267:. In the writings of Hudson's Bay Company factors William F. Tolmie and John McLaughlin, as well as in the writers of the fort's staff, the Steilacoom are mentioned heavily. Later, in 1850, Port Steilacoom was built at their main settlement, and a year later, Steilacoom City was built just upriver. Prior to European contact, the Steilacoom were believed to number around 500. However, their population was decimated by colonization and several vicious smallpox epidemics, together claiming up to two-thirds of their total population. By 1853, their population was reported by Fort Steilacoom officers to be at 175, and by 1854, it had decreased to just 25 individuals.
941:
333:
the husband's village, and people tended to marry outside of their village. During the winter, the village was the focus of all economic and social activity. However, during the summer, people left their village and traveled to other villages in which they had relatives or friends to pursue summer hunting, fishing, and gathering activities.
332:
For the
Steilacoom, the highest level of governance was the village. Villages were autonomous, and although they were linked via alliance and shared customs, language, culture, and history, they were truly autonomous and one had no formalized authority over another. Married women generally settled in
231:
Historically, the
Steilacoom were not a unified people. There were five original bands which today make up the Steilacoom. These bands include the Steilacoom, the Sastuck, the Spanaway, the Tlithlow, and the Sequalitchew. The Steilacoom proper originally controlled just Steilacoom Creek. The Sastuck
336:
The
Steilacoom were primarily reliant on fishing for their food. Although they neighbored peoples who were more reliant on hunting, due to their locality on the coast and small creeks, they did not rely as much on hunting and adopted the horse later than their neighbors like the Nisqually. When the
392:
The organization is run by a nine-member council, led by a chairperson. From 1975 until her death, Joan Ortez served as chairperson following the resignation of Lewis Layton. As of 1986 the group claimed about 615 members. As of 2003 there were 665 members, and as of 2008 there were 800 members.
228:, to whom they are closely related culturally and linguistically. Various writers have classified the Steilacoom as a part of the Puyallup and Nisqually, however this stems primarily from the terms being used as a stand-in for all the related peoples of the southern Puget Sound area.
217:). The islands of Anderson, McNeil, and Fox were also used by the Steilacoom. These islands, as well as the Nisqually River's delta, were not owned by one people, and instead were shared equally between the groups of the vicinity, including the Steilacoom.
324:. The leader of the Steilacoom at this time was John Steilacoom, who died shortly later in 1906. His older cousin Joseph McKay became leader following his death, and would later move to the Puyallup Reservation.
188:
By 1855, the
Steilacoom controlled a large portion (approximately 10,000 acres) of the Tacoma Basin and the nearby coastline, with their core land base being the area surrounding Steilacoom Creek and what is now
274:, under which they ceded their land to the United States in return for a reservation. They did not receive a reservation inside their territory; they were instead instructed to remove to the nearby
792:
766:
378:
389:. The organization has attempted to seek recognition and/or compensation from the federal government since 1929. Most recently, they were denied federal recognition in 2008.
255:
The
Steilacoom were one of the first peoples affected by colonization in western Washington, as the first trading post, army post, church, and town located north of the
1029:
1248:
1253:
180:
In
English, the Steilacoom have also been called Stailakoom, Chillacum, Scht'ilaqwam, Steilacoomamish, Steilaquamish, Steilakumamish, and Stelakubalish.
800:
232:
were on Clover Creek, the
Spanaway were on Lake Spanaway, the Tlithlow were on Murray Creek, and the Sequalitchew were located on Sequalitchew Creek.
865:
738:"Summary under the Criteria and Evidence for the Final Determination against Federal Acknowledgment of the Steilacoom Tribe of Indians"
1243:
286:
reservations. Following this, many of the remaining
Steilacoom families settled on the nearby reservations. Others moved to the
451:
987:
397:
138:
105:
737:
717:
496:
1135:
582:
538:
858:
337:
Steilacoom did go hunting, they generally traveled to general hunting grounds not owned exclusively by themselves.
1191:
291:
767:"Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs"
1130:
443:
244:
381:
based in
Steilacoom Washington which claims descent from the historic Steilacoom people. They are neither a
574:
851:
649:
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194:
1125:
965:
382:
283:
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1120:
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955:
271:
1150:
16:
This article is about the ethnic group. For the unrecognized cultural heritage organization, see
386:
302:
190:
177:, the name of the main Steilacoom village in historic times. The name means "near the water."
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707:
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356:
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130:
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8:
907:
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in 2019, under which they operate facilities like a museum, cafe, and business office.
880:
313:
206:
162:
150:
54:
312:
By 1900, just four pockets of the
Steilacoom remained off-reservation, at Steilacoom,
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113:
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317:
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1004:
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264:
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1232:
573:. Civilization of the American Indian. Vol. 173 (3rd ed.). Norman:
488:
247:
archaeologist Herbert C. Taylor Jr. as being a Steilacoom summer encampment.
58:
461:
1009:
306:
142:
91:
301:, the Steilacoom were forcibly removed from their territory and placed on
1155:
960:
890:
874:
352:
346:
146:
70:
1100:
480:
435:
1080:
709:
Atlas of the Indian Tribes of North America and the Clash of Cultures
940:
1019:
485:
sdaʔdaʔ gʷəɬ dibəɬ ləšucid ʔacaciɬtalbixʷ - Puget Sound Geography
975:
873:
263:
was constructed on their land, located about 6 miles north of
161:
The name Steilacoom is an anglicization of their Lushootseed
23:
Historical Native American tribe in Washington, United States
567:
Ruby, Robert H.; Brown, John A.; Collins, Cary C. (2010).
355:(also called Puget Sound Salish), of which they spoke the
531:
Native America in the Twentieth Century: An Encyclopedia
773:. Federal Register. January 21, 2022. pp. 7554–58
731:
729:
687:
165:. In their native Lushootseed language, their name is
570:
A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest
665:
663:
661:
659:
626:
624:
611:
609:
596:
594:
726:
645:
Indian Claims Commission Decisions, Vol. 11, Part A
193:. Within their territory were two major waterways:
675:
479:
656:
621:
606:
591:
172:
166:
44:At least 3 (including those of ancestral descent)
1230:
566:
433:
524:
522:
520:
518:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
294:reservations, while some still stayed behind.
351:The traditional language of the Steilacoom is
270:In 1854, the Steilacoom were signatory to the
259:were founded inside their territory. In 1849,
1249:Native American history of Washington (state)
859:
533:. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 172.
235:An archaeological site on the north shore of
183:
1254:Native American tribes in Washington (state)
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
505:
939:
866:
852:
797:National Conference of State Legislatures
547:
427:
528:
705:
491:. Lushootseed Press. pp. 324–326.
1231:
823:"Steilacoom Tribal Museum Association"
735:
327:
847:
636:
529:Thompson, Nile (2014). "Steilacoom".
483:; Miller, Jay; Zahir, Zalmai (2001).
475:
473:
471:
398:Steilacoom Tribal Museum Association
49:Regions with significant populations
693:
681:
669:
642:
630:
615:
600:
362:
145:people, indigenous to the southern
13:
736:Artman, Carl J. (March 12, 2008).
468:
14:
1265:
1136:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
1192:Port Madison Indian Reservation
815:
785:
759:
747:. US Department of the Interior
699:
1244:Extinct Native American tribes
1131:Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians
444:University of Washington Press
1:
420:
245:Western Washington University
42:Extinct as a sovereign entity
1187:Swinomish Indian Reservation
1141:Tulalip Tribes of Washington
575:University of Oklahoma Press
106:Lushootseed-speaking peoples
7:
1114:Federally recognized tribes
650:Native American Rights Fund
487:. Original Manuscript from
403:
340:
297:From 1855-1856, during the
171:. The name is derived from
90:Traditional folk religion;
10:
1270:
1126:Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe
712:. iUniverse. p. 365.
706:Santoro, Nicholas (2009).
383:federally recognized tribe
366:
344:
250:
184:Territory and subdivisions
15:
1205:
1179:
1161:Puyallup Tribe of Indians
1121:Upper Skagit Indian Tribe
1113:
1048:
997:
986:
948:
937:
916:
900:
889:
793:"State Recognized Tribes"
652:. 1973. pp. 208–335.
434:Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom;
241:Pierce County, Washington
103:
98:
89:
84:
69:
64:
53:
48:
41:
36:
1156:Muckleshoot Indian Tribe
956:Salishan oral narratives
745:Bureau of Indian Affairs
272:Treaty of Medicine Creek
1151:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
214:
202:
173:
167:
156:
134:
94:, incl. syncretic forms
1166:Nisqually Indian Tribe
440:Lushootseed Dictionary
387:state-recognized tribe
191:Steilacoom, Washington
1206:Non-recognized groups
1197:Nisqually Reservation
879:-speaking peoples of
771:Indian Affairs Bureau
396:The group formed the
99:Related ethnic groups
1171:Squaxin Island Tribe
892:Lushootseed language
220:They neighbored the
139:Lushootseed-speaking
966:Transformer/Changer
908:Lushootseed grammar
803:on October 25, 2022
328:Culture and society
243:, was confirmed by
33:
696:, p. 314-315.
379:unrecognized tribe
207:Sequalitchew Creek
31:
1226:
1225:
1109:
1108:
935:
934:
453:978-0-295-97323-4
120:
119:
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1218:Steilacoom Tribe
1049:Southern peoples
998:Northern peoples
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861:
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799:. Archived from
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477:
466:
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431:
415:Nisqually people
375:Steilacoom Tribe
369:Steilacoom Tribe
363:Steilacoom Tribe
357:southern dialect
305:by J. V. Weber,
195:Steilacoom Creek
176:
170:
151:Washington state
37:Total population
34:
30:
18:Steilacoom Tribe
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1201:
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1146:Suquamish Tribe
1105:
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410:Puyallup people
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365:
349:
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299:Puget Sound War
261:Fort Steilacoom
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159:
43:
29:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1267:
1257:
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1241:
1224:
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1221:
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1215:
1213:Duwamish Tribe
1209:
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1007:
1005:Skagit peoples
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992:
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972:Spirit Powers
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719:978-1440107955
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686:
684:, p. 313.
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672:, p. 318.
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633:, p. 332.
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605:
603:, p. 315.
590:
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498:979-8750945764
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446:. p. 74.
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367:Main article:
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345:Main article:
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284:Squaxin Island
265:Fort Nisqually
257:Columbia River
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237:Chambers Creek
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59:United States
56:
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40:
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26:
19:
1239:Coast Salish
1180:Reservations
1090:
830:. Retrieved
826:
817:
805:. Retrieved
801:the original
796:
787:
775:. Retrieved
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761:
749:. Retrieved
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638:
569:
530:
484:
439:
429:
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372:
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307:Indian agent
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292:Port Madison
269:
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160:
143:Coast Salish
126:
123:
121:
92:Christianity
28:Ethnic group
25:
882:Puget Sound
876:Lushootseed
832:January 21,
807:January 21,
777:January 21,
751:January 21,
648:. Boulder:
481:Hilbert, Vi
442:. Seattle:
436:Hilbert, Vi
353:Lushootseed
347:Lushootseed
211:Lushootseed
203:sč̓itilqʷəb
199:Lushootseed
174:sč̓itilqʷəb
147:Puget Sound
131:Lushootseed
108:, esp. the
71:Lushootseed
1233:Categories
1101:Sahewamish
1091:Steilacoom
1061:Snoqualmie
421:References
303:Fox Island
215:sčəgʷaliču
168:č̓tilqʷəbš
149:region of
135:č̓tilqʷəbš
124:Steilacoom
55:Washington
32:Steilacoom
1096:Nisqually
1081:Suquamish
1076:Sammamish
1066:Shilshole
1056:Skykomish
1040:Snohomish
1025:Kikiallus
1015:Swinomish
827:GuideStar
288:Skokomish
280:Nisqually
226:Nisqually
141:Southern
114:Nisqually
65:Languages
1086:Puyallup
1071:Duwamish
961:dukʷibəɬ
927:Southern
923:Northern
917:Dialects
694:ICC 1973
682:ICC 1973
670:ICC 1973
631:ICC 1973
616:ICC 1973
601:ICC 1973
462:29877333
438:(1994).
404:See also
341:Language
276:Puyallup
222:Puyallup
116:peoples
110:Puyallup
85:Religion
75:Southern
1020:Nuwhaha
989:Peoples
949:Culture
901:Grammar
251:History
163:endonym
79:English
1010:Skagit
976:Ayahos
716:
581:
537:
495:
460:
450:
385:nor a
377:is an
320:, and
314:DuPont
282:, and
205:) and
137:) are
127:people
104:Other
741:(PDF)
1030:Sauk
834:2022
809:2022
779:2022
753:2022
714:ISBN
579:ISBN
535:ISBN
493:ISBN
458:OCLC
448:ISBN
373:The
322:Yelm
290:and
224:and
157:Name
122:The
112:and
318:Roy
239:in
153:.
77:),
1235::
825:.
795:.
769:.
743:.
728:^
658:^
623:^
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359:.
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57:,
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587:.
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209:(
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129:(
73:(
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.