769:
53:
939:
67:
972:
1121:
716:
8213:
951:
Dependent kids live with their mothers in female groups. Segregation between the sexes is a gradual process; males younger than nine years may still associate with female groups. Adult males, particularly older males, are more likely to be found alone than females. Social spacing tends to be looser in the summer, when there is more room to feed. Ibexes have stable social connections; they consistently regroup with the same individuals when ecological conditions force them together. Female groups tend to be more stable than male groups.
116:
260:
91:
1172:. These gave rise to the populations in France and Austria. Alpine ibexes also recolonised areas on their own. The Alpine ibex population reached 3,020 in 1914, 20,000 in 1991, and 55,297 in 2015, and by 1975, the species occupied much of its medieval range. In the 1890s, ibexes were introduced to Slovenia despite the lack of evidence of their presence there following the last glacial period. In 1980, ibexes were translocated to Bulgaria.
811:
8201:
1262:; the horn material was used to counter cramps, poisoning, and hysteria, while the blood was thought to prevent stones from developing in the bladder. The species' value as a source of medicine led to its near extinction. Since its recovery, the Alpine ibex has been seen as a resilient symbol of the mountain range. The species is depicted on the coat of arms of the Swiss
1132:, the Alpine ibex ranged throughout the Alpine region of Europe. Starting in the early 16th century, the overall population declined due almost entirely to hunting by humans, especially with the introduction of firearms. By the 19th century, only around 100 individuals remained in and around Gran Paradiso in north-west Italy and on the Italian-French border. In 1821, the
987:. Dominant males between nine and twelve years old follow a female and guard her from rivals while subordinate, younger males between two and six years old try to sneak past the tending male when he is distracted. If the female flees, both dominant and subordinate males will try to follow her. During courtship, the male stretches the neck, flicks the tongue,
1184:
with a stable population trend. It was given a recovery score of 79%, making it "moderately depleted". While the species would likely have gone extinct without conservation efforts in the 19th and 20th centuries, as of 2021, it has a low conservation dependence. According to the IUCN, without current
1020:
Male Alpine Ibexes live for around 16 years while females live for around 20 years. The species has a high adult survival rate compared with other herbivores around its size. In one study, all kids reached two years of age and the majority of adults lived for 13 years, although most 13-year-old males
1007:
The horns grow throughout life. Young are born without horns, which become visible as tiny tips at one month and reach 20–25 mm (0.8–1.0 in) in the second month. In males, the horns grow at about 8 cm (3.1 in) per year for the first five-and-a-half years, slowing to half that rate
1175:
Between 2015 and 2017, there were around 9,000 ibexes in 30 colonies in France, over 17,800 individuals and 30 colonies in
Switzerland, over 16,400 ibexes in 67 colonies in Italy, around 9,000 in 27 colonies in Austria, around 500 in five colonies in Germany, and almost 280 ibexes and four colonies
898:
of the Alpine Ibex can exceed 700 ha (1,700 acres) and in reintroduced populations, home ranges may approach 3,000 ha (7,400 acres). Home-range size depends on the availability of resources and the time of year. Home ranges tend to be largest during summer and autumn, smallest in winter,
950:
species but it tends to live in groups that are based on sex and age. For most of the year, adult males group separately from females, and older males live separately from young males. Female groups consist of 5–10 members and male groups usually have 2–16 members but sometimes have more than 50.
998:
The female is in oestrus for around 20 days and gestation averages around five months, and typically results in the birth of one or sometimes two kids. Females give birth away from their social groups on rocky slopes that are relatively safe from predators. After a few days, the kids can move on
801:
woodland. Outside the breeding season, the sexes live in separate habitats. Females are more likely to be found on steep slopes while males prefer more level ground. Males inhabit lowland meadows during the spring, when fresh grass appears, and climb to alpine meadows during the summer. In early
743:
under the front feet. Both male and female Alpine ibexes have large, backwards-curving horns with an elliptical cross-section and a trilateral-shaped core. Transverse ridges on the front surface of the horns mark an otherwise flat surface. At 69–98 cm (27–39 in), the horns of males are
315:
Alpine ibexes primarily feed on grass and are active throughout the year. Although they are social animals, adult males and females segregate for most of the year, coming together only to mate. During the breeding season, males use their long horns to fight for access to females. Ibexes have few
747:
The species has brownish-grey hair over most of its body but lighter in colour on the belly with dark markings on the chin and throat. The hair on the chest region is nearly black and there are stripes along the dorsal (back) surface. The Alpine ibex is duller-coloured than other members of its
958:
based on size, age, and horn length exists. Hierarchies are established outside the breeding season, allowing males to focus more on mating and less on fighting. Males use their horns for combat; they bash rivals' sides or clash head-to-head often by rearing then clashing downwards.
731:
with a body length of 149–171 cm (59–67 in) and weigh 67–117 kg (148–258 lb). Females are much smaller and have a shoulder height of 73–84 cm (29–33 in), a body length of 121–141 cm (48–56 in), and weigh 17–32 kg (37–71 lb).
814:
311:
is brownish-grey. Alpine ibexes tend to live in steep, rough terrain and open alpine meadows. They can be found at elevations as high as 3,300 m (10,800 ft) and their sharp hooves allow them to scale the steep slopes and cliffs of their mountainous habitat.
792:
The Alpine Ibex is an excellent climber; it occupies steep, rough terrain at elevations of 1,800 to 3,300 m (5,900 to 10,800 ft). It prefers to live in open areas, but when there is little snow and depending on population density, adult males may gather in
812:
327:
of fewer than 100 individuals during its near-extinction event, leading to very low genetic diversity across populations. The species has been successfully reintroduced to parts of its historical range. All individuals living today descend from the stock in
3499:
Calenge, C.; Lambert, S.; Petit, E.; Thébault, A.; Gilot-Fromont, E.; Toïgo, C.; Rossi, S. (2021). "Estimating disease prevalence and temporal dynamics using biased capture serological data in a wildlife reservoir: The example of brucellosis in Alpine ibex
1003:
groups, where young are nursed for up to five months. Nursery groups can also include non-lactating females. Alpine ibexes reach sexual maturity in 18 months but continue to grow until females are five to six and males are nine to eleven years old.
1152:
caused it to drop to around 400 by 1945. Their protection improved after the war and by 2005, there were 4,000 in the national park. In the late 20th century, the Gran
Paradiso population was used for reintroductions into other parts of Italy.
835:; its diet consists mostly of grass, which is preferred all year; during the summer, ibexes supplement their diet with herbs, while during autumn and winter they also eat dwarf shrubs and conifer shoots. The most-commonly eaten grass genera are
813:
3053:
Lanfranchi, P.; Manfredi, M. T.; Zaffaroni, E.; Fraquelli, C.; Ratti, P.; Giacometti, M. (1995). "Eine dreijährige
Untersuchung der Labmagen-Helminthenfauna beim Alpensteinbock (Capra i. ibex) der Kolonie Albris, GraubĂĽnden, Schweiz".
930:. Only females and kids, which are lighter and have shorter legs than adult males, will climb the steep dam. Kids have been observed at 49 m (161 ft), ascending in a zig-zag path while descending in straight paths.
2200:
Herfindal, I.; Anderwald, P.; Filli, F.; Andri, S. C.; Rempfler, T. (2019). "Climate, competition and weather conditions drive vertical displacement and habitat use of an alpine ungulate in a highly topographic landscape".
995:, the male rejoins his group and restarts the first phase of the rut. Environmental conditions can affect courtship in the species; for example, snow can limit the males' ability to follow females and mate with them.
2810:
ToĂŻgo, C.; Gaillard, J.-M.; Festa-Bianchett, M.; Largo, E.; Michallet, J.; Maillard, D. (2007). "Sex- and age-specific survival of the highly dimorphic Alpine ibex: evidence for a conservative life-history tactic".
784:
over 7,500 years ago due to human predation. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, the species disappeared from much of its range due to hunting, leaving by the 19th century one surviving population in and around
2744:
Michallet, J.; Loison, A.; Gaillard, J.; Gauthier, D. (1994). "Valeur de critères biométriques externes pour la détermination de l'âge du bouquetin des Alpes (Capra ibex ibex): rôle du sexe et de l'habitat".
962:
Alpine ibexes communicate mainly through short, sharp whistles that serve mostly as alarm calls and may occur singularly or in succession with short gaps. Females and their young communicate by bleating.
1156:
Starting in 1902, several Alpine ibexes from Gran
Paradiso were taken into captive facilities in Switzerland for selective breeding and reintroduction into the wild. Until 1948, translocated
1204:, which have been allowed to roam in the Alpine Ibex's habitat. The genetic bottleneck of populations may increase vulnerability to infectious diseases because their immune system has low
1983:
Klansek, E.; Vavra, I.; Onderscheka, K. (1995). "Die Ă„sungszusammensetzung des
Alpensteinwildes (Capra i. ibex L.) in Abhängigkeit von Jahreszeit, Alter und Äsungsangebot in Graubünden".
815:
918:; the presence of these species may force the ibex to occupy higher elevations. The Alpine ibex's climbing ability is such that it has been observed scaling the 57-degree slopes of the
780:
of central Europe; its range includes France, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Italy, Germany, and
Austria. Fossils of the species have been found as far south as Greece, where it became
2465:
Bergeron, P.; Grignolio, S.; Apollonio, M.; Shipley, B.; Festa-Bianchet, M. (2010). "Secondary sexual characters signal fighting ability and determine social rank in Alpine ibex (
802:
winter, both males and females move to steep, rocky slopes to avoid dense buildups of snow. Alpine ibexes prefer slopes of 30–45°, and take refuge in small caves and overhangs.
3266:
Graf von
Hardenberg, W. (2010). "Act Locally, Think Naturally: A Brief History of Access Rights and Environmental Conflicts in Fascist Italy". In Armiero, M.; Hall, M. (eds.).
3022:
Carcereri, A.; Stancampiano, L.; Marchiori, E.; Sturaro, E.; Ramanzin, M.; Cassini, R. (2021). "Factors influencing gastrointestinal parasites in a colony of Alpine ibex (
983:
takes place in two phases; in the first phase, males interact with females as a group and in the second phase, one male separates from his group to follow a female in
979:
The mating season begins in
December and typically lasts for around six weeks. During this time, male herds break up into smaller groups and search for females. The
2713:
von
Hardenberg, A.; Bassano, B.; Zumel Arranz, M. del P.; Bogliani, G. (2004). "Horn growth but not asymmetry heralds the onset of senescence in male Alpine ibex (
1082:
2594:
Rossi, I.; Grignolio, S.; Bassano, B.; Apollonius, M. (2003). "Strategie riproduttive dello
Stambecco (Capra ibex ibex) nel Parco Nazionale del Gran Paradiso".
1200:
were lost in these new populations but they had also gained mildly deleterious ones. The genetic purity of the species may be threatened by hybridisation with
739:. Compared with most other wild goats, the species has a wide, shortened snout. Adaptations for climbing include sharp, highly separated hooves and a rubbery
3180:
StĂĽwe, M.; Nievergelt, B. (1991). "Recovery of Alpine ibex from near extinction: the result of effective protection, captive breeding, and reintroductions".
2662:
Grignoli, S.; Rossi, I.; Bertolotto, E.; Bassano, B.; Apollonio, M. (2007). "Influence of the kid on space use and habitat selection of female Alpine ibex".
445:
883:. In the spring, animals of both sexes spend about the same amount of time feeding during the day, while in summer, females, particularly those that are
2617:
1741:
8393:
3089:
Cassini, R.; Párraga, M. A.; Signorini, M.; Frangipane di Regalbono, A.; Sturaro, E.; Rossi, L.; Ramanzin, M. (2015). "Lungworms in Alpine ibex (
2772:
Ratti, P.; K. H. (1977). "Untersuchungen zur Altersschätzung und Altersbestimmung beim Alpensteinbock (Capra ibex ibex) im Kanton Graubünden".
2165:
Signer, C.; Ruf, T.; Arnold, W. (2011). "Hypometabolism and basking: the strategies of Alpine ibex to endure harsh over-wintering conditions".
8484:
8432:
1610:. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Species Survival Commission. Caprinae Specialist Group. p. 12.
8566:
1917:
Grignolio, S.; Rossi, I.; Bassano, B.; Parrini, F.; Apollonio, M. (2004). "Seasonal variations of spatial behaviour in female Alpine ibex (
954:
Adult males and females gather together in December and January, the breeding season, then separate again in April and May. Among males, a
3645:
768:
3144:
2068:
Aublet, J.-F.; Festa-Bianchet, M.; Bergero, D.; Bassano, B. (2009). "Temperature constraints on foraging behavior of male Alpine ibex (
449:, whose fossils have been found in Germany. The Alpine ibex appears to have been larger during the Pleistocene than in the modern day.
789:, Italy. The species has since been reintroduced into parts of its former range, as well as new areas such as Slovenia and Bulgaria.
1448:
1021:
did not reach the age of 15. Alpine ibexes have a low rate of predation; their mountain habitat keeps them safe from predators like
8367:
3557:
2987:
Giacometti, M.; Janovsky, M.; Belloy, L.; Frey, J. (2002). "Infectious keratoconjunctivitis of ibex, chamois and other Caprinae".
8406:
1197:
1029:
may prey on young. In Gran Paradiso, causes of death are old age, lack of food, and disease. They are also killed by avalanches.
1808:
AdamiÄŤ, M.; Jerina, K. (2010). "Ungulates and their management in Slovenia". In Apollonio, M.; Andersen, R.; Putman, R. (eds.).
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52:
8450:
2854:
Girard, I.; ToĂŻgo, C.; Gaillard, J.-M.; Gauthier, D.; Martinot, J.-P. (1999). "Patron de survie chez le bouquetin des Alpes (
1633:"Ancient mitochondrial and modern whole genomes unravel massive genetic diversity loss during near extinction of Alpine ibex"
1382:
8411:
2940:
Moore-Jones, G.; DĂĽrr, S.; Willisch, C.; Ryser-Degiorgis, M.-P. (2021). "Occurrence of footrot in free-ranging alpine ibex (
8586:
2126:
Parrini, F.; Grignolio, S.; Luccarini, S.; Bassano, B.; Apollonio, M. (2003). "Spatial behaviour of adult male Alpine ibex
1212:
region of the French Alps, management actions, including a test-and-cull program to control outbreaks, effectively reduced
1216:
infection prevalence in adult females from 51% in 2013 to 21% in 2018, and active infections also significantly declined.
8591:
3130:"Patologia Cardiaca Del Camoscio (Rupicapra Rupicapra) E Dello Stambecco (Capra Ibex) Nel Parco Nazionale Gran Paradiso"
8581:
3250:
2275:
Bon, R.; Rideau, C. S.; Villaret, J.-C.; Joachim, J. (2001). "Segregation is not only a matter of sex in Alpine ibex,
1839:
1361:
Brambilla, A.; Bassano, B.; Biebach, I.; Bollmann, K.; Keller, L.; ToĂŻgo, C.; von Hardenberg, A. (2022). "Alpine Ibex
3275:
3225:
1817:
66:
8346:
1416:
1205:
8489:
3448:"Heterozygosity–fitness correlation at the major histocompatibility complex despite low variation in Alpine ibex (
8359:
1883:
ToĂŻgo, C.; Gaillard, J. M.; Michallet, J. (1997). "Adult survival pattern of the sexually dimorphic Alpine ibex (
1160:
were captive-bred. Afterwards, there were reintroductions of wild-born specimens from established populations in
250:
1631:
Robin, M.; Ferrari, G.; Akgül, G.; Münger, X.; von Seth, J.; Schuenemann, V. J.; Dalén, L.; Grossen, C. (2022).
756:
is replaced with a short, thin summer coat. Their winter coat grows back in the autumn. As in other members of
2350:
1615:
3291:
Biebach, I.; Keller, L. F. (2009). "A strong genetic footprint of the re-introduction history of Alpine ibex (
8541:
8471:
4120:
1149:
4909:
3403:
Giacometti, M.; Roganti, R.; De Tann, D.; Stahlberger-Saitbekova, N.; Obexer-Ruff, G. (2004). "Alpine ibex
2416:"Long term analysis of social structure: evidence of age-based consistent associations in male Alpine ibex"
1185:
protections, the population decline of the species would be minimal. Some countries allow limited hunting.
1141:
980:
1706:
1012:. The age of an ibex can be determined by annual growth rings in the horns, which stop growing in winter.
8445:
8294:
8289:
1443:
1411:
1145:
744:
substantially longer than those of females, which reach only 18–35 cm (7.1–13.8 in) in length.
329:
899:
and intermediate in spring. Females' home ranges are usually smaller than those of males. Ibexes do not
891:
in large adult males, reducing their feeding time, but they may avoid this problem by feeding at night.
8576:
8191:
4189:
3761:
35:
30:"Steinbock" redirects here. For the African antelope sometimes known as "steinbuck" or "steinbok", see
7166:
4111:
4102:
1076:
17:
1316:
6953:
1236:, literally "stone buck". Several European names for the animal developed from this, including the
8463:
115:
7602:
6995:
4891:
4032:
3699:"Symbolic species as a cultural ecosystem service in the European Alps: insights and open issues"
411:
may have originated in Central Asia and spread to Europe, the Caucasus, and East Africa from the
8528:
7115:
4551:
1551:
Pidancier, N.; Jordan, S.; Luikart, G.; Taberlet, P. (2006). "Evolutionary history of the genus
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8398:
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4653:
4359:
4278:
3638:
2414:
Brambilla, A.; von Hardenberg, A.; Canedoli, C.; Brivio, F.; Sueur, C.; Stanley, C. R. (2022).
1555:(Mammalia, Artiodactyla): Discordance between mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome phylogenies".
1263:
1109:
477:
476:) were considered to be subspecies of the Alpine ibex; populations in the Alps were given the
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7803:
6833:
5058:
4287:
4171:
3754:
2611:
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and can lead to death rates of up to 30%. Ibexes can host gastrointestinal parasites such as
1052:
938:
324:
230:
8515:
3217:
3129:
2244:
Biancardi, C. M.; Minetti, A. E. (2017). "Gradient limits and safety factor of Alpine ibex (
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once the animal reaches 10 years of age. The slowing of horn growth in males coincides with
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2427:
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2210:
2174:
2081:
2034:
1930:
1644:
1564:
1259:
1063:
992:
484:. Genetic evidence from 2006 has supported the status of these Ibexes as separate species.
3243:
A Monastery for the Ibex: Conservation, State, and Conflict on the Gran Paradiso 1919–1949
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during the late Pleistocene have been found in France and Italy. The Alpine Ibex and the
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80:
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2482:
2431:
2392:
2214:
2178:
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1934:
1648:
1568:
1148:. By 1933, the Alpine ibex population reached 4,000 but subsequent mismanagement by the
1000:
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2400:
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2226:
2147:
2105:
2050:
2000:
1946:
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1733:
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1632:
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1137:
724:
110:
1293:
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3110:
3004:
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2230:
2186:
2097:
1813:
1791:
1737:
1672:
1611:
1580:
1388:
1378:
420:
304:
3584:"The names of southwestern European goats: is Iberian ibex the best common name for
3517:
3432:
3332:
3075:
2926:
2793:
2699:
2580:
2551:"Alternative mating tactics and their impact on survival in adult male Alpine ibex (
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2300:
2054:
2004:
1950:
1608:
Wild Sheep and Goats and Their Relatives: Status Survey and Action Plan for Caprinae
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3609:
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3513:
3471:
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3420:
3375:
3367:
3348:"Purging of highly deleterious mutations through severe bottlenecks in Alpine ibex"
3312:
3189:
3102:
3063:
3035:
2996:
2953:
2906:
2867:
2828:
2781:
2726:
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1105:
1101:
1097:
988:
971:
781:
428:
320:
8307:
3211:
2046:
1942:
760:, the Alpine ibex has glands near the eyes, groin, and feet but none on the face.
8497:
7900:
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7830:
7611:
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6459:
5936:
5532:
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4332:
4144:
4023:
3996:
3987:
3552:
3106:
2375:
Villaret, J. C.; Bon, R. (1995). "Social and spatial segregation in Alpine ibex (
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The Alpine ibex is a stocky animal with a tough neck and robust legs with short
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StĂĽwe, M.; Grodinsky, C. (1987). "Reproductive biology of captive Alpine ibex (
2598:(in Italian). 14 (ATIt Congress Supplement) (Special Issue: IV ATIt Congress).
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Grignolio, S.; Parrini, F.; Bassano, B.; Luccarini, S.; Apollonio, M. (2003).
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2513:
2338:
1964:
Wiersema, G. (1984). "Seasonal use and quality assessment of ibex habitat".
8119:
8088:
7978:
7650:
7464:
7392:
7265:
7208:
7199:
6917:
6851:
6613:
6571:
6486:
6297:
6017:
6008:
5870:
5801:
5690:
5681:
5423:
5192:
4873:
4828:
4795:
4566:
4458:
4425:
4341:
3525:
3485:
3389:
3324:
3114:
3008:
3000:
2965:
2957:
2840:
2648:
2292:
2101:
1858:
1676:
1584:
1071:
1026:
651:
436:
424:
300:
2918:
2021:
Neuhaus, P.; Ruckstuhl, K. E. (2002). "Foraging behaviour in Alpine ibex (
1120:
715:
259:
8502:
8458:
8380:
8261:
7740:
7488:
6650:
6604:
6595:
6544:
6496:
6357:
6199:
5792:
5611:
5405:
5396:
5386:
5280:
5123:
4933:
4924:
4837:
4680:
4602:
4485:
4410:
4401:
3778:
3424:
2712:
1255:
1251:
1250:. The Alpine ibex is one of many animals depicted in the art of the Late
1192:, the Alpine ibex population has low genetic diversity and is at risk of
1165:
1129:
919:
900:
888:
832:
605:
539:
453:
416:
395:
308:
167:
3683:
3614:
2450:
1406:
727:. Males grow to a height of 90 to 101 cm (35 to 40 in) at the
8372:
7347:
7247:
7072:
6664:
6086:
6068:
5819:
5514:
5499:
5490:
5457:
5234:
5040:
4957:
4948:
4723:
4714:
4593:
4518:
4059:
3880:
3067:
2785:
2691:
2143:
1996:
1161:
1058:
1009:
895:
736:
461:
431:
of species in this lineage. Fossils of the Alpine ibex dating from the
3670:
Thorington, J. M. (1944). "The ibex and chamois in ancient medicine".
3467:
3128:
Guarda, F.; Bollo, E.; Bassono, B.; Peracino, V.; Giraldo, A. (2001).
2939:
2514:"Social dominance and conflict reduction in rutting male Alpine ibex,
2440:
2415:
1729:
1657:
1140:
declared Gran Paradiso a royal hunting reserve. In 1920, his grandson
267:
Distribution of the Alpine ibex (population in Bulgaria not included)
8385:
8328:
8047:
7968:
7821:
7692:
7683:
7157:
6731:
6722:
6707:
6698:
6562:
6134:
5918:
5852:
5738:
5253:
5049:
4738:
4662:
4542:
4093:
3978:
3968:
3862:
3853:
3741:
3021:
2683:
2413:
1707:"Distribution, status, and recent population dynamics of Alpine ibex
1087:
947:
927:
884:
488:
127:
8223:
8014:
3052:
2989:
Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics)
2318:
1900:
907:
in the mornings. They also reduce their heart rate and metabolism.
8333:
8246:
7956:
7584:
7256:
6968:
6806:
6746:
6411:
6110:
5642:
5587:
5475:
5304:
4780:
4771:
4747:
4635:
4509:
4259:
4135:
3831:
3809:
3797:
1144:
donated the land to the state of Italy and it was established as a
1133:
1067:
1047:
1037:
1033:
923:
915:
879:
873:
837:
753:
412:
307:
species; males are larger and carry longer horns than females. Its
187:
147:
31:
2067:
1704:
1533:
1516:
8536:
8161:
7996:
7857:
7716:
7106:
6893:
6884:
6797:
6683:
6674:
6646:
6402:
6306:
6270:
6185:
6181:
6152:
6077:
5765:
5638:
5599:
5183:
5100:
5006:
4269:
4219:
3914:
2809:
2464:
2025:): consequences of reproductive status, body size, age and sex".
1705:
Bramnilla, A.; von Hadenberg, A.; Nelli, L.; Bassono, B. (2020).
1267:
984:
911:
855:
728:
561:
400:
383:
347:
first described the Alpine ibex in 1758. It is classified in the
197:
177:
2125:
1837:
8320:
8005:
7574:
7479:
7302:
7292:
6908:
6420:
6260:
6242:
6233:
6119:
6041:
5993:
5984:
5442:
5433:
5368:
5359:
5349:
5271:
4804:
4617:
4467:
3803:
3791:
2743:
2593:
1766:
Geskos, A. (2013). "Past and present distribution of the genus
1367:
Terrestrial Cetartiodactyla – Handbook of the Mammals of Europe
1360:
1096:. Several individuals have died from heart diseases, including
1022:
903:
during the winter; they take shelter on cold winter nights and
861:
798:
740:
157:
137:
3234:
2661:
1550:
1292:
ToĂŻgo, C.; Brambilla, A.; Grignolio, S.; Pedrotti, L. (2020).
8029:
7987:
7562:
7232:
7223:
6517:
6444:
6435:
6366:
6095:
6050:
5909:
5834:
5714:
5705:
5216:
5207:
4699:
4690:
3899:
3890:
3445:
3346:
Grossen, C.; Guillaume, F.; Keller, L. F.; Croll, D. (2020).
2893:
Ferrogilo, E.; Tolari, F.; Bassano, B. (1998). "Isolation of
843:
794:
752:
in spring, when their thick winter coat consisting of woolly
749:
348:
3446:
Brambilla, A.; Keller, L.; Bassuno, B.; Grossen, C. (2017).
2986:
2199:
1916:
748:
genus. As with other goats, only males have a beard. Ibexes
7175:
6505:
6393:
6375:
6032:
5885:
5289:
5156:
4972:
4246:
4207:
3581:
3498:
3345:
2853:
1810:
European Ungulates and Their Management in the 21st Century
1177:
777:
590:
333:
292:
6643:
3127:
8200:
7785:
6384:
6330:
5262:
4644:
3213:
Nature's Strongholds: The World's Great Wildlife Reserves
867:
390:
and is possibly derived from an earlier Alpine language.
2274:
1365:
Linnaeus, 1758". In Corlatti, L.; Zachos, F. E. (eds.).
1258:
culture in Western Europe. Local people used Ibexes for
443:) probably evolved from the extinct Pleistocene species
5635:
3696:
3411:
hybrids in a restricted area of southern Switzerland".
3093:) in the eastern Alps, Italy: An ecological approach".
1982:
1630:
6178:
2892:
2374:
1882:
1515:
Parrini, F. III; Cain, J. W.; Krausman, P. R. (2009).
8189:
403:
deposits in China; these fossils appear to have been
316:
predators but may succumb to parasites and diseases.
3582:
GarcĂa-González, R.; Herrero, J.; Nores, C. (2021).
3265:
3240:
1514:
3577:
3575:
1840:"Habitat selection in adult males of Alpine ibex,
3742:Alpine Ibex European Specialist Group (GSE-AIESG)
1124:Biologist transporting an ibex for reintroduction
495:species is based on 2022 mitochondrial evidence:
8558:
3697:Schirpke, U.; Meisch, C.; Tappeiner, U. (2018).
2243:
2020:
1912:
1910:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1356:
1354:
1136:banned hunting of the Alpine ibex and in 1854,
3776:
3572:
3284:
3179:
2548:
2511:
2370:
2368:
2164:
1921:) in relation to climatic conditions and age".
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1546:
1544:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1317:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T42397A161916377.en
910:The Alpine ibex may compete for resources with
887:, eat more than males. High temperatures cause
3245:. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 32.
2630:
2121:
2119:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
319:By the 19th century, the Alpine ibex had been
3762:
3290:
2616:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (
2319:"Sociality and relationships in Alpine ibex (
2237:
1907:
1826:
1803:
1801:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
407:between goats and their ancestors. The genus
336:lists the species as being of least concern.
323:from most of its range and it went through a
3636:
2805:
2803:
2365:
2130:in the Gran Paradiso National Park, Italy".
1807:
1683:
1541:
1331:
3339:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2116:
1812:. Cambridge University Press. p. 514.
763:
373:
357:
3851:
3769:
3755:
3669:
3639:"Ibex Images from the Magdalenian Culture"
3209:
2771:
2016:
2014:
1798:
1605:
1463:
966:
258:
89:
65:
51:
8086:
5558:
3722:
3613:
3603:
3475:
3379:
3028:Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy
2800:
2624:
2596:Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy
2570:
2533:
2449:
2439:
2250:Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy
1666:
1656:
1532:
1315:
991:, urinates, and sniffs the female. After
7967:
5357:
3205:
3203:
3162:
3026:) interacting with domestic ruminants".
2858:) dans le parc national de la Vanoise".
2307:
1963:
1219:
1119:
999:their own. Mothers and kids gather into
970:
937:
809:
805:
767:
714:
295:. It is one of ten species in the genus
4258:
3829:
3216:. Princeton University Press. pp.
2011:
1015:
772:Ibex walking along its mountain habitat
299:and its closest living relative is the
14:
8559:
3976:
3270:. Ohio University Press. p. 149.
1765:
1287:
1285:
1283:
8228:
8227:
8085:
7954:
7953:
7559:
6642:
6177:
5634:
5096:
4242:
3828:
3750:
3651:from the original on 20 December 2023
3200:
3150:from the original on 21 December 2023
2549:Willisch, C. S.; Neuhaus, P. (2009).
2512:Willisch, C. S.; Neuhaus, P. (2010).
1557:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1451:from the original on 11 December 2023
8542:EB70A67C-5ADB-408F-869F-E3A85A0256CC
8360:2840c106-5d14-49e8-9a1b-c1f11fab87d6
5394:
3592:Animal Biodiversity and Conservation
2353:from the original on 7 November 2023
1747:from the original on 3 December 2023
8567:IUCN Red List least concern species
4243:
3672:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
3560:from the original on 8 January 2024
2471:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1303:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1280:
1180:considers the Alpine ibex to be of
933:
24:
7560:
5097:
3268:Nature and History in Modern Italy
2664:The Journal of Wildlife Management
2401:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1995.tb00366.x
25:
8603:
3735:
2317:Villaret, J.-C.; Bon, R. (1998).
776:The Alpine ibex is native to the
356:with nine other species of goat.
8211:
8199:
3317:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04420.x
3241:Graf von Hardenberg, W. (2021).
3182:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
3056:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Jagdwissenschaft
2833:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01254.x
2774:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Jagdwissenschaft
2187:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01806.x
2027:Ethology Ecology & Evolution
1985:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Jagdwissenschaft
1206:major histocompatibility complex
114:
4121:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (
3690:
3663:
3630:
3540:
3518:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105239
3492:
3439:
3396:
3259:
3121:
3082:
3046:
3015:
2980:
2933:
2886:
2847:
2765:
2737:
2706:
2655:
2587:
2542:
2505:
2458:
2407:
2268:
2193:
2158:
2061:
1976:
1957:
1876:
1759:
1419:from the original on 5 May 2022
1196:. A 2020 analysis found highly
1115:
4910:Central American red brocket (
3506:Preventive Veterinary Medicine
1923:Ethology Ecology and Evolution
1624:
1599:
1431:
1399:
1369:. Springer. pp. 383–408.
1224:The Alpine ibex is called the
13:
1:
3210:Riley, L.; Riley, W. (2005).
2047:10.1080/08927014.2002.9522738
1943:10.1080/08927014.2004.9522636
1273:
1176:in Slovenia. As of 2020, the
710:
5617:Large subfamily listed below
5605:Large subfamily listed below
5593:Large subfamily listed below
3194:10.1016/0168-1591(91)90262-V
3107:10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.09.026
2946:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
2944:) colonies in Switzerland".
2899:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
1857:(2): 113–120. Archived from
1375:10.1007/978-3-030-24475-0_32
1228:, which originated from the
1142:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
831:The Alpine ibex is strictly
378:is translated from Latin as
7:
8587:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
4112:Yellow-striped chevrotain (
4103:Indian spotted chevrotain (
1889:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1577:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.04.002
1444:Online Etymology Dictionary
1412:Online Etymology Dictionary
339:
330:Gran Paradiso National Park
287:, is a European species of
10:
8608:
8592:Habitats Directive species
3372:10.1038/s41467-020-14803-1
3040:10.4404/hystrix-00393-2020
2911:10.7589/0090-3558-34.2.400
2379:) in Bargy, French Alps".
2262:10.4404/hystrix-28.1-11504
2223:10.1007/s10980-019-00902-y
1606:Shackleton, D. W. (1997).
36:Steinbock (disambiguation)
29:
8582:Mammals described in 1758
8236:
8160:
8132:
8108:
8099:
8095:
8081:
8048:Dromedary/Arabian camel (
8039:Domestic Bactrian camel (
8027:
7976:
7963:
7949:
7913:
7889:
7865:
7856:
7738:
7705:
7681:
7648:
7624:
7603:North Sulawesi babirusa (
7582:
7573:
7569:
7555:
7519:
7477:
7300:
7291:
7245:
7221:
7197:
7155:
7104:
7080:
7071:
7043:
7019:
7012:
6966:
6906:
6882:
6795:
6744:
6720:
6696:
6672:
6663:
6659:
6638:
6593:
6494:
6485:
6457:
6433:
6328:
6268:
6259:
6231:
6207:
6198:
6194:
6173:
6132:
6108:
6030:
6006:
5982:
5958:
5907:
5883:
5832:
5727:
5703:
5679:
5655:
5651:
5630:
5610:
5598:
5586:
5549:
5512:
5488:
5455:
5431:
5422:
5385:
5348:
5302:
5242:
5233:
5205:
5154:
5121:
5112:
5108:
5092:
5038:
5004:
4970:
4946:
4922:
4892:Amazonian brown brocket (
4826:
4793:
4769:
4736:
4712:
4688:
4679:
4615:
4564:
4540:
4507:
4456:
4423:
4399:
4267:
4254:
4238:
4225:Large family listed below
4218:
4213:Large family listed below
4206:
4190:Williamson's mouse-deer (
4133:
4091:
4067:
4058:
3967:
3912:
3888:
3879:
3842:
3838:
3824:
3786:
3724:10.1007/s10980-018-0628-x
3605:10.32800/abc.2021.44.0001
3456:Evolutionary Applications
2813:Journal of Animal Ecology
2731:10.1017/S0952836904005485
2606:(inactive 17 March 2024).
2604:10.4404/hystrix-14.0-4292
2572:10.1644/08-MAMM-A-316R1.1
2491:10.1007/s00265-010-0944-x
2094:10.1007/s00442-008-1198-4
1784:10.1007/s13364-012-0094-9
1077:Teladorsagia circumcincta
1032:Alpine ibexes may suffer
649:
634:
627:
603:
588:
581:
574:
559:
552:
537:
530:
515:
508:
452:In the 20th century, the
332:, Italy. As of 2020, the
266:
257:
236:
229:
111:Scientific classification
109:
87:
78:
73:
64:
59:
50:
45:
6289:Domestic water buffalo (
4654:Central Asian red deer (
4279:Bornean yellow muntjac (
1521:(Artiodactyla: Bovidae)"
764:Distribution and habitat
7167:Bates' pygmy antelope (
6954:Soemmerring's gazelle (
5059:Yucatan brown brocket (
4288:Hairy-fronted muntjac (
4172:Philippine mouse-deer (
3095:Veterinary Parasitology
2872:10.3406/revec.1999.2294
2339:10.3406/revec.1998.2251
1059:Mycoplasma conjunctivae
1040:caused by the bacteria
967:Reproduction and growth
372:while the species name
303:. The Alpine ibex is a
7877:White-lipped peccary (
7813:Philippine warty pig (
7438:Yellow-backed duiker (
7402:Black-fronted duiker (
7375:White-bellied duiker (
6996:Przewalski's gazelle (
6219:Four-horned antelope (
5017:Peruvian Yungas pudu (
4576:Visayan spotted deer (
4435:European fallow deer (
4378:Northern red muntjac (
4324:Southern red muntjac (
3001:10.20506/rst.21.2.1338
2958:10.7589/JWD-D-20-00050
2649:10.1002/zoo.1430060407
2293:10.1006/anbe.2001.1776
1966:Acta Zoologica Fennica
1310:: e.T42397A161916377.
1188:Having gone through a
1134:Government of Piedmont
1125:
1110:valvular heart disease
1083:Marshallagi amarshalli
976:
943:
828:
773:
720:
374:
358:
34:. For other uses, see
8524:Paleobiology Database
8057:Wild Bactrian camel (
7759:Bornean bearded pig (
7750:Palawan bearded pig (
7339:White-legged duiker (
6765:Red-fronted gazelle (
4444:Persian fallow deer (
4360:Roosevelt's muntjac (
4033:Himalayan musk deer (
3942:Reticulated giraffe (
3637:Castelli, A. (2010).
3409:C. aegagrus domestica
3352:Nature Communications
2535:10.1093/beheco/arp200
1220:Cultural significance
1198:deleterious mutations
1194:inbreeding depression
1123:
1093:Muellerius capillaris
1053:Dichelobacter nodosus
974:
946:The Alpine ibex is a
941:
818:
806:Behaviour and ecology
771:
718:
393:Fossils of the genus
325:population bottleneck
283:), also known as the
8355:Fauna Europaea (new)
8144:Pygmy hippopotamus (
7804:Oliver's warty pig (
7429:Red-flanked duiker (
6834:Erlanger's gazelle (
6554:Harnessed bushbuck (
6280:Wild water buffalo (
5757:East Caucasian tur (
5748:West Caucasian tur (
4901:Little red brocket (
4369:Truong Son muntjac (
4181:Vietnam mouse-deer (
4163:Greater mouse-deer (
4042:Siberian musk deer (
3425:10.2981/wlb.2004.018
3137:Large Animals Review
2747:Gibier Faune Sauvage
2559:Journal of Mammalogy
1260:traditional medicine
1064:keratoconjunctivitis
1016:Mortality and health
942:Male ibexes fighting
7777:Celebes warty pig (
7768:Visayan warty pig (
7384:Red forest duiker (
7116:GĂĽnther's dik-dik (
6978:Mongolian gazelle (
6783:Heuglin's gazelle (
6774:Thomson's gazelle (
5928:Long-tailed goral (
5323:Mountain reedbuck (
5314:Southern reedbuck (
5166:East African oryx (
5068:White-tailed deer (
4847:Small red brocket (
4814:South Andean deer (
4757:Siberian roe deer (
4748:European roe deer (
4585:Philippine sambar (
4552:Père David's deer (
4154:Lesser mouse-deer (
4015:Kashmir musk deer (
3715:2018LaEco..33..711S
3364:2020NatCo..11.1001G
3309:2009MolEc..18.5046B
2897:from alpine ibex".
2895:Brucella melitensis
2825:2007JAnEc..76..679T
2676:2007JWMan..71..713G
2483:2010BEcoS..64.1299B
2432:2022Oikos2022E9511B
2393:1995Ethol.101..291V
2215:2019LaEco..34.2523H
2179:2011FuEco..25..537S
2086:2009Oecol.159..237A
2039:2002EtEcE..14..373N
1935:2004EtEcE..16..255G
1649:2022MolEc..31.3548R
1569:2006MolPE..40..739P
1062:damage the eye via
1043:Brucella melitensis
989:curls the upper lip
956:dominance hierarchy
433:last glacial period
81:Conservation status
7925:Collared peccary (
7795:Flores warty pig (
7636:Giant forest hog (
7498:Maxwell's duiker (
7420:Ruwenzori duiker (
7366:Jentink's duiker (
7275:Sharpe's grysbok (
7031:Tibetan antelope (
6936:Bright's gazelle (
6870:Goitered gazelle (
6843:Mountain gazelle (
6816:Cuvier's gazelle (
6756:Mongalla gazelle (
6144:Pyrenean chamois (
5570:Tibetan antelope (
5524:Black wildebeest (
4351:Reeves's muntjac (
4315:Sumatran muntjac (
4306:Gongshan muntjac (
4079:Water chevrotain (
4006:Alpine musk deer (
3933:Southern giraffe (
3924:Northern giraffe (
3068:10.1007/BF02241870
2786:10.1007/BF01905758
2719:Journal of Zoology
2522:Behavioral Ecology
2167:Functional Ecology
2144:10.1007/BF03194179
1997:10.1007/BF02239946
1208:diversity. In the
1190:genetic bottleneck
1150:Fascist government
1138:Victor Emmanuel II
1126:
1056:. Infections from
977:
944:
926:, Italy, where it
894:In Gran Paradiso,
829:
774:
725:sexually dimorphic
723:Alpine ibexes are
721:
446:Capra camburgensis
399:are found in late
305:sexually dimorphic
291:that lives in the
8577:Mammals of Europe
8552:
8551:
8511:Open Tree of Life
8230:Taxon identifiers
8187:
8186:
8183:
8182:
8179:
8178:
8156:
8155:
8077:
8076:
8073:
8072:
8069:
8068:
7945:
7944:
7941:
7940:
7937:
7936:
7901:Chacoan peccary (
7852:
7851:
7840:Javan warty pig (
7831:Timor warty pig (
7638:H. meinertzhageni
7612:Togian babirusa (
7551:
7550:
7547:
7546:
7543:
7542:
7507:Walter's duiker (
7447:Abbott's duiker (
7411:Ogilby's duiker (
7357:Harvey's duiker (
7321:Brooke's duiker (
7287:
7286:
7067:
7066:
7008:
7007:
6945:Peter's gazelle (
6927:Grant's gazelle (
6861:Speke's gazelle (
6634:
6633:
6630:
6629:
6626:
6625:
6511:
6481:
6480:
6469:African buffalo (
6300:B. depressicornis
6255:
6254:
6169:
6168:
6165:
6164:
5937:Himalayan goral (
5759:C. cylindricornis
5626:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5582:
5581:
5545:
5544:
5533:Blue wildebeest (
5467:Common tsessebe (
5418:
5417:
5381:
5380:
5344:
5343:
5256:K. ellipsiprymnus
5229:
5228:
5088:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5028:P. mephistophiles
4984:P. mephistophiles
4675:
4674:
4371:M. truongsonensis
4333:Pu Hoat muntjac (
4234:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4202:
4201:
4145:Java mouse-deer (
4054:
4053:
4024:Black musk deer (
3997:Dwarf musk deer (
3988:Anhui musk deer (
3963:
3962:
3926:G. camelopardalis
3875:
3874:
3703:Landscape Ecology
3468:10.1111/eva.12575
3303:(24): 5046–5058.
3297:Molecular Ecology
2441:10.1111/oik.09511
2209:(11): 2523–2539.
2203:Landscape Ecology
2132:Acta Theriologica
1772:Acta Theriologica
1730:10.1111/mam.12194
1658:10.1111/mec.16503
1643:(13): 3548–3565.
1637:Molecular Ecology
1525:Mammalian Species
1384:978-3-030-24474-3
975:Mother with young
825:Bernese Highlands
819:Alpine ibexes on
816:
707:
706:
698:
697:
689:
688:
680:
679:
671:
670:
662:
661:
616:
615:
271:
270:
104:
27:Species of mammal
16:(Redirected from
8599:
8545:
8544:
8532:
8531:
8519:
8518:
8506:
8505:
8493:
8492:
8480:
8479:
8477:NHMSYS0000376474
8467:
8466:
8454:
8453:
8441:
8440:
8428:
8427:
8415:
8414:
8402:
8401:
8389:
8388:
8376:
8375:
8363:
8362:
8350:
8349:
8337:
8336:
8324:
8323:
8311:
8310:
8298:
8297:
8285:
8284:
8272:
8271:
8270:
8257:
8256:
8255:
8225:
8224:
8216:
8215:
8214:
8204:
8203:
8195:
8106:
8105:
8097:
8096:
8083:
8082:
7974:
7973:
7965:
7964:
7951:
7950:
7863:
7862:
7669:Common warthog (
7660:Desert warthog (
7580:
7579:
7571:
7570:
7557:
7556:
7456:Weyns's duiker (
7330:Peters' duiker (
7312:Aders's duiker (
7298:
7297:
7185:Royal antelope (
7143:Salt's dik-dik (
7134:Silver dik-dik (
7125:Kirk's dik-dik (
7078:
7077:
7055:Saiga antelope (
7017:
7016:
6956:N. soemmerringii
6825:Dorcas gazelle (
6670:
6669:
6661:
6660:
6654:
6640:
6639:
6527:Mountain nyala (
6510:
6509:
6501:
6492:
6491:
6447:P. nghetinhensis
6349:European bison (
6340:American bison (
6266:
6265:
6205:
6204:
6196:
6195:
6189:
6175:
6174:
6051:Domestic sheep (
5895:Himalayan tahr (
5862:Mainland serow (
5844:Japanese serow (
5653:
5652:
5646:
5632:
5631:
5556:
5555:
5429:
5428:
5392:
5391:
5355:
5354:
5332:Bohor reedbuck (
5240:
5239:
5219:A. nasomaculatus
5142:Sable antelope (
5119:
5118:
5110:
5109:
5103:
5094:
5093:
4856:Merida brocket (
4686:
4685:
4627:Thorold's deer (
4479:A. calamianensis
4362:M. rooseveltorum
4308:M. gongshanensis
4265:
4264:
4256:
4255:
4249:
4240:
4239:
4065:
4064:
3974:
3973:
3953:G. tippelskirchi
3886:
3885:
3849:
3848:
3840:
3839:
3826:
3825:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3748:
3747:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3650:
3643:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3617:
3607:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3479:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3413:Wildlife Biology
3407:x domestic goat
3400:
3394:
3393:
3383:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3207:
3198:
3197:
3188:(1–4): 379–387.
3177:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3149:
3134:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3101:(1–2): 132–138.
3086:
3080:
3079:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3019:
3013:
3012:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2860:Revue d'Écologie
2851:
2845:
2844:
2807:
2798:
2797:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2684:10.2193/2005-675
2659:
2653:
2652:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2615:
2607:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2574:
2565:(6): 1421–1430.
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2477:(8): 1299–1307.
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2443:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2372:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2327:Revue d'Écologie
2314:
2305:
2304:
2281:Animal Behaviour
2272:
2266:
2265:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2018:
2009:
2008:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1863:
1848:
1835:
1824:
1823:
1805:
1796:
1795:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1746:
1715:
1702:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1660:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1548:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1512:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1358:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1319:
1289:
1106:sarcosporidiosis
1102:cardiac fibrosis
1098:arteriosclerosis
934:Social behaviour
817:
797:and mixed larch-
630:
629:
584:
583:
577:
576:
555:
554:
533:
532:
511:
510:
499:
498:
389:
386:
381:
377:
371:
368:
365:
361:
262:
242:
119:
118:
98:
93:
92:
69:
55:
43:
42:
21:
8607:
8606:
8602:
8601:
8600:
8598:
8597:
8596:
8557:
8556:
8553:
8548:
8540:
8535:
8527:
8522:
8514:
8509:
8501:
8498:Observation.org
8496:
8488:
8483:
8475:
8470:
8462:
8457:
8449:
8444:
8436:
8431:
8423:
8418:
8410:
8405:
8397:
8392:
8384:
8379:
8371:
8366:
8358:
8353:
8345:
8340:
8332:
8327:
8319:
8314:
8306:
8301:
8293:
8288:
8280:
8275:
8266:
8265:
8260:
8251:
8250:
8245:
8232:
8222:
8212:
8210:
8198:
8190:
8188:
8175:
8152:
8128:
8091:
8065:
8023:
7959:
7933:
7909:
7885:
7848:
7815:S. philippensis
7752:S. ahoenobarbus
7734:
7726:Red river hog (
7701:
7677:
7644:
7620:
7594:Buru babirusa (
7565:
7539:
7531:Common duiker (
7515:
7473:
7283:
7241:
7217:
7193:
7151:
7100:
7063:
7039:
7004:
6989:P. picticaudata
6962:
6902:
6878:
6872:G. subgutturosa
6791:
6740:
6716:
6692:
6655:
6644:
6622:
6589:
6581:Cape bushbuck (
6574:T. strepsiceros
6503:
6502:
6500:
6477:
6453:
6429:
6324:
6316:Mountain anoa (
6251:
6245:B. tragocamelus
6227:
6221:T. quadricornis
6190:
6179:
6161:
6128:
6104:
6060:Bighorn sheep (
6026:
6002:
5978:
5970:Mountain goat (
5954:
5946:Chinese goral (
5903:
5879:
5864:C. sumatraensis
5828:
5811:Siberian ibex (
5775:Domestic goat (
5723:
5699:
5675:
5667:Barbary sheep (
5647:
5636:
5618:
5606:
5594:
5578:
5541:
5508:
5484:
5451:
5414:
5377:
5340:
5298:
5225:
5201:
5175:Scimitar oryx (
5150:
5133:Roan antelope (
5104:
5098:
5076:
5034:
5026:Northern pudu (
5000:
4992:Southern pudu (
4982:Northern pudu (
4966:
4942:
4918:
4883:Pygmy brocket (
4865:Dwarf brocket (
4822:
4789:
4765:
4732:
4708:
4671:
4611:
4560:
4536:
4503:
4477:Calamian deer (
4452:
4446:D. mesopotamica
4419:
4395:
4389:M. vuquangensis
4387:Giant muntjac (
4297:Fea's muntjac (
4250:
4244:
4226:
4214:
4198:
4129:
4087:
4050:
4008:M. chrysogaster
3959:
3951:Masai giraffe (
3908:
3871:
3834:
3820:
3782:
3775:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3695:
3691:
3668:
3664:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3641:
3635:
3631:
3586:Capra pyrenaica
3580:
3573:
3563:
3561:
3553:Merriam-Webster
3546:
3545:
3541:
3497:
3493:
3444:
3440:
3405:Capra ibex ibex
3401:
3397:
3344:
3340:
3293:Capra ibex ibex
3289:
3285:
3278:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3208:
3201:
3178:
3163:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3132:
3126:
3122:
3087:
3083:
3051:
3047:
3020:
3016:
2985:
2981:
2938:
2934:
2891:
2887:
2856:Capra ibex ibex
2852:
2848:
2808:
2801:
2770:
2766:
2742:
2738:
2711:
2707:
2660:
2656:
2629:
2625:
2609:
2608:
2592:
2588:
2553:Capra ibex ibex
2547:
2543:
2510:
2506:
2463:
2459:
2412:
2408:
2373:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2315:
2308:
2277:Capra ibex ibex
2273:
2269:
2248:) locomotion".
2242:
2238:
2198:
2194:
2163:
2159:
2128:Capra ibex ibex
2124:
2117:
2066:
2062:
2019:
2012:
1981:
1977:
1962:
1958:
1919:Capra ibex ibex
1915:
1908:
1901:10.1139/z97-009
1885:Capra ibex ibex
1881:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1851:Folia Zoologica
1846:
1842:Capra ibex ibex
1836:
1827:
1820:
1806:
1799:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1713:
1703:
1684:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1604:
1600:
1549:
1542:
1513:
1464:
1454:
1452:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1385:
1359:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1290:
1281:
1276:
1230:Old High German
1222:
1158:founder animals
1118:
1018:
969:
936:
810:
808:
782:locally extinct
766:
719:Male ibex skull
713:
708:
699:
690:
681:
672:
663:
617:
387:
382:
379:
369:
366:
363:
342:
253:
244:
238:
225:
113:
105:
94:
90:
83:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8605:
8595:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8569:
8550:
8549:
8547:
8546:
8533:
8520:
8507:
8494:
8481:
8468:
8455:
8442:
8429:
8416:
8403:
8390:
8377:
8364:
8351:
8342:Fauna Europaea
8338:
8325:
8312:
8299:
8286:
8273:
8258:
8242:
8240:
8234:
8233:
8221:
8220:
8208:
8185:
8184:
8181:
8180:
8177:
8176:
8174:
8173:
8166:
8164:
8158:
8157:
8154:
8153:
8151:
8150:
8146:C. liberiensis
8140:
8138:
8130:
8129:
8127:
8126:
8120:Hippopotamus (
8116:
8114:
8103:
8101:Hippopotamidae
8093:
8092:
8079:
8078:
8075:
8074:
8071:
8070:
8067:
8066:
8064:
8063:
8054:
8050:C. dromedarius
8045:
8035:
8033:
8025:
8024:
8022:
8021:
8012:
8003:
7994:
7984:
7982:
7971:
7961:
7960:
7947:
7946:
7943:
7942:
7939:
7938:
7935:
7934:
7932:
7931:
7921:
7919:
7911:
7910:
7908:
7907:
7897:
7895:
7887:
7886:
7884:
7883:
7873:
7871:
7860:
7854:
7853:
7850:
7849:
7847:
7846:
7837:
7833:S. timoriensis
7828:
7819:
7810:
7801:
7792:
7786:Domestic pig (
7783:
7774:
7765:
7756:
7746:
7744:
7736:
7735:
7733:
7732:
7723:
7713:
7711:
7703:
7702:
7700:
7699:
7689:
7687:
7679:
7678:
7676:
7675:
7666:
7662:P. aethiopicus
7656:
7654:
7646:
7645:
7643:
7642:
7632:
7630:
7622:
7621:
7619:
7618:
7614:B. togeanensis
7609:
7600:
7590:
7588:
7577:
7567:
7566:
7553:
7552:
7549:
7548:
7545:
7544:
7541:
7540:
7538:
7537:
7527:
7525:
7517:
7516:
7514:
7513:
7504:
7495:
7485:
7483:
7475:
7474:
7472:
7471:
7465:Zebra duiker (
7462:
7453:
7444:
7440:C. silvicultor
7435:
7426:
7417:
7408:
7399:
7393:Black duiker (
7390:
7381:
7377:C. leucogaster
7372:
7363:
7354:
7345:
7336:
7327:
7318:
7308:
7306:
7295:
7289:
7288:
7285:
7284:
7282:
7281:
7272:
7266:Cape grysbok (
7263:
7253:
7251:
7243:
7242:
7240:
7239:
7229:
7227:
7219:
7218:
7216:
7215:
7209:Klipspringer (
7205:
7203:
7195:
7194:
7192:
7191:
7182:
7173:
7163:
7161:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7149:
7140:
7136:M. piacentinii
7131:
7122:
7112:
7110:
7102:
7101:
7099:
7098:
7088:
7086:
7075:
7069:
7068:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7061:
7051:
7049:
7041:
7040:
7038:
7037:
7027:
7025:
7014:
7010:
7009:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7002:
6998:P. przewalskii
6993:
6984:
6974:
6972:
6964:
6963:
6961:
6960:
6951:
6942:
6933:
6924:
6918:Dama gazelle (
6914:
6912:
6904:
6903:
6901:
6900:
6890:
6888:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6876:
6867:
6858:
6852:Rhim gazelle (
6849:
6840:
6831:
6822:
6813:
6803:
6801:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6789:
6780:
6771:
6762:
6752:
6750:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6738:
6728:
6726:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6714:
6710:A. marsupialis
6704:
6702:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6680:
6678:
6667:
6657:
6656:
6636:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6628:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6614:Common eland (
6611:
6601:
6599:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6578:
6572:Greater kudu (
6569:
6560:
6551:
6542:
6533:
6524:
6514:
6512:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6476:
6475:
6465:
6463:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6451:
6441:
6439:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6427:
6418:
6409:
6400:
6391:
6385:Domestic yak (
6382:
6373:
6364:
6355:
6346:
6336:
6334:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6322:
6313:
6309:B. mindorensis
6304:
6298:Lowland anoa (
6295:
6286:
6276:
6274:
6263:
6257:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6249:
6239:
6237:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6225:
6215:
6213:
6202:
6192:
6191:
6171:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6150:
6140:
6138:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6116:
6114:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6102:
6093:
6084:
6075:
6066:
6057:
6048:
6038:
6036:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6024:
6018:Nilgiri tahr (
6014:
6012:
6004:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5990:
5988:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5966:
5964:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5952:
5943:
5934:
5925:
5915:
5913:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5891:
5889:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5871:Taiwan serow (
5868:
5859:
5850:
5840:
5838:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5817:
5808:
5802:Iberian ibex (
5799:
5790:
5781:
5772:
5763:
5754:
5745:
5735:
5733:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5711:
5709:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5691:Arabian tahr (
5687:
5685:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5663:
5661:
5649:
5648:
5628:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5608:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5584:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5566:
5564:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5530:
5520:
5518:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5496:
5494:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5473:
5463:
5461:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5439:
5437:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5402:
5400:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5365:
5363:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5329:
5325:R. fulvorufula
5320:
5310:
5308:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5287:
5278:
5269:
5260:
5250:
5248:
5237:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5213:
5211:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5199:
5193:Arabian oryx (
5190:
5181:
5172:
5162:
5160:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5148:
5139:
5129:
5127:
5116:
5106:
5105:
5090:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5070:O. virginianus
5065:
5056:
5046:
5044:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5023:
5013:
5011:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4989:
4978:
4976:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4954:
4952:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4936:O. bezoarticus
4930:
4928:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4907:
4898:
4889:
4880:
4876:M. gouazoubira
4874:Gray brocket (
4871:
4862:
4853:
4844:
4834:
4832:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4811:
4801:
4799:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4777:
4775:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4754:
4744:
4742:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4720:
4718:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4696:
4694:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4660:
4651:
4642:
4633:
4629:C. albirostris
4623:
4621:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4600:
4591:
4582:
4572:
4570:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4548:
4546:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4525:
4515:
4513:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4492:
4483:
4474:
4464:
4462:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4441:
4431:
4429:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4413:E. cephalophus
4407:
4405:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4384:
4375:
4366:
4357:
4348:
4342:Leaf muntjac (
4339:
4335:M. puhoatensis
4330:
4321:
4312:
4303:
4294:
4285:
4275:
4273:
4262:
4252:
4251:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4192:T. williamsoni
4187:
4178:
4169:
4160:
4151:
4141:
4139:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4118:
4109:
4099:
4097:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4075:
4073:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4044:M. moschiferus
4039:
4035:M. leucogaster
4030:
4021:
4012:
4003:
3999:M. berezovskii
3994:
3984:
3982:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3948:
3939:
3930:
3920:
3918:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3896:
3894:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3859:
3857:
3846:
3844:Antilocapridae
3836:
3835:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3816:Laurasiatheria
3812:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3774:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3737:
3736:External links
3734:
3731:
3730:
3709:(5): 711–730.
3689:
3662:
3629:
3571:
3539:
3491:
3462:(5): 631–644.
3438:
3419:(2): 137–143.
3395:
3338:
3283:
3276:
3258:
3252:978-0822946359
3251:
3233:
3226:
3199:
3161:
3139:(in Italian).
3120:
3081:
3045:
3014:
2995:(2): 335–345.
2979:
2952:(2): 327–337.
2932:
2905:(2): 400–402.
2885:
2866:(3): 235–251.
2846:
2819:(4): 679–686.
2799:
2780:(4): 188–213.
2764:
2736:
2725:(4): 425–432.
2705:
2670:(3): 713–719.
2654:
2643:(4): 331–339.
2623:
2586:
2541:
2528:(2): 372–380.
2504:
2457:
2406:
2387:(4): 291–300.
2364:
2333:(2): 153–170.
2306:
2287:(3): 495–504.
2267:
2236:
2192:
2173:(3): 537–547.
2157:
2138:(3): 411–423.
2115:
2080:(1): 237–247.
2072:) in summer".
2060:
2033:(4): 373–381.
2010:
1991:(3): 171–181.
1975:
1956:
1929:(3): 255–264.
1906:
1875:
1864:on 22 May 2013
1825:
1818:
1797:
1758:
1724:(3): 267–277.
1682:
1623:
1616:
1598:
1563:(3): 739–749.
1540:
1462:
1430:
1398:
1383:
1330:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1221:
1218:
1202:domestic goats
1117:
1114:
1017:
1014:
968:
965:
935:
932:
807:
804:
765:
762:
712:
709:
705:
704:
701:
700:
696:
695:
692:
691:
687:
686:
683:
682:
678:
677:
674:
673:
669:
668:
665:
664:
660:
659:
656:
655:
648:
645:
644:
641:
640:
633:
628:
626:
623:
622:
619:
618:
614:
613:
610:
609:
602:
599:
598:
595:
594:
587:
582:
580:
575:
573:
570:
569:
566:
565:
558:
553:
551:
548:
547:
544:
543:
536:
531:
529:
526:
525:
522:
521:
514:
509:
507:
497:
487:The following
427:evidence show
341:
338:
269:
268:
264:
263:
255:
254:
245:
234:
233:
227:
226:
219:
217:
213:
212:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
107:
106:
88:
85:
84:
79:
76:
75:
71:
70:
62:
61:
57:
56:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8604:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8572:Capra (genus)
8570:
8568:
8565:
8564:
8562:
8555:
8543:
8538:
8534:
8530:
8525:
8521:
8517:
8512:
8508:
8504:
8499:
8495:
8491:
8486:
8482:
8478:
8473:
8469:
8465:
8460:
8456:
8452:
8447:
8443:
8439:
8434:
8430:
8426:
8421:
8417:
8413:
8408:
8404:
8400:
8395:
8391:
8387:
8382:
8378:
8374:
8369:
8365:
8361:
8356:
8352:
8348:
8343:
8339:
8335:
8330:
8326:
8322:
8317:
8313:
8309:
8304:
8300:
8296:
8291:
8287:
8283:
8278:
8274:
8269:
8263:
8259:
8254:
8248:
8244:
8243:
8241:
8239:
8235:
8231:
8226:
8219:
8209:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8196:
8193:
8172:
8168:
8167:
8165:
8163:
8159:
8149:
8147:
8142:
8141:
8139:
8137:
8136:
8131:
8125:
8123:
8118:
8117:
8115:
8113:
8112:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8098:
8094:
8090:
8084:
8080:
8062:
8060:
8055:
8053:
8051:
8046:
8044:
8042:
8041:C. bactrianus
8037:
8036:
8034:
8032:
8031:
8026:
8020:
8018:
8013:
8011:
8009:
8004:
8002:
8000:
7995:
7993:
7991:
7986:
7985:
7983:
7981:
7980:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7952:
7948:
7930:
7928:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7918:
7917:
7912:
7906:
7904:
7899:
7898:
7896:
7894:
7893:
7888:
7882:
7880:
7875:
7874:
7872:
7870:
7869:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7855:
7845:
7843:
7842:S. verrucosus
7838:
7836:
7834:
7829:
7827:
7825:
7820:
7818:
7816:
7811:
7809:
7807:
7802:
7800:
7798:
7793:
7791:
7789:
7788:S. domesticus
7784:
7782:
7780:
7779:S. celebensis
7775:
7773:
7771:
7766:
7764:
7762:
7757:
7755:
7753:
7748:
7747:
7745:
7743:
7742:
7737:
7731:
7729:
7724:
7722:
7720:
7715:
7714:
7712:
7710:
7709:
7708:Potamochoerus
7704:
7698:
7696:
7691:
7690:
7688:
7686:
7685:
7680:
7674:
7672:
7667:
7665:
7663:
7658:
7657:
7655:
7653:
7652:
7647:
7641:
7639:
7634:
7633:
7631:
7629:
7628:
7623:
7617:
7615:
7610:
7608:
7606:
7605:B. celebensis
7601:
7599:
7597:
7592:
7591:
7589:
7587:
7586:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7572:
7568:
7564:
7558:
7554:
7536:
7534:
7529:
7528:
7526:
7524:
7523:
7518:
7512:
7510:
7505:
7503:
7501:
7496:
7494:
7492:
7489:Blue duiker (
7487:
7486:
7484:
7482:
7481:
7476:
7470:
7468:
7463:
7461:
7459:
7454:
7452:
7450:
7445:
7443:
7441:
7436:
7434:
7432:
7427:
7425:
7423:
7418:
7416:
7414:
7409:
7407:
7405:
7404:C. nigrifrons
7400:
7398:
7396:
7391:
7389:
7387:
7386:C. natalensis
7382:
7380:
7378:
7373:
7371:
7369:
7364:
7362:
7360:
7355:
7353:
7351:
7346:
7344:
7342:
7337:
7335:
7333:
7332:C. callipygus
7328:
7326:
7324:
7319:
7317:
7315:
7310:
7309:
7307:
7305:
7304:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7290:
7280:
7278:
7273:
7271:
7269:
7264:
7262:
7260:
7259:R. campestris
7255:
7254:
7252:
7250:
7249:
7244:
7238:
7236:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7226:
7225:
7220:
7214:
7212:
7211:O. oreotragus
7207:
7206:
7204:
7202:
7201:
7196:
7190:
7188:
7183:
7181:
7179:
7174:
7172:
7170:
7165:
7164:
7162:
7160:
7159:
7154:
7148:
7146:
7141:
7139:
7137:
7132:
7130:
7128:
7123:
7121:
7119:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7109:
7108:
7103:
7097:
7095:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7085:
7084:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7070:
7060:
7058:
7053:
7052:
7050:
7048:
7047:
7042:
7036:
7034:
7029:
7028:
7026:
7024:
7023:
7018:
7015:
7011:
7001:
6999:
6994:
6992:
6990:
6985:
6983:
6981:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6971:
6970:
6965:
6959:
6957:
6952:
6950:
6948:
6943:
6941:
6939:
6934:
6932:
6930:
6925:
6923:
6921:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6905:
6899:
6897:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6887:
6886:
6881:
6875:
6873:
6868:
6866:
6864:
6859:
6857:
6855:
6854:G. leptoceros
6850:
6848:
6846:
6841:
6839:
6837:
6832:
6830:
6828:
6823:
6821:
6819:
6814:
6812:
6810:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6800:
6799:
6794:
6788:
6786:
6781:
6779:
6777:
6772:
6770:
6768:
6763:
6761:
6759:
6758:E. albonotata
6754:
6753:
6751:
6749:
6748:
6743:
6737:
6735:
6734:A. cervicapra
6730:
6729:
6727:
6725:
6724:
6719:
6713:
6711:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6701:
6700:
6695:
6689:
6687:
6682:
6681:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6652:
6648:
6641:
6637:
6619:
6617:
6612:
6610:
6608:
6605:Giant eland (
6603:
6602:
6600:
6598:
6597:
6592:
6586:
6584:
6583:T. sylvaticus
6579:
6577:
6575:
6570:
6568:
6566:
6561:
6559:
6557:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6545:Lesser kudu (
6543:
6541:
6539:
6534:
6532:
6530:
6525:
6523:
6521:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6507:
6499:
6498:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6484:
6474:
6472:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6462:
6461:
6456:
6450:
6448:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6432:
6426:
6424:
6419:
6417:
6415:
6410:
6408:
6406:
6401:
6399:
6397:
6392:
6390:
6388:
6383:
6381:
6379:
6374:
6372:
6370:
6365:
6363:
6361:
6360:B. domesticus
6358:Bali cattle (
6356:
6354:
6352:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6332:
6327:
6321:
6319:
6314:
6312:
6310:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6287:
6285:
6283:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6272:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6258:
6248:
6246:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6236:
6235:
6230:
6224:
6222:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6211:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6187:
6183:
6176:
6172:
6158:
6156:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6131:
6125:
6123:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6107:
6101:
6099:
6094:
6092:
6090:
6085:
6083:
6081:
6076:
6074:
6072:
6067:
6065:
6063:
6062:O. canadensis
6058:
6056:
6054:
6049:
6047:
6045:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6034:
6029:
6023:
6021:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6009:Nilgiritragus
6005:
5999:
5997:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5986:
5981:
5975:
5973:
5972:O. americanus
5968:
5967:
5965:
5963:
5962:
5957:
5951:
5949:
5944:
5942:
5940:
5935:
5933:
5931:
5926:
5924:
5922:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5912:
5911:
5906:
5900:
5898:
5897:H. jemlahicus
5893:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5882:
5876:
5874:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5860:
5858:
5856:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5837:
5836:
5831:
5825:
5823:
5818:
5816:
5814:
5809:
5807:
5805:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5793:Nubian ibex (
5791:
5789:
5787:
5784:Alpine ibex (
5782:
5780:
5778:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5755:
5753:
5751:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5720:
5718:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5696:
5694:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5678:
5672:
5670:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5659:
5654:
5650:
5644:
5640:
5633:
5629:
5615:
5613:
5609:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5591:
5589:
5585:
5575:
5573:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5551:Pantholopinae
5548:
5538:
5536:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5511:
5505:
5503:
5502:A. buselaphus
5498:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5492:
5487:
5481:
5479:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5448:
5446:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5411:
5409:
5406:Grey rhebok (
5404:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5374:
5372:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5350:Aepycerotinae
5347:
5337:
5335:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5295:
5293:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5281:Nile lechwe (
5279:
5277:
5275:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5222:
5220:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5204:
5198:
5196:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5173:
5171:
5169:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5147:
5145:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5114:Hippotraginae
5111:
5107:
5102:
5095:
5091:
5073:
5071:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5031:
5029:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5003:
4997:
4995:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4963:
4961:
4960:B. dichotomus
4956:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4939:
4937:
4934:Pampas deer (
4932:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4915:
4913:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4894:M. nemorivaga
4890:
4888:
4886:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4838:Red brocket (
4836:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4819:
4817:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4807:H. antisensis
4803:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4786:
4784:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4762:
4760:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4727:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4705:
4703:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4678:
4668:
4666:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4647:C. canadensis
4643:
4641:
4639:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4608:
4606:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4596:R. timorensis
4592:
4590:
4588:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4557:
4555:
4554:E. davidianus
4550:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4533:
4531:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4521:R. duvaucelii
4517:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4500:
4498:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4486:Bawean deer (
4484:
4482:
4480:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4449:
4447:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4416:
4414:
4411:Tufted deer (
4409:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4392:
4390:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4344:M. putaoensis
4340:
4338:
4336:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4290:M. crinifrons
4286:
4284:
4282:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4241:
4237:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4195:
4193:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4183:T. versicolor
4179:
4177:
4175:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4126:
4124:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4082:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4047:
4045:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3990:M. anhuiensis
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3956:
3954:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3944:G. reticulata
3940:
3938:
3936:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3903:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3868:
3866:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3780:
3772:
3767:
3765:
3760:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3666:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3578:
3576:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3543:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3495:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3451:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3279:
3277:9780821443477
3273:
3269:
3262:
3254:
3248:
3244:
3237:
3229:
3227:0-691-12219-9
3223:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3206:
3204:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3058:(in German).
3057:
3049:
3041:
3037:
3034:(1): 95–101.
3033:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2862:(in French).
2861:
2857:
2850:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2806:
2804:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2776:(in German).
2775:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2749:(in French).
2748:
2740:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2633:Capra i. ibex
2627:
2619:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2554:
2545:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2517:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2426:(8): e09511.
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2369:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2313:
2311:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2120:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2015:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1987:(in German).
1986:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1911:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1843:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1821:
1819:9780521760614
1815:
1811:
1804:
1802:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1718:Mammal Review
1712:
1710:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1619:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1545:
1535:
1534:10.1644/830.1
1530:
1527:(830): 1–12.
1526:
1522:
1520:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1210:Bornes Massif
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1182:Least Concern
1179:
1173:
1171:
1170:Augstmatthorn
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1146:national park
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1027:golden eagles
1024:
1013:
1011:
1005:
1002:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
973:
964:
960:
957:
952:
949:
940:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
906:
902:
897:
892:
890:
886:
882:
881:
876:
875:
870:
869:
864:
863:
858:
857:
852:
851:
850:Calamagrostis
846:
845:
840:
839:
834:
827:, Switzerland
826:
822:
821:Augstmatthorn
803:
800:
796:
790:
788:
787:Gran Paradiso
783:
779:
770:
761:
759:
755:
751:
745:
742:
738:
733:
730:
726:
717:
703:
702:
694:
693:
685:
684:
676:
675:
667:
666:
658:
657:
654:
653:
647:
646:
643:
642:
639:
638:
632:
631:
625:
624:
621:
620:
612:
611:
608:
607:
601:
600:
597:
596:
593:
592:
591:Domestic goat
586:
585:
579:
578:
572:
571:
568:
567:
564:
563:
557:
556:
550:
549:
546:
545:
542:
541:
535:
534:
528:
527:
524:
523:
520:
519:
518:Siberian ibex
513:
512:
506:
505:
501:
500:
496:
494:
490:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
470:Siberian ibex
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
447:
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:hybridisation
426:
422:
421:Mitochondrial
418:
415:and into the
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:
391:
385:
376:
362:is Latin for
360:
355:
354:
350:
346:
345:Carl Linnaeus
337:
335:
331:
326:
322:
317:
313:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:
276:
265:
261:
256:
252:
248:
243:
241:
235:
232:
231:Binomial name
228:
224:
223:
218:
215:
214:
211:
210:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
117:
112:
108:
102:
97:
96:Least Concern
86:
82:
77:
72:
68:
63:
58:
54:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
8554:
8237:
8145:
8133:
8122:H. amphibius
8121:
8111:Hippopotamus
8109:
8089:Whippomorpha
8058:
8049:
8040:
8028:
8016:
8007:
7998:
7989:
7977:
7926:
7914:
7902:
7890:
7878:
7866:
7841:
7832:
7823:
7814:
7805:
7796:
7787:
7778:
7770:S. cebifrons
7769:
7760:
7751:
7739:
7727:
7718:
7706:
7694:
7682:
7671:P. africanus
7670:
7661:
7651:Phacochoerus
7649:
7637:
7625:
7613:
7604:
7596:B. babyrussa
7595:
7583:
7532:
7520:
7508:
7500:P. maxwellii
7499:
7491:P. monticola
7490:
7478:
7466:
7457:
7448:
7439:
7431:C. rufilatus
7430:
7421:
7412:
7403:
7394:
7385:
7376:
7367:
7358:
7349:
7348:Bay duiker (
7341:C. crusalbum
7340:
7331:
7322:
7313:
7301:
7293:Cephalophini
7276:
7268:R. melanotis
7267:
7258:
7246:
7234:
7222:
7210:
7198:
7186:
7178:N. moschatus
7177:
7168:
7156:
7144:
7135:
7126:
7118:M. guentheri
7117:
7105:
7094:D. megalotis
7093:
7081:
7056:
7044:
7033:P. hodgsonii
7032:
7020:
6997:
6988:
6980:P. gutturosa
6979:
6967:
6955:
6946:
6937:
6928:
6919:
6907:
6895:
6883:
6871:
6862:
6853:
6844:
6836:G. erlangeri
6835:
6826:
6817:
6809:G. bennettii
6808:
6796:
6784:
6776:E. thomsonii
6775:
6767:E. rufifrons
6766:
6757:
6745:
6733:
6721:
6709:
6697:
6685:
6673:
6615:
6607:T. derbianus
6606:
6594:
6582:
6573:
6564:
6555:
6546:
6538:T. eurycerus
6537:
6528:
6519:
6495:
6487:Tragelaphini
6470:
6458:
6446:
6434:
6422:
6413:
6405:B. javanicus
6404:
6395:
6387:B. grunniens
6386:
6377:
6369:B. frontalis
6368:
6359:
6350:
6341:
6329:
6317:
6308:
6299:
6290:
6281:
6269:
6244:
6232:
6220:
6208:
6155:R. rupicapra
6154:
6146:R. pyrenaica
6145:
6133:
6121:
6109:
6097:
6088:
6087:Snow sheep (
6079:
6070:
6069:Dall sheep (
6061:
6052:
6043:
6031:
6020:N. hylocrius
6019:
6007:
5996:O. moschatus
5995:
5983:
5971:
5959:
5947:
5938:
5929:
5920:
5908:
5896:
5884:
5872:
5863:
5854:
5845:
5833:
5821:
5820:Walia ibex (
5812:
5804:C. pyrenaica
5803:
5794:
5785:
5783:
5776:
5768:C. falconeri
5767:
5758:
5749:
5740:
5728:
5717:B. taxicolor
5716:
5704:
5692:
5680:
5668:
5656:
5572:P. hodgsonii
5571:
5559:
5534:
5525:
5515:Connochaetes
5513:
5501:
5500:Hartebeest (
5489:
5477:
5468:
5456:
5444:
5432:
5424:Alcelaphinae
5408:P. capreolus
5407:
5395:
5370:
5358:
5333:
5324:
5316:R. arundinum
5315:
5303:
5291:
5283:K. megaceros
5282:
5273:
5264:
5255:
5243:
5218:
5206:
5194:
5185:
5176:
5167:
5155:
5143:
5134:
5122:
5069:
5060:
5051:
5039:
5027:
5018:
5005:
4993:
4983:
4971:
4959:
4958:Marsh deer (
4947:
4935:
4923:
4911:
4902:
4893:
4884:
4875:
4866:
4857:
4848:
4840:M. americana
4839:
4827:
4815:
4806:
4796:Hippocamelus
4794:
4782:
4770:
4758:
4750:C. capreolus
4749:
4737:
4725:
4724:Water deer (
4713:
4701:
4689:
4664:
4655:
4646:
4637:
4628:
4616:
4604:
4595:
4587:R. mariannus
4586:
4577:
4565:
4553:
4541:
4529:
4528:Eld's deer (
4520:
4519:Barasingha (
4508:
4496:
4487:
4478:
4469:
4457:
4445:
4436:
4424:
4412:
4400:
4388:
4380:M. vaginalis
4379:
4370:
4361:
4352:
4343:
4334:
4325:
4316:
4307:
4298:
4289:
4281:M. atherodes
4280:
4268:
4191:
4182:
4174:T. nigricans
4173:
4164:
4155:
4147:T. javanicus
4146:
4134:
4122:
4113:
4104:
4092:
4081:H. aquaticus
4080:
4068:
4043:
4034:
4025:
4016:
4007:
3998:
3989:
3977:
3952:
3943:
3934:
3925:
3913:
3902:O. johnstoni
3901:
3889:
3865:A. americana
3864:
3852:
3814:Superorder:
3808:Infraclass:
3779:Artiodactyla
3706:
3702:
3692:
3678:(1): 65–78.
3675:
3671:
3665:
3653:. Retrieved
3632:
3615:10261/264864
3595:
3591:
3585:
3562:. Retrieved
3551:
3542:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3441:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3355:
3351:
3341:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3267:
3261:
3242:
3236:
3212:
3185:
3181:
3152:. Retrieved
3143:(2): 47–52.
3140:
3136:
3123:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3017:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2816:
2812:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2612:cite journal
2595:
2589:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2544:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2507:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2451:10281/402427
2423:
2419:
2409:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2355:. Retrieved
2330:
2326:
2320:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2256:(1): 56–60.
2253:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2030:
2026:
2022:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1866:. Retrieved
1859:the original
1854:
1850:
1841:
1809:
1775:
1771:
1770:in Greece".
1767:
1761:
1749:. Retrieved
1721:
1717:
1708:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1607:
1601:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1524:
1518:
1453:. Retrieved
1442:
1433:
1421:. Retrieved
1410:
1401:
1366:
1362:
1321:. Retrieved
1307:
1301:
1295:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1225:
1223:
1213:
1187:
1174:
1155:
1127:
1116:Conservation
1091:
1086:as well as
1081:
1075:
1057:
1051:
1041:
1031:
1019:
1006:
997:
978:
961:
953:
945:
909:
893:
878:
872:
866:
860:
854:
848:
842:
836:
830:
791:
775:
757:
746:
734:
722:
652:Iberian ibex
650:
636:
635:
604:
589:
560:
538:
516:
502:
492:
486:
481:
473:
465:
457:
451:
444:
441:C. pyrenaica
440:
437:Iberian ibex
425:Y chromosome
408:
405:transitional
394:
392:
351:
343:
318:
314:
301:Iberian ibex
296:
284:
279:
278:
274:
272:
239:
237:
222:C. ibex
221:
220:
208:
168:Artiodactyla
46:Alpine ibex
40:
8459:NatureServe
8381:iNaturalist
8262:Wikispecies
7999:L. guanicoe
7858:Tayassuidae
7822:Wild boar (
7761:S. barbatus
7719:P. larvatus
7695:P. salvania
7693:Pygmy hog (
7627:Hylochoerus
7480:Philantomba
7368:C. jentinki
7350:C. dorsalis
7303:Cephalophus
7187:N. pygmaeus
7145:M. saltiana
7083:Dorcatragus
7057:S. tatarica
6947:N. petersii
6885:Litocranius
6785:E. tilonura
6732:Blackbuck (
6708:Springbok (
6651:Antilopinae
6649:(subfamily
6596:Taurotragus
6563:Sitatunga (
6556:T. scriptus
6547:T. imberbis
6504:(including
6497:Tragelaphus
6318:B. quarlesi
6200:Boselaphini
6184:(subfamily
6089:O. nivicola
5930:N. caudatus
5919:Red goral (
5910:Naemorhedus
5873:C. swinhoei
5853:Red serow (
5835:Capricornis
5813:C. sibirica
5750:C. caucasia
5741:C. aegagrus
5739:Wild goat (
5693:A. jayakari
5682:Arabitragus
5641:(subfamily
5612:Antilopinae
5535:C. taurinus
5478:D. pygargus
5371:A. melampus
5292:K. vardonii
5254:Waterbuck (
5195:O. leucoryx
5124:Hippotragus
5052:O. hemionus
5050:Mule deer (
4949:Blastocerus
4858:M. bricenii
4816:H. bisulcus
4783:R. tarandus
4759:C. pygargus
4681:Capreolinae
4663:Sika deer (
4605:R. unicolor
4594:Rusa deer (
4497:A. porcinus
4317:M. montanus
4114:M. kathygre
3863:Pronghorn (
3854:Antilocapra
3655:19 December
3598:(1): 1–16.
3548:"steinbock"
3358:(1): 1001.
3154:21 December
2637:Zoo Biology
1868:18 December
1455:11 December
1423:11 December
1323:19 November
1256:Magdalenian
1252:Pleistocene
1166:Le Pleureur
1130:Middle Ages
1128:During the
928:licks salts
920:Cingino Dam
896:home ranges
889:heat stress
833:herbivorous
737:metapodials
637:Alpine ibex
606:Bezoar ibex
540:Nubian ibex
474:C. sibirica
417:Pleistocene
396:Tossunnoria
275:Alpine ibex
184:Subfamily:
8561:Categories
8282:Capra_ibex
8268:Capra ibex
8238:Capra ibex
8135:Choeropsis
8017:L. vicugna
7903:C. wagneri
7806:S. oliveri
7797:S. heureni
7533:S. grimmia
7522:Sylvicapra
7509:P. walteri
7422:C. rubidis
7413:C. ogilbyi
7359:C. harveyi
7323:C. brookei
7277:R. sharpei
7257:Steenbok (
7248:Raphicerus
7200:Oreotragus
7073:Neotragini
7022:Pantholops
6938:N. notatus
6896:L. walleri
6845:G. gazella
6818:G. cuvieri
6807:Chinkara (
6699:Antidorcas
6686:A. clarkei
6675:Ammodorcas
6665:Antilopini
6565:T. spekeii
6529:T. buxtoni
6520:T. angasii
6412:Wild yak (
6396:B. indicus
6351:B. bonasus
6291:B. bubalis
6234:Boselaphus
6210:Tetracerus
6080:O. gmelini
5948:N. griseus
5921:N. baileyi
5886:Hemitragus
5855:C. rubidus
5846:C. crispus
5795:C. nubiana
5658:Ammotragus
5561:Pantholops
5491:Alcelaphus
5476:Bontebok (
5469:D. lunatus
5458:Damaliscus
5445:B. hunteri
5334:R. redunca
5235:Reduncinae
5186:O. gazella
5135:H. equinus
5061:O. pandora
5041:Odocoileus
4925:Ozotoceros
4781:Reindeer (
4726:H. inermis
4715:Hydropotes
4638:C. elaphus
4636:Red deer (
4578:R. alfredi
4495:Hog deer (
4353:M. reevesi
4326:M. muntjak
4156:T. kanchil
4123:M. meminna
4070:Hyemoschus
4060:Tragulidae
4017:M. cupreus
3935:G. giraffa
3881:Giraffidae
3832:Ruminantia
3512:: 105239.
3502:Capra ibex
3450:Capra ibex
3091:Capra ibex
3024:Capra ibex
2942:Capra ibex
2753:: 99–118.
2715:Capra ibex
2516:Capra ibex
2467:Capra ibex
2377:Capra ibex
2357:7 November
2321:Capra ibex
2246:Capra ibex
2070:Capra ibex
2023:Capra ibex
1751:1 December
1711:in Europe"
1709:Capra ibex
1617:2831703530
1519:Capra ibex
1363:Capra ibex
1296:Capra ibex
1274:References
1162:Piz Albris
1072:strongyles
1050:caused by
993:copulation
711:Appearance
482:C. i. ibex
458:C. nubiana
321:extirpated
280:Capra ibex
240:Capra ibex
8218:Mountains
8087:Suborder
7997:Guanaco (
7969:Camelidae
7955:Suborder
7927:D. tajacu
7916:Dicotyles
7892:Catagonus
7879:T. pecari
7824:S. scrofa
7728:P. porcus
7717:Bushpig (
7585:Babyrousa
7561:Suborder
7458:C. weynsi
7449:C. spadix
7314:C. adersi
7235:O. ourebi
7169:N. batesi
7158:Neotragus
7127:M. kirkii
6929:N. granti
6894:Gerenuk (
6863:G. spekei
6827:G. dorcas
6684:Dibatag (
6471:S. caffer
6436:Pseudoryx
6423:B. taurus
6403:Banteng (
6378:B. gaurus
6307:Tamaraw (
6153:Chamois (
6135:Rupicapra
6122:P. nayaur
6098:O. vignei
6078:Mouflon (
5777:C. hircus
5766:Markhor (
5669:A. lervia
5434:Beatragus
5360:Aepyceros
5184:Gemsbok (
5177:O. dammah
5019:P. carlae
4912:M. temama
4903:M. rufina
4867:M. chunyi
4849:M. bororo
4739:Capreolus
4665:C. nippon
4656:C. hanglu
4543:Elaphurus
4488:A. kuhlii
4402:Elaphodus
4270:Muntiacus
4105:M. indica
4094:Moschiola
4026:M. fuscus
3969:Moschidae
3830:Suborder
3790:Kingdom:
3624:229546091
3564:7 January
3534:229721738
3062:: 24–35.
2974:232357703
2880:193212971
2759:132957886
2231:202570193
2074:Oecologia
1895:: 75–79.
1792:256122729
1738:218784224
1393:2730-7387
1248:stambecco
1241:bouquetin
1226:steinbock
1090:, mainly
1088:lungworms
1025:, though
901:hibernate
885:lactating
491:of seven
489:cladogram
478:trinomial
285:steinbock
216:Species:
134:Kingdom:
128:Eukaryota
18:Steinbock
8464:2.105329
8451:14200783
8399:10227900
8247:Wikidata
8059:C. ferus
8015:Vicuña (
8008:L. pacos
8006:Alpaca (
7990:L. glama
7957:Tylopoda
7467:C. zebra
7395:C. niger
6969:Procapra
6747:Eudorcas
6723:Antilope
6460:Syncerus
6421:Cattle (
6414:B. mutus
6342:B. bison
6282:B. arnee
6243:Nilgai (
6120:Bharal (
6111:Pseudois
6071:O. dalli
6053:O. aries
6044:O. ammon
6042:Argali (
5994:Muskox (
5961:Oreamnos
5939:N. goral
5822:C. walie
5706:Budorcas
5643:Caprinae
5588:Caprinae
5443:Hirola (
5387:Peleinae
5369:Impala (
5274:K. leche
5272:Lechwe (
5168:O. beisa
5144:H. niger
4805:Taruca (
4772:Rangifer
4702:A. alces
4603:Sambar (
4530:R. eldii
4510:Rucervus
4468:Chital (
4260:Cervinae
4247:Cervidae
4208:Cervidae
4136:Tragulus
3810:Eutheria
3804:Mammalia
3798:Chordata
3796:Phylum:
3792:Animalia
3684:44442799
3646:Archived
3558:Archived
3526:33373957
3486:29875807
3433:55900555
3390:32081890
3333:36215646
3325:19912536
3145:Archived
3115:26476915
3076:36051526
3009:11974619
2966:33822150
2927:43739687
2841:17584373
2794:20248387
2700:84661674
2581:86267022
2499:36262460
2381:Ethology
2351:Archived
2347:58921073
2301:53205174
2102:18987895
2055:84995631
2005:41249118
1972:: 89–90.
1951:85380031
1778:: 1–11.
1742:Archived
1677:35560856
1593:12743878
1585:16757184
1449:Archived
1417:Archived
1243:and the
1234:steinboc
1214:Brucella
1068:coccidia
1048:foot rot
1038:fibrosis
1034:necrosis
924:Piedmont
916:red deer
880:Trisetum
874:Sesleria
838:Agrostis
754:underfur
466:C. walie
413:Pliocene
367:she-goat
340:Taxonomy
247:Linnaeus
188:Caprinae
174:Family:
158:Mammalia
148:Chordata
144:Phylum:
138:Animalia
124:Domain:
101:IUCN 3.1
32:Steenbok
8537:ZooBank
8438:1006185
8373:2441055
8253:Q168327
8206:Mammals
8192:Portals
8171:Cetacea
8162:Cetacea
8030:Camelus
7988:Llama (
7868:Tayassu
7684:Porcula
7233:Oribi (
7224:Ourebia
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