following the defeat of his armies by the French during the
587:, rotating troops in and out and reinforcing the garrisons in times of danger. It normally maintained five infantry companies there. This was equivalent to one third of the Spanish forces deployed by Naples, which had 31 fortresses of its own. This emphasis on the
229:
Monte
Argentario and Porto Santo Stefano", a territory of about 287 km. In April 1558, the French, who still held Talamone, made an unsuccessful assault on Orbetello and in September of the same year, the Spaniards took Talamone by force.
355:
and in May 1677 his successor sent 300 men to strengthen the garrison at Porto
Longone. In 1693, the year of heaviest fighting during the Nine Years' War, Neapolitan troops intended for the Catalonian front were instead sent to the
595:): one commanding a company of infantry in Porto Ercole and two commanding a two companies of infantry each in Orbetello and Piombino. Prior to 1571, when the garrisons were increased, these last commanded only one company each.
563:, his rights on Elba (Porto Longone) and his claimed sovereignty over the Principality of Piombino to France on the understanding that they would be annexed to Tuscany to form the new Kingdom of Etruria. On 2 May, the French
696:
Nec compraehensa videantur, sed omnino exclusa, et expresse excluduntur, Oppida, Castra, Portus, loca ac terrae agri senensis, videlicet et Portus herculis, Orbitellum, Thelamonium, mons
Orizentalius, et Portus Sancti
610:) was in charge of financing work on the fortifications and the wages of the garrisons, as well as supervising leaves of absence and supplying artillery and munitions. The inspector was assisted by a comptroller (
530:
of 18 November 1738, ratified by Spain at
Versailles in 1739. In 1736, Carlos commissioned a work to demonstrate that the kings of Naples had sovereignty over the princes of Piombino. The result, the 120-page
308:
over Elba with the Duke of
Tuscany, ceded his authority over the thirteen square kilometres of Porto Longone to the Spanish. This was the only case of territorial expansion in the history of the
3242:
522:
and the south
Italian realms. A preliminary peace signed in Vienna in October 1735 confirmed these conquests to Don Carlos. On 11 December 1736, the emperor issued a diploma ceding the
331:
out of his alliance with Spain failed. He refortified his own coast and raised a militia of 10,000 to observe the Franco-Spanish conflict across the border. In June, the Spanish gained
371:, or at least the exchange of Orbetello for Portoferraio. The latter, although belonging to Tuscany, was frequently used by French privateers. In 1695, during the Nine Years' War, the
300:
decided to make use of the clause of the treaty of 1557 that allowed Spain to fortify any part of the Island of Elba and on 22 October of the following year he ordered his viceroy,
626:) was in charge of the ports and collecting duties on imports and exports, but he was only occasionally resident in Orbetello. His functions were often performed by a contractor (
1138:(2010). "The Mouse and the Elephant: Relations between the Kings of Naples and the Lordship of Piombino in the Fifteenth Century". In Paton, Bernadette; Law, John Easton (eds.).
458:
and Spain its rights in Piombino and Elba, including Porto Longone. In a draft treaty submitted by Spain on 5 April 1724, Philip would have received the return of the coastal
435:
died out, as it was soon expected to. This presumed that Philip V would formally renounced Porto Longone, which he held, and recognised it as an imperial fief like the other
304:, to build a fortress on the island. Construction of Fort San Giacomo at Porto Longone began in March 1605. It had barracks for 2,000 men. The Prince of Piombino, who shared
1450:
5716:
2718:
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4846:
575:
to Etruria took place on 19 September 1801. Thereafter, its fate follows that of the rest of Tuscany. Piombino and Elba, however, remained under the French.
848:
1147:
AlcalĂĄ-Zamora y Queipo de Llano, J. (1976). "RazĂłn de estado y geoestrategia en la polĂtica italiana de Carlos II: Florencia y los presidios, 1677â1681".
5875:
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and changed hands several times with it, resulting in three distinct historical periods. From 1557 to 1707, they were a possession of the
3163:
3153:
2711:
3173:
3100:
5828:
1397:
Romero GarcĂa, Eladi (1986). "El señorĂo de Piombino: Un ejemplo de influencia institucional hispĂĄnica en la Italia del siglo XVI".
5696:
4800:
3478:
3247:
4780:
3257:
1801:
407:
of 7 March 1714, France recognised Charles' claim, but no peace with Spain was forthcoming. The chief opponent of that peace was
403:, who also claimed the Spanish throne. Between 1708 and 1712, he conquered all of them save Porto Longone. In Article 30 of the
2704:
3918:
1180:(1909). "The Bourbon Governments in France and Spain II (1727â46)". In Ward, A. W.; Prothero, G. W.; Leathes, Stanley (eds.).
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3201:
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2359:
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3700:
1297:
Marino, John A. (2007). "The Rural World in Italy under Spanish Rule". In Thomas James Dandelet; John A. Marino (eds.).
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4795:
4731:
4453:
4433:
3908:
3640:
3603:
2498:
2169:
1388:
Paoletti, Ciro (2012). "Italy, Piedmont and French Anti-Habsburg Strategy, 1690â1748". In Schneid, Frederick C. (ed.).
255:
5843:
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351:(1688â97). At the start of the Messina revolt in 1672, the viceroy dispatched 4,600 infantry and 1,200 cavalry to the
5895:
5544:
5453:
4851:
4395:
3948:
3578:
2610:
2218:
272:, to fight Netherlandish rebels or the French. If they took ship in Naples, they usually stopped to revictual in the
5744:
4428:
3912:
3690:
3445:
3324:
3206:
3080:
1459:
515:
5120:
5055:
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606:), who was nominated by the viceroy. His task was the administration of civil and criminal justice. An inspector (
27:
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4609:
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4032:
3216:
3185:
3120:
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301:
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4559:
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5701:
5639:
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4856:
4569:
4549:
4521:
4438:
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4081:
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3928:
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3110:
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2862:
2604:
2508:
2452:
1610:
743:
400:
5664:
5493:
5250:
250:, an important ally of Spain, and Naples, since in the 16th century ships kept close to the coast. During the
5816:
5794:
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5691:
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2727:
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2427:
2226:
1958:
1881:
1732:
591:
was due to the primacy of France in Spanish defence planning. Under the viceroy, there were three governors (
424:
392:
193:
5045:
3430:
1170:
Guerra y sociedad en la monarquĂa hispĂĄnica: polĂtica, estrategia y cultura en la Europa moderna (1500â1700)
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503:
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From May to July 1646, Orbetello successfully resisted a siege by troops sent by the French royal minister
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Naples managed to meet this obligation, keeping the Tuscan fortresses fully garrisoned, even during the
288:, but the king of Spain refused on the grounds that he had no other ports between Catalonia and Naples.
19:
5870:
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3085:
2568:
2562:
2513:
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1933:
1918:
1781:
511:
220:
and fortify the island of Elba. With the conflict over Piombino resolved, on 3 July 1557 Siena and its
189:
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3028:
2962:
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1963:
113:
encompassed about 300 square kilometres (120 sq mi). They were effectively attached to the
4138:
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5301:
5240:
5235:
5175:
4594:
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4370:
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3685:
3404:
2586:
1938:
1791:
1727:
1410:
Sabatini, Gaetano (2013). "Economy and Finance in Early Modern Naples". In Tommaso Astarita (ed.).
416:
5838:
4917:
4150:
3670:
427:
against Spain. Article 5 of the alliance proposed to grant to Elisabeth Farnese's eldest son, Don
5508:
5366:
5210:
5150:
5100:
5002:
4599:
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4511:
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3583:
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3464:
2952:
2842:
2674:
2349:
2241:
2203:
1698:
1628:
1244:
Corretti, Alessandro (2012). "Le fortezze d'altura dell'isola d'Elba: lo stato della questione".
527:
447:
431:, the future Charles III of Spain, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany with Porto Longone when the ruling
328:
4701:
3294:
327:
in an attempt to dislodge the Spaniards from Italy. However, French efforts to bring Grand Duke
5799:
5371:
5306:
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4696:
4579:
4539:
4183:
3976:
3635:
3625:
2927:
2912:
2634:
2580:
2528:
2518:
2354:
2297:
1968:
1314:
Martin, Miguel A. (1976). "The Secret Clause: Britain and Spanish Ambitions in Italy 1712â31".
1306:
564:
552:
539:
479:
185:
157:
4942:
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the Tuscan half of Elba, but the Tuscan garrison, with British assistance, resisted until the
490:
allied themselves against the Holy Roman Empire and agreed that Don Carlos should receive the
470:
208:
of Piombino. The lordship was restored to Iacopo, with Cosimo retaining the Elban fortress of
5245:
4655:
4476:
4365:
4304:
4232:
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3843:
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3389:
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2598:
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1473:
145:
5779:
5180:
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administered by their viceroy in Naples; and from 1733 to 1801, a dependency of the Spanish
5754:
5423:
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5376:
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4902:
4721:
3598:
3588:
2957:
2867:
2752:
2646:
2523:
2462:
2447:
2370:
2290:
2280:
2058:
2030:
1836:
1680:
1578:
1522:
1281:
The Twilight of a Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats and European Conflicts, 1560â1800
1257:
Demaria, Giacinto (1898). "La Guerra di Castro, e la Spedizione de' Presidii (1639â1649)".
498:. Spain agreed to the same stipulations and joined the alliance against the emperor in the
428:
251:
201:
35:
5280:
5070:
4992:
66:
coast of Italy that existed between 1557 and 1801. It consisted of remnants of the former
8:
5823:
5579:
5564:
5448:
5428:
5381:
5361:
5165:
5160:
5105:
5075:
4841:
4466:
4423:
4380:
4309:
4278:
4049:
4028:
3994:
3900:
3870:
3801:
3645:
3618:
3518:
3382:
2922:
2892:
2772:
2668:
2399:
2302:
2285:
2275:
2130:
2053:
1876:
1871:
1806:
1706:
1616:
487:
415:, who hoped to create an Italian principality for her son. In 1718, the Emperor, France,
380:
332:
297:
269:
75:
5569:
5270:
1371:
The Treaties of the War of the Spanish Succession: An Historical and Critical Dictionary
1359:
1272:
Balance of Power and Norm Hierarchy: Franco-British Diplomacy after the Peace of Utrecht
5584:
5574:
5549:
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5035:
4912:
4785:
4283:
4263:
3923:
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3538:
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2742:
2592:
2488:
2483:
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2457:
2422:
2417:
2375:
2339:
2198:
2093:
2015:
1988:
1928:
1831:
1816:
1654:
1634:
1337:"L'arsenale bellico dei presidi spagnoli di Toscana nella seconda metĂ del Cinquecento"
556:
543:
348:
197:
153:
149:
137:
4907:
4836:
2832:
5764:
5706:
5539:
5311:
5285:
5275:
5265:
5200:
5155:
5085:
5065:
5040:
4987:
4962:
4227:
3754:
3695:
3650:
3509:
3414:
3331:
3304:
2812:
2787:
2747:
2437:
2432:
2365:
2324:
2318:
2159:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
1866:
1846:
1796:
1786:
1767:
1374:
1299:
1191:
495:
483:
412:
408:
404:
372:
268:("path of Flanders"). Soldiers were massed in Naples and then moved in stages to the
247:
205:
181:
177:
173:
129:
125:
114:
67:
3785:
5396:
5391:
5356:
5336:
5095:
4972:
4871:
4775:
4237:
4077:
3007:
2967:
2654:
2236:
2231:
2154:
2088:
2083:
1953:
1923:
1891:
1747:
1692:
1671:
1649:
1428:
1323:
653:
568:
499:
324:
133:
79:
55:
5774:
3806:
5839:
Law of coartaciĂłn (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
5589:
5529:
5443:
5351:
5225:
5205:
5170:
4952:
4922:
4861:
4471:
4461:
4357:
4242:
4134:
4091:
3851:
3759:
3630:
3372:
2997:
2792:
2767:
2177:
2145:
2140:
2120:
1983:
1943:
1913:
1896:
1856:
1841:
1826:
1757:
1742:
1659:
1639:
1512:
1369:
Menning, Ralph (1995). "Stato dei Presidi". In Frey, Linda; Frey, Marsha (eds.).
1336:
1223:
661:
432:
5498:
2887:
2035:
450:
of 30 April 1725. In this treaty, Charles agreed to enfeoff Don Carlos with the
200:, who was king of Naples. Since 1548, Cosimo had also been in occupation of the
5433:
5346:
5230:
4982:
4805:
4790:
4691:
4665:
4650:
4531:
4126:
4120:
4024:
3791:
3705:
3655:
3533:
3487:
3367:
3012:
2982:
2660:
2556:
2550:
2150:
2125:
1998:
1993:
1978:
1973:
1908:
1903:
1886:
1851:
1644:
1622:
1566:
1505:
1355:
1327:
1228:
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, Volume 1
1135:
420:
122:
118:
3938:
276:
before moving on to Genoa; otherwise they marched overland from Naples to the
5864:
4997:
3847:
3764:
3573:
3299:
2907:
2902:
2344:
2182:
1686:
1560:
1532:
619:
367:
sought to take advantage of the Messina War to negotiate the purchase of the
315:
204:(including Elba). On 29 May 1557, Philip signed a treaty in London with Lord
99:
5769:
5759:
5488:
5027:
4881:
4706:
4222:
3998:
3680:
3528:
2937:
1717:
1572:
1552:
708:
571:
of 25 March 1802 forced the British to evacuate. The formal cession of the
305:
264:
209:
71:
40:
5080:
4670:
4496:
4065:
3943:
2882:
2822:
2270:
2135:
344:
225:
4660:
180:) that were retained by Spain after the conquest of the Republic by the
5534:
4268:
3548:
2857:
2817:
2797:
2897:
583:
Under the Spanish, the Neapolitan treasury paid for the upkeep of the
4501:
4258:
4158:
3933:
3835:
3769:
2777:
2726:
1537:
720:
The lordship of Piombino had been elevated to a principality in 1594.
446:, and Philip V, who retained Porto Longone, was not signed until the
95:
91:
83:
2762:
23:
The State of the Presidi, Elba and Piombino in the late 18th century
4675:
3553:
3319:
3309:
3237:
2757:
2255:
1737:
1542:
1485:
1210:
Berte-Langereau, Jack (1955). "L'Espagne et le royaume d'Etrurie".
875:
873:
284:, was offering Philip II a million gold pieces for just one of the
217:
213:
87:
5833:
5804:
4314:
4299:
3456:
3314:
2987:
2872:
2852:
1517:
1478:
1061:
742:
This was based on the assumption that his aged grand-uncle, Duke
442:
A final treaty of peace between Charles VI, who held the coastal
63:
62:, meaning "state of the garrisons") was a small territory on the
870:
4770:
4324:
4319:
4096:
3409:
2847:
2827:
2025:
1182:
The Cambridge Modern History, Volume VI: The Eighteenth Century
1146:
337:
1193:
Between Salt Water and Holy Water: A History of Southern Italy
5811:
4085:
3749:
3346:
3002:
2977:
2802:
2003:
1527:
1500:
1168:
de Italia". In GarcĂa HernĂĄn, Enrique; Maffi, Davide (eds.).
1001:
989:
172:
were originally certain strategic coastal territories of the
39:
The Palazzo dei Governanti, seat of the Spanish governors in
1390:
The Projection and Limitations of Imperial Powers, 1618â1850
885:
832:
830:
828:
4154:
4069:
1495:
938:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
103:
4047:
1049:
965:
860:
858:
856:
815:
813:
811:
454:
when he came of age. The emperor would retain the coastal
1301:
Spain in Italy: Politics, Society, and Religion 1500â1700
1114:
1112:
825:
755:
In English, "Right of the Crown of Naples over Piombino".
212:
and Philip reserving the right to garrison the cities of
1013:
955:
953:
904:
902:
900:
783:
773:
771:
246:
allowed the Spanish to monitor maritime traffic between
926:
853:
808:
1140:
Communes and Despots in Medieval and Renaissance Italy
1109:
1073:
156:
in 1815, the territories were granted to the restored
3802:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
1085:
1037:
1025:
977:
950:
914:
897:
768:
31:
Proclamation issued during the Austrian period (1730)
1458:
1097:
192:. Cosimo received military support from the Emperor
1160:Angiolini, Franco (2006). "I presidios di Toscana:
1190:
506:in May 1735, a Spanish and allied army under the
462:(Article 4), but this demand was roundly mocked.
280:and took ship there. In 1587 Cosimo's successor,
5862:
1421:The Resilience of the Spanish Monarchy 1665â1700
1246:Aristonothos: Scritti per il Mediterraneo antico
4346:
2644:
1373:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 421â22.
1209:
1067:
336:at a time when France was in the throes of the
152:. After the downfall of France in 1814 and the
140:of 28 March 1801, the king of Naples ceded the
94:âand their hinterland, along with the islet of
1184:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 145â67.
386:
5881:States and territories disestablished in 1801
3991:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
3472:
2712:
1444:
1396:
647:
465:
237:
3666:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
1847:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)
533:Dritto della Corona di Napoli sopra Piombino
224:, less the coastal fortresses, were granted
1287:
836:
542:, France and Spain agreed to establish the
5876:States and territories established in 1557
3479:
3465:
2719:
2705:
1451:
1437:
1334:
1288:Mallett, Michael; Shaw, Christine (2012).
1149:BoletĂn de la Real Academia de la Historia
1118:
578:
478:This situation was revised in 1733 by the
5785:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
3337:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
1176:
1159:
1019:
864:
819:
494:together with the kingdoms of Naples and
128:; from 1708 to 1733, a possession of the
5790:Colonial universities in the Philippines
3342:Colonial universities in the Philippines
2728:Spanish / Hispanic Colonial architecture
1409:
1387:
1243:
1234:
1188:
1134:
1103:
1055:
944:
932:
777:
683:in feudum nobile, ligium, et honorificum
469:
314:
34:
26:
18:
4781:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
1802:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
1368:
1354:
1256:
1222:
1079:
891:
879:
802:
746:, would soon die; which he did in 1731.
5863:
5734:
1418:
1313:
1296:
1278:
1269:
1091:
1043:
1031:
1007:
995:
983:
971:
959:
920:
908:
842:
262:served as a stopover on the so-called
5733:
5629:
5628:
4752:
4630:
4345:
4204:
4172:
4109:
4046:
3961:
3884:
3824:
3738:
3727:
3499:
3498:
3460:
2700:
1432:
502:on 7 November. During the subsequent
4062:Captaincy General of the Philippines
3554:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
5765:Indochristian painting in New Spain
3885:
3202:Baroque Churches of the Philippines
1361:The History of the World, Volume II
598:The highest civil authority in the
196:, also King of Spain, and his son,
148:, which then ceded them to the new
13:
4732:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
4205:
3486:
3431:California Churrigueresque Revival
1412:A Companion to Early Modern Naples
526:to him. This was finalised in the
14:
5907:
3962:
3825:
3706:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
2611:United Provinces of Central Italy
1414:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 89â108.
1230:. University of California Press.
557:the general settlement of the war
188:overran Siena in 1555 during the
5817:Criollos in the colonial society
5745:Spanish missions in the Americas
4867:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
3325:Haciendas in the Valley of Ameca
1460:List of historic states of Italy
1392:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 68â82.
5844:Great PotosĂ Mint Fraud of 1649
3728:
3217:Mendicant monasteries in Mexico
2593:Provisional Government of Milan
1172:. Vol. 1. pp. 171â88.
1127:
749:
736:
729:It finally did when Grand Duke
723:
714:
701:
360:in response to a French fleet.
302:Juan Alonso Pimentel de Herrera
4173:
3896:Captaincy General of Guatemala
3604:Franco-Spanish War (1635â1659)
1792:City of Fiume and its District
1259:Miscellanea di Storia Italiana
688:
675:
658:Estado de los Reales Presidios
640:
1:
5795:General Archive of the Indies
5056:Francisco VĂĄzquez de Coronado
4727:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
4712:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
3661:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
3614:War of the Spanish Succession
3579:Anglo-Spanish War (1585â1604)
3274:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
2227:County of Apulia and Calabria
1733:Campagna e Marittima Province
1344:Rivista di storia finanziaria
762:
733:died heirless on 9 July 1737.
535:, was published around 1760.
393:War of the Spanish Succession
5891:1557 establishments in Italy
4753:
3867:Captaincy General of Yucatan
3797:Union with Holy Roman Empire
3776:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
3691:GermanâSpanish Treaty (1899)
1419:Storrs, Christopher (2006).
504:War of the Polish Succession
399:were claimed by the Emperor
7:
4631:
4347:Administrative subdivisions
3544:War of the League of Cognac
2629:Kingdom of LombardyâVenetia
2623:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
2575:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
1753:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
1358:(1860). Inman, John (ed.).
1335:Martinelli, Simone (2006).
1290:The Italian Wars, 1494â1559
1235:Caciagli, Giuseppe (1992).
1142:. Ashgate. pp. 145â60.
559:, to cede the State of the
549:War of the Second Coalition
452:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
387:Austrian period (1708â1733)
379:outright. The Spanish king
10:
5912:
5061:Diego Velåzquez de Cuéllar
5046:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
4948:Ălvar NĂșñez Cabeza de Vaca
4110:
3846:), Western United States (
3739:
3609:Portuguese Restoration War
2569:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
2563:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
1964:Prince-Bishopric of Trento
1934:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
1919:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
1423:. Oxford University Press.
1328:10.1177/026569147600600401
1316:European History Quarterly
1305:. Leiden: Brill. pp.
1197:. W. W. Norton and Company
1189:Astarita, Tommaso (2006).
528:definitive Peace of Vienna
466:Bourbon period (1733â1801)
238:Spanish period (1557â1708)
232:
163:
5829:Slavery in Spanish Empire
5740:
5729:
5635:
5624:
5522:
5416:
5409:
5294:
5143:
5136:
5129:
5116:Pere d'AlbernĂ i Teixidor
5026:
4895:
4857:Ălvaro de BazĂĄn the Elder
4819:
4763:
4759:
4748:
4717:Barcelona Trading Company
4684:
4641:
4637:
4626:
4530:
4482:New Andalusia (1501â1513)
4452:
4394:
4356:
4352:
4341:
4292:
4251:
4215:
4211:
4200:
4179:
4116:
4057:
3989:Venezuela, part of Guyana
3968:
3891:
3842:, Central United States (
3831:
3745:
3734:
3723:
3574:BruneianâSpanish conflict
3559:Expulsion of the Moriscos
3505:
3494:
3423:
3355:
3287:
3266:
3243:Caribbean coast of Panama
3230:
3194:
3053:
3037:
3021:
2735:
2681:Free Territory of Trieste
2541:
2471:
2410:
2393:
2317:
2254:
2217:
2199:Principality of Benevento
2191:
2168:
2113:
2102:
2044:
2014:
1766:
1716:
1670:
1601:
1588:
1551:
1466:
1270:Dhondt, Frederik (2015).
849:Tratado de Londres (1557)
538:On 21 March 1801, by the
482:(26 September), in which
291:In the 16th century, the
16:Former territory in Italy
5896:Spanish Empire in Europe
5770:Quito painting tradition
5760:Cusco painting tradition
5121:GarcĂa LĂłpez de CĂĄrdenas
5111:JerĂłnimo Luis de Cabrera
5018:Felipe GonzĂĄlez de Ahedo
4938:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
3515:Conquest of the Americas
3441:Spanish Colonial Revival
3195:Churches and monasteries
3029:List of Spanish missions
2736:Notable historic centers
2587:Italian United Provinces
1939:Principality of Piombino
1728:Patrimony of Saint Peter
1279:Hanlon, Gregory (2002).
882:, p. 105 and n. 14.
633:
136:kings of Naples. By the
5555:Comuneros (New Granada)
5332:Balearic Islands (1558)
5051:HernĂĄn PĂ©rez de Quesada
4978:Ruy LĂłpez de Villalobos
4933:Miguel LĂłpez de Legazpi
4847:GarcĂa de Toledo Osorio
3711:Western Sahara conflict
3701:Independence of Morocco
3641:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
3584:Piracy in the Caribbean
3569:French Wars of Religion
2953:Santa Cruz de la Sierra
2675:Italian Social Republic
2350:Principality of Taranto
2242:Principality of Taranto
2204:Principality of Salerno
1959:Bishopric of Tarantasia
1782:Bishopric of Bressanone
1699:Duchy of the Pentapolis
1364:. New York: Henry Bill.
837:Mallett & Shaw 2012
579:Government and military
329:Ferdinand II of Tuscany
306:territorial sovereignty
176:(nominally part of the
5800:Colonial Spanish Horse
5474:Colonia del Sacramento
4697:Spanish treasure fleet
4274:Royal Decree of Graces
2581:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
2355:Terra Sancti Benedicti
2259:(from the 9th century)
1969:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1010:, p. 309, n. 272.
998:, p. 113, n. 365.
668:. Dhondt uses "Tuscan
665:
657:
648:
553:Ferdinand IV of Naples
540:Convention of Aranjuez
475:
320:
319:Siege of Porto Longone
158:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
59:
44:
32:
24:
4958:Vasco NĂșñez de Balboa
4918:Juan SebastiĂĄn Elcano
4233:Council of the Indies
3594:SpanishâMoro conflict
3564:OttomanâHabsburg wars
3524:Treaty of Tordesillas
3424:Modern Revival styles
2948:San Miguel de Allende
2599:Republic of San Marco
2381:Crown Colony of Malta
2209:Principality of Capua
1949:Marquisate of Saluzzo
1812:County of Santa Fiora
1474:Etruscan civilization
1283:. Taylor and Francis.
500:Treaty of El Escorial
473:
383:refused both offers.
365:Cosimo III of Tuscany
318:
78:on the promontory of
38:
30:
22:
5755:Mesoamerican Codices
5479:Comuneros (Paraguay)
5317:Siege of Castelnuovo
4903:Christopher Columbus
4722:Consulate of the Sea
4702:Casa de ContrataciĂłn
4293:Titles and positions
3686:SpanishâAmerican War
3676:Liberal constitution
3519:Asia and the Pacific
3288:Other building types
2395:French Revolutionary
2335:State of the Presidi
2059:Republic of Florence
2031:Domini di Terraferma
1681:Exarchate of Ravenna
1579:Western Roman Empire
1523:Nuragic civilization
1292:. Pearson Education.
1239:. Pontedera: Arnera.
1237:Lo Stato dei Presidi
1068:Berte-Langereau 1955
974:, pp. 3 and 68.
894:, p. 85 n. 290.
649:Stato degli Presidii
363:In 1678, Grand Duke
254:(1568â1648) and the
202:Lordship of Piombino
121:administered by the
98:and the fortress of
5484:Cartagena de Indias
5106:Diego de Mazariegos
5076:Pere Fages i Beleta
4943:SebastiĂĄn de Ocampo
4424:Provincias Internas
4396:Captaincies General
4310:Municipal president
4279:School of Salamanca
4050:Spanish East Indies
4029:Misiones Orientales
3901:Spanish West Indies
3865:, Central America (
3812:Pyrénées-Orientales
3765:Union with Portugal
3656:Napoleonic invasion
3636:War of Jenkins' Ear
3446:Territorial Revival
2773:Cartagena de Indias
2669:Free State of Fiume
2617:Kingdom of Sardinia
2360:Neapolitan Republic
2308:Kingdom of Sardinia
2303:Republic of Sassari
2131:Catepanate of Italy
2054:Republic of Cospaia
1877:Duchy of Montferrat
1872:March of Montferrat
1807:County of Guastalla
1707:Exarchate of Africa
947:, pp. 100â102.
612:scrivano di razione
555:agreed, as part of
375:offered to buy the
347:(1672â78) and the
270:Spanish Netherlands
186:Cosimo I de' Medici
76:Porto Santo Stefano
70:âthe five towns of
5886:History of Tuscany
5780:Academia AntĂĄrtica
5735:Other civil topics
5101:PĂĄnfilo de NarvĂĄez
5003:SebastiĂĄn VizcaĂno
4968:Andrés de Urdaneta
4928:Juan Ponce de LeĂłn
4913:Ferdinand Magellan
4887:Bernardo de GĂĄlvez
4786:Indian auxiliaries
4284:Trial of residence
4264:Laws of the Indies
4048:Asia and Oceania (
3909:Dominican Republic
3356:Architecture types
3091:Dominican Republic
3038:Lists of buildings
2499:Lucca and Piombino
2376:Malta Protectorate
2340:Duke of San Donato
2094:Republic of Ancona
2016:Republic of Venice
1929:Duchy of Mirandola
1817:Duchy of Guastalla
1655:Duchy of Tridentum
1635:Duchy of Benevento
1602:Barbarian kingdoms
1070:, pp. 375â77.
1058:, pp. 154â55.
805:, pp. 421â22.
565:attempted to seize
544:Kingdom of Etruria
476:
425:Quadruple Alliance
321:
265:Cammino di Fiandra
256:Franco-Spanish War
154:Congress of Vienna
150:Kingdom of Etruria
138:Treaty of Florence
130:Austrian Habsburgs
45:
33:
25:
5871:Kingdom of Naples
5856:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5725:
5724:
5630:Spanish conquests
5620:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5405:
5404:
5086:Pedro de Alvarado
5071:Gaspar de PortolĂ
5066:Pedro de Valdivia
5041:Francisco Pizarro
4993:NicolĂĄs de Ovando
4988:Alonso de Ercilla
4963:Alonso de Salazar
4796:Ships of the line
4744:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4168:
4167:
4125:Northern Africa (
4121:Equatorial Guinea
4105:
4104:
4042:
4041:
3957:
3956:
3880:
3879:
3871:Spanish Caribbean
3844:Spanish Louisiana
3820:
3819:
3755:Crown of Castille
3719:
3718:
3696:Spanish Civil War
3671:AdamsâOnĂs Treaty
3651:Nootka Convention
3599:Thirty Years' War
3589:Eighty Years' War
3510:Catholic Monarchs
3500:Timelineâimmersed
3454:
3453:
3395:Monterey Colonial
3305:Balconies of Lima
3267:Bridges and roads
2963:Santiago de Chile
2748:Antigua Guatemala
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2537:
2536:
2504:Massa and Carrara
2389:
2388:
2366:Hospitaller Malta
2325:Kingdom of Naples
2319:Kingdom of Sicily
2250:
2249:
2160:Duchy of Sorrento
2079:Republic of Genoa
2074:Republic of Siena
2069:Republic of Massa
2064:Republic of Lucca
1797:County of Gorizia
1787:Corsican Republic
1768:Holy Roman Empire
1380:978-0-313-27884-6
1178:Armstrong, Edward
666:Ătat des PrĂ©sides
602:was the auditor (
413:Philip V of Spain
409:Elisabeth Farnese
405:Treaty of Rastatt
373:Republic of Genoa
252:Eighty Years' War
206:Iacopo VI Appiani
182:Duchy of Florence
178:Holy Roman Empire
174:Republic of Siena
126:viceroy of Naples
115:Kingdom of Naples
102:on the island of
68:Republic of Siena
60:Stato dei Presidi
5903:
5731:
5730:
5697:Chibchan Nations
5626:
5625:
5595:Santiago de Cuba
5454:Guadalupe Island
5414:
5413:
5141:
5140:
5134:
5133:
5096:Diego de Almagro
4973:Antonio de Ulloa
4877:Ambrosio Spinola
4872:Pedro de Zubiaur
4842:Alfonso d'Avalos
4832:Antonio de Leyva
4776:Army of Flanders
4761:
4760:
4750:
4749:
4639:
4638:
4628:
4627:
4354:
4353:
4343:
4342:
4213:
4212:
4202:
4201:
4170:
4169:
4143:Peñón of Algiers
4107:
4106:
4044:
4043:
3959:
3958:
3882:
3881:
3864:
3822:
3821:
3736:
3735:
3725:
3724:
3646:Seven Years' War
3619:Queen Anne's War
3496:
3495:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3458:
3457:
3022:Spanish missions
2968:Santiago de Cuba
2721:
2714:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2655:Kingdom of Italy
2642:
2641:
2408:
2407:
2237:County of Sicily
2232:County of Aversa
2155:Byzantine Sicily
2141:Theme of Lucania
2111:
2110:
2089:Republic of Pisa
2084:Republic of Noli
1954:Duchy of Spoleto
1924:Duchy of Merania
1822:Kingdom of Italy
1748:Duchy of Ferrara
1693:Duchy of Perugia
1672:Byzantine Empire
1650:Duchy of Spoleto
1617:Ostrogothic rule
1599:
1598:
1467:Pre-Roman period
1453:
1446:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1393:
1384:
1365:
1351:
1341:
1331:
1310:
1304:
1293:
1284:
1275:
1274:. Leiden: Brill.
1266:
1253:
1240:
1231:
1224:Braudel, Fernand
1219:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1196:
1185:
1173:
1156:
1143:
1122:
1116:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
948:
942:
936:
930:
924:
918:
912:
906:
895:
889:
883:
877:
868:
862:
851:
846:
840:
834:
823:
817:
806:
800:
781:
775:
756:
753:
747:
740:
734:
727:
721:
718:
712:
705:
699:
692:
686:
679:
673:
651:
644:
624:mastro portolano
569:Treaty of Amiens
512:Duke of Noailles
508:Duke of Montemar
448:Treaty of Vienna
190:last Italian War
123:Spanish Habsburg
80:Monte Argentario
5911:
5910:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5900:
5861:
5860:
5857:
5848:
5824:Old inquisition
5736:
5721:
5631:
5604:
5560:Trinidad (1797)
5530:La Noche Triste
5518:
5514:San Juan (1797)
5464:San Juan (1595)
5401:
5290:
5130:Notable battles
5125:
5091:MartĂn de UrsĂșa
5022:
4953:Alonso de Ojeda
4923:Juan de la Cosa
4908:PinzĂłn brothers
4891:
4862:John of Austria
4837:MartĂn de Goiti
4815:
4755:
4736:
4680:
4633:
4614:
4526:
4522:Terra Australis
4517:RĂo de la Plata
4462:Castilla de Oro
4448:
4390:
4386:RĂo de la Plata
4348:
4329:
4288:
4247:
4243:Santa Hermandad
4207:
4188:
4184:Terra Australis
4175:
4164:
4131:Spanish Morocco
4112:
4101:
4092:Northern Taiwan
4053:
4038:
4009:RĂo de la Plata
3964:
3953:
3887:
3886:Central America
3876:
3858:
3827:
3816:
3760:Crown of Aragon
3741:
3730:
3715:
3631:Bourbon Reforms
3501:
3490:
3485:
3455:
3450:
3436:Mission Revival
3419:
3373:Churrigueresque
3351:
3283:
3262:
3248:Coasts of Chile
3226:
3190:
3049:
3033:
3017:
2943:San Luis PotosĂ
2913:Saint Augustine
2731:
2725:
2695:
2686:
2640:
2543:
2542:Post-Napoleonic
2533:
2467:
2403:
2397:
2385:
2327:
2323:
2322:(1130â1816) and
2321:
2313:
2258:
2246:
2213:
2187:
2178:Emirate of Bari
2164:
2151:Theme of Sicily
2146:Duchy of Naples
2121:Duchy of Amalfi
2106:
2098:
2046:
2045:Other Republics
2040:
2018:
2010:
2004:County of Tenda
1984:County of Savoy
1944:Duchy of Reggio
1914:Duchy of Mantua
1842:March of Friuli
1774:
1772:
1770:
1762:
1758:Duchy of Urbino
1743:Duchy of Castro
1720:
1712:
1666:
1660:Duchy of Tuscia
1640:Duchy of Friuli
1603:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1584:
1563:(753 BCâ509 BC)
1547:
1462:
1457:
1427:
1381:
1356:Maunder, Samuel
1339:
1200:
1198:
1136:Abulafia, David
1130:
1125:
1119:Martinelli 2006
1117:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1002:
994:
990:
982:
978:
970:
966:
958:
951:
943:
939:
931:
927:
919:
915:
907:
898:
890:
886:
878:
871:
863:
854:
847:
843:
835:
826:
818:
809:
801:
784:
776:
769:
765:
760:
759:
754:
750:
744:Antonio Farnese
741:
737:
728:
724:
719:
715:
706:
702:
693:
689:
680:
676:
645:
641:
636:
614:) and a payer (
581:
480:Treaty of Turin
468:
433:House of Medici
389:
349:Nine Years' War
333:a naval victory
258:(1635â59), the
242:Control of the
240:
235:
166:
146:French Republic
17:
12:
11:
5:
5909:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5854:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5820:
5819:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5727:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5640:Canary Islands
5636:
5633:
5632:
5622:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5526:
5524:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5494:TĂșpac Amaru II
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5439:BogotĂĄ savanna
5436:
5431:
5426:
5420:
5418:
5411:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5347:Spanish Armada
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5298:
5296:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5241:White Mountain
5238:
5236:Cape Celidonia
5233:
5231:English Armada
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5147:
5145:
5138:
5131:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5032:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5008:Juan FernĂĄndez
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4983:Diego Columbus
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4811:Army of Africa
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4791:Spanish Armada
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4767:
4765:
4757:
4756:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4692:Manila galleon
4688:
4686:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4647:
4645:
4635:
4634:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4536:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4458:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4400:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4362:
4360:
4350:
4349:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4219:
4217:
4209:
4208:
4206:Administration
4198:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4127:Western Sahara
4123:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4025:Banda Oriental
4006:
3992:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3840:Coastal Alaska
3832:
3829:
3828:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3732:
3731:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3492:
3491:
3488:Spanish Empire
3484:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3461:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3231:Fortifications
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3150:United States
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2724:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2701:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2661:Italian Empire
2651:
2649:
2639:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2605:Roman Republic
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2557:Duchy of Lucca
2554:
2551:Duchy of Genoa
2547:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2405:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2262:
2260:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2126:Duchy of Gaeta
2123:
2117:
2115:
2108:
2104:Southern Italy
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2047:(c.â1000â1797)
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1999:County of Nice
1996:
1994:Duchy of Aosta
1991:
1986:
1981:
1974:Savoyard state
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1909:Duchy of Milan
1906:
1904:Duchy of Ivrea
1901:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1677:
1675:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1645:Duchy of Ivrea
1642:
1637:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1611:Odoacer's rule
1607:
1605:
1596:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1576:
1575:(27 BCâ395 AD)
1570:
1569:(509 BCâ27 BC)
1567:Roman Republic
1564:
1557:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1506:Cisalpine Gaul
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1433:
1426:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1405:(164): 503â18.
1394:
1385:
1379:
1366:
1352:
1332:
1311:
1294:
1285:
1276:
1267:
1254:
1241:
1232:
1220:
1218:(60): 353â460.
1207:
1186:
1174:
1157:
1144:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1108:
1096:
1094:, p. 416.
1084:
1082:, p. 240.
1072:
1060:
1048:
1046:, p. 548.
1036:
1034:, p. 546.
1024:
1022:, p. 152.
1020:Armstrong 1909
1012:
1000:
988:
986:, p. 129.
976:
964:
962:, p. 213.
949:
937:
935:, p. 360.
925:
923:, p. 133.
913:
911:, p. 126.
896:
884:
869:
867:, p. 172.
865:Angiolini 2006
852:
841:
839:, p. 280.
824:
822:, p. 171.
820:Angiolini 2006
807:
782:
766:
764:
761:
758:
757:
748:
735:
722:
713:
700:
687:
674:
638:
637:
635:
632:
580:
577:
518:conquered the
467:
464:
388:
385:
239:
236:
234:
231:
165:
162:
119:Crown of Spain
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5908:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5859:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5810:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5775:Tapada limeña
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5739:
5732:
5728:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5657:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5634:
5627:
5623:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5521:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5412:
5408:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5367:Montes Claros
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5307:Vienna (1529)
5305:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5293:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5139:
5135:
5132:
5128:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5036:Hernån Cortés
5034:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5028:Conquistadors
5025:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4998:Juan de Ayala
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4852:Duke of Savoy
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4751:
4747:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4651:Dollar (Peso)
4649:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4629:
4625:
4611:
4610:Santo Domingo
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4487:New Andalusia
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4434:Santo Domingo
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4358:Viceroyalties
4355:
4351:
4344:
4340:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4199:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4171:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4108:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3963:South America
3960:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3883:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3848:Spanish Texas
3845:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3826:North America
3823:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3807:Franche-Comté
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3722:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3477:
3475:
3470:
3468:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3300:Bahay na bato
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3258:Santo Domingo
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2973:Santo Domingo
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2933:San Francisco
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2643:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2540:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2345:Duchy of Sora
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2183:Muslim Sicily
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1687:Duchy of Rome
1685:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1587:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1561:Roman Kingdom
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1533:Magna Graecia
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1166:llave y freno
1163:
1162:cadena de oro
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1105:
1104:Astarita 2006
1100:
1093:
1088:
1081:
1076:
1069:
1064:
1057:
1056:Abulafia 2010
1052:
1045:
1040:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1016:
1009:
1004:
997:
992:
985:
980:
973:
968:
961:
956:
954:
946:
945:Sabatini 2013
941:
934:
933:Corretti 2012
929:
922:
917:
910:
905:
903:
901:
893:
888:
881:
876:
874:
866:
861:
859:
857:
850:
845:
838:
833:
831:
829:
821:
816:
814:
812:
804:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
780:, p. 69.
779:
778:Paoletti 2012
774:
772:
767:
752:
745:
739:
732:
726:
717:
710:
704:
698:
691:
684:
678:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
650:
643:
639:
631:
629:
625:
621:
620:harbourmaster
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
594:
590:
586:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
541:
536:
534:
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:Duke of Savoy
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
474:Map from 1743
472:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
417:Great Britain
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
359:
354:
350:
346:
341:
339:
334:
330:
326:
317:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
266:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
230:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
105:
101:
100:Porto Longone
97:
93:
89:
85:
82:, as well as
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:
49:State of the
42:
37:
29:
21:
5858:
5750:Architecture
5645:The Americas
5509:Newfoundland
5499:TĂșpac Katari
5489:Cuerno Verde
5424:Tenochtitlan
5256:Valenciennes
5013:Luis Fajardo
4882:Blas de Lezo
4827:Duke of Alba
4707:Spanish Road
4545:Buenos Aires
4454:Governorates
4223:Ayuntamiento
4216:Organization
3681:Carlist Wars
3529:Italian Wars
3400:Neoclassical
3222:Popocatépetl
2928:San Fernando
2657:(1861â1946)
2635:Papal States
2463:Transpadania
2334:
2036:Stato da MĂ r
1718:Papal States
1629:Lombard rule
1593:Early Modern
1581:(395â476 AD)
1573:Roman Empire
1553:Ancient Rome
1420:
1411:
1402:
1398:
1389:
1370:
1360:
1347:
1343:
1319:
1315:
1300:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1261:. Series 3.
1258:
1249:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1215:
1211:
1199:. Retrieved
1192:
1181:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1152:
1148:
1139:
1128:Bibliography
1099:
1087:
1080:Maunder 1860
1075:
1063:
1051:
1039:
1027:
1015:
1003:
991:
979:
967:
940:
928:
916:
892:Braudel 1995
887:
880:Braudel 1995
844:
803:Menning 1995
751:
738:
731:Gian Gastone
725:
716:
709:transhumance
703:
695:
690:
682:
677:
669:
642:
627:
623:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
597:
592:
588:
584:
582:
572:
560:
537:
532:
523:
519:
491:
477:
459:
455:
443:
441:
436:
396:
390:
376:
368:
362:
357:
352:
342:
322:
309:
292:
290:
285:
277:
273:
263:
259:
243:
241:
221:
210:Portoferraio
169:
167:
141:
110:
108:
72:Porto Ercole
50:
48:
46:
41:Porto Ercole
5717:Philippines
5682:El Salvador
5302:Capo d'Orso
5186:St. Quentin
5161:Rome (1527)
4820:Strategists
4570:Guadalajara
4497:New Navarre
4492:New Castile
4477:La Luisiana
4429:Puerto Rico
4419:Philippines
4376:New Granada
4066:Philippines
4027:(Uruguay),
4023:(Bolivia),
3973:New Granada
3913:Puerto Rico
3859: [
3729:Territories
3549:Encomiendas
3415:Territorial
3405:Renaissance
3253:Philippines
3146:Puerto Rico
3141:Philippines
2918:San Antonio
2893:PanamĂĄ City
2878:New Orleans
2863:Mexico City
2838:Los Ăngeles
2753:Albuquerque
2683:(1947â1954)
2677:(1943â1945)
2671:(1920â1924)
2663:(1882â1960)
2647:unification
2637:(1814â1870)
2631:(1815â1866)
2625:(1816â1861)
2619:(1814â1860)
2613:(1859â1860)
2607:(1849â1850)
2601:(1848â1849)
2583:(1815â1859)
2577:(1814â1859)
2571:(1814â1859)
2565:(1814â1829)
2559:(1815â1847)
2553:(1815â1848)
2443:Parthenopea
2404:(1792â1815)
2362:(1647â1648)
2328:(1282â1816)
2310:(1324â1861)
2271:Agugliastra
2136:Longobardia
1773:independent
1623:Vandal rule
1092:Marino 2007
1044:Dhondt 2015
1032:Dhondt 2015
1008:Dhondt 2015
996:Dhondt 2015
984:Storrs 2006
972:Storrs 2006
960:Storrs 2006
921:Hanlon 2002
909:Hanlon 2002
628:arrendatore
593:governatori
423:signed the
421:Netherlands
411:, queen of
391:During the
345:Messina War
5865:Categories
5387:Somosierra
5377:Manila Bay
5251:Nördlingen
5191:Gravelines
4671:Columnario
4643:Currencies
4560:ConcepciĂłn
4532:Audiencias
4507:New Toledo
4472:La Florida
4305:Corregidor
4269:Papal bull
4174:Antarctica
4082:Micronesia
3539:Golden Age
3378:Earthquake
3159:California
3081:Costa Rica
3054:Cathedrals
2888:Old PanamĂĄ
2813:Guanajuato
2798:Cuernavaca
2783:Cienfuegos
2514:Pontecorvo
2472:Monarchies
2458:Subalpinia
2423:Cispadania
2418:Cisalpinia
2400:Napoleonic
2107:(774â1139)
2019:(697â1797)
1721:(754â1870)
1683:(584â751)
1631:(568â774)
1322:: 407â25.
1265:: 191â256.
1155:: 297â358.
763:References
697:Stefani...
694:In Latin,
681:In Latin,
401:Charles VI
381:Charles II
298:Philip III
296:1603 King
5692:Nicaragua
5670:Guatemala
5580:Pichincha
5565:Chacabuco
5504:Pensacola
5449:Mataquito
5429:Cajamarca
5410:New World
5382:Trafalgar
5286:Alhucemas
5166:Landriano
5151:Comuneros
5137:Old World
5081:Joan OrpĂ
4801:Royalists
4575:Guatemala
4502:New Spain
4439:Venezuela
4414:Guatemala
4371:New Spain
4366:Columbian
4259:Exequatur
4159:Cape Juby
4013:Argentina
3836:New Spain
3770:Gibraltar
3534:Habsburgs
3295:AlhĂłndiga
3186:Venezuela
3169:Louisiana
3121:Nicaragua
3106:Guatemala
3061:Argentina
3013:Zamboanga
3008:Zacatecas
2923:San Diego
2489:Guastalla
2479:Benevento
2411:Republics
2266:Judicates
2114:Byzantine
1771:and other
1709:(585â698)
1701:(554â752)
1695:(554â752)
1689:(533â751)
1674:(584â751)
1625:(435â534)
1619:(493â553)
1613:(476â493)
1604:(476â774)
1538:Iapygians
1350:: 89â108.
1252:: 347â70.
1226:(1995) .
282:Francesco
198:Philip II
194:Charles V
96:Giannutri
92:Ansedonia
84:Orbetello
5702:Colombia
5687:Honduras
5600:Asomante
5585:Ayacucho
5575:Carabobo
5550:Curalaba
5327:Ceresole
5221:Gembloux
5181:MĂŒhlberg
4896:Mariners
4754:Military
4676:Doubloon
4661:MaravedĂ
4605:Santiago
4512:Paraguay
4238:Germania
4078:Caroline
4033:Malvinas
4017:Paraguay
3977:Colombia
3919:Trinidad
3786:Sardinia
3626:Bourbons
3390:Chilotan
3320:Hacienda
3310:Bullring
3238:Presidio
3131:Paraguay
3111:Honduras
3076:Colombia
2998:Veracruz
2993:Trujillo
2958:Santa Fe
2938:San Juan
2768:Campeche
2758:Arequipa
2730:articles
2448:Piedmont
2298:Oristano
2291:Logudoro
2281:Cagliari
2256:Sardinia
1989:Piedmont
1738:Holy See
1589:Medieval
1543:Picentes
1486:Samnites
1399:Hispania
1212:Hispania
670:presidia
616:pagatore
608:veditore
604:auditore
514:and the
488:Sardinia
419:and the
218:Scarlino
214:Piombino
88:Talamone
5834:Asiento
5805:Mustang
5665:YucatĂĄn
5660:Chiapas
5540:Tucapel
5372:Passaro
5322:Algiers
5312:Preveza
5281:Tetouan
5276:Vitoria
5266:Bitonto
5206:Antwerp
5201:Lepanto
5156:Bicocca
4632:Economy
4555:Charcas
4550:Caracas
4444:YucatĂĄn
4315:Regidor
4300:Alcalde
4228:Cabildo
4135:Tripoli
4074:Mariana
4021:Charcas
3997:(Peru,
3981:Ecuador
3944:Bonaire
3939:Curazao
3924:Jamaica
3852:Florida
3383:Mexican
3363:Baroque
3332:Cabildo
3315:Convent
3279:Tayabas
3181:Uruguay
3164:Florida
3154:Arizona
3096:Ecuador
3066:Bolivia
2988:Tayabas
2898:PopayĂĄn
2873:Morelia
2853:Malolos
2808:Granada
2529:Corsica
2519:Tuscany
2484:Etruria
2433:Liguria
2286:Gallura
2276:Arborea
2192:Lombard
1892:Tuscany
1882:Trieste
1518:Ligures
1479:Etruria
654:Spanish
652:, from
600:Presidi
589:Presidi
585:Presidi
573:Presidi
561:Presidi
551:, King
524:Presidi
520:Presidi
492:Presidi
460:Presidi
456:Presidi
444:Presidi
437:Presidi
397:Presidi
377:Presidi
369:Presidi
358:Presidi
353:Presidi
325:Mazarin
310:Presidi
293:Presidi
286:Presidi
278:Presidi
274:Presidi
260:Presidi
244:Presidi
233:History
226:in fief
222:contado
184:. Duke
170:Presidi
164:Origins
144:to the
142:Presidi
134:Bourbon
111:Presidi
56:Italian
51:Presidi
5812:Castas
5570:BoyacĂĄ
5545:Guiana
5535:Iguape
5459:Recife
5397:Mactan
5392:Annual
5357:Rocroi
5352:Leiden
5337:Djerba
5271:Bailén
5226:Ostend
5211:Azores
4806:LegiĂłn
4771:Tercio
4764:Armies
4666:Escudo
4595:PanamĂĄ
4590:Mexico
4585:Manila
4540:BogotĂĄ
4325:Vecino
4320:Syndic
4151:BĂ©jaĂŻa
4111:Africa
4097:Tidore
3985:Panama
3949:Belize
3856:Mexico
3782:Sicily
3778:Naples
3740:Europe
3410:Rococo
3368:Andean
3212:Chiloé
3126:Panama
3116:Mexico
3045:Oldest
2903:Puebla
2883:Oaxaca
2868:Mompox
2858:Manila
2848:Malabo
2828:La Paz
2823:IloĂlo
2818:Havana
2793:Cuenca
2763:BogotĂĄ
2595:(1848)
2589:(1831)
2544:states
2509:Naples
2219:Norman
2026:Dogado
1897:Verona
1862:Mantua
1857:Istria
1837:Finale
1827:Ancona
1775:states
1595:states
1513:Veneti
1491:Latins
1377:
1201:25 May
662:French
510:, the
496:Sicily
484:France
429:Carlos
395:, the
338:Fronde
64:Tuscan
5707:Chile
5675:Petén
5650:Aztec
5469:Bahia
5444:Penco
5434:Cusco
5362:Downs
5342:Tunis
5261:Ceuta
5246:Breda
5196:Malta
5176:Tunis
5171:Pavia
4685:Trade
4600:Quito
4565:Cusco
4404:Chile
4139:Tunis
4086:Palau
4003:Chile
3934:Aruba
3929:Haiti
3863:]
3792:Milan
3750:Spain
3347:Plaza
3207:Bohol
3174:Texas
3071:Chile
3003:Vigan
2978:Sucre
2908:Quito
2803:Cusco
2743:Agaña
2645:Post-
2494:Italy
2438:Lucca
2428:Italy
1979:Savoy
1887:Turin
1867:Milan
1852:Ivrea
1528:Umbri
1501:Celts
1340:(PDF)
660:. In
634:Notes
618:). A
248:Genoa
5712:Inca
5655:Maya
5590:Guam
5523:Lost
5295:Lost
5216:Mons
4656:Real
4580:Lima
4467:Cuba
4409:Cuba
4381:PerĂș
4157:and
4155:Ifni
4147:Oran
4070:Guam
3999:Acre
3995:Peru
3905:Cuba
3784:and
3136:Peru
3101:Guam
3086:Cuba
2983:Taal
2843:Lima
2833:LeĂłn
2788:Coro
2778:CebĂș
2524:Elba
2453:Rome
2402:eras
2398:and
2371:Gozo
2170:Arab
2153:and
1832:Ceva
1496:Osci
1375:ISBN
1309:â32.
1203:2019
707:See
486:and
216:and
168:The
109:The
104:Elba
90:and
74:and
47:The
5417:Won
5144:Won
4252:Law
4149:,
3869:),
3850:),
1591:and
1324:doi
1307:405
1153:173
646:Or
630:).
5867::
4153:,
4145:,
4141:,
4137:,
4133:,
4129:,
4084:,
4080:,
4076:,
4072:,
4068:,
4031:,
4019:,
4015:,
4001:,
3987:,
3983:,
3979:,
3911:,
3907:,
3861:es
3854:,
3780:,
3517:,
1403:46
1401:.
1348:17
1346:.
1342:.
1318:.
1248:.
1216:15
1214:.
1164:e
1151:.
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952:^
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872:^
855:^
827:^
810:^
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664::
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312:.
160:.
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1320:6
1263:4
1250:5
1205:.
1121:.
1106:.
711:.
685:.
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